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A General approach to trace-checking in distributed computing systems

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HAL Id: inria-00074432

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074432

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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A General approach to trace-checking in distributed computing systems

Claude Jard, Thierry Jéron, Guy-Vincent Jourdan, Jean-Xavier Rampon

To cite this version:

Claude Jard, Thierry Jéron, Guy-Vincent Jourdan, Jean-Xavier Rampon. A General approach to trace-checking in distributed computing systems. [Research Report] RR-2238, INRIA. 1994. �inria- 00074432�

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ISSN 0249-6399

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET AUTOMATIQUE

A General Approach to Trace-Checking in Distributed Computing Systems

Claude Jard, Thierry J´eron, Guy-Vincent Jourdan et Jean-Xavier Rampon

N˚ 2238

Mars 94

PROGRAMME 1

Architectures parall`eles, bases de donn´ees, r´eseaux et syst`emes distribu´es

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Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rh ˆone-Alpes, 46 avenue F´elix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rh ˆone-Alpes, 46 avenue F´elix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rh ˆone-Alpes, 46 avenue F´elix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rh ˆone-Alpes, 46 avenue F´elix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rh ˆone-Alpes, 46 avenue F´elix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rh ˆone-Alpes, 46 avenue F´elix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rh ˆone-Alpes, 46 avenue F´elix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex

Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rennes, IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex Unit´e de recherche INRIA Rh ˆone-Alpes, 46 avenue F´elix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex