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Etude théorique et expérimentale de l'architecture d'un laser à solide monocristallin ou céramique dopé ytterbium pour la génération d'impulsions de grande énergie à haute cadence.

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HAL Id: pastel-00002586

https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002586

Submitted on 27 Jul 2010

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laser à solide monocristallin ou céramique dopé

ytterbium pour la génération d’impulsions de grande

énergie à haute cadence.

Olivier Casagrande

To cite this version:

Olivier Casagrande. Etude théorique et expérimentale de l’architecture d’un laser à solide monocristallin ou céramique dopé ytterbium pour la génération d’impulsions de grande énergie à haute cadence.. Physique [physics]. Ecole Polytechnique X, 2007. Français. �pastel-00002586�

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