Modélisation du comportement cyclique d'aciers à outils martensitiques
Texte intégral
(2) -. /
(3)
(4) 0 1 # $
(5) !" #$ &%'$ (
(6) ) * +,
(7) 2/Z\[(342]?^`57_a69[c8;:=b7<?[e>df@B[hADghi?C+EG[(FI_aghH?i?JK[kEMLNj(<BlmOP_o@?QRnp[hC1jrF?JKq,S1S+l7TU^`<WstntVXn'u @Bv7V0[hjhHIwJKFInp[hY jex&uK^?[(y _zs{uKl}|~[(^np[hjk\_a gP[y b[hy je y ghnp[cb7[hjex!st]0[hj bZ uKn'+stzl;ZjuK_(uK_zn'uKuKl}_G| bw ;7Kn'+sfZ*[y b7[G|K ¢nª lBbK[(g+y n}_a¥«[?[hy ?jh[(i?j ][hu jc]0¬h¬+[B[(y snp §¢[hg(K[(^{]_hj(K]?^{"sts{£+l?u7[hg+j+¥ ;¨z_a*¤ w®st}¬(]0}ighw uK[(]K]? ^U[(¥py stnK¤K]7[hy[(v©ghn'h¥ªuK¬(¦misU§¢uK[]7[( ]vIKj(§¢^`st[(}]j(u7^{g+st¥ ¨z_au7wg+¡v7¥ ¨z[(?_ _G¡ uK_Gb©¥t([(_z]iuK_z^§¢[(]j(^{stu7g+¥ ¨z_aw À½°¯ÄÅT¸?½I±C+F©²L³©T¸Æ?6 57µ+ J}²=La´T¸¼J}FÀµ+<TpC1¶GETp¶·· º¿ÇJKJ}EGLLTpC+¼FIF.¶GT¸F;LaºIT¸¹;·eºIC+C+¾ EG¶Tp¹;EºIC(»C}C1@ F7º¶+<· ¼7½\C+¾ ¿¸Tp¶J}LaT¸¼FÀ<µ+¼·ÁW¼KEGLaC1· C1F©LC+FÃÂ{JLaTpYKºICK<ÀÁE¼7µ+C+¶G¶ºI¶ ç ÎÑ!ö ÍÍö Ï Q÷ ¾ ÍO ÉMÌRù ËfÞ ÷\ËÎöÉMÍ÷ Ê ÊËÜ÷=ø Q ÷¾ ÌÉMö÷ÊË ÞO ÷Ë çm@ È ½IÑ C+¼¶¢· JKÁµ+¼T¸C+EMEGLa¶ÎC+··C+JKF©EMLLaC1C(FIÕm¶Á\T'LaC+¾Tp¹;EGTpºI·C1C+¶ F©LhJ}¿C+FòÂ{JLaTpYKºIC µ+½I¼KC FIL½IOPC+T¸·ÄáLJKTpµ1ÁD¼TpFC+C1¾ E¶ÀEJ}½IéKLaC=ºIéKúEGÂ{J}CLûUJKìTpY¿p¿püKºIJKýíCRF©TpL,¶Gþ}¼K½Iÿ LaCHICçKC1+èE¶G·LJÒ C=C1¾ éKLÁèºI¼è ½IºIë T(EC¾ ì~ºI½IFIC1JKCPLfFIY¶ÁJK¼½I· ºIC+·¶E C ºIFICÑ ½IC.ºE· C1LmJ}C¾LmC1¾½EC TÇJ}©ºÃç ¶G C.ÌεNJKÑ E@ JKµ1LmC+¾ EGTp¶CÁ?JKE"¶G¼FeJK½¼ºmÓ µ+EºT¸¶Á¶GLaC+ºI·EGC+CKF©@ Lù T©µ+¿`¼ÄżKF©FLaT¸F;EGC+º*ÁI½E7C+º*¾ ¶GC+ÁF©ELaC+C\·¿pCPTpC1½IE,Tpµ1JKÚ7Yµ1Ea¿pJ}CD· âG·ºI¶CX¹;½IºÀC1ÄtJÒ · ¿ÇT4J Ó ½\½IJK·C1T¸¾ ¶Gµ+LaÁI¼T¸¿pFIFIT'Laµ1¶GºI¼LC+¿p½T¸¶½?CXJ} Ô ½ILCPTp¼¼µ1TpFü E F© XÁWLaT¸EaC1YIJ}º@ TpLÈ F©Ö(La¶@ CzC$ÓFI½\¼C+¾ ·"µ+¼K×IºIEÁWC=C1½ECPC+µ1F Ú7µ+¿¸C+¶+S1< ¼µ1FIC1C+LG¶ LaC. È ÉÊËfÌÎÍÏÐ ÑDËÎÉMÍÊ p¿YTpCN¶7JKC+¾ ¶YKOCKC1½?<®¶,JKC(FIJKÕ7¶¢µ1LaTpEGC+¿pC1ºIEG¶¢¶ ¶T¸ÁIJ¼Ò EGFB¼¼mÖºµLC+ÁW¾ Tp½\¼¿¸¶PC1º¾ ¶·E½I¿¸JKC+CEMºILa· EC1FIT¸×W¶¶C¼KT'LaFITpC+¹;FIF*ºIC C1Â9¼L¶\C+E¶GF;·¼ºIF©C.C.LDÔt·eºmÂ9¼LaC(EM¾T'ÓÓÓ µN½IJKºIFIµ1T¸L¹;Tp¿¸ºIT¸LmCoC¾ JØÒ ¶ºH?ÙJKº¶JKLCF©LaLaCKC1@ · É ¿¸Á\¶$C1¾ Ea¶J}ºIL׺ITpE¶C¶GC+F©JKL*¶¶G¼m½Iµ1C+T(¶C1¾ CoµhH?JÃÒ J}EºYFICzC Ó · · C1C1F;F;LLݶC(¾ µ1»}Ú7JKµ+¿pº?¿¸TpJ}¹;×IºI¿pC+C1¶¶&LaC(HÕmC+Á\EC+·¾ EGTp¼}·ÓÛ·ÜC+F©C1¾ LhµNJ}JK¿pFIC+T¸·¹;ºIC+F©C+¶$L/½IC(L/T'Ù½Iµ+¼Tp¿¸F©C(L Ó ¿U½DÄ«C+Tp¾ ·E7C+¾ ÁWC,¼¶GEMºILhE=JKF¿ÇJµ+C¶GL½DEC+ºI¾ Áµ(C+LaFIºI½EGCKÂ9@¼Þ¢EMLaºIC+¶·¶GTUC+<KF©¿pJ¢L®½I¶GTpCP·¿pJ,ºI¿pS+J}¼LaFT¸¼CPFµ+¼F7FIº7¶GÓ T'Ó ·ÜJKµ+C1¹;¾ Eº\Tp¹;C1¾ EºITpCE¶µ1C1C1·LL×IC¿¸C"T¸FC1ß Â9L¼EEGC ·ºJ}F.LTp· ¼F༠ÚK½?C+JKF$FIÁI¶EGT¸¿p»7CTp¿(×IC+¾ ºmYL T(Cξ ½0ÁWÄż¼ºÁ7EÓ La¿pC+Tp·ºEÎTp¶G½IC+ºIE¢E7¿ÇC1¾J$CYR½C+¾ C¼K·Ü»7T¸C(CK¾ La@ ET¸C½IC1¶¼KºLaT¸¿p¶ C(L½0ÄáJK·eC+¾ ¿¸Tp¼EGC+E µ+FD¼C+¾ ·µ1C+QÁW¶¼¶¼KºIJKEGTpELaEGC1CK· µ+@WC+OC1¿pJF©C<fL!LaºIE½IFIJKC1T¸Cö/LC+×WJK·¼µ+C+T¸FC+F©FIELf¶CÃLaHI·µ1¼C1JKE·EM·LaÁIC1TpE7¹;FIC1¾ ºI¶HIT'CLaC+TpFIJK¹;¶GºmºITpÕm¼C1¹;Fr¶!ºIC+C+½I¶M¿¸º L¶ TpJK¿pºI¶f¶G¶GLm¼C+¾ F©FIL T'La¶T¸¶aºJ}âGLC1TpLa¼¶¢Fµ+¼¶ºEGET¸»7C1¶T®Á½À¼ÄÅFIº½?FIJKCF©LLEC+J Ò ·ºIÁF!CEGC(C+Lµ1ºI½0T¸ÄÅL+ºI<Fº¼FIº C ½Iµ+¼C+·ºmÕãÁI¿pEGCzC1Õm»KC$C+F;ÔäºI¶+i<¢uK]7µ+v¼Fåæ½IºIuKT¸Len <ÀJÜç}Ò èºIè FIÈ ÖzCØ@W· OPÄ«T¸¼µ+Á\EG¼C1¾ Ea¶GJ}LELºITp¼µ(FLaºI½IEGCC La·EC1JK· EMLaÁC1FIC¶T'µ+La¼CFC(¶LÎTp¶Mµ+LaCÜC1¿p¿¸J/Ò C¢½ILEaº$JKFIEGC1¶M»KÂ9¼C+EF;·ºkC+Ô`EéKê¿`ÄáèJKëDº¶Gì"LmC1ÖD¾ FIJT¸LÁWC¼C+ºF E Lm¼C+C+¶G×7¾ LEGâGTÇC+JKµ1µ(º&¼LaFIT'Ô¶Mî La½IT¸[(LCàn'º\u C+¾vKEGC"C+]0½I½I[h¼j CF< Æ?FIÈ ïFIC+E!ïC1ð¶½Ö(¿Ç@CkJ}Ñ LG¿ÇLaC1JoC+L¶L½IC¼®ºIº!· Ò µ1L¿ÇT¸TpJµ+¿¸T¸EGLm¼½Cؾ ¶GC+LFIJKE¶GºIºíT¸Lmµ(C"La·¾ ºI½IEGJCC Ó ½I¹7ºTp¶GCñ¿p¼7µN¿pJòJ}LTpÁI¼E7FIC1¾ ¶µ+TpÁYRC1T¸¾ LhF\JC+¾ LaE7TpC+¼K¾ C$FÁ½IC+C+FI¶Ø½IJKµNF©JKLEG×I¿ÇºIJEGC+L¶ØEC1· ½IºIÁEaC.J}F;JKLØT¸FI¿¸¶C T E¿UÄC1C1¾ »KLaC+ºF;½Iº-CK@ ¶¼F©L/EC1¶Á¼FI¶JK×I¿pC1¶&½ICe¿ÇJñ½IT¸Ùµ+º¿¸LmCྠ½IC LhµJ}C+¾ L½\TpC$ͼ¾ FIº¼¶XF©LE½ILCCκI¿UF?FIÄÅJKJ}C.¶GLÁWºIT¸FC1Eµ1CÎô?LºI½IC1· T'óFIT¸µ+C1¾µ+C$EEGC1¼F;¶G¶GºILLCfEEºITp¿¸FIµ(CLa½IºIµ+º¼KET¸JK· La¿UC\<WÁÁ?¿p¼C+JKEG¶EPLC+¶G¿¸C,·¼¿pÁIC+¿¸TpEF©µ1¼LNT'ÓÓ @ LaÞ¶C+T¸LTp·FTp¹;¶C+ºITUF©< C1L½I¶JKC+JKFIFàTp¶XFIÂ{µ1¶GJT C1LaLGTp¹;LaYKCºÀºIÄÅCC1¾ JKLaºmJKºÕõ½?½IJKCKµ1Ám<}¼LmºIFIC.¾F"½IJ}·T'LaºmTp¼mÕüK½ÀFIJKC+Ò ¶.¿pµ+CT¸½ÀC+½IÄ«EGºC ¶Laµ+T¸· ¿p¼KT¸· JK¶aJ}EGÁLLC+Tp¼¼FmEMF ÓÓ ½ÀµNJKÄź½IF&EGC,¼½IºC1La¶PT¸¿pÁI¿pJKEY¼7Cµ+C1Tp¶FI¶½ººI¶ ¶GT¸LEEE7TpC1C1¾ »¿U<C1EC+¶G¶MTpL×I¿¸ÁIC+E7¶=C1¾ ½I¶C+CDF©¿ÇLmJ¢C¾ L½IHIJKC+EGFI· ¶ ¼}¿¸C Ó ½Ú7F?JK·Tp¹;ºICK@. é éKú*ûÛìüýr þKiÿuj [hj b7[([_z]bi[hy ghuK_(]^twUj ©©nªs{©b© uK ^`sU]!b7[n u7g(sU[(_ C+µ1Ú7¶ML"µ1¿p÷ µ1C+¼¶FòFI¶Gµ1C1ºIC+óWT¸F©»7C1LaL+T,E7< C.Á?¾ ºJ}½IFcEºIEºI¶GJKLaFÜJKF©½IL"¶GCLa¿pJKJ*½I½ICÁICEGÂ9½IC+¼·C$EML TUÁIC1Ò ¶GJKEC+C½IºI¼µ+½IºIC+¼µ1F©ÓTpLa¶G¶GJKLa¶JKTpC+FI×I·CT¸¿pC+T¸½IF©LmCCL ¾ ¼ÁºC+FI½I½?C J}½\F;C+Lf¾ µ1¿p¼JFI· ¶G¼J¿pT¸âG½?C+J}ºLaET¸C ¼FÁ?J}Â{JKEGLaT¸×IT¸C ¿pC}½I<NC µ+C1¿p¿pJºIT4»7ÓTpµ1C TJN½Ú©C JK¿UF©Ä«¼LRº¿pT¸LC+Tp¿Uº @ Y©ºI÷ J}FIFLC\Æ?Tp¼FÀµhFeH;<º¿p½0C LaC\ÄŽIºI×IC1FEEC*ºFILaT¸¼KC+JKºñEοpC ¶MÁI½ILh¿¸JKC ºI½I¶¿UCT¸ÄÅC+JKµ1ºI·¼EGÁIE¶EG¿pC+T'Æ?La¶G¶ºIÁW¶G½IºI¼CPFEC1½Ü½¶CDJÒ C1µ+F;¼K¿pJ"LF;EaLÁIJ EaE߸JKF?¼KT¸JKÁ?F©F©LaJCLÓ JN»}JKF©L¢¿pJEºIÁmLaºIEGCÔÛî [(n'u vK]0[hj < ÈNïïð Öz@ È.
(8) È .
(9) mç @ ç OC+¶ ·¼m½ÀC1Ò ¿pC1¶P½ICfµ+¼·ÁW¼KEGLaC1· C1F©L\µ+JKFI½IT¸½?J}L¶ ¿pTpºF\LC1¾ Tp¿ÇɼJK¿ÎFI¶MLa¶\¶1TpÄá¹;J}EaºIJKYÁC.T¸LTp½IJK½IC1ºeC*¶ÎLaJK·Eaº.JN¼m»Kµ1½\C+¼C1E¾ ºI¶¿pT¸E¶¶Î½IC+C$E"½C½À»}JKÄŵhºEGH?TÇFIJKJKC¹;×IºI¿¸ÁIC+C JK¶EGLa½0LEJKÄC1¿pFI¾ C1µ+¶G¶kET¸¼KLaC1¾¼KºI»KTpTp¼}E¶CÓÓ ¶aÁIJK¿pºIYC¶¿pµ+C+T¸F©F\LC+¾ C+· ¶J}JKLº&Tp¹;µ+ºI¼KCKºI<E½0¶ÄáJK½IºmC1La¶EC µ1Ú7Á?µ+JK¿¸C+EM¶L¶¿¸ºIC+¶/µ1µ+C1¾C1»K¶¼¶T'¿pÂ9º¶LTpL¼EaFJ¶Ó ½IÔ ºITp¶lIJKuKF©stL"nái¿¸uC+j¶< È C1ïóWð C1KÖLa¶(@ ½IC½\C+¾ µ+¼KFI¶¼¿¸Tp½?JLaTp¼KFص(Ú7µ+¿pT¸¹;ºIC ¹7· ºC1C+F;÷¿pLf¶F*Á¶¼E¼TpºF©¶ÎLLC1ECKF¶<?¼µ1ºI¿¸C+¼·¶f·TpµhÁ¶H?LaJK¿¸C}C+EG@ ¶*Y÷ C+¼·F*ºC+LaC1F©T¸óW¿pL¿pC1¶¢JKL+Y<?µ1C+¼¿p¶1C· <,·Á¶¼K¿p¼mC(F;½ÀÕmLrC+Ò C1¿p¶¢C+C¾ Y©J}½IJ}ºm¼¿pÕ;C(T¸LÓÓ C1¶aß JKLaEGT¸¶+CP<RµNJÒ JKÁI¶aJKJN»K×I¼¿pCPTpEν½ICPC1E¶fC+ÁC+E¶¼7¶JK½ITpºI¶TpEGJÒ C=½\½IC(¾ T'Â9ó¼C1¾EE· C+F©J}LLa¶®T¸¼LF.Ú7Áµ1C+¼¶®F©½ÀLaEÄ«C+¼ß ¶Ó Ó ¿(½IC+¾ C+C¶½IC+CP¶G¶aÂ{J}JKLT¸¶TpYJ$ºÒ CPµ1C1¼LF©La½IEaCPJ}Â{TpJ}F©LaLaT¸CYºITp·CzÓÁEC1¼¿Ç¶7JC1¾ ÕC"J}Â{LJKTp¼Tp¶F JKJKF©TpLFIJK¶GT©ÁI¹;Á?ºIJC Ó EaJß'LaQEC¼ºI½IEC+¶µ+C1C1óW¿ÇJC1<DL¶¢ÁI½I¿pºIC¶GTpLC1Ú7ºIÁEC¶EG·¼mµh¼mH½ÀC1C1Ò LN¿p@ C1¶$¼F©LõC(¾ LmC/¾ ½\Cz¾ Ó »½IC+C+¿¸¶G¼µ+ÁIET¸Á\ÁC1¾ La¶"T¸¼µ1FC+¶"½IC+½¶C+EC1¾ F»K¼TUC+Ò ¿pEGºmC+La¶Tp¼KJKFIFI¶F\EaC1¾JKC+ÁI¶1T¸@ ½IÑ C+¶¼FI½Iµ1ºC+µ+EGF?¼K· JKF©ÁL¼¿pEMJ Ó LaLaC+TpC1·FC+½IF©JKL+FI<}¿p¶J¿pÁIC+¶fEGTpµ(¶GC\Úmµ1C1¿pFC1¶¢µ+¼¶GC·Â{ÁJKLT'C\L½IJKC1º¶XLaLaEaC1JN· »KC+ÁE¶R¶¢½I½IC\C·½IJ}C+TpºmFmÕ Ó »KÞJ}EE·TÇJ}¶G×IL¿pEC1¼¶,Fµ+Y T¸FDå C+¾ · ?EJ}C1La½IT¸¹;C+ºIEGTpC+µ ¶1@?O®TpF©JLaEG·¼m½I¼mº½\T¸C+L ¾ ¿pT¸ºI¶aFJ}LLTp¼C+EF ·½ICC ½IC ·ÜF?JKC1¾ ·· Tp¼¹;T¸ºIECKCà@ C(¾ ÷ »KJ}¿p¿¸FIC C+µ1¶Gµ+¼C+EF©EGC+L¶CÁJK¼ÁIFIÁ½íC+J¿(Ò C¾ ºIEFIC1µ+C.¼EGºmC+»m¶GELaJKJKFIºIµ1EC$J}La½T¸¼Ú©F Ó ½I½?C&JKF©¿ÇLaJàC¶M½ILaºñEGºILµ1C+L·ºIEÁIC/¶Á?C(JKLE$½\¿pC1Jྠµ+EG½\T¸L C(¾ Â9¼¶TpE·· ÁIJ}¿¸LaC+T¸·¼FòC+F©T¸LFI½\ºIC+¾ FcÁC+C(F7ÂÇÓÓ Â9¿pTpC1¶LJ}La½IT¸C*¼F EaJKFÀÁIÄ«ÁC+¶MC+L!¿ÎT¸Á?FIJK¶G¶*LaJK¶F©ºmLhÙ JKF\¶CKJK¾ @F©LaÞCkºIÁ¶G¶¼T`ºI< E*µ1C1½\LGC1La¾ C*µ+ET¸· ECؼ7½\¿pC1C(¾ ¶Ó µh¿ÇJàH?JKÂ9E¼YKEGC+··ºIC+¿ÇF©JLaLa¶Tp¼KFòµ+¼·¶+Ä«TpÁI·¿¸C(ÁWÕm¼KC+¶¶1CK<P@ ºIÏ FIC1C¶· · ¼7¼7½I½ÀT'Æ?C+Ò µN¿¸C+J}¶LTp¼JKF࿸¿ÇJK½IF©C L ½?¶CJKFILEa¶JKµ1½C*ºITp¶GEGC+CFIÁI¶JK¼E¢F©ºLkFIC1C"¾ LmC$·¾ ½\¼mC1½¾ »KT¸Æ?C+¿¸µ+¼J}ÁILaÁ\T¸¼C1¾ F¶+@ ½IÉ º¿p¶LC+ÁEC+·º»KCC+½IF©CL Eµ+C+¼µ1F©¼LaºEJK»7TpEaF©J}LFICµ+¶CÃC+º½TpÚ7¿PF?Ô JKZR·iTpu©¹;(ºI C/ghi?C+[Frå TpF©uKLan EG< ¼mÈ ½IïºïmTpÈ ¶aÖ J}F;¼LººÁ?FIJ}CE ¿ÇF?J"JKF©½\L®C(¾ Æ?½IFIC+º7T'LaÕTp¼K·ÜF.C1¾½IµNC JKF½ITpC1¶ºm·ÕòC+¶0C(¾ Lh½IJ}CPL¶,½\C1½I¾ Â9C¼KEµ+· ¼KF;J}LLaEaT¸JK¼T¸F F©C1LaCL®µ1JKE7·C+¾ JKC(F©Ó L ½I½ÀC+ÄC1¾¶¢µ+EGTpF©¼LaºIC1TpEa¶GJK¶aJKµ(LaYKTpC¼KFIÔ ¶¢ZuKC1F©stntLanpE[(C^ÛuK¿plC1b!¶½Iå T'óWC1¾ uEC+<F©LÈ C+ﶢï é»}ÖzJK@ EGTÇJK׿pC+¶ çm@ OC· ¼7½ÀC1Ò ¿pC ÁIEG¼Á¼¶7C ¾ LaºITpF¼KFíLaÊ C1ÔE¼x/·ºI¶C¢uKnªJN½st»]?C¼Kst]ãEFIC1¶µ+å ¼JKºm½I»m¼EÁiJKLmu©FIC¾b µ1zTpC stµ1]TX¶Gj LaºIJ}¦FILa< CT¸¹7È ºJ}ï ºC¢KçLa½?EGÖCJ}FIJÂ9¶D¼âGE¼¿¸·C+º¶LaºJK»K¿ÇF©JJLÓÓ E½ITǺ!J}×ILa¿pC1C1· ¶Àµ+ÁIT¸¶FDC+C(¾ · LJ}½ILaCT¸¹;¿pºIJ C+La¶C1µ1· ¼Á\· C1¾ ÁEaJ}¿UC1Ò LLºIC+E·C}@ C+F©Ñ L®C½\LaC1¾ C1ÁWEC1·FIC½?JKC+F©¶MLL ½I¿ÇJC+¶M¶GLaLTpEF\ºIC¾µ(LaJÒ ºIEGEGC+CÁIµ+EGEG¼mTp¶M½LhºIJKTp¿¸EG¿pC¢TpFºIC,F½ICCEFIC1¶G¼KLaLaJKEGºICEaJ}Jµ+LaTpTpC1¼KEF¶¿p¼C1ºIF©¶ LaC¿UÄ«C1½IÂÇC Ó Â9½IC1C+L¶½I½IC$Tp¶G¿`¿p¼7ÄáJKµNYKJ}T¸LLhTpJ¼LaFTp¼K¶ FÃC1LLaHEC+C1E¿ÇJ·ÕTpJ}¹;LºITp¼C$F/ÁI½IJKEC1¶JKµ1FI¼FF©TpHILaET¸JK¿ÇJ}TpF©LTpLa¼C1F ¶ TpF©LaC1Ï EFICC1¶+ÁI@ ¿pºI¶1<mµ1¼FIµ1C+EFIJKF©Lf¿pC+¶DC+¶¶JKTp¶JÒ µ+¼F©LaEJKTpF©LC Tp· ·C1ÁWF;¼L¶7C+¶¾ ºIC}<DEGC+¿Ç¶GJeLTp·Ü½\C(¾ C+¾Â9C$¼EÁ?· J}J}ELTp¿p¼C1¶Fò· ½Cؼ7½ÀEGC1Ò ¼m¿pµhC+H¶C1C+L¶MLYRC1Tp¾ µ+FDT\C+¾ E×IJKTp¿pC1CzF Ó »KEC+J}ÁETÇEO®J}¼7J×I½I¿pºI·CRT¸µ+L¼mTpCf½\F\JNC1C+¾¾ »¿p· T¸C+¶aJ}µ¢J}LaL¿UT¸TpÄ«¹7¼TpF©ºF.LaC=EG½¼m¿pC+T¸½FD¶$ºICN¾ C1¾JKµ1»KLT¸E¼TpCD¼¿pºFÔ LZR½ÀTp¼iÄ«FºIu©¶FI( Cο¸C+ghLi?F©ELa[ ¼C1< T¸¶¶È TUïC1ÒÔ{ð½\· ÖCz¾ C zÓ @ µ+C+¼¿p¿¸FIC¶GJ}¼ºà¿pT¸½?LaJ}ELJ Tp»K¼C+FEG¶µ(Úm½Iµ1C.¿pT¸¹7¿ÇJºC »}Ö=JKC+E¶MTpJKLD×IEG¿pC+CÁIEGT¸¶¼m¼K½ILºE¼T¸LaÁCfCK¹;@ º?Ñ JKC+F©¿¸L¿pC(J Ò Ó µ+ÁWT®¼C+ºm¶M»L ¼T¸µ+E¼K· µ1¼ÁFI¼¶G¶7Tp½\C1¾ C"C1¾ E½IC+EC¿p½IC1C1¶¢ºm½ÕC+ºmLC+ÕEG· ÁIH?C1J}¶¢¶½IC+¶¢C½I·CJ}¿UFIÄÅJKTUC1Ò ½IE¼C.ºmJ Ò Ó. µ+÷ T¸F¶¶GÆ?C+FÀ·<+C+¿UÄ«F©TpFL!ô?½IººíC+FI·µ1CPJ}½ILmC+C¾ EG¿UTÇÄ«JKHIº Tp¶MLaÔ¼ä T¸EiCuK½I]7C+võ¶®½\å C(¾ Â9¼uKEn < · ç}J}èLaè T¸¼È FIÖz¶@ ÁI½I¿pC1JKFI¶Gµ+LCTp¹;C(ºIÕmC+Á\¶C1¾ ¶EºTp·E¢C+µ1F©C1LaLJKJ}¿pC1½I· ¼ºIC1µ1F;TpLf¶¶GC1C+¶G·LC+ÁIF©EGL Tp¶C·C1Tp¶GFCµ1C+¼Fã· C(¾ Ám»7LaT'C Ó ½?JK¶MJKÚmF·¶Á¿ÇLJe¼KLaÂ9T¸¼¹7EGº·C=ºI½I¿ÇJCLa¿ÇTpJ\¼KFõ»}JKEGJKTǺrJK×L¿pEaCXJNT¸»¶¼KC1EL¶!E¼½IÁCØCfÔ ¿ÇZRJei»}u©JK(¿p C1ghºIi?E [ < È ïðKï Ö(@ çm@ B¼KE·ºI¿pJ}LaT¸¼F½º·¼m½ÀC+Ò ¿pCEGC1LC+F;º ··C+¼mF©½OLaÚ7C&¶F?J}½I· · C+¼7¶T¸½À¹7ÁIC+Ò º¿¸EGC!CK¼m@ µ1ÁIC+É EG¿Î¶¼¶GC1ºIÁW¶G¶¼KL ¶7T¸C/½I¾EE7¼EC1¾FIC1»µÁWC1E¼½\¶G¶GTpC(C&¾ ×IÆ?¿¸FI¶C+ºI¶TEJØÒ½I¿¸CC+ÁI¶.JK¿pJ!EGÂ9L¼LaTpFIEHI½C1½IC(EMC ÓÓ ¿UYÄ«T¸C(CÕmT¸¿p¶GTp×LaC1EFIC µ+°C½IC1CL¿Ç½IJC1ºm½IÕ*T¸¶¶GÁTpÁ?¼KLaJ}C1LF;Tp¼LFTpC1¿p ¶+<®@ JÒ ¶JN»¼T¸EοUÄC+¾ FIC1EMÓ ½Àµ+çm¼K@Ä«I¼®· @ºÒ È Á½\¼C+¾ ¶ ?µ1C¼¼C1ºIEGF·¿¸C+ºIF©ºL¿pFIJ}C¿pLaC+T¸¶ÁI¼JK»}FJKEGL½EGTpTǺØCJK×IC1Á¾ ¿¸¿Ç¼KC+JK¶L¶MC+LaJ}F©Tp¶¹;La¶ºIT¸¼7C+Cµ+¿T(C(C+C1¾¾ LfC1FI¶+C+ÁI´*EG¿ÇYJKTpTp¶M¿KCLa¶GT¸C\¹7¿¸Tpº×I½\CKEGC(¾ C@Ó. . . . . !. . '. :8. '+*'. #43. ". 8. 3. #. ". $ ')( . . 2. . ". $&%. . .
(10) . . ´ LC+FI¶GC+ºIE½IC1¶EGTpYT¸½IT¸LmC+¾ ¶ C1¾ ¿ÇJK¶MLaT¸¹7ºC+¶ ì ´ ü ü ÞT¸FI¶T`<I¿pC1¶Î¿p¼T¸¶,½ÀÄC1¾ LhJL¢¶1ÄC1¾ µ+EGT¸»C1F©L´ çì û È ç ÔÈÖ ü ü Ô`çÖ ¶a½IJ}C1Y¶ C ½DÁ?C1C(¾JKÆ?L EFJK·T¸L*C(Ò ¿U¿ULaÄÅÄÅEGJKJKC+¶¶G¶ ÁÁWC+½\C1µ(µ1C1¾ L*LÁWC1Tpµ+¶FITp¼}F\½?LaC+JK¾ E· ¼KF©ÁWLJ}C}La½IT¸@ ¹7º&º· C&<RJ}½Iì LmCÃC+¾ E¿`TpC1JKÄL C1¾ ºµ+EGC(¼¶LºI¼½ITpF©¶CLÓ ¿ÇJ"LC+·Á\C+¾ EJ}LaºECK@ ½Àçm@Ä«I¼®@áºÒ ç ½DC+¾ ?µ1¼¼EGºI·¿pC1ºIF©¿pL¢J}La¿¸C+T¸¼¶,F¢»}½JKEGºTÇJKÁ×I¼K¿¸LC+C+¶ÎF©T¸LaF;T¸C+L¿C+EG½IFICPC+½¶ÀTp´ ¶¶GTpÁ?JLaTp¼KF. . . . '. . . . -. DCS. 2. 5. . . -. Q %. $ 3 )' ( $. )' ( U W TI V V. mÔ ÀÖ. >=A A@ F. Ö '. 8 Q. Q W. JYX0Z\[ V] M. V. . Q. . . . 6. . '. G H I ! 8. 0/1-. 76. /1-. '. Ô ÀÖ. Ô. #98. . . . #. '+*'. ;<>=? A@ BDCE# @PO. .-. . *,'. '. /. JLK. H!I . GNM 89R. I . LmE C1Tp¾ JKÎEºÀTp½\JK< ºC(¾ kÆ?C1FILf< T'L,X½I¿Ç<CJ¿Ç¿pJT¸· LC1C+T'L·LaCý ÁDC+¾ C+¾¿pEJK¶J}¶G¼LaLF©ºITp¹;LEGºICK½\C¢@ C1¾ TpÁWFIC1T'LaFITǽ?J}JK¿pCÎF©L½Iº$½Iº/· · J}LmJCz¾ ÓÓ TpF©LC+ÞEFT¸FIC+¶f¶T`¶+<+Ä¿pC+C1¾ µ1¶¢EC+T¸¾ »K¹;C+º?F©JLLaTp´ ¼KFI¶½ÀÄC1¾ »¼K¿pºLTp¼F½IC1¶À»KJ}ETÇJ}×I¿pC1¶ Ô ©Ö ç %. 89R. _^. a` _b. ç. d c . TV. '. '. @. J. ^. M. H. #. ". c. Ue. d c` #.
(11) Ô Ö ç Ô Ö ý. Ô ©Ö G¶ LaJK×IOT¸C¿pTp¶ÁJ}ELaC+T¸¼·FTpC1½IE ºL·Ú7ÁWJ}CLmC+¾ ½ÀEGTÇÄ«JKC+º ¶¶¼KJKºT C+Á¶G¿pLºLC(¼Kß ó0L®C1JKµ1ÁILaº\E+C+ÒC.¾ ¶JKÁIÁI¶GC+E+C+ºIÒ ¶ ½¼}Ó G¶+C La¶MJKL×Iµ+T¸¼¿pTpF©¶J}LaT¸LaF;T¸¼ºñFo½IC(¾ ºoLhJKÁIF©EGLC+½I·¼TpFC+FDEC¾ µ(Ú7¹;µ+ºI¿pCC"¿`âGÄáºIJ}½I¶G¹;¼ºÀºIÄ9µ1J/Ò Tp¶¿Ç¶GJ&C+·EGºIC+F©ÁmLÓ û È ç ü ü Ô È ü Ö ÔUéKÖ La½Iº ºECK· @ ¼7É ¿À½ ÁWC+Ò C1¿¸CPE·ÁW¼KC1ºILGLaE®EaºIJ,FI¿`CÄÅT¸½I»KC+J}F©ELTÇJ}T¸Æ?×Iµ+¿pCPJ}La½ÀT¸¼ÄC+¾ Fµ1E½I¼C1º¶®TpÁ?¶¶JKJKEaYJ}C ·TpC(¶GÒ ¼}LaEÓ C1¶ La· EG¼J}ÁLmC1C¾ ETǵ1J}¼ º FI¶G¶GLaLhJKJ}F©×ILaTpC࿸Tp¶7C1¾ C}¾Y©@,JK¿pQC$¼J ÒºIE¿pJ µ+¿¸C(TpL·LaCØT¸LaCTp½C1C+¾ ¿ÇF©JKLa¶MT'LaÆ?T¸¹7µNJ}ºLCTp¼½IF0º < ¼®µhH?º Ò JKEYKC C1¶GL C1¿ÇLJ!FI¼C1¶GEGLf·¿ÇJ}J¿pC$½\C1ºI¾ Â9FI¼T'EGLh·JKT¸J}ELCÃTp¼J/Ò F ¿ÇÁIJ!¿ÇJ}¶G¶GºILaEGT¸¹;Â{J}ºIµ+C C*µ+½Iº7C Ó ¶¼KF;L.ºLaT¸p¿ Tp¶7C+¾ ¶½IC+¶C+¶¶JKTp¶½ICÂ{J}LTpYºICJN»C1µ à»mT4Ó ·ºI¿(O®C1¾ CKJÎ@ ÁIEGTp¶CXC+Fµ+¼·ÁLaCX½ICP¿UÄ«C1óWC1L®·ÜC+¾ ·¼TpEGCX¶1ÄC1¾ µ+ET'L LaC1¶¶GC+¶½ICD½ C1¾ Â9¼EG·JLaTp¼KFØÔ È è ! NÈ è ! C1L È è !65 µ+¿ÇJ}¶¶T¸¹;ºIC+·C+F©L´ »7E7 C1!Tp¶G¿ÇJ¹7Ö0ÕºÁJ}C+C+LºmTpEÕo¼·F/½IC1LGÁºoLh¼JK· ºIF©EL®J}Lm½I½IC1¾CT¸EófTǵ+C+J}¾ JKEGºÀEaC+JK<XF©µ(La½ILm¶C1C1¾ ¶ ELaTpC1¶GC1· C+¶E¶ÁIJK¿¸¶C+Tp¶¶®½IÁ?½ICJKC$·EJKÂ{J}J}·LTpF©TpC(Ò YLaLaºIT¸EGC+C+CzF ¶Ó ç Ô Ö Ô`êÖ TpÔ·KèÁ< ¼ï ¶7è,C1¾ CKC(L@ êèè,¶aÖ0¶ºIT'»mTKÁ?JKE½IC1¶µ(Ú7µ+¿pC1¶DJÎÒ µ+¼F©LaEJKTpF©LC Ô KÖ ¿ÇJÁIQREGC+¼·ºE¢TUC1Ò µhEH?CfJ}· ¹7º¼KC"F;LmC+C+¾ ¶GC¶aJKC1T,L J¿pÒ C1¶\½\C1½¾ Â9C+¼KºmEÕ · µ1J}Ú7LaT¸µ1¼¿pC+F$¶ Tp¶·ºÁWT¸»}¼KJK¶7F©C+¾ LaC}¶ < eÔ Ö
(12) ´ ¶EG¼K¼F;TpL¶GTU¶GC1Ò Tp· ·Cº¿(µ1C+¾Ú7¶1µ1<R¿pCK¿`ÄÅ@0T¸½IQRC+¼F©ºLE T¸Æ?¿pµ+C1J}¶LaT¸C+¼¶GFà¶aJKT¸¶G¶ C.C+Â{FJKTp¶µ+JK¼F©F©LLaE¶JKºTpF©ELCK¿pC < Ô È IÖ e Ô Ö
(13) ´ a L Ô Ö ð ç Tp¿7C+¶MLF\C+¾ µ1C+¶G¶aJKT¸ECνICε+JK¿pµ1ºI¿pC1EX¿pC1¶X»}JK¿pC1ºIE¶XTpFIT'LaTÇJ}¿pC+¶ ¼®C+¶Gº Ò L¿pJ C1Â9¼K¶GLPFIµ1¿pJ¢LTpFI¼¼KF$E½À· Ä ¢JK¿pC+CJNºI»7FIÚ7T'¶GLhTpJK½IT¸C=EC´ JÒ¿ÇJ¶ ºIEMÂ{JKµ+ eC Ô W< Ö( @ La½IT¸C1¼¶DF»}F7JKºE·ÜTpJK×IC1¾ E¿pC1Tp¹;¶\ºIT¸C\F©LaJ}C+Æ?EGFFIC+½I¶DCDÁWµ1¼¼ºFIED¶GTpC1½\óWC1¾ C+Eµ(C+LaERºIJKC1ºEη ¿UÄ«TpT¸F©C+LmºmC1¾ ÕYEa¿¸C+J¶Ó FIT'»CNOJ}CºmÕ½C+½IºmCÕmTU½\C1Ò C(· ¾ Â9¼CÎEL· Ú7J}ÁLaC¢T¸¼½ÀF$Ä«C+·¶G¶aTpJK¶TC1C+¶Î¶MC+L F½IâGC+C+¶MºÀLaTp@ F\C¾ J Ò LaEJÓ ¶LaC/Tp¹;ºILaOPEaCJ}Ä«Tp½I½IFCºIôIT¸ºI¿ÇL*JC+FIJ}»Kµ1ºõJ}C,ETÇL½IJ}EaC,×IJN¿p»µ1C¢C1C1ELP½À¶ÄC(C1¾ ó0½Iµ+C(EGC/L=¼ºI¿Ç¶GJkºITp¶GE=¶a»}JK¿UJKÄÅYKJK¿pCC1½IºI¼KTpE¶ºI¼}µ+JKLaT¸E¶G¶¼KÚ7¶ÁWC1·· C¢Á¹7C1LaF©º¼LÓ T ÆB½IºIJKF©T¸ELC¿¸¿UC+ÄŶ.JK½IÁ?¼KJ}ºIEaµ+JKT¸·¶¶C1C1Ò · LEC+C1¶F©LTpF©½LaºàC1EG· »C1J}F?LmJKC1¾ F©EL*TÇJ}ºØ½?JKC1FIFà¶$T¸¿p½IJÃC+F©»}LaJT4ÓÓ EC+¾ TpÁJKE×I¼¿¸ºCX»KTpC1¶G¼KLGLaLaCØEG¼Á?ÁJKCKE.@ Ï C1C1¶¶aºmJ}ÕTtÖ(C1<ζ¶a¿¸J}C!Tp¶®ÁI¶EG¼C+F©·L®TpC1C+F;ELEµNC1JKÁIEJKET¸µ1¶DLmC+Ô9¾ ºIET¸FI¶7CC ¾ ¶+ÄC+¾ µ+EGT¸LÔ ´ Ö # % " $ ! Á?C+JKµ(EXLaº\ºIC¢F¾ C+JKF$½I¼J}ººIµ+YTp·¶G¶C+C1F©· LhJKC1F;F©LL\µ1ÁI¼ºIF©T¸¶DLaT¸½IF7º0T¸· <¿pT¸C\F7ºI½IJKC+F©ºmLÕmTU¿UC+ÒÄÅJK·· CÎÁC1¿pÂÇT'ÓÓ 9  Tp½F©C+Ò La¿¸EGC¢Ê TpFI»7¼K¶+TpLaC+¶Ò ¼K¹;JFIÒ ºI¶"C»mT¸¹;¶DºI½IC C+C1F©¶,¿ÇLaJEÁIJÁWEGßpTp¼FIFI¶GCε1T¸TpLºÁT¸»7FIC+T¸¶DCfLmC½µ+¾ ¼C ½IFC ¿ÇÂ9J¼K¿pELaJ*·HI½C1T¸ELmTp·¶CD¾ ¶GTp½I¼mÁ?º½JÚ7La· F?Tp¼K¼}JF ÓÓ Laè*º8 ð ½I< C è*½8 ï C ÁI½\ºIC(Tp¾ ¶Â9¼è*E8· :9J}LTpÖ(¼@ FØù C1JKºIºØ¿p¶µ+¿p¼C1¶ºEÁ?¶"JKEa½J}C ·¿`C(ÒÄÅC1La¶E¶aC1J}¶®TTpF©Ô{La*è C18ÅêEMÓ < »ÆDC1C1¾ F?¶ÎJKTpF©µ+T`L\<;½?¿pC+JK¶DFI µ ¶P;¿`ÄÙC1¾ µ+µ+ETp¼KC1ºIF©TpLa¶G¶Î¶aJKµ+Y¼KCη T¸Á¶¼K¼L¶aEJ}¼F;ÁLDCοpC1¶¶D¼KF;»}L JKET¸½ITpJKC+×IF©¿pLaC1T4¶Ó · T¸¹7ºCK´ ´ ´& µ+¿ÇJT¸F\ÁC+¾ E· C+·J}LTUTpC1Ò ¹;EºICC+C(¶¾ LhÁIJKÁE7CN¾CJKE¿pJKC+×I¶MLa¿¸CC+·ÆC+Õ F©C+¾ LC1¶+Tp@ ½IC1F;LT¸ÆDC1¾ ¶"¿¸¼E¶½IC ETÇJ}×I¿pC1¶ÎC1JKL ¶& ¶G¼mEµ1C1T(ÁIC1¾ C+E7C1¶¾ ¶C1C1LF;LaTpJKF©F©LaC1L=EEGFIC+C1¶¶fÁC+½Iµ(ºLaT'·»C+¼7·½C+C+Ò F©¿¸CKLR@ ¿pC1¶À»KJÓ Y©JK·O·CC·½I¼7C½C+LÒ C+¿¸C,·½IÁD¼C+¾ FIEFJ}LaC¢ºI½IEGCfC+¶ ×çK¼è FI¶E7C1éK¾ ¶èKºIè¿'ëLhJ}ìL¶P@ÁWO®¼KC1ºI¶EE7¿ÇC(¾ J Ó ¶½IºCο¸LhEGJC+µ+La¶¼Kº¶G»7¼EaF©JKLFIÁIµ1E7CfC+¾ ¶G¶LhC1JF©LaLmTpC+¹;¾ ¶ºICDÁ¼ÁWºIC1EE·é}èC1LPè ë ½ICÎì×@ÀTpOC+FC"EGLC+C+ÁIE·EG¼}C Ó Í F*¼×LTpC+F©L´ *) ) (' + ) -,. / Ô Ö La½IJNC1»ºI· C1T¸EµÁC¿p¶J¿pJ½LCC+EC1·· ¿ÇJÁ\JKÕC+Tp¾ J}F©EJ}LLTpTpLa¼C+ºFÃFECK½IÔ @B XC+O®¶TpYIJµ+@ ©¼KLaÖzEGF;¼@ LTpÑEa¶GJKTUC+C1T¸Ò ¿¸F©· ¿pC(LaC+ÓÛC µ+¶»}T½JKJ}ºIEGºITÇEaYJKJK×I·F©¿¸LC C+F©¿¸µ+LaC+T4C¶Ó PÔ Ö10243õè F\¿pC1C1¾¶·C+¶GJ}¶aLJKTp¹;T¸¶ºIC1CÎF¿¸Tp½DF\C1¾C+¾ Â9JK¼TpEGEG·CDJFÀLaÄÅJTp¼K¹7FÀº<+CC1FÁEGC+C1º»}JK½ÀFIÄ«TpµhFHIôICºIµ}C+ÄÅFIC1µ1¶GLRCfC+¶¿pºI¿¸CE ¹;½IºICÎTEG¼mÁµhC+HIE·C(LC1ÁWLf¼K½ºICE=×I¿pC1TpC1¶=FC+¶GEG¶aC+JKÁIT¸¶PEG¼mC+½IFºµ+TpE¼KCF;L¿ÇEaJJK½\T¸F©C1¾ LaÂ9C¼KEÔ · XTpJ}YILa@T¸;¼ÖzF @ ÐËÎÉ O ÉMù Þ ËÎÉMÍÊ~Ï÷ ù÷\ùù Þ ÉMù Q ÍÐ¢Ì Ò OPÄ ÉÏ÷Ê¢ËÎÉ ÉMÑ Þ ËÎÉMÍÊoÏ÷\ù QÞ Ì Þ ö ÷PËfÌ÷ ù ÷ FÆ?FÀ<?¿pJ»}JKETpJK×I¿¸C Tp¶G¼KLaEG¼ÁWC JKÁIÁ¼EGLCºIFIC×¼FIFIC ½IETpC1JK¶ºØµ+EGÔTp RÁLTpYITp¼@áéFÖ(½I@ C¿UÄÅJK½I¼KºIµ+T¸¶¶C1· C1F©L\½C¢FI¼}LaECf· J}LmCz¾ Ó P O « Ä p T I ½ 1 C © F a L ¸ T I Æ N µ } J L p T ¼ . F ½ + C f ¶ ? Á K J E K J · ( C Ò a L G E + C , ¶ I ½ º · m ¼ À ½ + C Ò p ¿ C ½IYTpC"µ1Tpµ1C+¼¿ · ù ÁT Ï ¼EM¼©LaOC+·¼íC+Ô F©\LstnªC+¤ ¶GstL] < C1óWÈ C+ïµ(ïKLað º\Ö(C1¾ @fCOJÒ C+¶*¿UÄÅJK¿p¼KTp½Tp¶$C½½Àº!ÄC1¾ La¿pJ}¼}L Ó ÑÎÍÊ Ñ O Ð ùmÉMÍÊ Ô ¹B@ C1L ¹B@áçÖ(< ¿¸C+¶¢C1¾ ¹7ºIJ}LaT¸¼FI¶½ÀÄC1¾ »K¼¿pºLTp¼FÔ ¹@ < ÷·Ü÷ ¹BC1¾ @· È ¼C1T¸L EC÷ ÷ ¹BÔ ÷ @áé¹BÖX@áêJK<T¸FI÷ ¶¹BT;¹;@ CºIC,(L µ1C+÷ ¿¸¹¿pC+@ ¶Rð ÖD½\C1¶G¾ ÆI¼F©FIL¢Tp¶G¶aCzJKÕmF©ÁILP¿pT¸¿`µ+÷ÄÅT¸C(Lmó0C+¾ C(C1L¶ ·Tpµ+Ð EG¼Fk¶GL·EºI¼7µ(½LaºIC+Ò EG¿¸CC\· ½CJKEMµ+La¼KC+· F¶ÁT¸L¼TpEG¹;LºIC+·C\JKC+TpF©FL"¶T7JK¹7½?º0JKÄáÁJKLmº7Cؾ ÕJ*Ò ½IT'¿ÇÂÇJ Ó ¶Æ?¼µNºIJ}¶DLTp¿Ç¼JF0Â9@ ¼KE·C¢ºIFTp½IT¸· C1FI¶T¸¼FIFIC1¿p¿pCfÁ¼ºIE\¿UÄ«Tp½IC1F;LT'Ó ÂNLaC+T¸¾ ¿pEG¿pC+JKF©YLaCC1¶XTpFI¶G½¼¿pºI¿¸¶GTpµ+LT'ELhTpJ}C1¿,LTp¼JrFC(¶¾ LmJKC.¾ ºI·¹;ºITp¶C1¿mC+C1FܶGLRÁI¶¿Ç¼J}ºIµ+·CK@XTp¶QRºI¼FºE¼ºm¿ÇJ Ó Y©C+¶MJKL.·µ+·JKÁ?C JK½×IC\¿¸CLaC1½· CÁ\C+E¾ C1EaJÁILaEºI¼7EG½ICκIçKT¸Eè C*¿ÇéKJ/è½\èëRC+¾ µ1ì¼FI<¶Gµ+¼C\¿p· T¸½?¼7J}La½ÀT¸C+Ò¼¿¸F C 1 C m º Ü Õ L 7 Ú W Á 1 C ¶ À ½ « Ä + C G ¶ a ¶ K J ¸ T ¶ G ¶ ¼ © F L 7 E N C ¾ K J ¸ ¿ p T 7 ¶ 1 C ¾ + ¶ P < h µ ? H } J + µ I º F Ï ½À½ICÄÅC1ºm;ÕÃç ¶ ºIÌÎEÑ ¿pC C1éLé}úÁ¼ûÛºIìEüKýí½IT'óþKC1ÿ ¾ EC+m<F©®LÁWC+¼¶ºLaEC1· ºFIÁ\CC1¾ Ea½IJ}ºLºIEC1ELmC1C¶ ¾ µ1Ú7µ1¿pTp¹;ºICP½CP¿UÄÅJKµ+T¸C+E0· JKEMLaC+F¶T¸LTp¹;ºICéKéKúûUìüKýíþ}ÿ m< ÔUçKè< èè< èèC1LéKèèëfìÖ(@ Á?ÁIJKT¸¿¸JKFIºIE¶¶+T½I<=¹;C1½¶ºIC+C C1¶óW¿pC1JKC1¶®¶LaÁ¶ ÁIC+H\½Iµ(C+C¾ LaF¶¶G¼L¿p·ET(ºIC+¾ C1Ò¶µ(FILaJ}C+ºIºo¶EGC¢½IÁCP½?EJ}L¼7Ú7FIµÁW¶\C+¾ C ½\¿`ÄÅC*E¾ ¼K¼7º½µhLaC*HIT¸¿pC(¿Ç·LRJ}YT¸TpFI¶GCKC.½I@ ºIÏ C+T'F CL c *,' . . c Q ". ç ì . ' 3. d c. . ' Q. '. 3. J O. O. '. 3. 3. W. '. '. M. '. V. 76. c * $. c #. ". c. . . d c #. c. . d c. . Q. /. . `. @. d. . . O. . ". c . Q. c . 6. c . Q. +`. e. ". `. `. d c. Q. 7`.
(14) `. d c. N`. 9. . . -. . 2. '. R&. -. c. ". . Q. -. %. '. c. '. '. '. Q. . W. JYX0Z\[. TV. @ d c . V] M. V O. 3. d c. 8. R . C. . %. ')( . _V V. O +3. '. . '. . Q. $.
(15) Â9½I¼CEG· ½\C(C¾ Â9¼J Ò Eµh· HIJ}JKLaºIT¸½¼F&LaC+¼¿¸¶=ºØ¹;C+ºIFICfµ1¼¿UÄ«ETpCFôI¿ÇºIJ$C+ÁIFIEGµ1TpCζGC½ICÎC1Fà¿ÇJµ1»m¼T'· LaC1Ám¶¶LaCC ½I½IC1C¶Â9E7LC1¾C+¹;·ºIÁIC+FI¶µ1½IC CÖz<R· ¶G¼JKF©T¸LØF;LC1Tp¾ C1Y©FeJK¿pC1½?· JKFIC1¶F©L¿pC1µ1¶¼FIµ(¶GÚ7Tpµ+½\¿pC1C1¾ E7¶!C+¾ ¶1Ô9@C1óWC1F L ¼½IºC/LEEC}C(»<¢C1FIF7¼}º La¼ÔUFIéK¶êèK¹;ëºÀÄáìJ}ºÝÖ(<νI¼C+F©¿L*JñÒ ¿p½IT¸C+Càºõ¿ÇJe½IC1La¶õC+·C(¾ »Á\¼C1¾¿¸ºEaJ}LaLT¸¼ºI÷ FIEC¶ TpÁI·E7C+¾Áµ¼C1¾ EG½ILaC+JKF©F©L¢LaC+FI¶¢C½IÁWCC1º·LfTpµ+µ+EG¼¼F¶G¶LTpE½\ºIC+¾ µ(ELaC1ºIE+EG@ C¹;ºIC¿pC"· ¼7½ÀC+Ò ¿¸C ··C1¼mÒ La½ÀOPEGC1Ò C+Ä¿pC(¶1¾ C}Lh<@WJKJ!ÒÁOPCÄ«Á?Tp½I¶GJKºIC1EMF©LaT¸»}T¸LaEJKT¸ÆIF©½IµNLaC J}C¢LLaµ+TpC+¼¼¶MFFLaµ+¶½IC+C+ºIEG¶ FIFC T'½ÓT¸¿pJóJÕC+¾Tp»}EJKJKC1ºm¿pF©ÕWT¸½?La<¶ J}C+L¶GTp¼LÁ?FJK¶GEº½IJÂǺ ÓÓ ?
(16) jP [hy \[ ç jhj+uKsb7[¢¨1uK^{s'vKlB[uØb[9y ¨N_zuK^{sU]kst Æ?ÁZR¶¼i?JKEG[(F©Ls C+La ·C!i C+ÁF©¼L ºILaE EGTpºI½IFIT¸· C!C1×FI¼¶FIT¸¼FIFICFI½IC1¿®C+¶G½Iµ+º&EGTpÁ·LJTp¼LmFòC+¾ EGTǽJKº ºkµ+Ô ¼·[(] Ó J½IÒ C1µ+¶*¼·C+¾ ÁÁ?E< ¼JKÈ ºEGïC+»KEð C1ÖLG¿ÇJzLaC+@NE7¶O®C1¾ JÎÁWÁI¼KE7½\C+FI¾ C+¾ JK¶· ¿ÇC¢JKJK×JKEGºm¿pµhC+HIÕ·CPC1C+C+¶F©F©¶aLJ}LaTpEG½I¶ C+T¸ÁIC+· EGF©TpC1La¶GFIEGC C+¶µ1ÁIT¸¼¼EGFIFITp¶ F\¶GTp¶C1¾¶GºIC+LE¶C ×IÞ JN»¿¸A\C+C1·µÎÞ ¿pC+ C+F©¶PÐLE7ù TpC+¾ ·@¶GºIÁI¿¸¿ÇLaJ}J}F;LaLm¶XC"¾ Â9¼K½?ºIJ}EFIFI¶T¸¶X¿pCÁ?J}µ+E=¼7¿p½IC,Ck·C+¾ ¼7¿(C+¾ ½·C+Ò ¿¸C+CDF©ÁILa¶E7CN¾ Æ?JKF¿pJTp¶Ó Ì÷ ÷ Ì÷Ê Ñ,÷ ù ADC1ÁDF C+¾ EÑ J}HILaºIC1TEG;CíHØJ}Þ"·@'×I< TÇ J}÷ F;¿ÇLJKC ¶MILa<ü »7 Tp¶G i µ+[h¼j ÁI ¿pJK¶G ®L]?Tpµ1stT¸¤KLm[(C*¾ _hj(J$Ò st^?L[õy C+·b7[Ó [ ÎuK_zspj ê<pÔ Öz@ Ñ JKLaT¸Tp¿pµ ¿pC(Lh»7JKTpº¶Gµ+½ ¼ÁIÈN>¿pïJKð @¶GLTpC1µL ·ù ¼mJ ½
(17) C+¿p ¶ @¸f< T'La Hù La»}ºIJK½mET¸Ú ¼ºI¼K¶fÂñTpFIÁIC1¿Ç¿ÇJKJK¶¶ÓÓ
(18) jhj+uKs¢b7[f¨1uK^`s'vKl?[(_a[(n'uN|;uK^`sU]u&bf[9y ¨N_z LaTpn'µÃuj(· ^`sUg(C1stµh^{H?¦ JK< FIT¸?¶·<Ô ¶ÈNIï<ï é]?Öz<^[(ÁI_zÁÀ]@ uKïK^`sUïÈ ]Ó uKÈ n èè©Néml7@ _z]uKn¨ uK^`sU]!st? j=[hy [ < µhHI C(LaÑ T¸FIÚ7µ+Y ¿¸Tpµ C(ó0ÁIC1µ1¿pJKLa¶¶GILTp< µ+T'LçKÚ ë· ]?¼m^½I[(Cz_(Ó Ñ H?¿pJKTpF×Y ¼7µhHIJ}C FI½ @ÅEOPJ}@¸La ¨N]u(©uK_ ^`sUnªsUg][(uK]7uK^`vKncsUst]0]gh[hjh[(w ]N_z ¨NstlB[(]7_aghv [(j ]0gh]?[{uK^_z[(]s'_z¬s{uK]ghnáj+u ] <Wj(Ô ^{È st^tïK^`i?l7ð [h^`Öst(_(¤K@¦ [ n'uKu ]Xb j Ñ H?µ1JKÚ7×µ+¼7¿¸Tpµhµ HIC Á¿ÇJK@á¶MOPLa@'Tp!< µ1T¸L Ú Ñ ¼KFIJKF¶GL½ T¸Laºmµ1LaÚ7T¸»Kµ+C ¿¸Tpµ C+¹;º?»mJ}T¸¶Lµ1Tp¼¼ÁIF¿Ç¶àJ}¶GÂ9La¼T4EÓ µ+Ô È T¸LïÚ"ðKIï <Ö( <I]?Á^ÁÀ[(_z@]ç uK ^`sU]è©uKçmn;@?lm_z]uKnB¨\\n'uj(^`sUg(st^{¦ <$#À< Ñ H?QXJKJK׺I¼7¿¸µh· HIT¸%C C+E*@ÅQRO@'@'<&< Ê ö ¼¼7º?½IJ}C+Tp¿p¿¸HITpFIJKYܶ ¼KÏ Â@¸<LaHIQXCÃJKµ1µ1¼Ú7ºµ+¿¸Tpµ/Ï @EC1C1¶MLÓ ÁWÈ ¼ð F¶J}C ¿p¿p¼ JK'Ú FI½< EJ}l7La_aµhhHI?C([LauKT¸FI] Y NC1l7óW_zC+]µ1uKLnP¶°¨¼F [hÉ ghFIiµ+uK¼K]?FIsUC+gh¿w (?j nªs{bj <)+*< È <®Ô È ïïÈ Ö(<IÁIÁ0@ È è È Ó È ç È @ Ï C+C+¿pF JKYFIÂ{C1J}¶ LaT¸YºIÏ C @'< T¸¶¼KÑLHI¼C+·EG· Á¼C EGLC+½À·ÄáJ}C+µ+F©TpC1L E¶ C1L J Ò ¼LaC+ºmF;LaºITp¿¸C ¶
(19) jhj+uKsu*gh]?^{_GuKst]?^[st? j=[hy [ LaV TpYKð©ºIIÑ,C x*Ï <p¼éÔ ÈN¿pT¸ïYïJK¼mºð µ(ÖzLÚ7@¼µ+ºI¿pT¸E ¹;ºI½IC(ÓÛC C+FI½I¿pJ ºEaJKLaFIEaµ1J}CFII¶<T'LaTp¼KF ^9i [hÂ{Jj [Ó ö JKµ+¿¸ETpC1FIC+T¸-Á F fÊ T'@ LaÊ H@KJKC1L,FITp ¶G¼KH?LaJ}EG½¼âGÁITpT¸FIµ¶ ©H?ÚJKE>½C+@ ö FIT¸FI@'<.Y 'Ë HI]?C+^¼[(EM_zÚ]¼KuK ^`+sU0®]<uKÔ È n ï NçlmÖz_z<I]ÁIuKÁÀn,@¨ç ©éÓM[hç gh©iêuK@ ]?sUghjuK]bj g(sU[(]0gh[h+j / < Ê ¼KC1º?LJK½ITp¿¸C.H?JK¿p¶JÏ EC1@¸¶G1< LaJKöºIEa¼7J½\LaTpC1¾¼K¿pFkTp¶J}C+LaFeT¸¼»7FàTp¶G½µ+C.¼ÁI¿U¿pÄC+JK¾ µ1¶GEL¼Tpµ1ºIT¸LmT¸¶C¾ ¶JKµ1YÚ©C Ó Z\ntnp+£+lB[ x [hy guKuK^Rl;jhj spj QPTp¿'µ+nª»msp¿pj+T¸T¸¹;uKF*^`ºIsUQRCI@'] 2< < <® Ô ù È T ïÏ ï¼©ð OÖ(@¼»C1E¶T¸¼F&ç 8 .< ^{sU<pghÔ [È ïKbð l7Ö^{(st@ V0H?LaJKHIFC1YE· VXJK@ ¿Ï Ñ C1¿ÇÚ7JKµ+Y¿¸TpFµDC+Q¶ ¿pÏ JK¶G@LC1TpL µ1T¸ADLÚ C1Eö FIHI¼7JK½IEGC+L ¿¸¿p>TpF@'Y<¼Kޢ öFITpJ}¶G¼}EMÓÓ La^`s'C+vKFl?¶[T¸L<?Tp¶µ ¼ù ºLa¶¢C1C+ÁI¿¸EG¶ C+I¶G3< ¶CK ]?@ ^[(_z]uK^`sU]uKn Nl7_z]uKnÀ¨¨1uK
(20) 0é b7lBg(spjhj [([(]?^\bKl*uK^?[(y _zs{uKl 800. sim exp. 600. −2. dε/dt = 10. 400. −1. s. °. T = 500 C. Contrainte σ (MPa). 200. 0. −200. −400. −600. −800. −1000 −8. −6. −4. −2. 0 déformation ε. 2. 4. 6. 8. −3. x 10. 800. sim exp. 600. dε/dt = 10−2 s−1. 400. °. T = 500 C. Contrainte σ (MPa). 200. 0. −200. . −400. −600. −800. −1000 −0.01. −0.008. −0.006. −0.004. −0.002. 0 0.002 déformation ε. 0.004. 0.006. 0.008. 0.01. &. 1000. sim exp. dσ/dt = 100 MPa.s−1 °. T = 500 C. Contrainte σ (MPa). 500. 0. −500 0.01. 0.015. 0.02. 0.025 0.03 déformation ε. 0.035. 0.04. 0.045. . 950. sim exp.
(21) . dε/dt = 10−2 s−1. T = 500° C. Contrainte σMAX (MPa). 900. . 850. . 800. 0. 0.5. 1. 1.5 2 2.5 3 déformation plastique cumulée p. 3.5. 4. 4.5. .
(22)
Documents relatifs
Abbreviations used: DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GST, glutathione S-transferase;
To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed
Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à
Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine
En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages
Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur
A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated
The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide