Annual Report of the Canadian Section of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

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Annual Report of the Canadian Section of the International Society of

Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

ANALYZED ANNUAL H E P O R T of t h e CANADIAN S E C T I O N of

the

I N T E R N A T I O N A L S O C I E T Y O F S O I L M E C H A N I C S AND FOUNDATION E N G I N E E R I N G ( J U N E

1954

-

DECEMBER 1 9 5 5 )

I N C U T D I N G P U B L I C A T I O N S O F MEMBERS AND

THE

M E M B E R S H I P L I S T O F T H E CANADIAN S E C T I O N 1 P R E P A R E D BY C . B. CRAWFORD S O I L M E C H A N I C S B U L L E T I N NO.

6

( T e c h n i c a l M e m o r a n d u m N o , 4 0 ) N A T I O N A L R E S E A R C H C O U N C I L O F CANADA

A S S O C I A T E COMMITTEE ON S O I L AND SNOW M E C H A N I C S

O t t a w a

May

1956

FOREWORD

This Annual Report is a summary of the activities of

Canadian members of the International Society of Soil Mechanics

and Foundation Ehgineering, for the period June

1954

to December

1955.

Its primary purpose is to serve as an Annual Report of

the Canadian Section of the Society as required by statutes.

Its publication will serve another purpose, however, by

keeping Canadians informed of those soil mechanics investigations

which are beintq conducted in their own country. I n this way,

it will assist in overcoming the natural handicap offered by

the widespread geographical distribution of soil mechanics work

i n this country.

In

this, it will supplement the Annual Canadian

Soil Mechanics Conference, which has now been held for nine years

under the auspices of the Associate Committee o n Soil and Snow

Mechanics.

This report in principle does not include reports on

routine work of the members of the Society as it is of little

interest especially to the International Society. It is diffi-

cult however to distinguish i n the annual reports of individual

members o n which this report is based, between routine and non-

routine work and it is probable that some of the work reported

was of a routine nature but was considered worth including because

of the possible interest of other Canadians working i n the same

fLeld. Brevity in reporting the work has been attempted.

It is encouraging that well over

100

individual reports

were received from members of' the Canadian Section. This broad

coverage should make this Annual Report more useful to members

of the section as a means of keeping in touch with the activities

of other members. It is hoped that members will comment on the

usefulness of the report and make suggestions for improvement

SYNOPSIS OF ANNUAL REPORT

OF

THE

CANADIAN SECTION

OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SOIL MECHANICS

AND

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Large construction and development projects contributed greatly to the expansion of Canadian activity i n soil mechanics and foundation engineering during the year.

Many soil mechanics problems have been encountered i n the design and construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway Power and Navigation Project. These included construction procedures, foundation investigations, the search for materials and special problems in connection with glacial tills and marine clays.

Reports on the design and use of the vane borer for in-place shear strengths came from many parts of Canada. Some interest is evident in the use of the neutron meter and various electri- cal methods for in-place measurement of moisture content. Work is continuing on the study of ground temperatures and frost action and activity is increasing i n the study of muskeg and permafrost problems,

Many members report work in special site investigations, pile tests, pile anchorages, bearing capacity of various rock formations, and building settlements. Work on the comparison of static and dynamic penetration tests has been carried out. Model studies to determine the effect of base roughness of footings and groundwater level have been made. Reports from members showed that the swelling and shrinking of clay soils

considerably affects shallow foundations,

With the rapid development of highway systems i n Canada,

much work in this field has been reported. This included correla- tions between laboratory tests and road performance, various

methods of stabilization, studies of frost penetration and problems involving construction over organic soils, Efforts

have been made to maintain high standards over

a

longer construc-

tion season. There was keen interest in the WASH0 road test, Problems involving earth pressure against sheet pile bulkheads and the effect of various back-filling practices and water conditions o n earth pressures have been studied. A n extensive study of earth pressures on a flexible conduit under

a 200-foot embankment is being carried out,

A

case of advancing

a tunnel by pre-freezing the soil was reported.

Several members have been studying landslides and slope stability problems. Many cases of piezometric measurements and permeability studies have been reported. Various methods of measuring earth movements in earth dams have been used.

Special studies of various canal linings and relief well construc- tion were carried .out.

On

December

15

and

16,

1955,

the Ninth

Annual

Canadian

Soil Mechanics Conference was held at the University of British

Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. This conference, sponsored by the

Associate Committee on Soil and Snow Mechanics of the National

Hesearch Council, was attended by more than

100

engineers,

geologists, agricultural soil scientists and a number of forestry

scientists.

Papers and discussions at the meeting emphasized the physio-

graphy, climate, and general soil types of British Columbia.

Soils were discussed from the geological, agricultural, and

engineering point of view. Papers were presented describing

various engineering problems encountered with local soils inclu-

ding serious building settlements on some of the organic silts

which are found on the British Columbia coast.

A

serious land-

slide which had occurred on the new Trans-Canada Highway was

described.

The conference joined with the Vancouver Branch of the

Engineering Institute of Canada and the British Columbia Associa-

tion of Professional Engineers in

Q

joint evening meeting at

which illustrated papers on the soil mechanics' aspects of the

St. Lawrence Seaway Project were pnesented,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1

.

Soil Properties and their Maasurement

2.

Techniques of Field Measureqent and Sampling

3.

Foundations of Structures

3A

General Subjects and Foundations other than Piled

Foundat

ions

3B.

Piling and Piled Foundations

4.

Roads, Runways and Rail-tracks

5.

Earth Pressure on Structures and Tunnels

6.

Earth Dams, Slopes and Open Excavations

(The above division of the subject matter is based on

that proposed for the Fourtq International Conference

on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

1957).

APPENDIX 1 Publications by members of the Canadian Section.

APPENDIX 2 Membership list of the Canadian Section as of

January

195'6

(Any changes of address or omissions should be

brought to the attention of the Secretary,

Canadian Section of' the I.S.S,M.F.E,,

c/o

Division of I3uilding Research, National ~3esearch

Council, Ottawa, Ontario).

1 a

SOIL PROPERTIES AND THEIR MEASUREYENT

J. I. Adams:

Extensive laboratory tests to locate and determine

the suitability of materials for use in construction of

dikes, railroads, roads, etc. Special investigations to

improve field and laboratory testing procedures and

equipment. An in-place density apparatus, based on the

oil immersion principle, was designed and developed for

use.

A.

G.

L.

Andersson:

Design of apparatus for extrusion of soil samples

from sample tubes.

L. J.

Chapman:

Completed a study of the mineralogical composition

of the clay (less than one micron fraction) in the tills

and the lacustrine and marine sediments of southern Ontario.

Measurements of evaporation from sod on continuously

m i s t soil were continued at Kapuskasing and Norman Wells.

Jacques

E.

Hurtubise:

Investigation of the shear strength of recompacted,

well-graded till.

Study of the influence of sulphite liquor o n the

properties of various soils.

N.

D.

Lea:

Studies of the new townsite of Aklavik have included

the measurements of density and volume change in the granular

till and geological features of the arrangements of the

strata and the occurrence of large pieces of fossil ice,

Investigation of methods of improving the quality of

aggregate deposits so that they can be used as concrete

materials.

R. W . Pryer:

I n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e v e r t i c a l e x t e n t of s t r a t i f i e d sands and c l a y s i n t h e Moisie V a l l e y and t h e s l o p e of t h e under l y i n g r o c k s u r f ace.

G. Rankin:

I n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h development of s u i t a b l e f o u n d a t i o n s

f o r a s c h o o l and t e a c h e r a g e a t Hay R i v e r , N.W.T., t e s t

h o l e s were made i n 1947 and a g a i n i n 1955. During t h e s e

e i g h t y e a r s t h e permafr*ost r e c e d e d about 20 f e e t a t a

s i t e which was n o t p r o t e c t e d by p e a t moss.

W. A. R i c h a r d s :

Examination of s t r a t i g r a p h y by p h o t o g r a p h i n g of s l i c e d samples of g l a c i a l l a k e s i l t s and c l a y s , s e n s i t i v e marine c l a y s and d e l t a i c s i l t s and sands.

C h a r l e s F. Ripley:

Comparison of d e n s i t i e s of g r a n u l a r f i l l s p l a c e d by h y d r a u l i c and mechanical methods and c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h

s t a n d a r d P r o c t o r l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s . Development of a boron t r i f l u o r i d e c o u n t e r f o r u s e w i t h t h e n e u t r o n m o i s t u r e m e t e r . Labora.tory c a l i b r a t i o n s a t i s f a c t o r y . F i e l d t e s t i n g t o be c a r r i e d o u t . W. A. Trow: Development of a d e v i c e f o r t h e measurement of p o r e p r e s s u r e s i n q u i c k u n d r a i n e d t r i a x i a l t e s t s . I n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e e f f e c t of u n i t weight of trimming samples i n a s o i l l a t h e . D. Tubbesinq: S t u d i e s on t h e r e l a t i o n s between c o n s i s t e n c y l i m i t s , c l a y c o n t e n t , c o h e s i o n d e t e r m i n e d by means of f i e l d vane t e s t s a n d u n c o n f i n e d compression t e s t s , e f f e c t i v e o v e r b u r d e n p r e s s u r e , e t c .

Department of Public Works, Ottawa:

Equipment acquired to investigate the correlation

of "sticky pointn to certain other physical characteristics

of soils.

Investigation of the most accurate methods of

determining bulk density of soils with emphasis o n methods

of preparing soil specimens,

Division of Building Research,

National Research Council:

Construction of a small laboratory at Norman Wells,

N.W.T,, for the study of permafrost,

Observations o n permafrost conditions as they are

affected by terrain, buildings, utilities and roads,

Work on the occurrence of permafrost in Canada, and

in particular, delineating the southern boundary of permafrost

in Canada,

Work was begun on the study of muskeg. Much literature

was reviewed, During the summer months field work was

carried out in an attempt to test the newly-developed muskeg

classification system. Laboratory tests were begun,

Ground temperature measurements were continued at

12 locations in Canada and theoretical work is being developed

and co-ordinated with field work, Various ground temperature

measuring instruments were studied,

- -

A laboratory study of the frost action phenomena was

begun, Equipment was developed with very accurate temperature

control and measurement facilities, The first phase of work

has been to evaluate the effect of grain size, unsaturated

permeability and ground water conditions on frost heaving.

Field studies of spring breakup were made,

Testing of the properties of varved clays is continuing.

Carbonate content of these soils is being studied.

A

laboratory study of resistance block-type moisture

meters was completed i n the low suction range and extended

into the high suction range,

A neutron meter for the

measurement of soil moisture content in ::itu based on the

principle of gamma ray scattering wan constructed and

calibrated in the laboratoryo

The S t . Lawrence Seaway A u t h o r i t y :

L a b o r a t o r y and f i e l d s t u d y of e n g i n e e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s of s o i l s of t h e S t . Lawrence R i v e r V a l l e y from Montreal t o P r e s c o t t .

A d a p t a t i o n of an o i l immersion method f o r f i n d i n g

t h e u n i t w e i g h t of chunk samples of s o i l . Comparison of

t h i s method w i t h t h e sand cone and w a t e r b a l l o o n methods i s f a v o u r a b l e , Study of g l a c i a l t i l l s of t h e S t , Lawrence V a l l e y comparing i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d f r o m d r i v e samples i n t e s t b o r i n g s w i t h o b s e r v a t i o n s and t e s t s of a c t u a l m a t e r i a l e x c a v a t e d s D e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n of l a r g e p o c k e t of l a y e r e d s i l t and c l a y i n h i g h l y d i s t o r t e d c o n d i t i o n ,

,- .

< , , . . , p , . :,ij y +, , (,jL 7 S OF FIELD hIIEII SUK ;IIl.LEi.iEW

T

LL )AD S i:JlP L I NG

J.

I. Adarns :

Vane t e s t i n g was u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y i n i n v e s t i g a t i o n s f o r t h e power developnient on t h e S t , L.awrence Seaway,

C o r r e l a t i o n t e s t s w i t h q u i c k u n d r a i n e d t r i a x i a l c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t s and w i t h a c t u a l f i e l d f a i l u r e t e s t s h a v e b e e n made, R e p o r t t o be p r e s e n t e d t o ASTM, A. G. L. Andersson: F i e l d s u p e r v i s i o n o f s a m p l i n g of v e r y s o f t s o i l s ( r i v e r d e l t a and g l a c i a l l a k e s i l t s ) i n t e s t h o l e s

to

d e p t h s up t o

450

f e e t and t h r o u g h 1 6 0 f e e t of w a t e r u s i n g t h i n - w a l l e d

Shelby t u b e s and d r i l l i n g mud,

A. H. Graves:

I n a d d i t i o n t o r o u t i n e s i t e e x p l o r a t i o n s , a s p e c i a l

problem of sample i d e n t i f i c a t i o n was e n c o u n t e r e d . T h i s

i n v o l v e d d i s t i n g u i s h i n g between a v e r y h a r d c l a y a n d b e d r o c k ,

From a c o r e sample i t was i d e n t i f i e d a s b e d r o c k b u t s i n c e

t h e m a t e r i a l had b e e n p e n e t r a t e d by a p r o c e d u r e known a s ''piping" i t was a c t u a l l y a h a r d c l a y d e p o s i t , G. T. Hughes: A n a l y s i s o f s o i l c o n d i t i o n s t o d e t e r m i n e m o s t e c o n o m i c a l method o f c o n s t r u c t i o n of a t r u n k s t o r m s e w e r s y s t e m , The s o i l c o n d i t i o n s were e x c e p t i o n a l l y p o o r due t o s i l t y , s a n d y , s i l t y c l a y and l o o s e f i l l m a t e r i a l s accompanied by h i g h w a t e r t a b l e , I n one l o c a t i o n a n upward f l o w o f w a t e r o c c u r r e d o G. G I Meverhof: F i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n on v a r i o u s s i t e s u n d e r l a i n by c o h e s i o n l e s s s o i l s i n which dynamic ( s t a n d a r d ) and s t a t i c

( d e e p - s o u n d i n g ) p e n e t r a t i o n t e s t s w e r e made h a v e e n a b l e d c o r r e l a t i o n s t o be o b t a i n e d between t h e r e l a t i v e d e n s i t y and a n g l e o f i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n of c o h e s i o n l e s s s o i l s a n d t h e s t a t i c and dynamic p e n e t r a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e s i n - s u c h s o i l s , From t h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s s i m p l e r e l a t i o n s h i p s have b e e n d e r i v e d t o e s t i m a t e b o t h u l t i m a t e b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y and a l l o w a b l e l o a d on f o o t i n g s and p i l e s i n c o h e s i o n l e s s s o i l s f r o m t h e r e s u l t s of p e n e t r a t i o n t e s t s , The p r o p o s e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s have

been checked by plate loading tests and pile loading tests

on a number of sites.

R. C. Thurber:

Use of an electrically d r i v e n power auger has been

very effective in other than rocky material.

W.

A,

Trow:

Planning of a piez~meter

installation to measure the

construction drawdown and steady seepage Pore pressures in

a water storage reservoir dike basically following the

system used by the Bureau of Reclamation with some modifi-

cations.

Investigation of the accuracy of field density

measurements in clay scils usink: thin-walled Shelby tubing.

A

device was developed to facilitate the driving and recovery

of Shelby tube samples which increased

the

eff5ciency and

accuracy of field density i~icasurements.

Division of Building Research,

National Research Council:

Investigations of new exploratory drilling methods

in permaf

raos

t

.

Investigation of the terrain at the new townsite of

Aklavik. Installation of thermocouples to measure ground

temperatures from the surface to a depth of

50

feet under

roads, a garage and o n piles.

Laboratory studies to determine the effect of sampler

size on soil test results on marine clay.

Geocon Limited:

A

program of vane testing was carried out in connection

with the St. Lawrence Seaway. The effect of rate of strain

on shear strength was studied.

3

, ;.'CTjNDi=TIONS

OF

STRUCTURES

3A.

General subjects and foundations other than

piled foundations.

Engaged in developing rne thods of overcoming foundation trouble caused by the swelling of clay particularly in

lighter structures such as houses.

D. F.

Coates:

Research on failure of sand under oblique impact loads.

Paul

M.

Cook:

Compilation of test data showing that a relation

exists between the coefficient of compressibility and moisture

content over

a

wide range of scils, from pure peat to

organic clay-silts and the relationship between moisture

contents and specific gravity, void ratio and submerged weight, These simple relationships are sufficient to permit calculation of settlement without the trouble of lengthy consolidation

tests.

Earle

J.

Klohn:

Investigation and anslysis of large industrial site o n Vancouver Island including foundation conditions, slope

stability, methods of dredging, pile penetration and reclama- tion work.

C.

E.

Leonoff:

Study of elastic properties of sandstone and shale sedimentary rock foundation under a 20-storey building. Future correlation with settlement observations planned.

Study of the settlement of buildings, sub-divided into

a) the determination of the magnitude of settlement that

can be sustained by buildings before damage appears and

b) the accuracy with which settlements can be predicted when

T h i s work was p r e s e n t e d i n a t h e s i s t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y of London e n t i t l e d "The S e t t l e m e n t o f B u i l d i n g s " , R e s u l t s a r e a l s o p u b l i s h e d e l s e w h e r e . ( S e e Appendix I ) I n v e s t i g a t i o n of a ,:roup of b u i l d i n g s b e i n g damaged by c o n s o l i d a t i o n s e t t l e m e n t s . Good a g r e e m e n t o b s e r v e d w i t h c r i t e r i o n of b u i l d i n g damage r e l a t e d t o amounts of d i f f e r e n t i a l movement a s s u g g e s t e d by Meyerhof i n t h e E n g i n e e r i n g J o u r n a l , F e b r u a r y 1954. I n v e s t i g a t i o n comrrienced o n t h e b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y of s o f t s h a l e s . S t ~ u c t u r e o f r o c k mass i n c l u d i n g t h i c k n e s s and c o n t i n u i t y o f b e d d i n g i n s h a l e s now s u g g e s t e d a s a d d i t i o n a l c r i t e r i o n f o r c a p a c i t i e s . Load t e s t s on s o f t s h a l e s being; a r r a n g e d .

I n v e s t i g a t i o n of u n d e r p i n n i n g e;: is; in[; h e s v g b u i l d i n g . S i x - f o o t l a y e r of sandy t i l l w i t h l n r g e b o u l d e r s 1 i ; s

b e n e a t h t h e w a t e r t a t l e and b e t w e e n f o o t i n g s and r o c k . Use of b u i l d i n g basement c o u l d n o t be i n t e r r u p t e d . S u p p o r t i n g t u b e s d r i l l e d t h r o u g h e x i s t i n g s p r e a d f o o t i n g s recommended.

R o u t i n e f o u n d a t i o n d e s i g n and s i t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n Ottawa a r e a c o n t i n u e t o p r o v i d e many examples of b u i l d i n g damage due t o s o i l s h r i n k a g e and s w e l l i n g r a t h e r t h a n b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y f a i l u r e ,

P r e v i o u s t ' l e o r i e s 01' t h e u l t i m a t e b e z r i n g c a p a c i t y of p e r f e c t l y r o u c n a n d p c r f e c t l y sinooth s t r i p f o o t i n g s h a v e

b e e n r e v i e w e d and combined t o s u g g e s t a method f o r e s t i m a t i n g t h e b e a r i n g c ~ p a c i t y of a f o u n d a t i o n w i t h any d e g r e e of

r o u g h n e s s of t h e b a s e . An a n a l y s i s h a s a l s o b e e n made of t h e b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y of p a r t l y submerged c o h e s i o n l e s s m a t e r i a l s . The r e s u l t s o f some l o a d i n g t e s t s on model f o o t i n g s w i t h d i f f e r e n t b a s e f r i c t i o n s and u n d e r v a r i o u s g r o u n d - w a t e r c o n d i t i o n s were f o u n d t o b e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e p r o p o s e d methods o f a n a l y s i s , F. W. P a t t e r s o n : I n v e s t i g a t i o n of e x c e s s i v e s e t t l e m e n t of s c h o o l due t o w a t e r demand of c h e s t n u t t r e e s a d j a c e n t t o two s i d e s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e

.

W.

I?.

R i d d e l l :

P r e p a r a t i o n of a r e p o r t f o r t h e f o u n d a t i o n of a l a r g e o i l s t o r a g e t a n k on a deep f i l l of s o i l washed from s u g a r b e e t s .

C h a r l e s F. Ripley:

S e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s a t p l a n t s i t e a r e a s where heavy f i l l and b u i l d i n g l o a d s have been a p p l i e d . The s e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s have been c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e t h e o r e t i c a l s e t t l e m e n t a n a l y s e s b a s e d on l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s on t h e f o u n d a t i o n s o i l s .

B. B. Torchinsky:

I n v e s t i g a t i o n of f o u n d a t i o n s on h i g h l y p l a s t i c c l a y s o i l s . I n two c a s e s where s e t t l e m e n t s o c c u r r e d w a t e r was added t o t h e c l a y c a u s i n g a n u p l i f t , D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g Research, N a t i o n a l Research Council: C o n t i n u i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s of s e t t l e m e n t of s e v e r a l l a r g e b u i l d i n g s . Two new b u i l d i n g s on s l a b f o u n d a t i o n s were b r o u g h t under s t u d y d u r i n g t h e y e a r . D e t a i l e d s t u d y of s e a s o n a l movements i n c l a y a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s and t h e e f f e c t of t h e s e movements on s h a l l o w f o u n d a t i o n s , S o i l c w a t e r c o n t e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e compared w i t h t h e ground movements. Most damage i s a t t r i b u t e d t o

t h e a c t i o n o f v e g e t a t i o n . Geocon Limited: S i t e investigation r e s u l t i n g i n t h e recommendation t h a t p r e l o a d i n g of a c l a y d e p o s i t be c a r r i e d o u t b e f o r e b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n . A f t e r two months, s u r c h a r g e c a u s e d

5

i n c h e s of s e t t l e m e n t and c o n s t r u c t i o n proceeded. P r e - l o a d i n g was r e q ~ i r e d because of t h e v a r i a b l e d e p t h of t h e c l a y d e p o s i t a t t h e s i t e .

R. M. Hardy and A s s o c i a t e s Limited:

S e t t l e m e n t problems a t t h e K i t i m a t P l a n t S i t e of t h e Aluminum Company of Canada i n c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h C . F. R i p l e y and A s s o c i a t e s .

Measurement of g r o u n d t e m p e r a t u r e s i n c i d e n t a l t o c o n s t r u c t i o n of c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n s i n f r e e z i n g w e a t h e r .

S t u d y o f t n e h e a v i n g o f s t r u c t u r e s on o v e r - c o n s o l i d a t e d m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e t y p e c l a y s due t o "rebound" accompanied

by s e e p a g e p r e s s u r e s .

The S t . Lawrence Seaway A u t h o r i t y :

D e s i g n of f o u n d a t i o n s f o r l a r g e g r a v i t y c o n c r e t e w a l l s ( n a v i g a t i o n l o c k s and a p p r o a c h w a l l s ) on g l a c i a l t i l l , n o n - p l a s t i c s h a l e s , l i m e s t o n e and d o l o m i t e ,

3B.

P i l i n g and p i l e d f o u n d a t i o n s , J - I. Adams: A p i l e l o a d i n g t e s t was c a r r i e d o u t t o c o r r e l a t e d a t a from d r i v i n g r e s i s t a n c e a n d from a d j a c e n t b o r i n g d a t a . A 1 2 - i n c h H-type p i l e was d r i v e n t h r o u g h m a r i n e c l a y t o g l a c i a l t i l l and l o a d e d t o f a i l u r e by s e t t l e m e n t , L. A. F r a i k i n : I n o r d e r t o c h e c k t h e s t a n d a r d b e a r i n g c a p z c i t y f o r m u l a f o r f o o t i n g s , d e v e l o p e d by T e r z a g h i , f o o t i n g s were f o r c e d i n t o s a n d u n d e r 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 f t / l b blows of a 1 3 - i n c h d i a m e t e r r a m , s t o p p i n g t h i s o p e r a t i o n when i t became n e c e s s a r y t o s p e n d

5

blows of 150,000 f t / l b e a c h t o f o r c e i n t o a n a l r e a d y p a r t i a l l y formed f o o t i n g t h e l a s t c u b i c f o o t of c o n c r e t e , Assuming a s p h e r i c a l s h a p e f o r t h e f o o t i n g , i t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e s e f o o t i n g s w i l l c a r r y t h e l o a d s g i v e n by t h e T e r z a g h i f o r m u l a . F u r t h e r t e s t s a r e p l a n n e d . E a r l e

J.

Klohn: P i l e f o u n d a t i o n i n v e s t i g a t i o n f o r l a r g e i n d u s t r i a l development on w e s t c o a s t , C o r r e l a t i o n of d r i l l h o l e a n d s t e e l r a i l p e n e t r a t i o n t e s t h o l e d a t a t o p i l e l o a d i n g t e s t s . C o r r e l a t i o n of f i n a l p e n e t r a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e s t o damage c a u s e d by o v e r d r i v i n g of t i m b e r p i l e s . Magnitude o f s o i l and p i l e "heave" was o b s e r v e d and e f f e c t s o f h e a v i n g on t h e b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y of end b e a r i n g p i l e s were c h e c k e d by l o a d i n g t e a t s .

N. D. Lea: I n v e s t i g a t i o n s a t t h e new t o w n s i t e o f A k l a v i k show t h a t i n t h i s c l i m a t e p i l e s need n o t f r e e z e i n o v e r t h e w i n t e r . C . E. L e o n o f f : Review of u p l i f t and p u l l o u t f o r c e s on t r a n s r n i s s i o n l i n e t o w e r s and a n a l y s i s of v a r i o u s t y p e s of a n c h o r a g e . C o r r e l a t i o n of p e n e t r a t i o n of s t e e l c a s i n g s f o r h e a v i n g l o a d e d c a s t - i n - p l a c e p i l e s w i t h s o u n d i n g t e s t s i n g l a c i a l t i l l and h e a v i l y p r e c o n s o l i d a t e d bedded s i l t s . I n v e s t i g a t i o n c o n t i n u e d i n t o methods of d e v e l o p i n g r e s i s t a n c e t o l a r g e t e n s i o n f o r c e s r e q u i r e d f o r tower a n c h o r a ~ e s i n b o t h s o i l and r o c k , A t y p e o f r o c k a n c h o r p r e v i o u s l y d e v e l o p e d was s i m p l i f i e d and now p r o v i d e s

m e c h a n i c a l s e l f - t i g h t e n i n g c o n n e c t i o n a t b o t t o m of 3 0 - f o o t d r i l l e d h o l e . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 a n c h o r s now i n s t a l l e d , e a c h p r e t e s t e d t o 60,000 l b * , E v a l u a t i o n o f b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y of c a s t - i n - i r o n c o n c r e t e p i l e s i n h i g h l y p l a s t i c c l a y , F i e l d p e r f o r m a n c e compared w i t h d e s i g n b a s e d on u n c o n f i n e d c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t s . Geocon L i m i t e d : Dutch Cone P e n e t r o m e t e r u s e d f o r s i t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n a t t h e B u r l i n g t o n High-Level B r i d g e , R e s u l t s u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e u l t i m a t e b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y o f t i m b e r f r i c t i o n p i l e s , Computed v a l u e c h e c k e d by f u l l s c a l e p i l e l o a d i n g t e s t . O b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e s e n s i t i v i t y of m a r i n e c l a y were made d u r i n g t h e d r i v i n g o f s h e e t p i l e s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a 4 0 - f o o t e x c a v a t i o n , These o b s e r v a t i o n s showed a n e x c e l l e n t example of t h e t h i x o t r o p y of s e n s i t i v e m a r i n e c l a y , Raymond C o n c r e t e P i l e Company, L i m i t e d : D r i v i n g of 8 - i n c h open-end p i p e p i l e s i n t o p e r m a n e n t l y f r o z e n g l a c i a l t i l l i n N o r t h e r n Canada. Work was c a r r i e d o u t l a t e i n t h e y e a r which c r e a t e d s p e c i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n

problems s u c h a s o p e r a t i o n of equipment and t h e o b t a i n i n g of s u f f i c i e n t w a t e r f o r j e t t i n g p u r p o s e s . Because of t h e

heavy t i l l , s t e a m j e t t i n g was abandoned i n f a v o u r o f chopping t h e p e r m a f r o s t w i t h a r a i l spud.

4.-

ROADS, HUWJAYS AND RAIL-TRACKS K. 0 , Anderson:

L a b o r a t o r y s t u d y o f c o r r e l a t i o n between A t t e r b e r g L i m i t s and S t a n d a r d P r o c t o r d e n s i t i e s f o r f i n e - g r a i n e d

s o i l s u s e d f o r highway c o n s t r u c t i o n . C h a r t s were preparaed

t o a l l o w p r e d i c t i o n of d e n s i t y and optimum m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t f r o m A t t e r b e r g L i m i t s ,

P,

M,

B i l o d e a u :

S t a b i l i z a t i o n of s a n d - c l a y s o i l f o r highway c o n s t r u c t i o n ,

C o n s t r u c t i o n of r o a d s o v e r o r g a n i c s o i l . G e n e r a l l y

recommend removal of o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l . T h i s i s u s u a l l y done

by b l a s t i n g . O b s e r v a t i o n s of f r o s t p e n e t r a t i o n u n d e r r o a d s , Id. GI

E.

Brown: S i t e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r f o r e s t p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d r e g e n e r a t i o n a n d f o r l o g g i n g h a u l and a c c e s s r o a d l o c a t i o n , w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e emphasis on t h e u s e o f a i r p h o t o g r a p h s i n c l a s s i f y i n g and mapping. F. C . Brownridge: S t u d y o f p a s t performances of r i g i d - t y p e pavements i n r e l a t i o n t o s o i l c o n d i t i o n s and c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s , I n w i d e n i n g t h e s e pavements by means of b a s e c o u r s e and

f l e x i b l e pavement d e s i g n , i t was f o u n d t h a t more emphasis

must b e p a i d t o c o m p a c t i o n of a l l m a t e r i a l s and a g r e a t e r d e p t h i s r e q u i r e d . I n o r d e r t o e x t e n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s e a s o n , a s t u d y i s b e i n g made o f ; 1) Average d e n s i t i e s i n f a l l months w i t h m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s , 2 ) Average d e n s i t i e s i n s p r i n g months w i t h m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s ,

3 )

Depth of f r o s t p e n e t r a t i o n a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m r e a d i n g t a k e n weekly by i n s t a l l a t i o n s a l r e a d y i n p l a c e , and

4 )

A s t u d y of t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n s p r i n g d e n s i t i e s and f r o s t p e n e t r a t i o n ,

5 . A . Chalmers:

S t u d y o f t h e f a i l u r e of c e r t a i n c i t y s t r e e t s r e s u l t i n g i n new d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e s . These s t u d i e s emphasized t h e

need f o r a n a d e q u a t e b a s e of g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l . J. G. C l a r k : C o r r e l a t i o n of t h e P r o c t o r Compaction t e s t s w i t h t h e miniature ' i a r v a r d Cornpaction a p p a r a t u s f o r a c o h e s i v e s o i l ( h i - h l y p l a s t i c c l a y ) . 5 . A . Knight: S p o n s o r i n g of a f e l l o w s h i p a t Lava1 U n i v e r s i t y t o s t u d y t h e a c t i o n of c a l c i u m c h l o r i d e a s a f r o s t i n h i b i t o r i n highway b a s e s . C. E. Leonoff: C o r r e l a t i o n o f d e f l e c t i o n s w i t h s e r v i c e p e r f o r m a n c e of a s p h a l t i c c o n c r e t e pavement and b a s e u n d e r 4 6 , 0 0 0 l b . a x l e l o a d s . D e f l e c t i o n measurements t a k e n w i t h Benkelman Beam i n d i c a t o r . D e t e r m i n a t i o n of rninimwn t h i c k n e s s of pavement and b a s e o v e r muskeg s u b g r a d e f o r t h e s e w h e e l l o a d s . D e t e r m i n a t i o n of t e s t p r o p e r t i e s of a s p h a l t i c c o n c r e t e and s h e e t a s p h a l t pavements u s i n g s e v e r a l p e n e t r a t i o n g r a d e s of a s p h a l t cement. D e t e r n ~ i n a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o p e r t i e s of t h e mix u s i n g t h e same p e n e t r a t i o n g r a d e s of a s p h a l t cement a s s u p p l i e d b y d i f f e r e n t r e f i n e r i e s , Work was c a r r i e d o u t b y M a r s h a l l S t a b i l i t y T e s t method.

S t u d y of t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e H y s t e r G r i d H o l l e r i n compacting F r a s e r R i v e r punp s a n d u s e d a s

sub-base f i l l under c o n c r e t e pavement a t Vancouver A i r p o r t . Design a n d c o n t r o l of c o n c r e t e and a s p h a l t i c c o n c r e t e pavements. N. W. McLeod: S t u d y of t h e t e s t r e s u l t s f r o m t h e WASH0 t e s t r o a d i n S o u t h e r n Idaho. One of t h e m o s t s t r i k i n g r e s u l t s i s t h a t f o r any g i v e n f l e x i b l e pavement of u n i f o r m t h i c k n e s s ,

t h e o u t e r w h e e l p a t h i s f'undr ncv: ~al1.-: x e a k e r t h a n t h e i n n e r w h e e l p a t h . T h i s a p p c a r s t o o c c u r b e c a u s e t h e b i t u m i n o u s pavement on t h e o u t e r w h e e l p a t h s e r v e s a s a p a v e d s h o u l d e r f o r t h e i n n e r wheel p a t h . The p r a c t i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h i s t h o r o u g h l y s u b s t a n t i a t e d t e s t r e s u l t &rediscussed i n a p a p e r ( s e e Appendix I ) , F u r t h e r work c o n s i s t e d o f p u b l i s h i n g cotranents on p a p e r s d e a l i n g wit'^ t h e u s e of C O B O H , t e s t s f o r sub[:rac!e e v a l u a t i o n s , i n t e n s i t y of' l o a d t r a n s ~ l ~ i t t e d t o t h e s u b g r a d e t h r o u g h a g i v e n t h i c k n e s s c f g 1 2 a n u l a r b a s e c o u r s e , l a b o r a t o r y cornpaction of b i t u m i n o u s p k v i n g r ~ ~ i x t u r e s and s o n i c t e s t i n g of b i t u m i n o u s p a v i n g m i x t u r e s ( s e e Appendix I ) , C h a r l e s

L,

P e r k i n s : C a l c u l a t i o n of u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h of m u l t i p l e - l a y e r e d pavement s y s t e m s , ' ; ' h e o r e t i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n of numbers o f c o v e r a g e s w i t h pavement t h i c k n e s s r e q u i r e m e n t s , P r e n a r a t i o n of c h a r t s showing r e l a t i o n s h i p s between v o i d s p r o p e r t i e s , d e n s i t y , and a s p h a l t c o n t e n t o f a s p h a l t i c c o n c r e t e n i x t u r e s , R . W. P r y e r : Development o f s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r c r u s h e d r o c k and p r e y a r e d g r a v e l b a l l a s t . Work on d r a i n a g e improvements i n muskeg a r e a s , c o n s t r u c t i c n of c l a y s t a b i l i z e d r o a d s , i n v e s t i g a t i o n of f r o s t h e a v i n g o f r a i l w a y t r a c k a n d s t r u c t u r e s and g r o u n d t e m p e r a t u r e o b s c r v a t i c n s i n g r a n u l a r s o i l , Assessment of o r g a n i c t e r r a i n o r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o p r o b l e m s of a c c e s s by f o o t and by h e a v y v e h i c l e s , As a r e s u l t a c c e s s r o u t e s c a n b e s u g g e s t e d f o r summer c o n d i t i o n s o v e r o r g a n i c t e r r a i n . The e m p i r i c a l n a t u r e of t h e m i n e r a l s o i l s b e n e a t h o r g a n i c o v e r b u r d e n c a n i n most c a s e s b e a s s e s s e d , These s t u d i e s - h a v e advanced t o t h e p o i n t where f i e l d e n g i n e e r s c a n a p p l y t h e p r i n c i p l e s i n v o l v e d , and p l a n f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o n a more d e t a i l e d s c a l e , R . C . Thurber:

swamps h a s b e e n i n c r e a s e d . F o r s e c o n d a r y r o a d s , f l o a t i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n o v e r deep swamps o r p e a t bogs h a s b e e n

s a t i s f a c t o r y , Sand p i l e s have n o t y e t b e e n e f f e c t i v e . A new l a b o r a l o r y , u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n , w i l l c o n t a i n a s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d f r e e z i n g roorn f o r s t u d y of f r o s t h e a v i n g , W. ED Winnitov: S t u d y of e x i s t i n g pavements i n S a s k a t c h e w a n and c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e i r b e h a v i o u r w i t h s o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n o r d e r t o improve d e s i g n of b i t u m i n o u s pavements u n d e r l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s . D e f l e c t i o n of b i t u m i n o u s s u r f a c e u n d e r a 9,000-pound wheel l o a d a t c r e e p s p e e d i s d e t e r m i n e d by Benkelman Beam. T h i s i s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h s u b g r a d e s o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , R.

M,

Hardy and A s s o c i a t e s L i m i t e d : ElBctro-osmosis s t a b i l i z a t i o n of e m b a n h e n t s b e h i n d b r i d g e a b u t m e n t s on t h e North West Highway System

i n

c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e Canadian Army.

P o s s i b i l i t i e s of s t a b i l i z a t i o n o f s o f t u n s t a b l e s o i l s by t r e a t m e n t w i t h d i s p e r s a n t s i n c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e

R.C.A.F.

The S t . Lawrence Seaway A u t h o r i t y :

Design of roadways on d i s p o s a l f i l l s a n d e m b a n h e n t s c o n s i s t i n g o f b r o k e n , n o n - p l a s t i c s h a l e , U n i v e r s i t y o f A l b e r t a : S t u d y of T i e l d p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e i n j e c t i o n of c h e m i c a l s t o p r e v e n t f r o s t h e a v i n g a n d f u n d a m e n t a l work on t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of i n j e c t i n g c h e m i c a l s o l u t i o n s i n t o s o i l s by t h e p r o c e s s o f e l e c t r o - o s m o s i s ,

:

EARTH

PRESSURE ON STRUCTURES AND TUNNELS <,

J.

F. B r e t t : S t u d y of s o i l c o n d i t i o n s and p r e p a r a t i o n o f p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n f o r p i l e d wharves of d i f f e r e n t t y p e s , s u i t a b l e f o r c e r t a i n l o c a t i o n s a l o n g t h e S t , Lawrence R i v e r where d e e p s i l t beds o c c u r , I n v e s t i g a t i o n of v a r i o u s methods and m a t e r i a l s f o r b a c k f i l l i n g , D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f c o m p a r a t i v e v a l u e s of s a t u r a t e d b a c k f i l l p r e s s u r e u n d e r v a r i o u s a s s u m p t i o n s of p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s , v a r y i n g w a t e r l e v e l s , e t c , E v a l u a t i o n of r e q u i r e d d e p t h of p i l i n g a n d s h e e t p i l i n g t o p r o v i d e f o r s a f e v e r t i c a l l o a d t r a n s f e r , a c c e p t a b l e c o n d i t i o n s of l a t e r a l s t a b i l i t y a n d a d e q u a t e p r o v i s i o n s a g a i n s t s h i p ' s i m p a c t , wave a c t i o n , i c e , e t c , D e s i g n of l o a d r e l i e v i n g p l a t f o r m - t y p e o f wharves s u p p o r t e d by A-frames, b a t t e r e d p i l e s a n d s h e e t p i l i n g , D.

F,

Coates.: R e s e a r c h on t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of s o i l m e c h a n i c s t o r o c k f a i l u r e , S t u d i e d c a u s e of c o n c r e t e s e w e r p i p e c o l l a p s e a t a l a r g e d r a i n a g e p r o j e c t , C ,

H.

Templeton: I n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a 2 4 - i n c h w a t e r l i n e i n l o o s e , wet s i l t , a t u n n e l was e x t e n d e d

38

f e e t by f r e e z i n g t h e g r o u n d and e x c a v a t i n g t h r o u g h f r o z e n m a t e r i a l . F r e e z i n g p i p e s were i n s e r t e d i n 2 - i n c h h o l e s a h e a d of t h e e x c a v a t i o n , Measurements of t h e d e f l e c t i o n of t h e w a l l s c f t h e f r o z e n t u n n e l were t a k e n a s t h e e x c a v a t i o n p r o g r e s s e d . P r a i r i e Farm R e h a b i l i t a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n : D e t a i l e d s t u d i e s a r e b e i n g made i n a n a t t e m p t t o d e v e l o p s u i t a b l e methods o f a n a l y s i s f o r t h e d e s i g n of l a r g e d i a m e t e r f l e x i b l e s t e e l c o n d u i t s u n d e r a 2 0 0 - f o o t embankment,

The S t . Lawrence Seawav A u t h o r i t v :

Choice of e a r t h p r e s s u r e v a l u e s and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r b a c k - f i l l i n g p r o c e d u r e f o r n a v i g a t i o n l o c k and a p p r o a c h w a l l s and o t h e r g r a v i t y c o n c r e t e w a l l s ,

6 ,

EARTH DAFIS, SLOPES, AXD OPEN EXCAVATIONS D. J. B a z e t t : S t u d i e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s t a b i l i t y of s l o p e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y e a r t h dams a n d t h e s t a b i l i t y o f r e t a i n i n g w a l l s , S t u d i e s and p l a n n i n g i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a p i e z o m e t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e t w i n l i n e s y s t e m d e v e l o p e d by t h e

USBR f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e d i k e s y s t e m a t t h e S i r Adarn Beck-

N i a g a r a Pumped S t o r a g e R e s e r v o i r , T h i s p i e z o m e t e r s y s t e m i s p a r t i a l l y i n s t a l l e d and i s e x p e c t e d t o be i n o p e r a t i o n n e x t summer, P, M. B i l o d e a u : S t u d y of l a n d s l i d e s p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e one t h a t o c c u r r e d a t N i c o l e t i n o r d e r t o r e s t o r e t r a f f i c t h a t was c u t o f f by t h e s l i d e , D. F. C o a t e s : D e s i g n , i n v e s t i g a t i o n and i n s p e c t i o n of f o u n d a t i o n and e a r t h dams.

J o

V. D a n i l i a u s k a s :

D e s i g n of e a r t n dams and d i k e s i n Newfoundland, Founda-

t i o n and f i l l of sandy, g l a c i a l t i l l ,

I n s p e c t i o n of d i k e c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r Seaway and Power Development on S t , Lawrence R i v e r on f o u n d a t i o n of g l a c i a l

t i l l a n d m a r i n e c l a y ,

G. A. Gormanr

Q u a l i t y c o n t r o l o n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a Pumped S t o r a g e

R e s e r v o i r i n v o l v i n g a zoned d i k e ,

5

m i l e s i n c i r c u m f e r e n c e ,

composed o f r o c k f i l l and c l a y embankment r a n g i n g i n h e i g h t

f r o m 15; t o

68

f e e t and s u b j e c t t o e a 2 5 - f o o t drawdown i n a p e r i o d of s i x h o u r s , P i e z o m e t e r s a r e b e i n g i n s t a l l e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e s i n t h e c l a y zone u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s of c o n s t r u c t i o n , s t e a d y s e e p a g e and r a p i d drawdown, G.

T.

Hughes: I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f s t a b i l i t y o f h i g h r o a d f i l l o v e r a

c r e e k w i t h h i g h b a n k s i n n o r t h e r n A l b e r t a , The f o u n d a t i o n s o i l was h i g h l y c o m p r e s s i b l e , J a c q u e s E. H u r t u b i s e : I n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e f a i l u r e of a c e l l u l a r l a n d c o f f e r d a m f i l l e d w i t h n a t u r a l c l a y , S t u d y of l a n d s l i d e s i n E a s t e r n Canada, Desmond F o Kidd:

A p p r a i s a l o f t h e s t a b i l i t y of a dam abutment composed of l i g h t l y c o n s o l i d a t e d s t r a t i f i e d s a n d s and s i l t s t h r o u g h which s e e p a g e was o c c u r r i n g , T e s t h o l e s were d r i l l e d and piezome t e r s i n s t a l l e d ,

E v a l u a t i o n of a m a j o r e a r t h f i l l dam s i t e i n v o l v i n g b e d r o c k , s t r a t i f i e d s a n d s and g r a v e l s and two g l a c i a l t i l l

d e p o s i t s by a combined g e o l o g i c a l and s o i l mechanics s t u d y o

E & r l e

J,

Klohn: I n v e s t i g a t i o n and a n a l y s i s o f s l i d e problem i n s o f t c l a y s h a l e d e p o s i t s r e s u l t i n g i n recomniendations f o r s t a b i l i z i n g s l o p e , I n v e s t i g a t i o n of m a t e r i a l d e p o s i t s and t h e d e s i g n of e m t h dams c o n s t r u c t e d f rorn t h e s e l o c a l l y - a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l s , S t u d y of c r i t i c a l a r e a s and t h e d e s i g n of r e m e d i a l m e a s u r e s t o p r e v e n t s l i d e s o r t h e r e c u r r e n c e of s l i d e s ,

H, W,

McFarlane: I n v e s t i g a t i o n of s e v e r a l p o t e n t i a l dam s i t e s , S t a b i l i t y s t u d i e s on t h e Beechwood Power P r o j e c t , Seepage s t u d i e s on a l e a k i n g dam i n t h e Tobique R i v e r S t o r a g e System,

F. W.

Patterson:

Design and inspection of sloping core type rock fill

dams exceeding 200 feet in height,

A

large scale field

pressure test was made to determine the permeability of impervious fill and the stability of the transition zones, Experimental program of fcundation soil grouting i n earth abutment carried out,

R.

W.

Prver:

Investigation of an embankment failure in silty clay resulting in the institution of drainage improvements

designed to relieve s imilar situations, Impr20vement of

railway cut slopes in unstable areas by excavation and the provision of extensive drainage works,

Charles

F.

Ripley:

Analysis of seepage through pervious abutrrients and foundations of five dams, Installation of several types of apparatus for messuring piezometric pressures in the ground relative to seepage through pervious abutments and foundations of.water reservoirs,

Use of tilt meter (So

D.

Wilson design) for measurement

of horizontal movement in soils relative to slope stability problem,

Analysis of underwater landslide o n an alluvial fan i n a coastal fjord of British Columbia,

R.

C. Thurber:

Correction of the earth slide at Quesnel involving

40,000

cubic yards of soil,

Investigation, analysis and correctional work was

carried out on the Park Bridge Slide near Golden,

B.

C.

Nearly 1,000,000 tons of material were involved and stabilization work has been successful,

Department of Public Works, Ottawa:

Preliminary investigation o f the Nicolet landslide including an investigation of the behaviour of soils at this location which had been collected by Federal

P r s i r i e Farm R e h a b i l i t a t i o n ~ d r n i n i s t r a t i o n :

S l i d e s i n v e s t i g a t e d o n dams and d i k e s f o u n d e d on

stti;r::tec! h i g h l y p l a s t i c c l a y h a v e shown t h a t

=

0 method a r ~ u c f ; ' ~ , c t i v e s t r e s s method o f s t a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s r e s u l t i n uns;fe ( l e r i g n . To c o r r e l a t e f i e l d b e h a v i o u r w i t h t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s , a s p e c i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t i n v o l v i n g c o n v e n t i o n a l s t r e n g t h t e s t s , f i e l d measurements o f movements a n d f i e l d p o r e p r e s s u r e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . L a b o r a t o r y and f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e b e i n g made on s w e l l i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c l a y s h a l e s , S l o p e i n d i c a t o r d e v i c e h a s b e e n u t i l i z e d t o s t u d y c r e e p of s l o p e s i n t h i s m a t e r i a l . C o n t i n u i n g s t u d y of c a n a l and d u g o u t l i n i n g i n v o l v e s e x p e r i m e n t 2 1 i n s t a l l a t i o n s of n e a r l y a l l t y p e s of m a t e r i a l s , I n g e n e r a l where s u i t a b l e s o i l i s a v a i l a b l e , compacted e a r t h a p p e a r s t o be t h e most p r a c t i c a l method, However, more

r e c e n t l y , s t u d i e s have b e e n c a r r i e d on w i t h b e n t o n i t e and t h e p l a s t i c s . w i t h a view t o d e v e l o p i n g a c h e a p e r l i n i n g s u i t a b l e f o r d u g o u t s .

S t u d i e s a r e b e i n g made t o d e v i s e t h e b e s t d e s i g n and i n s t a l l a t i o n method f o r r c l i e f w c l l s a l o n g t h e t o e s of e a r t h dams and a l s o i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h s a n d and g r a v e l - p a c k e d w e l l s f o r w a t e r s u p p l y and i r r i g a t i o n , S p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s

b e i n g g i v e n t o a s u i t a b l e t y p e of r i s e r s u c h a s p l a s t i c o r wood which w i l l n o t c o r r o d e and i s r e l a t i v e l y c h e a p ,

A p p a r a t u s t o m e a s u r e movements and ? o r e p r e s s u r e s i n e a r t h s t r u c t u r e s i s b e i n g c o n t i n u a l l y d e v e l o p e d and r e v i s e d , R e c e n t s t u d i e s have i n v o l v e d t h e u s e of a s l o p e i n d i c a t o r and p l a s t i c p i p e s t o d e t e c t c r e e p and l a t e r a l movement and a l s o t h e d e s i g n of more s a t i s f a c t o r y a p p a r a t u s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e i n h i g h l y p l a s t i c c l a y s o i l s ,

R.

M. Hardv a n d A s s o c i a t e s L i m i t e d :

S e t t l e m e n t and p i e z o m e t r i c p r e s s u r e measurements

i n c i d e n t a l t o t h e d e s i g n o f d r e d g e s l o p e s and t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a n e a r t h dam on v a r v e d c l a y a t S t e e p Rock Lake, O n t a r i o ,

E f f e c t i v e m e a s u r e s f o r c o m p a c t i o n o f e a r t h w o r k i n f r e e z i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s . , .

.

- . . S t a b i l i z a t i o n o f a m a j o r s l i d e i n v o l v i n g r e d u c t i o n of h i g h p i e z o m e t r i c p r e s s u r c s by d r a i n a g e t u n n e l and u n l o a d i n g o p e r a t i o n s on Trans-Canada Highway i n c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h B-C. Dept. of P u b l i c Works,

The S t , Lawrence Seaway A u t h o r i t x : Choice of s l o p e s f o r 9 0 - f o o t e x c a v a t i o n i n g l a c i a l t i l l i n c l u d i n g s u r v e y c f n a t u r a l s l o p e s i n v i c i n i t y and c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s e s b a s e d on l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s . Choice of s l o p e s f o r 4 0 - f o o t e x c a v a t i o n f o r n a v i g a t i o n c h a n n e l i n d e p o s i t o f l a y e r e d s i l t and c l a y i n d i s t o r t e d c o n d i t i o n . E x c a v a t i o n a r r a n g e d i n two s t a g e s , c h o i c e o f f i n a l s l o p e d e p e n d i n g o n o b s e r v a t i o n o f s l o p e s d u r i n g f i r s t s t a g e . D e s i g n o f v a r i o u s d i k e s w i t h heads r a n g i n g up t o

40

f e e t w i t h i m p e r v i o u s zones c o n s i s t i n g o f g l a c i a l t i l l and p e r v i o u s zones of b r o k e n , n o n - p l a s t i c s h a l e , I n v e s t i g a t i o n of numerous w a t e r - b e a r i n g l a y e r s i n d i k e and c o f f e r d a m f o u n d a t i o n s , i n i t i a l l y by c o n t i n u o u s s a m p l i n g and p e r m e a b i l i t y t e s t s i n b o r e h o l e s , and s u b s e q u e n t l y by i n s t a l l a t i o n o f p i e z o m e t e r s and o b s e r v a t i o n of f l o w d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n n e a r b y , U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a : I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f m a j o r s l i d e s i n N o r t h e r n A l b e r t a i n o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d c l a y s h a l e m a t e r i a l s ,

APPENDIX 1

PUBLICATIONS

!3Y

MEPIBEHS

OF THE CANADIAN SECTION

Baracos,

A.,

Hurst,

W. D.

and Legget,

R.

F., "Effects of

Physical Environment on Cast-Iron ~ i p e " ,

Journal American

Water Works Association,

V.

47, No,

12,

December

1955.

Brown,

W.

G.

E., " ~ o a d s

and Landtt,

Timber of Canada, February

1956.

Crawford, C.

B.,

"ll'rost Penetration Studies as an Aid to

Construction", Roads and Sngineering Construction,

V,

93,

Crawford, C.

B.

and Legget,

R.

P.,

round

Temperature

Investigations in Canada", presented to Montreal Branch,

Engineering Institute of Canada, December

1955.

Crawford, C. B. and Boyd,

D. W.,

"~lirflate

in Relation to Frost

Actionr1,

Highway Research Board, Washington, aull.

111,

1955,

P ~ S -

63-75.

Curtis,

W. E.

and Dickson,

W.

J., "The Effects of Freezing

and Thawing on the Engineering Properties of Clays and

Shales", Graduate thesis, University of Alberta, October

1955.

Eden, W. J., "Laborator Study of Varved Clay from Steep Rock

Lake, Ontario, Canadag, American Journal of Science,

November

1955.

Granger, J., "IItude de la 136sistance au Cisaillement dlun

Till dlorigine

la cia ire",

FJasterts thesis, Ecole Poly-

technique, I~lontreal.

Hardy,

Ti.

TI.,

"Soil

Stabilization

Uxperiments Aid Highway

~ngineers",

Public Works in Canada,

p g s .

8

and

12,

May

1954.

Hardy,

R.

M.,

"Highways for Tomorrow

-

Soils and ~aterials",

Proceedings Thirty-Fifth Annual Convention Canadian Good

Roads Association, 1954, pgs,

102-107,

Hardy,

R. M.,

"Engineering Characteristics of Western Pluskeg",

Proceedings of the Western "IIuskeg Research Fleeting, National

Research Council, Ottawa, Technical Nernorandum No. 38,

Septexber

1955.

Hardy,

f'c.

TI.,

"Dini7nor;is

and

Trcatmenl; of Slide Conditions

Affecting

9 t t ' + r i - : r s "

,

,oads and

Znpineering Construction,

October 1955,

p i ; s .

151-156,

Hardy, R.

M.

and Hipley, C.

Y o ,

"~oundation

Investigation for

the Kitimat Smelter",

E. I.

C

.

Journal, Lovember

1954.

APPENDIX

1

-

2

MacDonald,

D. H.

and Skempton, A,

W,, "A

Survey of Compari-

sons between Calculated and Observed Settlements of

Structures on Clay", Conference on the Correlation between Calculated and Observed Stresses and Displacements, London,

September

1955.

MacFarlane,

I.

C.,

"A

Preliminary Annotated Bibliography o n

usk keg",

Division of Building Research, National Research

Council, Ottawa, Bib. No, 11, September

1955.

Mathews,

W.

T I . , "climate and Physiography of British Columbia",

Xinth Annual Canadian Soil Mechanics Conference, December

1955

0

Mathews,

W. H.,

" ~ h y s i c a l Limnology and Sedinentation i n a

Glacial Lake1', to be published by the Geological Society of America.

Mathews,

W.

H., " ~ l a c i a l Map of British Columbia", with short

explanatory text to be published in an Atlas of British

Columbia Resources by the British Columbia Natural Resources ConferenceD

Meyerhof, G , G., "Influence of Roughness of Base and Ground

7:later Gonditions on the Ultimate searing Capacity of

kloundatS.ons", ~gotechnic~ue,

V.

5,

Septerriber

1955.

Meyerhof, G. G., "penetration Tests and Bearing Capacity of

Cohesionless Soils", Proceed.ings ASCE, V,

82,

January

1956.

Peckover, $7. L. and Bazett,

D.

J., "soil JJiechanics Aspects

of the St. Lawrence River Dcvelopment", Proceedings of the

Ninth Canadian Soil Mechanics Conference, Vancouver,

B,

C,,

December

1955.

Penner,

E.,

Crawford, C, U, and Eden,

W.

J,

,

he

Ileasurement

of Moisture

ont tent",

Proceedings of the Conference on

Building Research, Division of' Building Research, National

Research Council, Ottawa,

3111,

No, 1 , Scqternber

1955.

Penner,

E e y

"Soil lloisture Plow during Ice Segrecation",

Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of Highway

Research Board, January

1956.

Pihlainen,

J.

A., "~ermafrost and ~uildings", Division of

Building Research, Natj.ona1 liesearch Council, Ottawa,

aetter Building Bull. No.

5,

September

1955.

Pollock,

D.

?I.,

"An Air Photo Analysis of Engineering and

Soils1', Graduate thesis, 'University of Alberta, October

1955.

Hadforth,

N.

W,,

"organic Terrain Organization from the ~ i r "

Defence Research Board, Ottawa, Handbook No.

1,

D.R.

No.

95,

APPENDIX 1

-

3

Radforth,

N. W.,

"Range of Structural Variation in Organic

~errain",

Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., V.

XLIX,

Series

111, June

1955,

Section

5,

(reprinted as Technical !~Iemorandum No.

39,

National Research Council, Associate Committee on Soil and

Snow Mechanics, March 1956).

Sharpe,

K.

N., "The Influence of Soils on the Design and Con-

struction of the Trans-Canada ~ i g h w a y " ,

Engineering Journal,

November

1955.

Skempton,

A.

W.,

Peck,

R. B.

and MacDonald, D.

+T.,

"Settlement

Analyses of Six Structures i n Chicago and

ond don",

Proceedings

of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Part

1,

pgs.

525-544,

July

1955'.

Thomson, S., "The Engineering Properties of J~Iuskeg", Graduate

thesis, University of Alberta, October

1955.

Annual Report

(1954.)

of Lands Surveys of the Lands Branch,

Department of Lands

&

Forests, British Columbia.

"Practical Infaormation

of

irrigation",

Dept. of Lands

&

Forests, Victoria, B.C.,

1947.

"proceedings of the Eighth Canadian Soil F.1echanics Conference",

Associate Committee on Soil and Snow Mechanics, National

Research Council, Ottawa, 'Pechnical

Memorandum No.

36,

April

1955.

"Proceedings of the First Maritime ~ e g i o n a l

Soil Mechanics

Conference1', Associate Cornlittee on Soil and Snow kechanics,

National Research Council, Ottawa, Technical ilemorandum No,

35,

May

1955.

"Proceedings of the Western Fluskeg Research ~ e e t i n ~ " ,

Associate

Committee on Soil and Snow Hechanics, National Research

JANUARY 1956 APPENDIX 2

MEMBERS OF THE CANADIAN SECTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SOIL MECHANICS

AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Adams, J . L . P.O. Box 999, Cornwall, O n t a r i o ,

Andersson, A.G.L. R i p l e y & A s s o c i a t e s , 1930 West Broadway, Vancouver

9,

B.C.

Anderson,

K.O.

A l b e r t a Dept. of Highways, Edmonton, A l t a . Antenbring, C.V. Cowin & Co,,

1137

P a c i f i c Avenue,

Winnipeg, Manitoba,

Basarke, N.S. 2262 Regent Avenue, M o n t r e a l , Quebec, B a z e t t ,

D.J.

S t r u c t u r a l Research D e p t , , H y d r o - E l e c t r i c Power commission of O n t , , 620 U n i v e r s i t y Avenue, Toronto, O n t a r i o , B i l o d e a u , P.M. Chef du S e r v i c e d e s S o l s , ~ i n i s t > r e de l a V o i r i e , 2 r u e S t e , J u l i e , Quebec, Que, Bourget, D r . S . J . A g r i c u l t u r a l E n g i n e e r i n g & S o i l s D i v i s i o n , E x p e r i m e n t a l Farm, Dept, of A g r i c u l t u r e , - Ottawa, O n t a r i o , i 3 r e t t , J.F. 4180 Melrose Avenue, M o n t r e a l 28, h e , d r o d e u r , J . C . Spencer, White & P r e n t i s of Canada L t d . ,

2052 S t . C a t h e r i n e S t r e e t West, M o n t r e a l , Quebec.

irown, '"4. G.E. F o r e s t Research D i v i s i o n , D e p t L , o f N o r t h e r n ~ f f a i r s - & N a t i o n a l Resources, Ottawa, Ont. 3rownridge, F.C. Highway L a b o r a t o r y , c/o Room 1422, E a s t

Block, P a r l i a m e n t B l d g s , , T o r o n t o , Ont, Chagnon, J . C . Quebec Dept. of H y d r a u l i c Resources,

506 S t . C a t h e r i n e S t r e e t E , , M o n t r e a l , Que, Chalmers, J . A . c/o Chalmac E n g i n e e r i n g & C o n s t r u c t i o n

Ltdo, 142 Powell Avenue, Ottawa, Ont, Chapman, L. J. Dept. of Physiography, Ont. Research

Foundation,

43

Queen's Park, Toronto, Ont. C l a r k , J . G . Donald I n s p e c t i o n L t d . , 1189 Guy S t r e e t ,