HAL Id: tel-00011490
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011490
Submitted on 30 Jan 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Etude de l’activité électrique des systèmes orageux à l’aide du modèle Méso-NH
Christelle Barthe
To cite this version:
Christelle Barthe. Etude de l’activité électrique des systèmes orageux à l’aide du modèle Méso-NH.
Physique [physics]. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. Français. �tel-00011490�
#$&%(')%
*,+.-0/1+3254768:9;/=<>6 ?3/A@CBD6BD6
E=F!GIH,JLK M(E JONLPQK RTSVU=JLMXW0S7H,JOY[Z,KXN\W0Z"]^Z_H`SaJbM
ced:fhg 9i@3<j9;4 fk
YLlCmDnporqtsvuxwvu!yzPQZ{p|)}enA~vlvpu
*^/ fh 68:4 f 6 64 +.-04768:-6 d -25<j9i5-:6 68:4 d @3/
Tvat0aa
<>6t 6 d 4a6 25/6!C3
¢¡£¥¤§¦
¨ª©"«¬O® ¬O® ¯°±§²©X³3´µ³3©X¶ ¶¯C®·²x©T¸ ³D¹º«O® ¬»®·¼ ¼I½¼©X¾·¿ ®·¼
À
¸!±ÂÁ§®«Äà Š¯°±Â³D¬»® ¬Æ« ¿ À
¬»¾)¯C® Ç ¶·¼
ÀÈÊÉ Ë
ÌÍΣϦ
W0upÐeuGÑXZ,K ÒÔÓ Y_A}3Õ¢u5nAnpu5s5ÖÔKX×voÙØeupnpoÙ{Ú!HÛ}esvy>}3svnpu=SASpS YLAÚ5nAo>wvu×t{
E orwvo>u`ÑXZ,K ÜNÎK"WDHÝZXSaR J GIlvÞ3pÐeÚ!wvuM,u5ßhlvupßhlvu1GR MXW[ÖNÛWvGJbàáSaYbWN MXÞ3~~[}eâ{usv
Z ×C{plv}e×CmSaNÎNÎSaR Ü=ãF=MÊH,Ñ Y_A}3Õ¢u5nAnpu5s5ÖÔKX×voÙØeupnpoÙ{Ú!wvuM,uäÞ3wvor×vÐ MXÞ3~~[}eâ{usv
Y_o>uppu!NZ M`F!GÑ J S7×ÐeÚ5×voru5svTF=RXJbM,Z JæåÞ3|o>×vÞá{usv
ç3uäÞá×0èaY_o>upAu!YLSaRTHIÓ S7×ÐeÚ5×voru5sv`wuxM,u5ßhlvupßhlvuxGR MXW[ÖNZ E o>Au5ß{pu5sv,wvu={plv5nAu
é:Þ3×ê·M`F=KTë Y_A}3Õ¢u5nAnpu5s5ÖÔKX×voÙØeupnpoÙ{Ú!HÛ}esvy>}3svnpu=SASpS E o>Au5ß{pu5sv,wvu={plv5nAu
çPÞáo>|u5Þáo>nÊß}e||)u×vß5u_~:Þ3_pu|)upßo>u5_|u5n_wu5s0åwo>puß{pu5svAnbwu,{plv5nAu3Öté:Þá×vê1M,}es0åu{^ç3uäÞ3×Dè
Y_o>uppuY_o>×C{7meÖ^qDso }e×C{Þ3ßß5u~{ÚÂw PQu×vßäÞ3wpu5|)Þ{plv5nAu,ç3uy>u5snpso>n~vÞ3A{po>ß5sy>o>pu|)u×t{)puß5}e×Dè
×:Þ3ornpnpÞ3×C{u~[}es)yru5svAnu×vß5}3svÞ3Ð3u5|u5×C{nÖ^yru5svwvo>nA~[}3×vovory>oÙ{Úu{yru5svnA}es{oru5×^ç3u{oru5×vn)Þ3svnAnpo
pu|)upßo>u5Ü=o>yry>un}3y>o>×o>Ú1qtsvo_Þß}e|)|u5×ß5Ú ß5u {pÞäØáÞ3o>yÝwvu|)}DwvÚ5yro>npÞá{or}e×u{!qDso_|PQÞ[u5Þ3svß}esv~
Þ3orwvÚ`y>}eAnLwvu,|)}e×nA{Þ3Ðeu,wvuXE"J_Zupß5o!y PÚ5qtsvor~[u`wvuTnp}3s{oru5×Ú5nA}áèaRXÑ iE o>wo>u5ÖDç3s:Þ3×u{IçeÞ3ß è
qtsvu5yro>×vu"!æ~[}esbyru5sv_wo>np~Ô}e×vo#vo>yror{pÚIu{byru5svLu%$ß5Þ3ß5oÙ{Ú3ÖDÞ3or×vnpo:qtsPQÞ3s0åor×Õ¢}eA|Þá{po>ßo>u5×nÊwvs)y ÞÔ}eÞ.{}eorpu
zNÎÞ3spu5×C{5ÖæW0upÐeuu{1ç3Ú5AÚ5|xm!!qDso^|PQ}3×t{wvÚ~:Þ3×v×Ú·~vy>snw PQsv×u)Õ¢}eorn&ÛKX×ÐeÞ3×w |u5pßo'ÂGIÚ5yro>×vu
~Ô}esv`nÞÐeu×t{po>yry>u5nAnpu=u{XnA}e×Þ3o>wvu=~Ô}esv`y>Þ1npor|1svy Þ.{o>}3×W0H,JLMTZTF(
ç3unA}esvl:Þ3oÙ{uÞ3svnAnpoTpu5|u5Aß5oru5y PÚ5qtsvor~[uWDmDnA{p5|u5nY_pÚß5or~vor{Þ3×C{n5Ö)orßhlvu5yTu{·ç3uäÞá×0èaé:Þá×+*5}eorn5Ö
|)Þ3o>nIÞ3svnpnAoy PÚ5qtsvor~[u"JLyru5ß{porß5oÙ{Ú Z{p|)}3np~vlvÚporqDsu, WDmDyrØáÞ3or×·u{,yru5n WDu5pÐ3u-!I~Ô}esvyru5sv.Ô}e×v×u=lDsDè
|u5svæu{by>u5spnæ~vAÚ5ßo>u5sDåß5}e×npu5ory>n%/u5Aß5o0ç3u5Þ3×0èaé:pÞ3×+*5}3o>nLÜ=u5}eAÐeo>nÝu{^ç3u5Þ3×0è1o>ßhlvuy]Ipsvnâ{u{L~[}es
|PÞäØe}3o>LÕiÞ3ß5ory>or{pÚ,y Þ{323ßhlvu"~Ô}esvb{A}esØeuIwvun`u5×vnAu5orÐe×vu5|u5×C{pn&vKT×·pu|)upßo>u5|u5×C{^{}es{I~:Þ3â{o>ßsvy>oru5
YÝu{u5X]Iußhlt{p}ey>wqtsvoÎÞ Ú{pÚ|}e×~vAu5|o>u5`u×vßäÞáwvÞ3×C{Tu5×4Þ65r{Ao>npu!ÞásnAu5or×wvsyÞ6[}epÞá{}3o>pu6
KX× ~Ôu{por{_wvÚ{}esæ~:Þ3Ýy PF=êty>Þ3lv}e|)ÞX~Ô}esvÝpu5|u5Aß5oru5_E }3×,Þ3ßÜ=}eA|Þ3× ÖáHÛu5w,Þá×vnpuy>y ÖeGI}e×vpÞ3w
Ò o>uÐey>u=u{1ç3u5AAm WD{pÞ3ê.Þ~Ô}esv|PQÞäØe}eor=npo'vo>u× Þ3ßß5svuo>yry>o>uxy>}eAnwvu|}e×nAÚ87A}es1Þ3s R"WvWN9ÝçPu5×
~vA}:v{u·Þ3svnpnAoI~Ô}esvpu5|u5Aß5oru51E ÞØ3uMTsnA{ qtsvo^|PQÞ~Ôu5p|o>nwvu·~vÞ3A{po>ß5or~[uxÞás0å y>Þ3×vßu5|u5×C{nwvu
:Þ3yry>}e×nwvu!y Þ1ß5Þ3|)~vÞ3Ðe×vu!H,JLNÎJ_ë
ç3u"{oru5×vn`ÞásvnpnAo1uå0~vAo>|u5|u5nAu5|u5Aß5o>u|)u×C{n1ZX×t{plv}e×Cm·S7yry>or×vÐ;^}eA{plu{TEXo>wvoru5ÑXÞ3svÐeyrsvnâè
{hÞáo>×vuáÖ:|)unTpÞ3~v~Ô}eA{pu5svAn,u{<Y_oru5pAuxNÎÞ3A}0ßhlu3Ö:~Ô}esv,y>usvpn,pu|Þápqtsvu5nT~Ôu5A{po>×vu×C{u5nTu{Tß}e×vnA{ppsvß è
{oÙØeun&¥KX×!ÐepÞ3×vw|)upßo=TW0u5AÐeu^GIl:Þ3s+>m=~[}3svnpunÝß}epAu5ß{po>}e×nu{ÛnpunÛAu5|)Þ3pqtsvunÎnpsvÎy>uÊ|Þ3×tsvnAß5Aor{äÖ
|)Þ3o>n,Þ3snpnpoÎ~:Þápß5uqtsPo>y|PÞ1ÕiÞ3oÙ{,wvÚ5ß}esØDporXy>Þ|Ú{pÚ5}eA}ey>}3Ðeo>u"u{Twv}e×v×vÚu5×CØDo>uáÖwv5nTyÞ y>orß5u×vß5uáÖ:wvu
ß5}3×t{po>×tsvuTwvÞ3×vn,ß5u{p{u!Øe}3o>u
ç3upu|)upß5oru{}3s{~:Þ3â{o>ßsvy>or5Au5|u5×C{yru5nÞ3s0{pun·{lvÚnÞ3Awvnwvuy>Þ ~vp}e|}?¢Z y>or×vu3ÖIGÞ3A}ey>or×vu3Ö
GIy>}á{o>yrwvu3ÖCSVØáÞ3×u3Övé:pÞ3×vßhêÖ0Þápo>u èaY_o>upAu3Ötu{^U"o>×ß5u5×C{@!Ö|)Þ3orn^ÞásvnpnAoß5us0å·qtsvuA7PÞ3oÔß5}á{}meÚ"~Ôu5×w:Þ3×C{
ß5unB)Þ3×vn&ÔKT×ÂÐeÞá×vw|u5Aß5oCÞ3poruèaY_oru5pAu3Ö:yzPÞ3s0{pu<D7Ú5y>uß{ppo>ßo>u×v×vuFEÖ:~[}3svXyru5n,np}3A{oru5nTu5×ÂA}ey>yru5
u{L~Ô}esvÊ|PQÞäØe}eorÊnpoÐeu5×C{or|)u×C{_pu|)~vy>Þ3ß5ÚIu5×H,Yyr}epnAqDsuG7Au`npsvornæ~:Þ3â{o>uÞ3sRXÚ~:Þ3yHIu5Aß5oJ!ç3svyro>u×
u{ Ü=svo>yry Þ3s|)uT~[}3sv`×v}3{ppu!~[u{oÙ{G7A}eÐeÐeor×vÐ lvu%[wv}3|Þ3wvÞ3o>Au"wvu5nTwvus0å~vAu5|o>5Au5nTÞ3×v×Ú5u5n%
J_×::×Ö|u5pßoYLoru5Apu=~Ô}esv{}3s{Tß5u!qtsPQory|PÞ3~~[}eâ{u6
YÝ}es`ß5}e×vßy>svAu"u{×PQ}3s+vy>oru5^~[upnp}3×v×vu3Ö:s×ÐeÞ3×w|)upß5oKx{}es0{`y>uX~[upnp}3×v×vu5y wvsy ÞÔ}eÞ.{}eorpu
u{x{p}esvn`ßu5s0å·qDso}e×C{`ß5}e×C{pposvÚL1ß5u=qtsvu=ßu5nB Þ3×v×vÚu5n,wvu"{plv5nAunA}eo>u×C{`y>un~vy>sn,Þ3ÐepÚ5Þvyru5nu{
y>un`~vy>snTor×vnA{ppsvß{oÙØeu5n,~Ô}enpnAovyru,iu{Xqtsvo× PQ}e×C{T~:Þ3n,Ú{Ú!uå0~vyro>ß5oÙ{u|)u×t{ß5or{pÚ5nMN!F
[¡£ÛÍ3¡¥ !
¡#"¡$Τ!%$&''": (%)%*"+e¤!%,%äÍÛ£.-i¤!%/£0"21Ô¤!%43!-i¤!3¡£. (%*3!% !5
6 6 Nu=ß5o>Aß5svoÙ{,Ú5yru5ß{pporqDsu=Ðey>}IvÞ3ywvu!y PQÞá{p|)}enA~vlvpu L 6#7
6 E o98[Ú5Au5×C{n`{7mD~Ôu5nTwPQ}3Þ3Ðeun L L ;:
6 6 GI}3×vwvor{po>}e×nwvu=Õ¢}ep|)Þá{po>}e×·wu5nT}eÞ3Ð3u5n L ;:
6 NunTßu5yry>svyru5nß}e×CØeu5ß{oÙØeu5n npo>|~vyru5n L <6
6 NB NunT|xsvyr{po>ß5uy>yrsvy>un L L
6 NunTnAsv~Ôu5pßu5yry>svyru5n L L B
6 >= NunTnâmDnA{|)unXß}e×CØeuß{oÙÕ¢nXwu|Ú5nA}0Úßhlvu5yry>u L
6 B H`lvÚ5}3po>un,wvu!y PÚ5y>uß{ppo>npÞá{or}e×·wvun,×DsvÞ3Ðeu5n L =
6 B
6
Ú5ßäÞá×vo>nA|)u=ß}e×CØeu5ß{oÙÕ_}es|)ÚßäÞ3×o>np|u=wvuÜ=pu5×u{Aè UL}e×v×vuÐes{ L
;?
6 B H`lÚ5}eAo>u5n,ÐepÞäØ0oÙ{hÞá{po>}e××vu5yry>u5n L L ;?
6 Nu5n,Ú5ßyÞ3orpn? L L B 6
6 6 NunTÚß5y>Þ3o>An×ts:Þ3Ðeu è7np}3y L L B 6
6 NunTÚß5y>Þ3o>Ano>×C{pÞ.è7×ts:ÞáÐeu5n iSâG! L B
6 NB NunEVHÝpÞ3×vnAo>u5×C{TNsv|o>×v}3svn,JæØeu5×C{pn1EiH,NÎJ'! L BIB
6 @= Nu5n,nAmDnA{p5|u5nTwP}IvnpuAØáÞá{po>}e×wvu!y PQÞ3ß{orØDoÙ{Ú"Úy>u5ß{Ao>qtsvu!u{,yru5svAnXÞá~v~vy>orßäÞá{po>}e×n) L B
6 @=6 NunTnâmDnA{|)unXu|(:Þ3AqtsvÚ5n [}eAwwunpÞá{uy>yror{un L B
6
@= NunTnâmDnA{|)unXnA}ey L L B ?
