دور المقاربة بالكفايات في تثبيت الملكة اللغوية لدى طلبة المرحلة الثانوية

ﺭﻀﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ

–

ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺏﺍﺩﻵﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ

ﺎﻬﺒﺍﺩﺁ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻗ

ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻁ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺒﺜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ

ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ

"

ﻲﻓ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ

ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ

"

ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ لﻴﻨﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤ

ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ

ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ

:

ﻑﺍﺭﺸﺇ

ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ

:

ﺔﻓﻭﻨﺨﻭﺒ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻨ

ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺯﻋ

ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ

2010

-2011

ﻡ

ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ

ﺭﻀﺨﻝ

-ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ

–

ﺔﻴﻠﻜ

ﺏﺍﺩﻵﺍ

ﻭ

ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻝﺍ

ﻡﺴﻗ

ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ

ﻭ

ﺎﻬﺒﺍﺩﺁ

ﺭﻭﺩ

ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ

ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ

ﻲﻓ

ﺕﻴﺒﺜﺘ

ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ

ﻯﺩﻝ

ﺔﺒﻠﻁ

ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ

"

ﻲﻓ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ

ﺏﺎﺘﻜ

ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ

ﺔﻨﺴﻠﻝ

ﺔﺜﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ

ﻥﻤ

ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ

ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ

"

ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤ

ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ

لﻴﻨﻝ

ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ

ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ

ﻲﻓ

ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ

ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ

ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ

:

ﻑﺍﺭﺸﺇ

ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ

:

ﺭﻭﻨ

ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ

ﺔﻓﻭﻨﺨﻭﺒ

ﺯﻋ

ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ

ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼ

ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ

ﺩ

.

ﺩﺒﻋ

ﻥﺎﻨﺭﻭﺒ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ

ﺎﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ

ﺩ

.

ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍﺯﻋ

ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ

ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ

ﺍﺭﺭﻘﻤﻭ ﺎﻓﺭﺸﻤ

ﺩ

.

ﻲﺴﺍﺩﺭﻤ ﻱﺩﻭﺠ

ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ

ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ

ﺍﻭﻀﻋ

ﺎﻨﺤﺘﻤﻤ

ﺩ

.

لﺍﺭﺯ ﺡﻼﺼ

ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ

ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ

ﻑﻴﻁﺴ

ﺍﻭﻀﻋ

ﺎﻨﺤﺘﻤﻤ

ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ

ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ

:

2010

/

2011

ﻥﻴﺒﻤ ﻲﺒﺭﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻠﺒ ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻝﺍ لﺯﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺭ ﷲ ﺩﻤﺤﻝﺍ

لﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ

ﻡﻜﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ

ﻪــﻠﻴﺯﻨﺘ

:

))

⊂θ]ΖΩ]ϕο β∼]ιµ]ΖΦ ∼β‹ΝΖΦ%&Α υπϕπΖΩ–Φ ΒΝΖΦ;Α ∋βŠβ″ιµβ–Φ ∃÷σ∴{ψΨΦ βυΒψ″ϕ •⊥θϕ≅Η υο.θ>ιβ–Φ Š–Ε]ϕ;Α •≥™∇ν%&Α Α∴⊥θ#<Œο ≡υΒψϕ •≥™ΨΦσν ≡ϖ–ΕΨΕε‚

((

]

لﺤﻨﻝﺍ

103

.

[

ﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻠﺨﻭ

ﻥﺎﻜ

ﻪﺒ

ﻪﻤﹼﻠﻌﻓ ﺎﻤﻴﺤﺭ

ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ

ﻰﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﻪﻝﻭﻘﻝ ﺎﻗﺍﺩﺼﻤ

:

)) βϖ#<÷δσϕ≅′Α ∼Νιν υΑ♣¬σΖΩ>ϕ≅]Α Τ]ι]Ζ÷ ϖ#<ψΖΦœ›≅]Α βŠΝιν υΒ–ΕΨΕ>ϕ≅Η ((

]

ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ

1

-4

[

ﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺓﻼﺼﻝﺍﻭ

ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﻭﺴﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡ

ﺇ

ﻡﺎﻤ

ﺎـﻐﻠﺒﻝﺍ

ﺀ

ﺀﺎﺤـﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻴـﺴﻭ

,

لﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ

:

}

ﻡﻠﹶﻜﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺍﻭﺠ ﹸﺕﻴﺘﻭُﺃ

ﺍﺭﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻝ ﺭﺼﺘﺨﺍﻭ

...

{

ﻥﺴﺤ ﺙﻴﺩﺤ

,

ﺓﺭﻴﺭﻫ ﻲﺒﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻲﺌﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ

 

 

 

 

ﻰﻝﺇ

:

•

ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺭﺴﺃ

ﺕﻠﻤﺤﺘ

ﻲﻌﻤ

ﺭﻴﺒﻜ

ﻝﺍ

ﺀﺎﻨﻌ

ﺫﻤ

ﺕﻋﺭﺸ

ﻲﻓ

ﺫﻫ

ﻩ

ﻝﺍ

ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤ

.

• ﺃ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻓﺩ ﺍﻭﺭﻁﺃ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺫﺘﺎﺴ 2008 / 2009 ﻡ . • ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺹﺨﺃﻭ ﺃ ﻑﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﺎﺘﺴ , ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍﺯﻋ لﺨﺒﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﺘﺎﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﺒ ﻲﻠﻋ . • ﺡﻭﺭ ﺵﺎﺒﺩ ﺩﻴﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﺨﺃﻭ ﻱﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻕﺒﺴﺃ ﻪﻠﺠﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ،ﷲﺍ ﻪﻤﺤﺭ ﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﻪﻠﻤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪ " ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ", ﺙﻴﺤ ﺩﻋﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﺨ ﻩ ﻰﺤﻭﻝﺍ . • ﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺫﺘﺎﺴﺃ ﻡﻫﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﺴ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻤﻭﻴ . • ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﺒ ﻲﺌﻼﻤﺯ ﻴﺩﻝ ﺯﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥ ﻲﻤﻁﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﷲﺍ ﻑﻴﻁﺴﺒ . • ﻼﺘ ﻡﻬﺘﺴﺭﺩ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺫﻤ ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﺸﻤ ﺔﻠﻴﻁ . • ﺔﻌﻓﺩ ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻁ : 2008 / 2009 ﻡ . • ﺱﻴﻝﻭ ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃﻭ ﺁ ﺩﻤ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺭﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺏﻴﺭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻴ ﻲﻝ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻬﺠﻝﺍ .

ﻊﻀﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻱﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺭﻜﺸﺃ

.

ﺔﻓﻭﻨﺨﻭﺒ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍﺭﻭﻨ

ﻣﺪﻘﻣ

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ب ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻏﻭﻤ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺫﻨﻤﻓ ، لـﺨﺘﻴ ﻡـﻝ ﻥ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ؛ ﺘﺨﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺹ ﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻪﺒ ﺔـﻴﻨﺒﻠﻝ لـﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﻑﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ , ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺭﻴﺎﻐﻤ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺭﻤﺃ ﹼﻠﻌﺘ ﻪﻨﺇ ، ﹼﻠﻝﺍ ﻡ ﺎـﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻐ ﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻙـﻠﺘ ، ﺔـﻴﻋﺍﻭ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻁﻁﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻠﻝ ﺎﻨﻴﻜﻤﺘ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ . ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺕ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﹼﻠﻌﺘ ﺕﺫﺨﺘﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ، ﹼﻠﻝﺍ ﻡ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻭ ﺔﻐ ﻊﻀﻭﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻴﻐﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔ ﺓﺩﻭـﺸﻨﻤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝ . ﻨﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻝﻭ ﺕ ﻠﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺎـﺒ ﺭﻴﺴﻠﻝ ، ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﻪﻝ ﺎﺒﺎﺴﻜﺇ ﺎﻤﺩﻗ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺦﺴﺭﺘﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ، ﻌﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻤﻬﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﻻﺎﻤ . ﺔـﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻜ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻤﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻴﻝ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻤﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻴ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻭ ﺏﺍﺩﺁﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻋﻭ ﻡﻴﻗﻭ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻭ . ﺎﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺱﺭﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻜ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝﻭ ﻯﺩـﻝ ﺕﺎـﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺎﺒ ،ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ لﻜ ﺱﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﺫﺒﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺱ ﻴﺩﻝ ﺎﻤ ﻪ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﻬﻤ ﻥـﻤ ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻗﺎﻁ ﺘﻤﻝﺎﺒ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻘﺘﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻠﻌ . ﺩﻬﺸ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺀﺎﻨﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﺩﻼﺒ ، ﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﺕﺩﻬﺸ ﺩﻘﻠﻓ ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺩـﻋ ﺎـﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺔـﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺎـﻨﺘﻤ ﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺡﺭﻁﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠـﻀﻓﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺭ ﺩـﻘﻓ ، ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﻘﺒﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡـﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺎﻏ ﻰـﻝﺇ 1995 / 1996 ﻡ , ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﻡﺜ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ 2002 / 2003 ﻡ . ﺔـﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃﻭ " ﺕﺍﺀﺎـﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ " ﺒﺍ ـﺘ ﻲـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡـﺴﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺀﺍﺩ 2003 / 2004 ﻤ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﻊﺠﻨﺄﻜ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘ . ﻭ ـﻫ ﻥـﻤ لـﻜﻝ ﻩﺫ ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺴﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻭ ﺍﺯـﻜﺭﻤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺄﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻘﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﺔ .

ج ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻴﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﺴﻴﺘ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لـﺒ ،ﻪﺘﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺀﺯﺠ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻬﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ،ﻪﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﺎﻬﻀﺭﻔﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺭﻓﺎﻅﺘ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ﺱﻜﻌﻝﺎﺒ ) ﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﻨﻴﻜﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻌ ( لـﻴﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺍﺩﺠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤﺒ ﻭ ﺕ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻠﻐﺘﻝﺍ . ﺭﺎـﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺒ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ . ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺔـﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻰـﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻼﻁﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﻥﺇ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﻘ ﻭ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻥﻭﺩﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺤﺭﻁﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﺎﻤﺁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝ ﺔـﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ لﻭﺤ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ لﻫﺃ ﻪﺤﺭﻁﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﻴـﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻨﺘﺫـﻤﻼﺘ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺼﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇ لﻭﺤ ﺹﺨﻷﺎﺒﻭ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺇﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺘﻴﻅﺤ ﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺔﻝﺯﻨﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯ ﺔﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺩﻘﻓ، ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺠﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻡﻴﻗﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ : ﻱﻭﻔـﺸﻝﺍ لـﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜ ﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜﻭ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜﻭ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜ . ﺱﺭﺩﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﻝﻭ ﻠﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﺭﻓ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻤﺩﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻪﻴﻤ . لﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻤﺘﻋﺄﺴﻭ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺎﻬﹼﻨﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻗ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺩﺌﺎﻘﻋﻭ , ﻥﺇ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻨﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻅﺤﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻ ﺔﻤ , ﺔـﻴﻔﻴﻜﺒ ﺕـﺠﻝﻭﻋ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺓﺩﺎـﻤﻜ ﺔﻨﻴـﺼﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺴﺭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺭﺠ ـﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﺎﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺙﺤﺒﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺨﻷﺎﺒﻭ ﻪﻘﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﺼﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﻝﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ , ﻤﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻐﻠﺒ ﻪﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻭ ﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻲﺘﺩﺎ ﺡﺭﺸﻭ ﻥﺁﺭﻘﻝ ﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻪـﺘﺭﻴﺨﺫ ﺫـﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﺒ ﻱﺭﺜﻴ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻝ ﺕﺎﻓﺩﺍﺭﻤﻝ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺭﺜﺃﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ .... ﺦﻝﺍ .

د ﻝ ﺩﻘ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻓﺫﺤ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻘﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺫ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻭﺸﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﺘ ﺓ ﺎﻬﻨﺃﻭ ، ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﻭ ﻥﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻲﺸﺍﻭﺤﻝ ﻯﺭـﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺘ , ﻻ ﻲـﻬﻓ ﻲﻝﺎـﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺝﺎﺠﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﺘ ﻭ ﺵﺎـﻘﻨ لﺍﺩـﺠﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﻴـﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁ ﺕﺫﺨﺃ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﺒ ﺕﻀﻭﻋ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺓﺩﺭﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﻲﻗﻼﺨﺃ ﻥﻴﻘﻴﻤﻋ . ﻭ ﺞﻬﻨـﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻤﺘﻋﺄﺴ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﻌﺒﺃ لﻜﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺎ , ﻭ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜ ﻹﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻝ ﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺯﺠ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺭـﻅﻨ ﺍ ﺠﺍﺭﻤ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻝ ﻕﻤﻋ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻌ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻩﺍﺭﺃ ﺎـﻤ ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘـﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻨﺩﻭﻘﻴ ﺩﻘﻓ ، ﻨﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺒﺴﺎ . ﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻗﺃ ﻑﻭﺴﻓ ﺙﺤ : ﻭ لﺨﺩﻤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎـﺴﻠﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺎﻀﺭﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺄﺴ ﻌﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﺭﻓ ﺽ ﺫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﻠﻜ ﻙﻝ ﻝﺎﺒ ﻲـﻓ ﺕﺎـﻴﺎﻔﻜ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺴﺭﺘ . ،ﻥﻼﺼﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻴ ﻡﺜ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ) ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ (، ﺙﻴﺤ ﺭﻭـﺼ ﻪـﻴﻓ ﻡﺩـﻗﺃ ﺓ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ , ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻱﻭﺘﺤﻴ ﻑﻭﺴﻭ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺠﻝﺎﻌﻴ ﻴﻫﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ) ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜـﺸﺇﻭ ﻑـﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻤﺜ ، ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺎ . ﻪﻴﻠﻴ ﻲﻨﺎـﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺞﻝﺎـﻌﻴ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺔـﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ) ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ – ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ -ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ( ﻡﺜ ﺔـﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔـﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺎ ) ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ (. ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ) ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ( ﻓ، ﻭـﺘﺤﻴ ﻱ ﺎﻴﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻨ ﺎﻬﺠﺌﺎﺘﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ . ﺍﺭﻴﺨﺃﻭ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﻤﻀ ﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻨﺘ ﺘ ﺒ ﻰـﻬ ﻥـﻤ ﺔـﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﻜﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺫﺨﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﻥﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻥ . ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻝﺇﺭﻴﺸﺃ ﺹﺌﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻱﺭﺘﻌﻴ ﺩﻗ ـﻝﺫ ﺭﻜﻨﺃ ﻻ ﺎﻨﺃﻭ ﻙ ﺍﺫﻬﹼﻨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﺍﺯﻋ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍﻭ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺔـﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺙـﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ،

 ﺔﻠﻗ ﻰﻠﻋﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻊ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻭﺎﻨﻋ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻭ ﻲـﻠﻋ لﻜـﺸﺃ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻤﺎﻀﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﷲ لﺎﻤﻜﻝﺍ لﻭﻗﺃ ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ ،ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻻ ﻡ ﺍ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺩـﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺭـﺠﻷﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺩﻬﺘﺠﻤﻝ ﺭﺫـﻌﺘ ﺍﺭﺠﻷﺍ ﻥ .



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6 ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻭﺭﻜ ﺔﺤﻤﻝ : ﺩﻘﻝ ﺕﺴﺭﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻭـﻠﻋ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺓﺭـﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻌﺴﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ , ﺕـﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻡﻠﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ ﻡﺴﺭﻝ ﺎﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻝ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ , ﻝﺇ ﻪﺒ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻡﺘ لﺒ ﺓﺩـﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻰ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﺒ ﻓ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺔﻬﺠ , ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻴﻤﺒﻭ , ﻭﺒ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ , ﻭ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺕﺒﺴﻜﺃ ﺹﺨﻷﺎـﺒ ﻪـﻨﻤ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺍﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘ ﻕﻤﻋﺃﻭ ﺍﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺭﻁ ﺔﻤﺎﻌ , ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﻭـﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎـﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﺎـﻨﻴﺩﺭﻓ ﻴﺴﻭﺴﻭﺩ ﺭ ) FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE ( ) 1 ( . ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ : ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ) ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ( ﻉﻭﺭـﻓ ﻡـﻫﺃ ﺩـﺤﺃ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺜﺩﺤﺘﺴ ﻁﻘـﺴﻴ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ) projecte ( ﺞﺌﺎـﺘﻨ ﺎﻬﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻴﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ , ﺍ ﻪـﹼﻨﺇ ﻊـﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝ ﺒ ﻹﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺜ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﺒﻭﺭﺜﻨﻷﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺔﻴـﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ . ﺭﻭﻬﻅﻝ لﻌﻓ ﺓﺩﺭ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ﺔـﻐﻠﻝ ﺔـﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ , ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎـﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺎـﺘﺨﺎﻓ ﺎﺠﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ , ﻨﺇ ﻪ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﺃ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻨﺎـﻜ ﺎ ) ﺽﺍﺭﻤﺃ ﻡﻼﻜﻝﺍ .(... ﺓﺭـﻜﻓ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻡﻭـﻘﺘ ﺕـﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﱢﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﹺﺭﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠ ﻡﱢﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ , ﺩـﻌﺘ ﺔـﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺎﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻻﺩﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻠﺨﺩ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ) ﻕﻓﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ( ) 2 ( 1 -أ :, هاا   , تا  ئدﻡ ط 1 , !" #$ا راد , &ا'(ا 2002 . ص 9 . 2 -أ : .ا ﺱا , 0.1ا  تی34ا , ط 1 , ء6ا را7ا , 2006 , ص : 61 .

7 ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺩﻌﻴﻭ ) 1 ( ، ﻪـﻨﺃ ﺩﻘﺘﻌﻴﻭ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺭﻤ لﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻋ 1946 ﺎﻜ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻡ ـﺸﺘﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺱﺭﺩﻴ ﻥ ﻐ ﻲـﻓ ﻥﺎ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ . ﻗﺃﻭ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤ ﺡﺎﺘﺘﻓﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻰﻝﺍﻭﺘ ﺔـﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡـﻠﻌﺒ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨ ﻡﺎﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺎﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺭﺴ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻴﺒ ،ﺎﻜﻴﺭﻤﺃﻭ ﺎﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﻠ ﺎﺘﺘﻓﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺭﺒﻨﺩﺃ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﻲـﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻝ ﻡﺎﺴﻗﺃ ﺡ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﻴﻨﺎﻁﻴﺭﺒ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺎ .) 2 ( . ﻥﺇ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ , ﺭﺒﺃ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻊﻤ ﻊﻁﺎﻘﺘﻴ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻡـﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺔـﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺎﻫﺯ ﺹﻴﺨـﺸﺘ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻑﺩـﻬﻴ ﻭـﻫﻭ ،ﻥﺎـﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻝ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺔﻴﺘﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻪـﺘﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺭﻴﻭـﻁﺘ لﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ . ﻻﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ -ﻲﻴﺃﺭ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺴﻤﻜ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻁﺒﺭﻝ ﻠﻴﺴﻭﻜ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ , لﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﺎﺸﻭﺃ ﺕﻴﺁ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺏﻫﺫ ﺎﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺎﻘﻓﺍﻭﻤ " ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ لﻐـﺸﺘ ﺕـﻝﺍﺯ ﻻﻭ ﺕﻠﻐﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀ ﺩﺭـﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺩﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﺘﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻭ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ )" 3 ( . ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ , ﻭ ﻤﻔﻴﻜ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎ ﺩﻤ ﺭ ﺔﺴ ) ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭ ﺎﻴﺯﻴﻓ ، ﺀ , ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ , ﺔﻐﻝ .( ﻥﺈﻓ ﺏـﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩـﻴﺒ ﻱﺃ ﺎـﻁﺨ لﺎﻤﻌﺘـﺴﺍ ﺏ ﻲﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻀﺤ ﻱﻭﻘﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ , ﺘ ﺩﺍﻭـﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻪﹼﻨﺇ ﺫﺇ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺔـﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭـﻜ 1 -د / شد 7<ا 7= , ةﺽ<ﻡ ط@Aﻡ , @ 1ﺝﻡ CوEا "ا , F#Aﺕ : $@ﺕ ت , .ﻡ(ا 0ﺱا : 2008 / 2009 . 2 -أ : <ﺝاا I7= , $@1ا Jا 0= ،.ا Jا 0.ﺕو 6L"ا راد  =@ .ا !"او یز1او N ، 2004 , ص : 67 . 3 نﺵوأ RیS = و تا ، ﺝTا7ا -ا <"-ا جذ 3W 41آا7ی7او .ا YﺱEا ط، : 1 ا راد ، ،ة7ی7(ا ح("ا .@ﻡ ،$[ ا7ا ،ء6ا ر 1998 ص ، : 7 .

8 ) ﻲﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﺏﺎﻁﺨ ( ﺔﻴﺎﻏﻭ , ﺭﻴﺨﻻﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺱﺎﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻥﻤـﻀ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﻴ ﻰﻤـﺴﻴ ﺎـﻤ " ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ " ﻭﺃ " ﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤ "

Didactique des Langues

" ﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ ﻰﹼﻝﻭﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻝﻭ ؟ ﻡﻠﻌﻨ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﻋ ؟ ﻪـﻤﻠﻌﻨ ﻰـﺘﻤﻭ ؟ ﻪـﻤﹼﻠﻌﻨ ﻥـﻤ ﻭ ﻔﻴﻜ ﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﻝﺍﺅﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭﻨﺴ ﺎﻨﻨﺇ ﻻﺇ ؟ ﻪﻤﻠﻌﻨ ﺎﻤﻫ ﻥﻴﻴﺴ : ؟ﻡﻠﻌﻨ ﻑﻴﻜﻭ ؟ ﻡﻠﻌﻨ ﺍﺫﺎﻤ " ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ , ﻴ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔـﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺎﺒ ﻕـﻠﻌﺘ . ﺍﺫـﻜﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎـﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻡـﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴـﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ Linguistique ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ La sociolinguistique ﺔـﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻁﻴـﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺔــﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ

Planification et Politique Linguistique

ﺔــﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔــﺌﻴﻬﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ Amenagement Linguistique ـﻤ ﺔـﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ لﻼـﺨ ﻥ La Diglossie ﻴﺠﺍﻭﺩﺯﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ Le Bilinguisme . ﻩﻻﻭـﺘﻴ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ Pedagolinguistique La ﻡـﻠﻋ ﻪـﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﻲـﻓﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ Psycholinguistique " ) 1 ( . ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ : ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ) ﻲﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ , ﻲﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ , ﻱﺭﻁﻔﻝﺍ ( , ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ) ﺴ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻨ – ﺍﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﺍ – ﺓﺭﺩـﻗ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ (... , ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ) ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺭﺭﻘﻤﻝﺍ -ﺭﺭﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ (... , لﺌﺎـﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺩﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ) ﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﺴ – ﺏﻭﺴﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻪـﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ( , ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁ ﻡﻴـﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ) ﻑﺍﺩـﻫﻷﺍ ( ﺍﺭـﻴﺨﺃﻭ ) ﺕﺎـﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ (، L’Approche Par Compétence" " ﻥﻠﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺱﻴ ﺘﻴ ﻻ ﻪﻨﻷ ،ﻩﺩﺼﺎﻘﻤ ﻎﻠﺒﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺒ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ لﻭﺎﻨ ﺌﻴﺯﺠﺘ ﻻﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻴﺎ . ﺩﻘﻝ " ﺴﺘﻜﻤ ﻭ ﻡﱢﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺃ ﻙـﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﺒ 1 I7= <ﺝاا , $@1ا Jا 0= .ا Jا 0.ﺕو , ص : 8 .

9 ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻹﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﺭﻭﻬﻅﺒ ] ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ "[ ) 1 ( . ﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻴ ﺽﺭـﺘﻔﺘ ﺏﻜﺭﻤ ﻥﺎﻴﻜﻜ ﺔ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤ لﻜﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ . ﻤ ﻼﺌﺎﻫ ﹼﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺠﺘﻨﺃ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥ ﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﺃﻭ ﻬﺒﺎﻌﻴﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﻝﻹﺍ لﻴﺤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ لﺒ ﺏﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺎ ﺎﻬﹼﻠﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻝ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻭ ﻉﻭﻨﺘ ﹼﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻡﻠﻌ ﻬﺒﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍﻭ ﺎ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ . ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻀﻤﻝﺎﺒ لﺨﺩﻤ ) ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ( ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻤ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺩﺍﺯ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺞﺘﻨﺘ ﺕﺤﺒﺼﺃ : ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺅﺭ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺼﻨﺃ ﻭﺘ ﻻﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﺘ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻻﻭ ﻡﻬﻓﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﻑﻴﻅ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻜﻤﻴ . ﻲﻘﻓﻷﺍ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻤ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﻜﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ) ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ – ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ( ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻭ لﺎﻤﺘﻜﻻﺍﻭ ﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﹼﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝ ﺔﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ . ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺎﻓ ﺒﻘﺘﻤﻭ ﹼﺙﺎﺒ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻪﻴﻁﺎﻘﺴﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺫﺇ ﺎـﻨﺯﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻝ ﻪﺘﺴﺩﻨﻫﻭ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻫ لﺒ ل ﻤﺘﺠﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﻠﻘﻋﻭ ﺎﻴﺴﺤ ،ﻪﺘﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇﻭ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻤﺠﻭ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻨﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﻋﺎ , ﻥﺇﻭ ﺎﻴﻨﺎـﺴﻝ ﺹﺨﻷﺎـﺒﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻘﺤﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﺎـﻗﺎﻔﺨﺇ ﺩـﻌﻴ ﻕـﻴ ﺢﻨﻤﻴﻭ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻜﺅﻴﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﻭﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻡـﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻥﻴـﺒﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻙﹼﻠﻤﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﻭﻴﺤﻭ ﺎﻁﻴﺸﻨ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﻤﺜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺝﻼـﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻋﺩـﻝﺍﻭ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻁﻴﺸﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘﻝ . ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺱﺭﺩﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ , ﻭﻫ ﺫﻝﺍ ﻱ ﺥﺎـﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭـﺘ ﻰﻝﻭﺘﻴ ﺕﺎـﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻕـﻓﻭ ﻲﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ لﻘﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇﻭ ﻪﻓﻭﺭﻅ ﺭﻴﺴﻴﺘﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻡﺌﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﹼﻝﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺯﻨﺘﻭ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ . ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻸﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﺎﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻱ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ 1 ءﺽ  ي<"ا سر7ا N^او ،نازو <ر يﺙ CوEا "ا ،تاء34 ر$ا ) ﻡ عbﺝ ك1! ( ﺝذأ , 1ﺝﻡ ﺱر  فاﺵإ ، : ا'= 7 وا<ﺹ hی ،ي .ا Jا 0^ LادSو , .ﻡﺝ  : ،i@ﺱ 2007 / 2008 ص ، : 50 .

10 ﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺒﺭ لﻌﺠ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺎـﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺔﻝﺯﻨﻤ ﺔﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ . ﻭ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﻡﻴﻗﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺠﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ : ﺍ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜ ﻭ ﻱﻭﻔﺸﻝ ﺀﺍﺭـﻗ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜ ﺓ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻴﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ( ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤﺒ ﻭﺃ " ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ " ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺄﺴ ﺎ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﺙﺤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻀﻤ ، ﻥﻷﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﻋﻭﺭﻓ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﺱﺭﺩﺘ ﺘ ﻪﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﻤﺩﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌ ، لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺕﺎـﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺎـﻀﻤ ﺝﺎﻬﻨﻤﻝﺎﻜ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻭ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜ . ﻰﻘﺒﻴ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﺍﺩﺠ ﻡﻬﻤ ﺭﻤﺃ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻡﻫﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻁﺎﻘﺴﺇ ،ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﻬﺠﺍﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺩﺤ , ﺎﺠﻼﻋ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻅﺤﻻ ﻪ ﻥﺍﺩـﻴﻤﻝﺍ لـﻫﺃ ﻥـﻤ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺘﺸﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﺴﻨﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺕﺍﺩﺠﺘﺴﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺭ . ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻤﺄﻨ ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﺄﻜ ﺎﹼﻨﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺎﻨﺎﺴﻋ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﺄﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﺼﻭ ﺔـﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭـﻁﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘ ﺀﺍﺭﺠ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺀﺎﻨﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﺤﻨ ﺎﻤﻤ لﻘﺘﻨﻨ ﻭ ﻭﺸﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻠﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜ , لـﻫﺎﻜ لـﻘﺜﺃ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻭ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻌﻀ ﻪﺠﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔـﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﻠﻤﻠﻝ لﻴﺼﺤ ﺎـﻫﺭﻴﻏ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ , ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﻴﺴ , ﺫﺎﺘـﺴﻸﻝ ﻉﺍﺩﺒﻹﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﻭﺭ لﺘﻗ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍﻭ , ﻕﻠﺨ ﻪﺘﻠﺼﺤﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻭ ﻡـﺌﻼﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ لﻴﻠﻜ ﻥﻴﺠﻫ ﻱﻭﻐﻝ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺏـﻜﺍﻭﻤ ﺭـﻴﻏ ﺠﺘﺴﻤﻝ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﻔﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩ , ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻀﻓﺃ ﻭﻫ ل ـﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘ ﺎ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻝﻭ ﻭ ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎـﻨﺜﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﺘـﻤﻝﺍ ﻊـﻤ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ لﺼﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﺭﺎﻁﻻﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﻷ ﻻﻭﺃ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺎﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻫﺎﻜ لﻘﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺍﺭﻭﻔﻨ ﻩﺩﺍﺯ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻪﻠ , ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻼﺼﺃ ﺩﻭﺼﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻷﻭ .

11 ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﺘﺤﺍ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺕﻻﺎـﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺒﺒﺴ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺴﻭﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻤﺘﺴﻴﺒﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ... ﺦﻝﺇ . ﺔـﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﻭ ﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺴﻤﺨ ﺫﻨﻤ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻘﻓﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻲـﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺭ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺒﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺎـﺒ ﺔـﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﺭ ، ﻁـﺴﺍﻭﺃ ﺫـﻨﻤ ﻲﻀﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﻌﺴﺘ . ﺫﺎـﺨﺘﺍ ﻡﺩـﻋﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎـﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺒ ﺕﻴﻅﺤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺎﺠﺴ ﺭﺎﺜﻤ ﺕﻠﻅﻓ ﻲﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺩﻘﻨﻝ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﻀﺨﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ لﺎﺤ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺎﻴﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻥﻼﻋﺈﺒ ﻰﻬﺘﻨﺍ ،ﻥﻴﻘﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﻥﻴﻀﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﺼﺎﻨ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻌﺠﺍﺭﺘ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺯﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻋﺯﻨ ﻯﻭﻋﺩﺒ , ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ﺹﻠﻘﺘﻓ . ﻭ لﺨﺍﺩـﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻰـﻨﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﻜﺫ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺘﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﺘﻤﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻌﺒﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴ ﻲـﻓ ﻼـﺼﺄﺘﻤ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻏﺎﻨﺘﻤ ﻪﺘﺍﺫ ﻊﻤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﺘﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﺠﻭﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺎـﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﺒ ﺫﺨﺄﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ،ﻩﺭﻴﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺤﺘﻔﺘﻤ ﻩﺭﻭﺫﺠ ﻓﺎﺤﺘﻭ ،ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻅ ﻝﺍ ﻊـﻤ لـﻋﺎﻔﺘﺘﻭ ﺩﺤﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻭﻤﺸﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺯﺌﺎﻜﺭ ﺕﺍﺭـﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺔﺌﺠﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺭﺎﺴﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺍﺭﺨﻨﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻭﻋﺩﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻜﺍﻭﺘﻭ ﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﻝﻭ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺀﺎ . ﻭ ﻡﻝ ﺘ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻴﺤﺘﻝ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻜ ﻡﺎـﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻓ ﺕﻨﺒﺘ ﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﺒ ﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻴ ﺓﺩﻤ ﺫﻨﻤ ) 2003 ﻡ (.

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ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ

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13 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ لﺒﻗ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻲﻘﻠﻨ ﺯﺎﺠﻴﺈﺒ ﺕـﻌﺒﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﺒﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺒﻗ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤ ﺡﺭـﻁﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻺﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ لﻫ ﺎﻤﺌﺍﺩ ﻴ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻐﻠﻴ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ؟ﺎﻬﻤﻤﺘﻴ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻝﺩﺎﻌ ؟ﺎﻬﻴﻤﻨﻴ ﻡﺜ ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻘﺤﻻ ﻥﻴﺒﺃ ﻑﻭﺴ ﺎﻤﻜ . 1 -ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ -1962 / 1996 : ﺃ -ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻀﻤﻝﺎﺒ : ﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻴ ﺔﻘ ﻲﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻁﻤﻨﻝﺎﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺫﻤ ﺯﺠﻨﻴﻭ ،ﺭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻴ ،ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﺸﻴ ﺱﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ " ﻭـﻫ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺎﻓ ﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺎ " ) 1 ( ،ﺏﺭﺩﺘﻴ ،ﻅﻔﺤﻴﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺴﻴ ،ﺎﻴﻘﻠﺘﻤ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻭ ،ﻪـﻅﻔﺤ ﺎـﻤ ﺩـﻴﻌﻴ ﻱﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﻥﻴﺘﻔﻴﻅﻭﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻫ : -ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ : -ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﺎﻋﻭﻨﻭ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺓﺯﻫﺎﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﻘﻤﻜ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ . -ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ : -ﺔﻝﺀﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻀﺤﺘﺴﺍ . ﺎﻫﺎﻴﺍﺯﻤ : -ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ - ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ . ﺎﻬﺒﻭﻴﻋ : ﻲﻫ ﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ : ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ . ﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﻴﺈﺒ ﺎﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭ ) ﻑﺭﺎـﻌﻤﻝﺍ (. ﺹﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻲ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﻡﹼﻠﻌﺘـﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﺒ . ﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﺕ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻲﻓ . 1 ،ﻱﺩﻴﺍﺯ ﺔﻤﻁﺎﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲ ﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﺀﻭﻀ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ – ﺎﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨﺃ ،ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﺍ : ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺤﺼ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍﺯﻋ . ،ﺭﻀﻴﺨ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ : 2008 / 2009 ﺹ ، : 27 .

14 ﻥﺤﻨ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ " ﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺠﺭﺨ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﻠﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻌﻨ ﻻ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ،ﺭﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻅ ﻥﻤ ﻜ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ ﻥﺎ ﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻭﻘﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺎﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺠﺸﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺙﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻋﺩﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻴ ﻻ ﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ لﻤﻫﺃ ﺩﻗ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻀﻤﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ لﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ " ) 1 ( . ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻥﺴﺤﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻰﻝﺇ : ﺏ -ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺎﺒ : ﻴﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍﻭ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔ ﻭ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﻪﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘﻭ ﻩﺎﻨﺒﺘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻫﻷﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩ . 1 -ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ : -ﺔﻐﻝ :" ﺽﺭﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺼﻘﻝﺍ " ) 2 ( . -ﻭ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻓ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺎ :" ﺔـﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻡﻠﻌﺘـﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻴ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺏﻭﻏﺭﻤ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﺔـﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻊﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﻷ لﺒﺎﻗ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻪﻝﻭﺍﺯﻴ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻴﻗﻭ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘﻭ ﺱﺎ ." ) 3 ( ﻨﻌﻤﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻕـﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻻﺇ ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻴ ﻻ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺘـﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻲ ﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻅﻔﻠﻝﺍﻭ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻯﻭ ﺙﺩـﺤﺘ ﺕﺍﺭـﻴﻐﺘﻭ ﺔ ﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻯﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﻑﻗﺍ ) 4 ( ، ﺔـﻨﻴﻌﻤ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻭﺃ 1 – ﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺒ , ﺹ : 27 . 2 -ﻁ ،-ﻁﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﺱﻴﻨﺃ ﻡﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﺇ 2 ﺝ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺇ ﺭﺍﺩ ، 2 ﺹ ، : 977 . 3 www .tadriss.jeeran.com/but2.htm ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ، . 4 -ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ , ﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲ ﺹ ،ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻠﻝ : 232 .

15 ﻜﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ل ـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜﻝ ﺔﻓﺩﻬﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﻪﺒﺴﻜﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺁ ﻲ ﺎﻬﺒ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻊﻤ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺍﺩ ﻱﻭﻘﺘ . ﻓ ﺀﺯﺠ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺎ ﻴـﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺞ ﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ . 2 -ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ) : ﺭﺍﺯﻴﺴ ﺎﻴﺯﺭﻴﺒ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘ ﺏﺴﺤ ( * -ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ : ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ لﻭﺃ ﻡﺎـﻌﻝﺍ ) 1 ( ﺎـﻨﺘﺘ ، ـﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔـﺴﻠﻓ لﻭ ﻊ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﺤﻭﻤﻁﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻭ ﻲـﻓ ﺎـﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺭﻅﺘﻨﻴ ﺩﺼﺎﻘﻤ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﺤﺘ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻵﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺯﻬﺠﺄﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ . ﺔـﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻱﺃ ﺩﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺴﺘﺘﻭ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺔـﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺎـﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻑﺎـﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ،ﻥﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﻪﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻭﻏﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻁﺍﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ لﺜﻤ : -ﺔﻤﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺒﺍﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ . ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﺎﻴﺼﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻀﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻉﺎﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ . -ﻲـﻤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ : ﻲـﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻀﻭﻤﻏﻭ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ لﻗﺃ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ) 2 ( ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻏﺎﻴـﺼ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﺘﺘ ﻪﺠﻤﺍﺭﺒﻭ ﻪﺠﻫﺎﻨﻤ ﻴﺠﻭﺘ لﻜﺸ ﻭ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻁﺨﻤ ﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻬ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﺍﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﻼﻤ ﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﻠﻤ ﺩﺩﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﻜ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺞﻤ : -ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ لـﺤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺔﻠﺼﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻝﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ . -ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻴﻜﻤﺘ . * BÎRZÉA César (Roumanie), Président du Comité de l’éducation du Conseil de l’Europe. - 1 ﺃ ﺭﻅﻨ : ،ﻱﺩﻴﺍﺯ ﺔﻤﻁﺎﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ، ﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﺀﻭﻀ -ﺒﺩﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺎﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨﺃ , ﺹ : 36. 2 ﺃ ﺭﻅﻨ : ﺴﻴﻋ ﻰ ،ﺓﺩﻭﺒ ﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻝﺩ ،ﻑﺩ ﺙﻴﻘﺘﻨﻼﺘ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻊ ، ،ﻁﺩ ﺔﻴﺎﺠﺒ , 1997 , ﺹ : 44 .

16 -ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ : ﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻴﺅﺭ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺭﺼﺤﻨﻴ ﻑﺍﺩﻫ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺨ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﻑﺼﺘﻓ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻬﻅﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩـﺤﺘ ،ﺝﺎـﻬﻨﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻠﺴ ﺎﻴﻜﻭ ﺕ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ) 1 ( . ﻭ ﺩـﺠﻨ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﺓﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ -لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘ . ﻪﻠﻌﺠﻭ ﻱﻭﺩﻴﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻴﺒﺭﺘ ﺔﻁـﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻼﻴﺒﺴ ﺏﺎﻌﻝﻷﺍ . -ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ : ﻁﺎـﺸﻨ ﻭﺃ ﺱﺭﺩ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺩﻴﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﻏﺎﻴﺼﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﺼﻠﺨﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺔـﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺡﻭﻀﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺃ ﺽﻭﻤﻏ ﻱﺃ لﺒﻘﻴ ﻻ ﻭ ﻴﻤﺘﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻤﻋ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﺠﻨﺈﺒ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﺯ ﺕﺎـﻗﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ) ﻜﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺘﺼﺤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺼﺤ ﺭﺜ ( ﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ، ﻥﺃ ﺩـﻴﺭﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺌﺍﺩﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻴ ) 2 ( لﺜﻤ : ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ : ﻭﻌﻔﻤﻝﺍ ل ﻪﺒ . ﻓ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺎ ﻥﺫﺇ : ﻑﺭـﻌﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺩﺎـﻗ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ " ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻊﻗﻭ ﺏﻭﺼﻨﻤ ﻡﺴﺍ ﻪﺒ لﻭﻌﻔﻤﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻓ لﻌﻓ " ﻡـﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤﻝ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ . ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ) ﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔ (: ﻲﻫﻭ ﺡﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ : ﻲﻨﻌﺘﻓ " ﻁﻴـﻁﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ لﻘﻨ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﺭﺨﺃ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻭﻤﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺞﺘﺎـﻨﻝﺍ ﻑﺼﻭ ﻭﺃ 1 ﺃ ﺭﻅﻨ : ﺴﻴﻋ ﻰ ،ﺓﺩﻭﺒ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺹ ، : 45 . 2 -ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﺩﻝﺎﺨ ﺹﻴﺼﺒﻝ ، ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺹ ،ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﺒ ﻑﺎﻔﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ : 67 .

17 ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ )" 1 ( ﻭ ﻥﻭـﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻗﺩﺒ ﻑﺼﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻨ لﻜﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻪﻠﻌﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻫﺭﺒﺘ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻎﻠﺒ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ . ﻥﻤ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻯﺩـﻝ ﺎـﻬﻋﻭﻗﻭ ﺭﻅﺘﻨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻭﻠﺴﻠﻝ ﻑﺼﻭ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺫﺇ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺔـﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻪﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴ لﻼﺨ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﺜﺘﺴﻴ . ﻥﻴـﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻴﻁﺭـﺸ ﺭﻓﻭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ ﺓﺃﺭﺠﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻲﻜﻝﻭ ﺎﻤﻫ : -ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ : ﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ ﻡﻠﻌﺘـﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻤ ) ﻲـﻓ ﻲـﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻭـﻜﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼﻝﺍ ( لﺎـﻌﻓﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﺠﺭﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠـﺴ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﺎﻴﻗﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﻭﻠﺴ لﻌﻔﺒ ﻡﺠﺭﺘﺘ ) ﻱﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ( لﻜـﺸ ﻲـﻓ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻭ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇﻭ لﺎﻤﻋﺃ . لﺎﺜﻤ : ﻜﻴ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻫﺯ ﻡﺴﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﺏﺘ ) ﺏ .( -ﻲﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ) ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ :( ﻲـﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لـﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﻅﻔﻝ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺎﻴﻜﺭﺤ ) ﻝﺍ ،ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﻘ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ، .... ﺦﻝﺇ ( ﺯـﻴﻤﺘﻴ ، ﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﻗ لﺜﻤ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺡﻭﻀﻭ " : ،ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻝ ﺡﺭﺸﻴ ،ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺃ ﻲﻁﻌﻴ ،لﻭﺤﻴ ،ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﻡﺴﺭﻴ ،ﺏﺘﻜﻴ ،ﺃﺭﻘﻴ ... ﺦﻝﺇ " ) 2 ( ﻭ ﻭ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻠﻝ لﺒﺎﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ) ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ( ﻍﺎﺼﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻁﺭﺘﺸﻴﻭ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻗﻭ ﻥﻤﺯ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻷ ﻉﺭﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﺒ ) ﺙﺩﺤﻝﺍ ( ﺸ ﻕﻘﺤﻴﻭ ﻱﺃ ﺔـﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺭ ﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺠﻨﻴ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﺯ ) ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤ .( ﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻱﺃ ﻡﺍﻭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺼﺘﺘ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻴﻤﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ لﻘﻨﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ لﻭﺯﺘ ﻻﻭ ﻰﺸﻼﺘﺘ . ﻲﻜﻭﻠـﺴﻝﺍ لـﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻴﻓ ﺩـﻗ ﻙﻝﺫـﻝ 1 -ﺹ ،ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ،ﻲﻠﻋﺍﻭ ﺭﻫﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : 57 . 2 -،ﻡﻼﻋ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﺀﺎﺠﺭ ﻭ ﻪﺴﺴﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻪﺘﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﻊ ، ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ 2004 ، ﺹ : 77 .

18 ﺠﻤﺒ ﻪﻝﻭﻌﻔﻤ ﻰﺸﻼﺘﻴ ﻭ لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺭ ﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺕﺒﺎﺜ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻪﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷ . ﻭ ﻭﺭﻀ ﻡﺯﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻝ ﻭ ﻲﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﺭ ﺓﺃﺭـﺠﺃ ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻊﻤﺠﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ . 3 ﺔـﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﺍﺩـﻫﻷﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ : ﺔـﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﺍﺩـﻫﻷﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﺩﺼﻗ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺕﻌﻀﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﻤﻫﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﻨﺼ * ﺭﺠﺎﻤ ﺕﺭﺒﻭﺭ ) Mager ( ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺴﺘﺘ ﻭ ﺡﻭﻀﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻁﺎﺴﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﺭـﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺝﺍﺭ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲـﻓ ﺩـﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺜﻼﺜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔ ﺎﻜﺭﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻥ : -ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ ) ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ( : ﻭﻫ " ﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻙ ﻪﺌﺍﺩﺄﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲـﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لـﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻤﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴﺴ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻁﺭﺘﺸﻴ لﻴﻁﺘـﺴﻤ ﻡـﺴﺭ لﺜﻤ ﺢﻀﺍﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺔـﻠﻤﺠ ﺓﺀﺍﺭـﻗ ... ﺦﻝﺍ " ) 1 ( . ﻭ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ " ﻲﻜﻭﻠـﺴﻝﺍ لـﻌﻔﻝﺍ " ﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﺼ ﻭ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺡﻭﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻻﻭ لﻴﻭﺄﺘ لﺒﻘﻴ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﺎﻀﻭﻤﻏ ﻪﻤﻬﻔﻴ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻻﺇ لﺩﻴ ﻻ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺱﺒﻝ ﻻ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﺒ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝﺍ . ﻭ ﻯﻭـﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻊـﻤ ﻡـﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﺩـﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﺯﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻷ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺎﺒ ﺢﻴﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﻭ ﻭ ﺔﻏﺎﻴـﺼﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻘﻜ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺎﻨﻝﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﻉﺭﺎﻀﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ . * ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ " ﺔﻓﺎﻨﺼ " Taxonomie -– ﻲﻨﻌﺘﻭ " ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗ ﻡﻠﻋ " ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺭﻏﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﺘﺸﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ Taxis ﻲﻨﻌﺘﻭ ﻭ ﻑﻴﻨﺼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘﻝﺍ nomos ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺱﻴﻤﺍﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﺘﻭ , ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ . ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ﻥﻋ ) ﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ،ﻑﺩﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺞﻴﺭ ﻁ : 2000 ﺹ ، : 97 (. 1 -ﺠﺭ ،ﻡﻼﻋ ﻭﺒﺃ ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﺀﺎ ﻪﺘﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﻪﺴﺴﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺹ ، : 77 .

19 -ﻁﻭﺭــﺸﻝﺍ : " ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻭ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻰﻠﺠﺘﻴﺴ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻴـﺴ " ) 1 ( ﻲﺨﻭﺘ ﻥﺇ ﻭ ﻲﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻔﻴ ﻻ ﻲﻌﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺏ ﻴﻓ ﻉﺍﺭﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻪ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﺍﻭﺤﺃﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ . -ﺭــﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ : ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻲﻫ ﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻜﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻜ ﻡﻠﻌﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻝ ﻓ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ لﻤﻋ ﻱﺃ ﻲ ﻭ ﻪـﻝ ﻪـﻨﺎﻘﺘﺇ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺓﺭﺩـﻗ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻕﻠﻌﺘ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﺭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻓ ﺔﻴﻨ ﺭﺠﺎﻤ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﺯﻼﻴﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺭﻴﺎﺴﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﺇ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺘﺍﻭﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻜﺤﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ " ﻕـﻘﺤﺘ ﺩـﻗ ﻑﺩـﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ﻼﻌﻓ " ) 2 ( . 4 -ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍ : ﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻝ ﻭﺩﺒﻴ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﺕ ﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠ ﻥﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺍﻭـﻌﻤﺠﺃ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩـﻴﺒ ﻷﺍ ﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﻑﺍﺩﻫ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻤﻴﺘﺴﻴﺒﺇ ﻁ ) ﺎﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤ ( ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ) 3 ( ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠـﺴﻝﺍ ﻯﺭـﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻡـﻅﻌﻤ ﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠ لﻼـﺨ ﻥـﻤﻭ ﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﻩﺫﻬ ﻨﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﻤ . ﻥﺇ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺎ ﻭ ﻘﻴﺜ ﺎ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﺎ ﻑﺍﺩـﻫﻷﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻲـﻓ ﻥـﻤﻜﻴ ، ﻲﻓ ﺕﺄﺸﻨ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲ ﺠﻨﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﻲﻨﻭﺴﻜﺎﺴﻭﻠ ﺎـﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻴﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺴﻠﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺴﺄﺘ ﻱﺫ ﺹﺨﻷﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﺎﻤﻏﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ) 4 ( . 1 -ﺞﻴﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ، ﻑﺩﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ -ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤ ، ،ﻁﺩ ،ﻁﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ 2000 ﺹ ، : 112 . 2 ،ﻲﻠﻋﺍﻭ ﺭﻫﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﺹ ، : 82 . 3 ﻙﺎﻨﻫ : ﺃ ( – ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻙﻴﺍﺩﻨﺭﻭﺜﻝ ﺄﻁﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ) 1874 -1949 .( ﺏ ( ﻑﻭﻠﻓﺎﺒﻝ ﻲﻁﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ) 1849 -1936 .( ﺝ ( -ﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ لﻫ ﻙﺭﻼﻜﻝ ﺔﻁﺴ ) 1952 -1954 (. 4 -ﻁ ،ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺏﻴﺭﻏ ﺔﻴﺯﻤﺭ : 5 ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﺴﻜﺴﻭﻠﺠﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤ ،، 1975 , ﺹ : 126 ﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋﻭ ﺭﺼﻭﺩ ﺕﻴﺁ ﻡﻴﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻓ ، ﻡﻴﺭﻜ ﺹ ،ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺴﺭﺩ ،ﺏﻴﺭﻏ : 71 .