6
@=NB NunTß5Þ3|~:Þ3Ðe×vun,wvu!|)unpsvAu5n,u{Ty>un`np}e×w:Þ3ÐeunXwvu!ßhl:Þá|)~Ú5yru5ß{porqtsvu L BBA
6
@= M,Ú5nA}e×:Þ3×ß5u!wvuW0ßhltsv|)Þ3×v× L L BBA
6
@=>= GIyro>|)Þá{}3y>}eÐeoru,wvu5n,Ú5ßyÞ3orpn L L B&C
6 @=? Wt{psß{spu!Ú5yru5ß{pporqDsuw PQsv××ts:Þ3Ðeu!wP}epÞ3Ðeu L B 7
6 @=>A o>npuu5×puy Þá{po>}e×wvuy PQÞ3ß{orØDoÙ{Ú=Ú5yru5ß{porqtsvuxÞäØ3u5ßxworØeupnT~:Þ3pÞ3|){Au5nT~vlCmtè
nAo>qtsvun L L :
6 ? }DwvÚ5yro>nÞ.{o>}3×·wvu!y PQÞ3ß{porØDor{pÚ"Ú5yru5ß{porqtsvu=wvu5nT×ts:Þ3Ðeun< L 6
6 ? 6
NunT|}Dwv5yru5n E svy>êIE L L
6
6 ? NunT|}Dwv5yru5n`uå0~vyro>ßor{un L L
6 ?
NB Nu=|}0w5y>u=wuAsv~{psvpu!wvorÚ5y>uß{ppo>qtsvu L
£3!%5¤![¡#"0¡¥ (ÛÍ%) 3 " 3!-¢¤<3¡ä£á ÍΤ
6 Ü!Ú×vÚ5pÞ3y>oÙ{Únnpsv Únp}áè7R Ñ(u{TnA}e×nAßhlvÚ5|)Þ|)orß5p}3~vlCm0nAo>qtsvu L =
6 6 Y_AÚ5npu×C{hÞá{po>}e×wvu Ú5nA}áèaRXÑ L L =
6 M,u5~pÚ5nAu5×C{hÞ.{o>}3×wvun,ltmDwvA}e|Ú{Ú}epun L =
6 NB Y_A}0ßu5npnAsvnT|)orß5p}3~vlCm0nAo>qtsvun L L A
6 Z97AsvnA{pu5|u5×C{Twvu!y ÞxØáÞ3~Ôu5sv,wPuäÞás L C
6 >= GÞáy>ß5sywvs{hÞ3s0åwvu!ß5}eyry>u5ß{or}e×·wvunX~:ÞáA{orß5svyru5n L C
J_y>u5ß{Ao>nÞ.{o>}3×·wvs×DsvÞ3Ðeu L L 7
6
UbÞápo Þ6vy>unÚ5yru5ß{pporqDsu5n L L
7
Ú5ßäÞá×vo>nA|)u=wvu!nAÚ5~:Þ3pÞá{or}e×wvu!ßhl:Þ3AÐeu!×v}e×0èVo>×vwvsß{oÙÕ4 L = 6
NB Ú5ßäÞá×vo>nA|)u=wvu={pÞ3×vnâÕ¢u5â{XwußhlvÞ3pÐeu!or×vwvsvß{orÕ L =;C
HÛÞá×vnAÕ¢uA{Tu{,{pÞ3×vnA~[}eâ{,wvu5n,ßhl:ÞápÐeun L ?&:
B GÞ3y>ßsvywvsßhl:Þ3|~Ú5yru5ß{pporqDsu L L
?26
HÝpÞ3or{pu5|u5×C{`wvunXÚß5y>Þ3o>An L L ?
6 EXÚ5ß5yru5×vßhlu5|u5×C{ w PQsv×Ú5ßyÞ3or L L ? B
Nu5Þ3wvu5 vorwvo>Au5ß{o>}3×v×vu5y L L
? B
NB Ü=Ú5}3|)Ú{poru Õ¢Þáß{hÞáy>u"wvunXÚß5y>Þ3o>Anu{vpÞ3×vßhlvu|)u×t{pn L ? =
@= RXus{pÞ3y>ornÞá{po>}e×·wu5n,ßhl:Þ3AÐeu5n L L
? C
? MTÚnpsv|Ú L L ?&7
!
£¥¤" ¢¤t£ %x¡ä¤<%¡%4%äÍÛ£Í &"+%$Τ -i (1Τ Τ 1£": (%¤!
$# %&!
B6 S7×vor{poÞ3yro>npÞá{or}e× L L AB
B E u5nAß5Ao>~{po>}e×ÐeÚ×vÚ5pÞ3y>u L L A
BB ]Io>y>Þ3×vn L L A;C
BB6 ]^o>yÞá×·npsv,yru5n,u5nA~[ß5u5nX|)orß5A}e~vlCmDnpo>qtsvun L A;C
BB ]^o>yÞá×·npsv,yru5n`ØáÞ3po>Þvy>unÚ5yru5ß{porqtsvu5n L C
B E o>nAß5svnAnpor}e× L L 7 B
#
(' 3t£¥¤![¡%4&" %,Û¤ & *)[¤!3¡¥ ('3 " -i %3D¤ 5 5
6 W0sv~Ôu5Aß5u5yry>svyru L L 7&7
6 6
S7×or{o>Þ3y>ornÞá{po>}e× L L
7&7
6 GÞáÞ3ß{Ú5Ao>nâ{o>qtsvun,ÐeÚ5×vÚÞ3yru5n L L 7&7
6
NB S7×+:svu5×ß5uwvu!y PuäÞ3snpsAÕ¢}e×vwsvuwvÞ3×vn,yÞ1~:ÞáÞ3|Ú{ppo>npÞá{or}e×·wvunX~p}Dß5u5nAnpsvnXRXS
6#:
A
6 S7|~Ô}eA{Þ3×vß5u=wu5n,Ú5ßy Þ3orpn`w:Þ3×nTyru=npßhlvÚ|ÞÚ5yru5ß{porqtsvu L
6#:
C
6 >= HÛu5nâ{nTwvu!npu×vnpo#vo>yror{Ú-,vo>×.+vsvu5×vßuwuy>Þ1wvo>|u5×npo>}3×·Õ¢Þ3ß{hÞ3yru L 6&6;6
6 ?
EXo>npßsvnpnAo>}e× L L
6&6
B
F"Þ3Ðeu=|xsvyr{po>ß5uy>yrsvyÞ3orpu L L 6&6
6
S7×or{o>Þ3y>ornÞá{po>}e× L L
6&6
GÞáÞ3ß{Ú5Ao>nâ{o>qtsvun,ÐeÚ5×vÚÞ3yru5n L L
6&6
=
NB HÛu5nâ{nbwvu,npu×vnpo#vo>yror{Ú/,Co>×.+:su5×vßuXwvu,y>Þ"~:Þ3Þá|)Ú{pornÞá{po>}e×xwvu5nb~vp}Dß5unpnAsvnIwvu
nAÚ5~:ÞáÞá{po>}e×wvu!ßhl:Þ3AÐeu L L 6 !6
EXo>npßsvnpnAo>}e× L L
6 ?
£¥¤" £.¤%ä §Í-"¡¥ ¤-i C ;¡¤ Û¤!%§Û£ÝÍÛ ;¡%"v£.-i¤!%/3!B-(": ¢£0% !
=6 S7×C{p}Dwvs{po>}e× L L 6 B 6
= YÊÞ3pÞ3|Ú{Ao>npÞá{or}e×·wvunXR FXå~vp}DwvsvoÙ{n`~:ÞáTyru5n`Úß5yÞáo>pn L
6
BB
= 6 NunT~vÞ3Þ3|Ú{ppornÞá{po>}e×vn^uå0o>nâ{hÞ3×C{pu5n L 6 BB
= YÝÞ3Þá|)Ú{pornÞá{po>}e×wvu5nXNoR"FXå·w:Þ3×vn Únp}áè7R Ñ L 6 B
=B GI}e×::Ð3svÞá{po>}e×ws|}0w5y>u L L
6
B&=
=B6 KT×vu!npor|1svyÞ.{o>}3×~vyrsvporwvo>nAß5o>~y>o>×vÞ3o>Au L 6 B&=
=B NunpnpoÙØáÞ3Ðeu=wvunXÐCÞ6>=w:Þ3×vn Únp}áè7R Ñ L 6 B&=
=BNB S7×or{o>Þ3y>ornÞá{po>}e× L L
6
B&A
= W0o>|xsvyÞá{po>}e×)wvu!y P}eÞáÐeu"wvs 6#: 7Asvo>yry>u{ 6#7&7;? yr}epn`wuy>Þ1ßäÞ3|~:Þ3Ð3×vuW0H,JLMTZTF L 6 B;C
= 6 ETm0×vÞ3|)orqtsvu3Ö:|o>ßp}e~vlCmDnporqtsvu=u{TÚ5yru5ß{porß5oÙ{Ú L 6 B;C
= HÛÞá×vnp~Ô}eA{,u{Ty>u5nAnpoÙØ3ÞáÐeu=wvu5nTÐCÞ> L
6 B
= NB Y_A}0wvsß{or}e×wvuR"F
x
~:Þá`y>u5n`Úß5y>Þ3o>An L
6 = :
= Jæ{psvwvu!wvu5nTwvu×vnpoÙ{Ú5n,wvu +:sDåw:Þ3×vn,y Pu5×ß5y>s|)u L 6 =6B
=@= E o>nAß5svnAnpor}e× L L
6#?;:
B-iÍ%5 (ĤC¡"¤t£0% _¤!3¡¥ )[¤!% !
.3 3t£¥¤!e¤!% %
#
¤<%*e£á Ρ¥ ( " 'Ý£0%¡Â£¥¤!%äÍ'-¢¡#% " ¤ -i C ;¡¤<-¢¤!3¡£. &"+- %)Û¤" ¤ ( "
!#
B-(ÔÍ'µ£¥¤!%*-()Î ( 1 Û¤!- % 5
6 6 W0ßhlvÚ|Þ wvunXwvo8 Úpu×t{pn,~vp}Dß5unpnpsn Ú5yru5ß{porqtsvu5n,wvsß5orpßsvor{,Úy>u5ß{Ao>qtsvu=Ðeyr}I:Þ3y L ;:
6 W0ßhlvÚ|Þ`o>yry>svnâ{pÞ3×C{yÞ^wvÚ{pu5p|o>×vÞá{or}e×"wvuLy ÞGIZ"YLJÂu{Îwvu_y>Þ,GISaR npsvÎsv×!Ú|Þ3Ð3Þ3||)u
<6
6 B }Dwv5yru=wvu]^meupnâè7]IÞál:Þ3| wvun,{pp}eorn`nA{Þ3wvu5n,wPÚØ3}ey>s0{o>}3×w PQsv×ußu5y>yrsvy>u ß5}e×CØeuß{porØeu
6 W0ßhlvÚ|Þ wPsv×}3Þ3Ðeu=|xsvyr{po>ß5uy>yrsvyÞ3orpu`}Inpu5âØeÚ~vpnTwuMTÞämD|)u5ÖÔGI}eyr}eÞ3w} L B
6
@= GI}esv~ÔuXØ3u5A{po>ß5Þ3y>uTwvu5n^pÚ +:u5ß{orØDoÙ{Ú5n^Þ3wvÞ3I}Inpu5âØeÚu5n`w:Þ3×nIsv×·×ts:ÞáÐeu nAsv~[upßu5y>yrsvyÞáo>pu
6 ?
}Dwv5yru=ß5}e×vßu5~{psvu5yÎwPsv×nAmDnA{p5|uß}e×CØeuß{oÙÕæwvu!|Ú5nA}0Úßhlvu5yry>u L =
6
@A Ú5ß5Þ3×vornp|u=wvu!ßhl:Þ3pÐ3u5|u5×C{Tß5}e×CØeuß{porÕ_wvuÜ=pu×vu{âèVUL}e×v×u5Ðes{ L
;?
6 C W0ßhlvÚ|Þ wvu~vpor×vß5or~[u wvu!yÞ1ßäÞá~{svAunAÚ5yru5ß{porØ3uw PQor}e×vn L A
6 7
W0ßhlvÚ|Þ wvu~vpor×vß5or~[u wvs|Ú5ß5Þ3×vornp|u=o>×vwvsß{oÙÕ L C
6 6#: W0ßhlvÚ|Þ wvu~vpor×vß5or~[u wvs~p}Dß5u5nAnpsvnTwPÚ5yru5ß{ppornÞá{po>}e××v}3×0è7or×vwvsvß{orÕ L ;7
6 6&6 HÝpÞ3×vnâÕ¢u5A{ÛwvuL|)Þ3npnAuLu{Ûwvubßhl:Þ3pÐ3ubu×C{pubsv×ß5Ao>nA{Þ3yewvuLÐey>Þ3ß5u_u{Êy>Þ~:Þ3â{o>u_or×Õ¢Ú5Ao>usvpu
wPsv×Ð3Þ3sv~Ôu5y u5×{Þáo>×wvu!npu!npsvy>or|)u L B :
6 6 HÝpÞ3×vnâÕ¢u5A{Twvu|)Þ3npnAuu{TwvußhlvÞ3pÐeu!u×t{ppusv×ßpornA{hÞáyqtsvoÎß5p}65>{,~:Þ3,wvÚ~[}3npor{po>}e×wvu
ØáÞ3~[usv`u{Ty>Þ1npsvâÕiÞ3ß5uwvsÐepÚnpo>y' L L B :
6 6
B»W0ßhlvÚ|Þ wvu~vpor×vß5or~[u wvu!y Þ1~vA}e~:Þ3ÐCÞ.{o>}3×wPQs×Úß5yÞáo>TG`Ü è, L B
6 6
Nu5n,wvo98[Ú5Au5×C{n`{7mD~Ôu5nTwPQÚß5y>Þ3o>AnTG`Ü L L BIB
6 6 =OFvnpuAØáÞá{or}e×wPsv×Úß5y>Þ3o>or×C{Þ¥è7×ts:Þ3Ðeu=~vÞ3`y>u=nâm0nâ{|)u!U=ÑXéºNCÂW L B
6 6#? S7y>yrsvnA{pÞá{po>}e×·wu5n,wvo98[Ú5Au5×C{n`{7mD~Ôu5nTwvu!H,NÛJ_n L BB=
6 6 AOGIy>or|Þá{p}ey>}3Ðeo>u,wvunTÚß5y>Þ3o>An`o>npnAsvu!wvu5n,wv}3×v×vÚ5unXwuNSâWwvu 7pÞ3×CØDo>u5 6)7&7 C Þ3}{ ;:;: B&C
6 6 COE u5×npor{pÚÞ3×v×tsvuy>y>u |}meu×v×vuwPo>|~:Þ3ß{pn"wvu1Õ¢}eswvpuÞ3snA}eyA·~:Þ3â{o> wvu5n!wv}e××vÚ5un
puß5svuo>y>yro>unI~:Þ3 Ú{Ú}eÞ3Ð3uu×C{pu
6#7 C&C u{
6#7&7&?
L B 7
6 6#7 }Dwv5yru=ß5}e×vßu5~{psvu5yÎwvu!y>Þnâ{Asvß{psvpu!wvu!ßhl:Þ3AÐeu!w:Þ3×vnTu{,l}epn,wvu!yPQÞ3nAß5u5×w:Þ3×vßu :
6
;:
Y_p}e~:ÞáÐCÞá{or}e×wPsv×vu!wvÚßhl:Þ3pÐ3unAsv,wvu5n,~vy>Þ3qtsvu5n,wvu!~vy>Þ3nA{po>qtsvu L B
6
E o ÞáÐeÞ3||u wvunT~p}Dß5u5nAnpsvnX|)orß5A}e~vlCmDnpo>qtsvun,u5×~vl:Þ3nAu|oÙåD{pu=w:Þ3×vn Únp}áè7R Ñ C
W0ßhlvÚ|Þ wvu~vpor×vß5or~[u wvs|Ú5ß5Þ3×vornp|u=×v}e×0èVo>×vwvsß{oÙÕ L =
B E o ÞáÐeÞ3||u·wvunpÚ5~vÞ3Þá{po>}e׺wvußhl:Þ3AÐeuu×ÄÕ¢}e×ß{or}e× wvuy Þ{u5|~ÔÚ5Þ.{svAuu{ws
ß5}e×C{pu5×tsu×u5Þ3sy>o>qtsvorwvu"nAu5y>}3×:@ 3@@ D9L64Â93@b@ .9;:&: L =B
MTu~vpÚnpu×t{Þá{or}e×ÐeÞ3~lvo>qtsvu wvuy>Þ·ßhl:Þ3pÐ3u{pÞ3×vnâÕ¢Ú5AÚ5uu5קբ}e×vß{o>}3×wuy>Þ{u|)~ÔÚè
Þá{psvpu
T u{Twvsß5}e×C{pu5×tsu×u5Þ3syro>qtsvorwvu"u8[u5ß{oÙÕ
EW L L =&=
@= MTu~vpÚnpu×t{Þá{or}e×ÐepÞ3~vlvorqDsuxwvu y>Þ)ßhl:Þ3AÐeu1{pÞ3×vnâÕ¢Ú5pÚu ·yÞ~vy>sn"Ðep}3npnpux~:Þ3A{po>ßsvy>u
u5×Õ¢}e×vß{o>}3×wvu!y Þ1{u|)~ÔÚ5pÞá{svAu=u{Twvs{hÞ3sDåwPQÞ3ß5ßpÚ{o>}3×~:Þá`ÐeorØDÞáÐeu L =&A
?
W0ßhlvÚ|Þ wvu~vpor×vß5or~[u wvs|Ú5ß5Þ3×vornp|u=o>×vwvsß{oÙÕ L = 7
@A GI}e×CØeu×t{po>}e×nX~Ô}esv`yru=npo>Ð3×vu=wvu!yÞ ßhl:Þ3AÐeu!u{Ty>u=ßhlvÞ3|)~Úy>u5ß{Ao>qtsvu L ?
C Ü!Ao>yry>u E |}e×C{pÞ3×C{,sv×vu!~Ô}eA{po>}e×wvu!wvÚßhl:Þ3AÐeu L
?&?
7
MTu~vpÚnpu×t{Þá{or}e×npßhlvÚ|Þá{po>qtsvu!wvsy>u5Þ3wvu5`u{Twvu5n vpÞ3×vßhlvu|)u×t{pn? L
? A
6#:
W0ßhlvÚ|Þ wvu~vpor×vß5or~[u wvu5nvÞá×vßhlvu5|u5×C{pn L A 6
6&6
W0ßhlvÚ|Þ wvu~vpor×vß5or~[u wvs|}Dwvsvy>u Ú5y>uß{ppo>qtsvu!w:Þá×vn Ú5nA}áèaRXÑ L A
B6 GI}esv~Ôu=Øeu5â{orßäÞ3yru=wvu!yÞxØDor{pu5npnAuØ3u5â{o>ß5Þ3y>u L A
B GI}esv~Ôu5n!ØeuA{orßäÞ3yru5nwvu5nÞá~v~[}3A{nwvu|)ÚyÞ3×Ðeu iu× Ð+êtÐ
−1!=u{wvuy Þwvu5×vnAor{pÚ)wvu ßhl:Þ3AÐeu!wvu!y Þ1Ðey>Þ3ß5u=~vAo>|)Þ3o>Au3ÖDyÞ ×vuo>Ðeu=u{Xyru"ÐeAÚ5npory L A ?
BB GI}esv~Ôu=Øeu5â{orßäÞ3yru=wvu!y Þ1wvu×vnpoÙ{Ú!wvu!ßhl:Þ3AÐeu=Øe}eyrsv|)orqtsvu"{}3{Þ3y>u L A&A
B GI}esv~Ôu5n1Ø3u5A{po>ß5Þ3y>un wvuy Þwvu×vnpoÙ{Úwvun~[}eor×C{n wPo>×voÙ{o>Þá{or}e×wu5n Ú5ßy Þ3orpn1u{wvuyÞ
wvu5×npor{pÚ!wPQÚß5y>Þ3o>An L L A 7
B@= ]Io>y>Þ3×·wvunXunp~Ô5ßu5n |o>ßp}e~ltmDnAo>qtsvu5n,w:Þá×vn,yÞ1~:Þ3â{oru=ß5}e×CØeuß{porØeu L C :
B? ]Io>y>Þ3× |o>ß5A}e~vlCmDnporqDsuTwvÞ3×vnbyÞ=~:Þ3â{o>u`ß}e×CØeuß{oÙØeu"wuXy>Þ=ØáÞ3~Ôu5sbw PQu5Þ3sÖty PuäÞ3s×ts:Þ.è
Ðeu5snpu!u{Ty Þ1~y>svoru L L C
B@A ]Io>y>Þ3×·|o>ßp}e~vlCmDnporqtsvu=w:Þ3×vn`y>Þ1~:Þ3â{o>u ß5}e×CØeuß{porØeuwvu=y>Þ1Ðey Þ3ßu"~vAo>|)Þ3o>Au3ÖDyÞ1×vuo>Ðeu
u{,yru=ÐepÚnpo>y L L CIB
BC ]Io>y>Þ3×·wvunXunp~Ô5ßu5n |o>ßp}e~ltmDnAo>qtsvu5n,w:Þá×vn,yÞ1~:Þ3â{oru=nA{pÞá{oÙÕ¢}ep|u L C
B7 ]Io>y>Þ3×|)orß5A}e~vlCmDnpo>qtsvuTw:Þ3×n^y>Þ~:ÞáA{oru,nA{pÞá{oÙÕ¢}ep|u`wvuTy Þ!ÐeyÞáß5u,~vpor|Þáo>puáÖeyÞ!×vuo>Ðeu
u{,yru=ÐepÚnpo>y L L CB=
B6#: ]Io>y>Þ3×wu5nunp~Ô5ß5un,Ú5y>uß{ppo>qtsvun`u{`wu"y Þxwu5×vnAor{Ú wvu"ßhl:Þ3AÐeu"{}á{hÞ3yruXw:Þá×vnyÞ~:Þ3A{po>u
ß5}e×CØ3u5ß{porØ3u L L C ?
B
6&6
]Io>y>Þ3×xwu5nLÚ5ßhl:Þá×vÐeu5nLwvu`ßhlvÞ3pÐeun_w:Þ3×vn_y>Þ ~:Þ3â{oruß5}e×CØ3u5ß{porØ3uX~Ô}esvæy>ÞXØáÞ3~Ôu5sv_wPuäÞás
u{,yru5n,~:Þ3â{o>ßsvy>un`y>orqDso>wvun L L C&C
B6 ]Io>y>Þ3×wvu5n"Úßhl:Þ3×vÐ3u5n=wvu1ßhlvÞ3pÐeun"w:Þ3×n yÞ~:Þ3â{o>uß5}e×CØ3u5ß{porØ3u ~[}es y>un ~:ÞáA{orß5svyru5n
ÐeyÞáß5Ú5un L L C 7
B6 BO]Io>y>Þ3×·nAsv,y>u"{pÞ3×vnA~[}eâ{Twvu5n,ßhl:Þ3AÐeu5nTÚ5yru5ß{porqtsvu5n,w:Þ3×nTy>Þ1~:Þ3â{o>u=ß}e×CØeuß{oÙØeu L 726
B6 ]Io>y>Þ3×·wvu!y>Þwu5×vnAor{Ú!wvu!ßhl:ÞápÐeu!×vus{pÞ3y>ornpÚ5u=wvÞ3×vn,y Þ ~:Þ3â{oru"ß5}e×CØ3u5ß{porØ3u L 7
B6 =]Io>y>Þ3×wu5nunp~Ô5ß5un,Ú5y>uß{ppo>qtsvun`u{`wu"y Þxwu5×vnAor{Ú wvu"ßhl:Þ3AÐeu"{}á{hÞ3yruXw:Þá×vnyÞ~:Þ3A{po>u
nA{pÞá{porÕ¢}eA|)u L L
7
B
6#?
]Io>y>Þ3×=wvunÊÚ5ßhlvÞ3×vÐeunÊwvu^ßhl:Þ3pÐ3u5nÛw:Þ3×vnÝy Þ`~:Þ3â{o>uLnâ{Þ.{orÕ¢}3p|u_~[}esÛy>Þ,ØáÞ3~Ôu5sÝwPuäÞás
u{,yru5n,~:Þ3â{o>ßsvy>un`y>orqDso>wvun L L
7
B6 A]Io>y>Þ3×·wvun,Ú5ßhl:Þ3×Ðeu5nTwvu=ßhl:Þ3AÐeu5nTw:Þ3×n`y Þ1~:Þ3â{oru=nA{pÞá{oÙÕ¢}ep|u ~Ô}esv`yru5n`~:ÞáA{orß5svyru5n
ÐeyÞáß5Ú5un L L 7 =
B6 CO]Io>y>Þ3×wvuy Þ wvu5×npor{pÚwuxßhl:Þ3AÐeu×vu5s{pÞ3yro>nAÚ5u!~:Þ3Ty>unTÚß5y>Þ3o>AnTwvÞ3×vnTy ÞpÚ5Ð3o>}e×nA{pÞ.è
{oÙÕ¢}ep|u L L
7&?
6
np}e×w:Þ3Ðeu!o>×or{o>Þ3ywvu!y P}eÞáÐeu=npsv~Ôu5Aß5uy>y>syÞ3orpu L
6#:;:
GI}esv~Ôu5n^lv}epo#>5}e×C{Þ3y>unbwu y Þ=ØDor{pu5npnAu ØeuA{po>ßäÞáy>uTu{^wvsØeu×C{ =!êD|Ötu{Iwvu5nb{hÞ3s0å)wvu
~vpÚß5or~vor{Þá{or}e×Þ3snp}3y : |o>×Ö+= : |)or×Ö ?;: |o>×u{ A : |)or× L 6#:<6
B JæØe}eyrs{or}e×·{u|)~Ô}epuy>yru"wvu!yÞxØDor{pu5nAnpu!Øeu5â{orßäÞ3yru L
6#:<6
GI}esv~Ôu5n,lv}eAo>}e×C{hÞ3yru5n :
|)or×wvu!yÞ1ØDor{pu5npnAu=Øeu5â{orßäÞ3yru L
6#: