• Aucun résultat trouvé

Elaborer un curriculum de formation et en assurer la qualité

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Elaborer un curriculum de formation et en assurer la qualité"

Copied!
16
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-00826918

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00826918

Submitted on 28 May 2013

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Elaborer un curriculum de formation et en assurer la

qualité

Marc Demeuse

To cite this version:

Marc Demeuse. Elaborer un curriculum de formation et en assurer la qualité. Florence Parent & Jean Jouquan. Penser la formation des professionnels de la santé. Une perspective intégrative, De Boeck, pp.315-330, 2013, Pédagogies en développement, 978-2-8041-7623-5. �hal-00826918�

(2)

!"#$%&'()*+),-#./'(')01)20''%20-03)4()5/'3#&%/1)

(&)(1)#660'(')-#)70#-%&8

*

)

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

!"2# $%#3/%3'+&#&(4.#(536'#

!

]1%3! "#0#%'#! #6! O63+%H#(! >DEENY.! %(! 4%33&4%/%0! 41('&'6#! #(! %(! $/+(! ),+46&1(! 9%&! ',&('$&3#! )#'! H+/#%3'! 9%,%(#! '14&-6-.! %(#! 13<+(&'+6&1(! 1%! %(#! &('6&6%6&1(! '1%5+&6#! $3101%H1&3Z! M#'! H+/#%3'! ',#=$3&0#(6! )+('! /#'! 2&(+/&6-'! +''&<(-#'! [! /,#('#0U/#! )#'! 2130+6&1('! 0+&'! +%''&! [! 63+H#3'! /#! 21(46&1((#Q! 0#(6! 5+U&6%#/! )#! /,13<+(&'+6&1(Z! _#! 4%33&4%/%0! +&('&! 41(X%! 1223#! %(#! H&'&1(! ),#('#0U/#.! $/+(&2&-#.! '63%46%3-#! #6! 415-3#(6#! )#'! )&3#46&H#'! $-)+<1<&9%#'! '#/1(! /#'9%#//#'!&/!',+<&6!),13<+(&'#3!#6!<-3#3!/,+$$3#(6&''+<#!#(!21(46&1(!)#'!3-'%/6+6'!+66#()%'Z! _#!4%33&4%/%0!',+36&4%/#!+%61%3!)#!'&=!410$1'+(6#'!`!

aZ! /#'!+$$3#(6&''+<#'![!&('6+//#3!G!!

DZ!! /#'!'63+6-<&#'!$-)+<1<&9%#'!#6!/#'!$314#''%'!)&)+46&9%#'![!0#663#!#(!b%H3#!G!! cZ!! /#'! '%$$136'! )&)+46&9%#'! 1%! /#'! +&)#'! $-)+<1<&9%#'! )#'6&(-#'! ),%(#! $+36.! +%=! %6&/&'+6#%3'.!),+%63#!$+36.!+%=!+$$3#(+(6'!>/#'!)14%0#(6'!)1(6!/#'!0+(%#/'.!/#!0+6-3&#/! )&)+46&9%#.!/,1%6&//+<#.!ZZZY.!+&('&!9%#!/#'!)&3#46&H#'!41(4#3(+(6!/#%3!%6&/&'+6&1(!G!

FZ! /#'!41(6#(%'Q0+6&73#'!1%!41(6#(%'!)&'4&$/&(+&3#'!G!!

KZ! /#'! 3-'%/6+6'! #22#46&H#0#(6! +66#()%'! #6! /#'! 01)+/&6-'! ),-H+/%+6&1(! +%=9%#//#'! &/! 41(H&#(6! )#! 3#41%3&3! +2&(! )#! H-3&2&#3! )+('! 9%#//#! 0#'%3#! /#'! +$$3#(6&''+<#'! '1(6! 0+d63&'-'!G!!

NZ!! /#'! 01)+/&6-'! )#! <#'6&1(! )%! 4%33&4%/%0! >8! 410$3&'.! $+3! #=#0$/#.! /+! 2130+6&1(! &(&6&+/#!#6!41(6&(%#!(-4#''+&3#![!'+!0&'#!#(!b%H3#!$+3!/#'!2130+6#%3'YZ!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

"!

Ce chapitre s!inspire largement de l!ouvrage de Demeuse et Strauven (2006) et du chapitre de Demeuse,

(3)

!

M#! 41(4#$6! (#! '#! /&0&6#! )1(4! $+'! [! /+! ^%=6+$1'&6&1(! )#! 0+6&73#'! $3#'43&6#'! )+('! %(! $31<3+00#.! 4100#! 1(! /#! 41(X1&6! #(413#! 631$! '1%H#(6! )+('! /,#('#&<(#0#(6! '%$-3&#%3.! 1%! 0\0#![!/+!(16&1(!)#!$31<3+00#!4100#!#('#0U/#!)#!'+H1&3'.!'+H1&3'!2+&3#!#6!'+H1&3'!\63#! 1%!)#!410$-6#(4#'![!>2+&3#Y!+49%-3&3.!)+('!/#!4+)3#!),%(!#('#&<(#0#(6!1U/&<+61&3#DZ! !"7# 8%&('#9-:('#/(5;5%<,'#'&#/-&5,#&'36%5=-'# ! e/+U13#3!%(!4%33&4%/%0!41('6&6%#!%(#!b%H3#!13&<&(+/#Z!P1%6#21&'.!4#!4+3+4673#!(#!'&<(&2&#!$+'! 9%,&/!$%&''#!\63#!/#!$31)%&6!%(&9%#!)#!41(4#$6&1('!#6!),&(&6&+6&H#'!$#3'1((#//#'.!0\0#!'&!'#'! 41('63%46#%3'! U-(-2&4&#(6! ),%(#! 0+3<#! )#! /&U#36-! $+321&'! &0$136+(6#Z! f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

!

"+('! /+! 0#'%3#! 1g! &/! U1%'4%/#! /#'! $3+6&9%#'! $-)+<1<&9%#'! #(! H&<%#%3! #6! 3#0#6! #(! 4+%'#! 4#36+&(#'! 41(4#$6&1('! 6#(%#'! ^%'9%#Q/[! $1%3! +49%&'#'.! %(! (1%H#+%! 4%33&4%/%0! #=&<#! %(#! 3#'63%46%3+6&1(!)#!'4570#'!)#!$#('-#!#6!),+46&1(.!%(#!3#)-2&(&6&1(!)#'!43&673#'!)#!3-2-3#(4#! #6!%(!3#$1'&6&1((#0#(6!$+3!3+$$136![!4#'!)#3(&#3'Z!f(#!6#//#!'&6%+6&1(!'%'4&6#!<-(-3+/#0#(6! 9%#/9%#!+(<1&''#!1%!&(9%&-6%)#!)#!/+!$+36!)#'!$#3'1((#'!45+3<-#'!)#!'+!0&'#!#(!b%H3#Z!_+! 3-'&'6+(4#! [! /,&((1H+6&1(! #'6! +&('&! $3-H&'&U/#! #6! )1&6! \63#! 41('&)-3-#! 4100#! %(#! 3-+46&1(! (+6%3#//#! #6! (130+/#.! #6! (1(! $+'! '%UH#3'&H#! >h+(! _11(! @! ]+3#(6.! DEacYZ! _+! $3-'#(4#! )#! /#+)#3'! 4+$+U/#'! ),+0#(#3! /#'! 3#'$1('+U/#'! $1/&6&9%#'! #6! +)0&(&'63+6&2'! [! /&U-3#3! /#'! 3#''1%34#'! (-4#''+&3#'.! )#! $#3'%+)#3! /#'! %6&/&'+6#%3'! )%! U&#(Q21()-! )#! /,#(63#$3&'#! #6! )#! )8(+0&'#3!/#!45+(<#0#(6!^1%#!%(!3i/#!)-6#30&(+(6!$1%3!'+!3-%''&6#!>_#613.!DEacYZ!

!

f(!4%33&4%/%0!#'6!)1(4!%(!$31)%&6!-0&(#00#(6!4%/6%3#/.!4,#'6Q[Q)&3#!3#/+6&2![!%(!#('#0U/#! 41(6&(<#(6! )#! '&<(&2&4+6&1('! >j#&(#.! _&4+6+! @! L**&.! DEacY.! 0\0#! )+('! /#'! )10+&(#'! /#'! $/%'! 6#45(&9%#'!#(!+$$+3#(4#Z!k/!$%&'#!'#'!3+4&(#'!)+('!/#'!2&(+/&6-'!)%!'8'670#!),-)%4+6&1(.!)+('! /,5&'61&3#!)%!'8'670#!-)%4+6&2!#6!)#!/+!'14&-6-!41('&)-3-'!G!'#'!41(6#(%'!'1(6!63&U%6+&3#'!)#! U#'1&('! $+36&4%/&#3'! +%=9%#/'! &/! ',#22134#! )#! 3-$1()3#! #22&4+4#0#(6Z! M,#'6! /+! 3+&'1(! $1%3! /+9%#//#! /+! 63+('$/+(6+6&1(! $%3#! #6! '&0$/#! ),%(! 4%33&4%/%0! ),%(! #(H&31((#0#(6! [! %(! +%63#! 3&'9%#! 2136! )#! 41()%&3#! [! /,-45#4.! 0\0#! ',&/! +! 3-%''&! $+32+&6#0#(6! )+('! /#! $3#0&#3! #(H&31((#0#(6Z!

!

O,&/!#'6!$3&013)&+/!),+4413)#3!%(#!+66#(6&1(!'1%6#(%#![!'1(!-/+U13+6&1(.!'+!0&'#!#(!b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

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

#!

Nous distinguerons ici le terme « programme de formation » qui consiste en la mise en œuvre pratique d!un

(4)

3+$$136'! #(63#! /#'! +46#%3'.! 0+&' +%''&! /+ 0+(&73#! )1(6! #//#! -H+/%#! '1(! 21(46&1((#0#(6! #6! &0+<&(#!'#'!01)#'!),&(6#3H#(6&1(Z!

!

M#/+! &(6#3)&6! (+6%3#//#0#(6! %(#! +$$3145#! &()-$#()+(6#! )#! 61%6#! H+/#%3! >!"#$%&'(%%Y! )#! /,-H+/%+6&1(!>O6%22/#U#+0.!aWWFYZ!

P) :<)OK;=!KDI)F<)K,FHD=,))

2"!# >(&53-,'(#,'.#*5??1('%&.#&0+'.#*'#3-((53-,-).#

!

O&! %(! 4%33&4%/%0! (,#'6! $+'! %(! $31<3+00#.! +%! '#('! )#'! :!$31<3+00#'! ),-6%)#'!;! 9%#! (1%'! $1%H1('! 3#(41(63#3! )+('! /,#('#&<(#0#(6! 2130#/.! &/! 41(H&#(6! ),#=+0&(#3! /#'! 3-+/&6-'! 9%,&/! 3#41%H3#! #6! /+! 0+(&73#! )1(6! &/! $#%6! '#! )-4/&(#3! #22#46&H#0#(6Z! _+! /&66-3+6%3#! )&'6&(<%#! 4/+''&9%#0#(6!9%+63#!68$#'!)#!4%33&4%/%0'Z!

!

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aWWD.!$Z NSYZ! ! _#!'#41()!68$#!#'6!9%+/&2&-!)#!:!4%33&4%/%0!&0$/+(6-!;!1%!:!$3#'6-!;Z!k/!',+<&6!)%!4%33&4%/%0! 9%&!#'6!#22#46&H#0#(6!0&'!#(!b%H3#!$+3!/#'!#('#&<(+(6'!#6!/#'!2130+6#%3'Z! ! _#!631&'&70#!68$#!)#!4%33&4%/%0!$#%6!\63#!)&H#3'#0#(6!9%+/&2&-!:!:!0+d63&'-!;.!:!3-+/&'-!;!1%! #(413#! :!+$$3&'!;Z! k/! )-'&<(#! /+! $+36&#! )%! 4%33&4%/%0! 2130#/! #22#46&H#0#(6! 0+d63&'-#! $+3! /#'! +$$3#(+(6'Z! _#'! 3-'%/6+6'! 1U6#(%'! +%=! -$3#%H#'! ),-H+/%+6&1(! $#30#66#(6! )#! 6&3#3! )#'! 41(4/%'&1('! [! 4#! '%^#6.! 0\0#! '&! /#'! +$$3#(+(6'! $#%H#(6! -<+/#0#(6! 0+d63&'#3! ),+%63#'! -/-0#(6'!(1(!-H+/%-'!>H1&3#!(1(!$3-H%'!0+&'!H-5&4%/-'.!$+3!#=#0$/#.![!63+H#3'!/#!4%33&4%/%0! 4+45-YZ!

!

_#!4%33&4%/%0!:!4+45-!;c.!:!&0$/&4&6#!;!1%!:!/+6#(6!;.!410$3#()!)#'!#=$-3&#(4#'.!)#'!+46&1('! ),-)%4+6&1(! 1%! )#! 2130+6&1(.! &(6#(6&1((#//#'! 1%! (1(.! 1U'#3H+U/#'! 1%! (1(`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l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

$!

(5)

$1(46%+/&6-ZZZY!1%.!+%!41(63+&3#.!(-<+6&H#'!>#'610$#0#(6!)#'!(130#'.!'1/&)+3&6-!)#!413$'!+%! )-63&0#(6!)#'!%'+<#3'ZZZYZ!L&('&.!4,#'6!+%''&![!63+H#3'!/+!0+(&73#!)1(6!/#'!+$$3#(+(6'!H&H#(6!/+! 2130+6&1(! $3+6&9%#! #6! $+'! '#%/#0#(6! /13'! )#'! 41%3'! 65-13&9%#'! 9%,&/'! )-H#/1$$#(6! 1%! (1(.! $+3!#=#0$/#.!%(#!-65&9%#!$312#''&1((#//#!>j+22#368!#6!m3+(C'.!aWWFYZ!M,#'6!$+321&'!+%''&!)+('! /+! 0+(&73#! ),13<+(&'#3! /#'! $+341%3'! )#! 2130+6&1(! 9%,%(#! $+36&#! )%! 4%33&4%/%0! &0$/&4&6#! '#! (&45#!>O1#6#n#8.!"%31&'&(!#6!"#0#%'#.!DEaaYZ!

2"2# >(&53-,'(#,'.#*5??1('%&.#%5:'<-@#*'#*135.5/%#

!

]1%3! o1'&#3! @! p##H#'! >aWWaY.! /#! 4%33&4%/%0! 2130#/! 3#(H1&#! <-(-3+/#0#(6! +%! (&H#+%! )#'! )-4&)#%3'!#6!)%!$1%H1&3!4#(63+/!+/13'!9%#!/#!4%33&4%/%0!&0$/+(6-!3#(H1&#!+%!(&H#+%!)#'!/&#%=! )#! 2130+6&1(! >-41/#'.! 4#(63#'! )#! 2130+6&1(.! 4/+''#'Y! #6! 9%#.! 2&(+/#0#(6.! /#! 4%33&4%/%0! 0+d63&'-!'#!3+$$136#![!/,+$$3#(+(6!/%&Q0\0#Z!_#!$+''+<#!)%!4%33&4%/%0!2130#/!+%!4%33&4%/%0! #22#46&H#0#(6! 0+d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o1#<&#3'!>aWWqY!&)#(6&2&#!9%+63#!2+46#%3'!41(6#=6%#/'!9%&!$#%H#(6!&(6#3H#(&3.!/13'!)#!/+!0&'#! #(!b%H3#!),%(!4%33&4%/%0 `!! aY!/#!41(6#=6#!<-(-3+/!G!! DY!/#'!U#'1&('!)#'!+46#%3'!G!! cY!/#!21(46&1((#0#(6!)#!/,&('6&6%6&1(!),#('#&<(#0#(6!1%!)#!2130+6&1(!G!! FY!/#!4+)3#!(130+6&2Z!! I1%'!+^1%61('![!4#'!9%+63#!2+46#%3'!`! KY!/#'!$3+6&9%#'!'14&+/#'!)#!3-2-3#(4#Z! ! _#!41(6#=6#!<-(-3+/!>aY!3#H1&#!+%!4+)3#!$1/&6&9%#.!'14&1Q-41(10&9%#!#6!4%/6%3#/!9%&!+22#46#.! )&3#46#0#(6! 1%! &()&3#46#0#(6.! /#! 21(46&1((#0#(6! )#! /,#('#0U/#! )%! '8'670#! )#! 2130+6&1(! >"#0#%/#0##'6#3.! DEac!G! ]#'6&+%=.! B1#/#(.! I+n+3! @! _+)(#3.! DEacYZ! M#/+! 41(4#3(#.! $+3! #=#0$/#.! /+! $/+4#! +4413)-#! [! /,#('#&<(#0#(6! 6#45(&9%#! #6! $312#''&1((#/! )+('! /#'! $+8'! #(! )-H#/1$$#0#(6!$+3!3+$$136!+%!'#46#%3!(1(!2130#/!1%!&(2130#/!>p&(<!@!]+/0#3.!DEaaYZ!

!

_+!3-2/#=&1(!+%61%3!)#!/+!41(4#$6&1(!),%(!4%33&4%/%0!)1&6!+%''&!$3#()3#!#(!410$6#!/+!(16&1(! )#! U#'1&(! >DY! #6! $+'! '#%/#0#(6! 4#//#! )#! )#0+()#! #6! 4#.! [! )#%=! (&H#+%= `! /#'! U#'1&('! )#'! +$$3#(+(6'.! [! /+! 21&'! 4100#! 4&618#('! #6! 4100#! 63+H+&//#%3'! $16#(6&#/'.! #6! /#'! U#'1&('! )#! /,13<+(&'+6&1(! '%'4#$6&U/#! )#! /#'! #0$/18#3! #6! )#! /+! '14&-6-! )+('! '1(! #('#0U/#Z! k/! (,#'6! $+'! 61%^1%3'!+&'-!)#!2+&3#!/+!$+36!)#'!451'#'!#(63#!/#'!H-3&6+U/#'!U#'1&('!#6!/#'!)#0+()#'Z!L&('&.! /#'! #0$/18#%3'! $#%H#(6Q&/'! '1%5+&6#3! )&'$1'#3! )#! 63+H+&//#%3'! 5+%6#0#(6! 9%+/&2&-'! +/13'! 0\0#! 9%#! /#'! '+/+&3#'! 9%,&/'! $#%H#(6! 1223&3.! 0+&'! '%361%6! /#'! 6r45#'! [! #22#46%#3.! (#! /#! 3#9%&73#(6!$+'Z!"#!/+!0\0#!0+(&73#.!/#'!+$$3#(+(6'!$#%H#(6Q&/'!$+3!#=#0$/#!)-'&3#3!'%&H3#!

(6)

4#36+&(#'!213Q!0+6&1('.!+/13'!0\0#!9%,#//#'!(#!/#%3!$#30#6631(6!$+'!),1U6#(&3!%(!#0$/1&!1%! 9%,#//#'!(#!4133#'$1()#(6!$+'!+%=!0-6&#3'!9%,&/'!&0+<&(#(6!#=#34#3Z!

!

_#!21(46&1((#0#(6!)#'!&('6&6%6&1('!),#('#&<(#0#(6!#6!)#!2130+6&1(!>cY!(#!$#%6!\63#!(-</&<-Z! L&('&.! +/13'! 0\0#! 9%#! 4#36+&(#'! -41/#'! )-4/+3#(6! H&'#3! /,+%61(10&#! )#! /#%3'! +$$3#(+(6'.! 4#//#'Q4&! $#%H#(6! 0#663#! #(! $/+4#! )#'! $314-)%3#'! 6+6&//1((#'! #6! )-3#'$1('+U&/&'+(6#'! 9%&! &(6#3)&'#(6!61%6#!&(&6&+6&H#Z!

!

_+! /-<&'/+6&1(! #(! H&<%#%3! >FY.! 9%&! 21%3(&6! %(! 4+)3#! (130+6&2! [! /+! 2130+6&1(! 1%.! $/%'! '&0$/#0#(6.! /#'! 018#('! )&'$1(&U/#'.! +<&''#(6! #(! 6+(6! 9%#! 41(63+&(6#'! '%3! /#! 4%33&4%/%0! #6! /&0&6#(6! /+! /&U#36-! )#'! 41(4#$6#%3'! #6! )#'! +46#%3'! 1%.! +%! 41(63+&3#.! +<&''#(6! 4100#! )#'! -/-0#(6'!2+H13+U/#'Z!

!

l! 4#'! -/-0#(6'! ',+^1%6#(6! %(! )#3(&#3! 2+46#%3! [! $3#()3#! #(! 410$6#! )+('! /+! )-0+345#! ),-/+U13+6&1(!)%!4%33&4%/%0 `!/#'!$3+6&9%#'!'14&+/#'!)#!3-2-3#(4#!>KYZ!k/!',+<&6!&4&!)#!$3#()3#! #(! 410$6#! /+! 0+(&73#! )1(6! /#'! 6r45#'! '1(6! #22#46&H#0#(6! +''%3-#'! )+('! /+! H&#! $312#''&1((#//#!3-#//#.!/+!4%/6%3#!)#!/,13<+(&'+6&1(!#6!/#'!(130#'!#6!41%6%0#'!)#!4#//#Q4&Z!M#6! +'$#46! #'6! ),+%6+(6! $/%'! &0$136+(6! 9%,&/! ',+<&3+! ),-/+U13#3! %(! 4%33&4%/%0! 9%&! $1%33+&6! \63#! 0&'!#(!b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

V(! $#%6! #'$-3#3! 9%#! $/%'! /#'! %6&/&'+6#%3'! '#! 2+0&/&+3&'#(6! +H#4! /+! 0&'#! #(! b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b%H3#!',+0-/&13#(6!#22#46&H#0#(6.!),+%63#'!$#%H#(6.!+%!41(63+&3#.!'#! )-<3+)#3Z! V(! 41('&)73#! 9%,&/! 8! +! )-6-3&13+6&1(! '&! /#'! 3-'%/6+6'! 1U6#(%'! ',-/1&<(#(6! )#'! 3-'%/6+6'! +66#()%'! )#! 0+(&73#! '&<(&2&4+6&H#! $1%3! /,#('#0U/#! )#'! +$$3#(+(6'.! $1%3! 4#36+&('! -6+U/&''#0#(6'! ),#('#&<(#0#(6! 1%! 4#(63#'! )#! 2130+6&1(! 1%! #(413#! $1%3! )#'! '1%'Q<31%$#'! $+36&4%/&#3'! )#! /+! $1$%/+6&1(Q4&U/#Z! k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

!

_,%(! )#'! +'$#46'! #''#(6&#/'! )%! $+''+<#! )%! 41(4#$6! )#! $31<3+00#.! 4100#! &(H#(6+&3#! ),+$$3#(6&''+<#'![!2+&3#!+49%-3&3.![!4#/%&!)#!4%33&4%/%0!3-'&)#!)1(4!)+('!/+!0+(&73#!)1(6!1(!

(7)

#(H&'+<#!'+!41(4#$6&1(.!0+&'!'%3Q!61%6!'1(!+)+$6+6&1(.![!63+H#3'!/#!$&/16+<#!)#!/+!2130+6&1(! #6!$+'!'#%/#0#(6!/+!H-3&2&4+6&1(!)#!'+!0&'#!#(!b%H3#![!63+H#3'!/,&('$#46&1(!#6!/#!41(63i/#!)#! 41(2130&6-!>?1%9%+(!@!]+3#(6.!DEacYZ!

7"2# >-D*',C#*-#3/%&(E,'#*'#3/%?/()5&1#

!

M#! $&/16+<#! 3#$1'#! ),+U13)! '%3! /#! 3#4%#&/! ),&(2130+6&1('Z! k/! 2+%6! $1%H1&3! )&'Q! $1'#3! ),&(2130+6&1('! 2&+U/#'! #6! %6&/&'+U/#'.! +$$3-5#()-#'! +%! 63+H#3'! )#! 4#! 9%#! (10U3#! ),+%6#%3'! (100#! /#'! :!&()&4+6#%3'!;Z! f(! &()&4+6#%3! 3-'%/6#! )#! /,1$-3+6&1((+/&'+6&1(! )#! 43&673#'! >"#0#%'#.!DEENUYZ!O+!21(46&1(!#'6!)#!)1((#3!)#'!3#('#&<(#0#(6'!'%3!/#'!3-'%/6+6'!1%!'%3!/#! 410$136#0#(6! ),%(! '8'670#! ),#('#&<(#0#(6Z! _#'! &()&4+6#%3'! $#%H#(6! \63#! %6&/&'-'! $1%3! &(2130#3! /#'! $+36&#'! $3#(+(6#'! >)-4&)#%3'.! #('#&<(+(6'.! -/7H#'.! $+3#(6'! #6! /#! $%U/&4! #(! <-(-3+/!s B166+(&!@!P%&^0+(.!aWWFY!#6!$+'!'#%/#0#(6!$1%3!'+(46&1((#3!/#'!-4+36'![!/+!(130#Z! _#'!&()&4+6#%3'!21%3(&''#(6!-<+/#0#(6!%(#!U+'#!$#30#66+(6!)#!'%'4&6#3!)#!(1%H#//#'!H&'&1('! #6!)#!(1%H#//#'!+66#(6#'Z!

!

k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`! :! 61%6#! 6#(6+6&H#! )#! 4/+3&2&4+6&1(! #'6! $#3X%#! +H#4! %(! 3&'9%#! )#! 0&'#! #(! $-3&/! ),%(! -9%&/&U3#! '14&+/!61%^1%3'!23+<&/#!;!>"+%H&'&'.!DEEN.!$Z KSYZ!k/!41(H&#(6!)1(4.!$1%3!-H&6#3!+%!0+=&0%0!/#'! 0+/#(6#()%'.! )#! )&'$1'#3! ),%(! 3-2-3#(6&#/! 1%! ),#(! 41('63%&3#! %(.! 9%&! '#3H&3+! )#! U+'#! [! 45+9%#! -H+/%+6&1(! )%! 4%33&4%/%0.! #6! )#! U&#(! )14%0#(6#3! [! /+! 21&'! /#'! 43&673#'! >/#'! <3+()#'! )&0#('&1('! -H+/%-#'.! 4100#! /+! $#36&(#(4#! 1%! /,#22&4+4&6-Y! #6! /#'! &()&4+6#%3'! 9%&! '#31(6! %6&/&'-'! >"#0#%'#.! "%31&'&(! #6! O1#6#n#8.! DEaDYZ! M,#'6! 4#! 9%#! m&<+3&! @! P1%30#(! >DEENY! (100#(6! :!3-2-3#(6&+/&'+6&1(!;Z! M#! 41(4#$6! &0$/&9%#.! 4100#! #(! $3&(4&$#! 61%6#! )-0+345#! ),-H+/%+6&1(.!/#'!4+3+46-3&'6&9%#'!'%&H+(6#' `!

Q )-2&(&3!/,1U^#6![!-H+/%#3!G!!

Q /#!'&6%#3!)+('!%(!41(6#=6#!#6!#(!3#$-3#3!/#'!+46#%3'!G!

Q !#(!2&=#3!/#'!3-2-3#(6'!>4,#'6Q[Q)&3#!+663&U%#3![!6#/'!1%!6#/'!-/-0#(6'!#=6-3&#%3'![!/,1U^#6! %(#!21(46&1(!)#!:!410$+3+(6'!;!$+3!3+$$136!+%=9%#/'!&/!'#3+!0#'%3-Y!G!!

Q -/+U13#3! )#'! 43&673#'! #6! )#'! &()&4+6#%3'! ),-H+/%+6&1(! >4,#'6Q[Q)&3#! )#'! 9%+/&2&+(6'! )#! /,+$$3-4&+6&1(!#6!)#'!63+4#'!)#!/#%3!#=&'6#(4#!1%!)#!/#%3!&0$136+(4#Y!G!!

Q 3#('#&<(#3! /#'! &()&4+6#%3'! +H#4! )#'! )1((-#'! >$+3! /#! 3#41%3'! +%=! 9%#'6&1((#0#(6'! #6! +%=!1U'#3H+6&1('Y!G!!

Q &(6#3$3-6#3!#6!3#'6&6%#3!/#'!3-'%/6+6'!>4,#'6Q[Q)&3#!-/+U13#3!%(#!$5+'#!),&(6-<3+6&1(!)#'! )&+<(1'6&4'! #6! )#'! 3#4100+()+6&1('! #(! $3-H18+(6! /#'! &(6#3+46&1('! +H#4! /#'! $+36#(+&3#'!)#!/,-H+/%+6&1(YZ!

7"7"#F/*1,5.'(#-%#+(/3'..-.#3/)+,'@'#

!

T(! 4#! 9%&! 41(4#3(#! /#'! 43&673#'! [! $3#()3#! #(! 410$6#.! &/! #=&'6#! $/%'&#%3'! 0+(&73#'! )#! /#'! )-2&(&3Z! ]1%3! (163#! $+36.! (1%'! 3#41%31('! +''#*! <-(-3+/#0#(6! +%! 01)7/#! $31$1'-! $+3!

(8)

B1%45+3)! #6! ]/+(6#! >DEEDY.! )#%=! +%6#%3'! 9%-U-41&'! 9%&! +36&4%/#(6! (#%2! )&0#('&1('! #''#(6&#//#'! >43&673#'Y! 9%,&/'! 9%+/&2&#(6! )#! :! 9%+/&6-'! 63+('H#3'+/#'! ;! $+34#! 9%,#//#'! '1(6! $3-'#(6#'!9%#/!9%#!'1&6!/#!4%33&4%/%0!-H+/%-.!)+('!%(!01)7/#!+(+/86&9%#!)#!/,-H+/%+6&1(!)#! /+! 9%+/&6-! ),%(#! +46&1(! )#! 2130+6&1(Z! k/'! #(H&'+<#(6! +&('& `! /+! $#36&(#(4#.! /,[Q$31$1'.! /,#22&4+4&6-.! /,#22&4&#(4#.! /,&0$+46.! /+! 415-3#(4#.! /+! '8(#3<&#.! /+! )%3+U&/&6-! #6! /+! 2/#=&U&/&6-Z! M5+9%#! 9%+/&6-! 63+('H#3'+/#! #'6! )1(4! -H+/%-#! #(! #=+0&(+(6! /#! )#<3-! )#! 4133#'$1()+(4#! #(63#!)#%=!)&0#('&1('!>$+3!#=#0$/#.!/,#22&4+4&6-!#'6!-H+/%-#!#(!#=+0&(+(6!/#!3+$$136!#(63#! /#'!1U^#46&2'!)-4/+3-'!#6!/#'!3-'%/6+6'!1U6#(%'!<3r4#!+%!$31<3+00#YZ!_,-H+/%+6&1(!)#!45+4%(#! )#'!9%+/&6-'!63+('H#3'+/#'!$#30#6!)#!01)-/&'#3.!)#!0+(&73#!0%/6&)&0#('&1((#//#.!/+!9%+/&6-! </1U+/#!),%(!4%33&4%/%0Z!_#!3#41%3'![!)#'!&()&4+6#%3'!$1%3!45+4%(#!)#'!)&0#('&1('!$#30#6! ),1$-3+6&1((+/&'#3!/,+(+/8'#!#6!)#!'136&3!),%(#!&0$3#''&1(!2/1%#Z! !

_+! $#36&(#(4#! #'6! /,%(#! )#'! 9%+/&6-'! 63+('H#3'+/#'! 9%&! &0$1'#! %(#! )-2&(&6&1(! $3-4&'#! #6! 1$-3+6&1((#//#!)#'!1U^#46&2'!)%!4%33&4%/%0!#6!)#'!U#'1&('!)#'!&()&H&)%'Z!M,#'6!-H&)#00#(6!/+! $3#0&73#! 9%+/&6-! ),%(! 4%33&4%/%0!:! /#'! &(6#(6&1('! #6! /#'! 1U^#46&2'! )1&H#(6! 3-$1()3#! [! )#'! U#'1&('!4/+&3#0#(6!&)#(6&2&-'Z!

!

_,[Q$31$1'! ),%(! 4%33&4%/%0.! 1%! )#! /,%(#! )#! '#'! 410$1'+(6#'.! #'6! %(#! (16&1(! $3145#Z! _,-H+/%#3! 41('&'6#! [! #=+0&(#3! )+('! 9%#//#! 0#'%3#! /#'! 41(63+&(6#'! /&-#'! +%! 41(6#=6#! #6! +%! 6#33+&(!1(6!-6-!$3&'#'!#(!410$6#!)+('!/,-/+U13+6&1(!)%!4%33&4%/%0Z!

_,#22&4+4&6- #'6 `!

:! /#! /&#(! tZZZu! #(63#! /#'! 1U^#46&2'! H&'-'! $+3! t%(! $31<3+00#! )#! 2130+6&1(u! #6! /#'! 3-'%/6+6'! #22#46&H#0#(6!1U6#(%'Z!T//#!$#%6!\63#!41('&)-3-#!4100#!/,#=Q!$3#''&1(!)%!)#<3-!),+66#&(6#! )#'!1U^#46&2'!3-#//#0#(6!H&'-'!1%!#(413#!4100#!/#!(10U3#!),1U^#46&2'!#22#46&H#0#(6!+66#&(6'! $+30&!/,#('#0U/#!)#'!1U^#46&2'!#22#46&H#0#(6!H&'-'Z!;!>B1%45+3)!@!]/+(6#.!DEED.!$Z DcEY! _,#22&4&#(4#!),%(!$31<3+00#!)#!2130+6&1(!41(4#3(#!'1(!1$6&0&'+6&1(.!%(#!21&'!'1(!#22&4+4&6-! +H-3-#Z!_#'!+%6#%3'!$3-4&'#(6!9%# `!

:! ]1%3! \63#! 41('&)-3-! 4100#! #22&4&#(6.! %(! 13<+(&'0#! 1%! %(#! &('6&6%6&1(! -)%4+6&H#! )1&6! '+6&'2+&3#![!/,%(#!1%!/,+%63#!)#'!)#%=!41()&6&1('!'%&H+(6#'!:!

s +%<0#(6#3! /#! )#<3-! ),+66#&(6#! )#'! 1U^#46&2'! H&'-'! '+('! +4431d63#! /#'! 018#('! +//1%-'! )+('!/#!21(46&1((#0#(6!$1%3!8!$+3H#(&3!G!

s )&0&(%#3! /#'! 018#('! +//1%-'! $1%3! '1(! 21(46&1((#0#(6.! '+('! )&0&(%#3! /#! )#<3-! ),+66#&(6#!)#'!1U^#46&2'!H&'-'.!4,#'6Q[Q)&3#.!'+('!3-)%&3#!'1(!#22&4+4&6-Z!;!>B1%45+3)!@! ]/+(6#.!DEED.!$Z DcaYZ!

!

"+('!4#36+&('!)10+&(#'.!%(!$31<3+00#!)#!2130+6&1(!$#%6!+H1&3!)#'!3-'%/6+6'!9%&!(,-6+&#(6! $+'!$3-H%'!#6!9%&!(#!4133#'$1()#(6!$+'![!)#'!1U^#46&2'!$1%3'%&H&'!122&4&#//#0#(6Z!k/!$#%6!',+<&3! )#! /,&(2/%#(4#! ),%(! 4%33&4%/%0! 4+45-! 1%.! $/%'! /+3<#0#(6.! )#! /,#22#6! &(+66#()%.! $1'&6&2! 1%! (-<+6&2.! )# 4#36+&(#'!410$1'+(6#'!)%!4%33&4%/%0Z!V(!$#%6!)-2&(&3.!)#!0+(&73#!<-(-3+/#.!/#! 43&673#! 9%&! 3#41%H3#! 4#66#! &)-#! #6! 9%#! /#'! +%6#%3'! 9%-U-41&'! U+$6&'#(6! :!/,&0$+46!;! #(! /#! )-2&(&''+(6!4100#!:!

:!/#!/&#(!tZZZu!#(63#!/#'!3-'%/6+6'!+663&U%+U/#'!t+%!4%33&4%/%0u.!0+&'!(1(!H1%/%'!1%!(1(!H&'-'!)#! 2+X1(! #=$/&4&6#! [! 63+H#3'! '#'! 1U^#46&2'.! #6! /#'! #=&<#(4#'! '14&+/#'.! -41(10&9%#'.! '14&-6+/#'.! $58'&9%#'.! $'8451/1<&9%#'! #6! +%63#'! )#! /,#(H&31((#0#(6! )+('! /#9%#/! &/! +<&6! #6! &(6#3+<&6Z! _,&0$+46!$3#()!+&('&!#(!41('&)-3+6&1(!/+!(+6%3#!)#'!#22#6'!(1(!$3-H%'!tZZZu!#(!/&#(!tZZZu!+H#4!/#'! +66#(6#'!)#'!)&H#3'!#(H&31((#0#(6'!;!>B1%45+3)!@!]/+(6#.!DEED.!$Z DcDYZ!

(9)

_,-H+/%+6&1(! )#! /+! 415-3#(4#! 4133#'$1()! [! /,#=+0#(! )#'! 3#''1%34#'! 01U&/&'-#'! +2&(! ),+66#&()3#!/#'!1U^#46&2'Z!M#'!3#''1%34#'!3#<31%$#(6!/#'!018#('!5%0+&('!#6!0+6-3&#/'!0&'!#(! b%H3#Z! O&! /#'! &(6#(6&1('! $-)+<1<&9%#'! '1(6! U#/! #6! U&#(! $#36&(#(6#'.! &/! 41(H&#(6! #(413#! )#! ',+''%3#3! )#! /,+)-9%+6&1(! )#'! 018#('! #6! )#! /+! 410$+6&U&/&6-! )#! 4#%=Q4&! #(63#! #%=Z! ]+3! #=#0$/#.! /#'! #('#&<(+(6'! 1%! /#'! 2130+6#%3'! 1(6Q&/'! )#'! 9%+/&2&4+6&1('! +)-9%+6#'! #6! 410$/-0#(6+&3#'! v! _#! 0+6-3&#/! 9%&! /#%3! #'6! 21%3(&! $#%6Q&/! /#%3! \63#! %6&/#! $1%3! +66#&()3#! /#'! 1U^#46&2'!)#!/,#('#&<(#0#(6!1%!)#!/+!2130+6&1(!v!_#'!&('63%46&1('!9%&!'1(6!21%3(&#'![!45+4%(! '1(6Q#//#'!410$+6&U/#'!v!M5+4%(!$+36+<#Q6Q&/!U&#(!/#'!H+/#%3'!#6!/#'!1U^#46&2'!4100%('!v!h1&/[! 9%#/9%#'! 9%#'6&1('! 9%&! $#30#66#(6! ),#=+0&(#3! 41(4376#0#(6! /+! 415-3#(4#! ),%(! $31<3+00#Z!

!

_+!'8(#3<&#!-H+/%#!/+!0&'#!#(!$/+4#!#6!/+!4113)&(+6&1(!)#'!018#('!5%0+&('Z!M#!'1(6!/,+46&1(! 41//#46&H#!)#!/,-9%&$#!#6!'+!)8(+0&9%#!9%&!'1(6!-H+/%-#'Z!l!/+!$3&'#!#(!410$6#!)#'!+'$#46'! -41(10&9%#'! )#'! 018#('! >9%#! /,1(! 3#631%H#! )+('! /,-H+/%+6&1(! )#! /,#22&4&#(4#Y.! /+! '8(#3<&#! +^1%6#! /+! $3&'#! #(! 410$6#! )#'! +46&1('! #6! )#'! 4+3+46-3&'6&9%#'! )#'! $#3'1((#'.! 4100#! 41()&6&1(! '%'4#$6&U/#! )#! 41(41%3&3! [! /,#22&4&#(4#Z! _+! '8(#3<&#! 41(4#3(#! /+! 4113)&(+6&1(.! /#'! 4100%(&4+6&1('.!/#'!+66&6%)#'.!/#!4/&0+6!13<+(&'+6&1((#/.!U3#2.!61%6!4#!9%&!3#/7H#!)#!/+!(+6%3#! 5%0+&(#!#6!)#'!&(6#3+46&1('!#(63#!+46#%3'Z!

!

M15-3#(4#! #6! '8(#3<&#! (#! '1(6! )1(4! <-(-3+/#0#(6! $+'! -H+/%-#'! $1%3! #//#'Q0\0#'! 0+&'! $/%6i6! )+('! /#! U%6! )#! 0&#%=! &)#(6&2&#3! /#'! 4+%'#'! )#! /,&(#22&4+4&6-.! +H#4! $1%3! 1$6&9%#! ),#(! /&0&6#3!/#'!#22#6'!(-<+6&2'Z!

!

B1%45+3)! #6! ]/+(6#! >DEED.! $Z! DcEY.! )-2&(&''#(6! /+! )%3+U&/&6-! 4100#! :!/#! /&#(! tZZZu! #(63#! /#'! 1U^#46&2'!H&'-'!tZZZu!#6!/#!0+&(6&#(.!)+('!/#!6#0$'.!)#'!3-'%/6+6'!1U6#(%'!;Z!L&('&.!+%Q)#/[!)#'! 3-'%/6+6'! [! 41%36! 6#30#.! /+! )%3+U&/&6-! $#30#6! )#! $3#()3#! #(! 410$6#! /#! 2+&6! 9%#! :!/#'! #('#&<(+(6'! #6! /#'! +%63#'! +46#%3'! #'$73#(6! '+('! )1%6#! $31)%&3#! )#'! #22#6'! [! /1(<! 6#30#! #6! &('43&3#! /+! 2130+6&1(! )+('! %(! 513&*1(! 6#0$13#/! ),%(#! 4#36+&(#! +0$/#%3!:! /#'! 2130+6&1('! '41/+&3#'! (#! H&'#(6! $+'! %(&9%#0#(6! [! $#30#663#! )#! 3-%''&3! /#'! #=+0#('! )#! /,+((-#! '41/+&3#! #(!41%3'.!0+&'![!$3-$+3#3!/#'!+)%/6#'!)#!)#0+&(!;!>"#0#%'#!@!O6+%H#(.!DEEN.!$Z DEKYZ! !

T(2&(.! /+! 2/#=&U&/&6-! 4133#'$1()! [! /+! 4+$+4&6-! ),+)+$6+6&1(! #6! )#! 45+(<#0#(6! )%! 4%33&4%/%0.! 410$6#! 6#(%! )#! '#'! 41()&6&1('! )#! 0&'#! #(! b%H3#Z! M#66#! 9%+/&6-! 63+('H#3'+/#! $#%6! \63#! #(H&'+<-#! 4100#! %(#! :! 0-6+! ;! 9%+/&6-Z! T(! #22#6.! #//#! $3#()! #(! 410$6#! /#'! 4+$+4&6-'! ),+)+$6+6&1(! +%! 45+(<#0#(6! ),%(! 4%33&4%/%0! #6! $+'! '#%/#0#(6! '1(! 21(46&1((#0#(6! :!13)&(+&3#!;.! )+('! )#'! 41()&6&1('! '6+U&/&'-#'! #6! [! %(! 010#(6! )1((-Z! ]/%'&#%3'! 41('6+6'! $#%H#(6!\63#!-6+U/&'!)+('! /,+(+/8'#!)#!/+!2/#=&U&/&6-Z!_+!:!2/#=&U&/&6- #22&4&#(6#!;!>B1%45+3)!@! ]/+(6#.!DEEDY!4133#'$1()![!/+!0#&//#%3#!)#'!'&6%+6&1('!4+3!4#/+!'&<(&2&#!9%#!/#!4%33&4%/%0!#'6! '%22&'+00#(6!'1%$/#!$1%3!$#30#663#!)#'!+0-/&13+6&1('!'+('!%(!:!)-63&416+<#!410$/#6!;Z!]+3! 41(63#.!1(!$+3/#!)#!:!2/#=&U&/&6-!#(!3%$6%3#!;!/13'9%#!)#'!/+4%(#'!'1(6!41('6+6-#'!#6!9%,%(#! '1/%6&1(! (#! $+3+d6! $+'! #(H&'+<#+U/#! )+('! /#! 4+)3#! &(&6&+/#0#(6! $3-H%Z! M,#'6! /+! 2/#=&U&/&6-! 9%&! $#30#6! ),+''%3#3! /+! $-3#((&6-! '+('! (-4#''&6#3! )#! 3-2130#'! #(! $3121()#%3Z! M#/+! (#! '&<(&2&#! $+'! 9%#! /#'! 4%33&4%/%0'! )1&H#(6! \63#! 2/1%'! #6! /#'! #('#&<(+(6'! 1%! /#'! 2130+6#%3'! H#3'+6&/#'.! 0+&'! 9%,%(! 4%33&4%/%0! U&#(! $#('-.! #(! 21(46&1(! )#! /,&)#(6&2&4+6&1(! )#! U#'1&('.! $#30#6! %(#! 4#36+&(#! 0+3<#! )#! 0+(b%H3#.! $1%3H%! 9%#! /#'! +46#%3'! 41(4#3(-'! '1&#(6! 3-2/#=&2'Z! f(! 4%33&4%/%0! )1&6.! $+3! #=#0$/#.! $#30#663#! )#! 6#(&3! 410$6#! )#! 3-+/&6-'! /14+/#'! #6! )#! 41(63+&(6#'! $3-H&'&U/#'! '+('! 9%,&/! '1&6! (-4#''+&3#! )#! $314-)#3! [! %(#! 3#21(6#! )#! /,#('#0U/#Z!

(10)

L&('&.!/,+33&H-#!)#!(1%H#+%=!<31%$#'!),-/7H#'!(#!)1&6!$+'!(-4#''+&3#0#(6!3#0#663#!#(!4+%'#! /+!616+/&6-!)%!4%33&4%/%0Z! V) M,K;K>)9FD=)F<==D)ODHNI;K)HF)9D=;);G)U<RK;):E<G !<KKD!<H<9):;) TNK9FIDNG) G"!# H1('(#'&#+5,/&'(# !

L%Q)#/[! )#! /+! <#'6&1(w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r4#! +%=! 2##)U+4C'! 3#4%#&//&'.! H1&3#! %(#! 21(46&1(! )#! $3-H#(6&1(! #6! )#! $31'$#46&H#Z! M,#'6! +%''&! 4#! 9%#! 4#36+&('! +%6#%3'! +$$#//#(6! :! 0#663#! '1%'! +''%3+(4#!9%+/&6-!;!>"#((#38.!aWWWYZ!

!

_#!41(4#$6!)#!$&/16+<#!$#30#6!-<+/#0#(6!),+36&4%/#3!/#'!)&22-3#(6#'!21(46&1('!)#!/,-H+/%+6&1(! >"#0#%'#.! DEEN+!G! "#0#%'#! @! B+8#.! DEEa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g.!+$37'!45+9%#! 484/#.!&0$/&9%+(6!$3&'#!),&(2130+6&1('.!)&+<(1'6&4.!)-6#30&(+6&1(!)#'!+46&1('![!#(63#$3#()3#! #6!0&'#!#(!b%H3#!)#!4#//#'Q4&.!),+%63#'!484/#'!'#!'%447)#(6!6+(6!9%#!'#!$1%3'%&6!/#!$314#''%'! )#!2130+6&1(Z! !

O&! /+! )-6#30&(+6&1(! )#'! 1U^#46&2'! #'6! 4#(63+/#! )+('! /#! 01)7/#! )#! $&/16+<#.! 4#%=Q4&! $#%H#(6! -<+/#0#(6!-H1/%#3!)+('!/#!6#0$'Z!M#/+!(#!H#%6!$+'!)&3#!9%,&/'!45+(<#(6!41('6+00#(6.!+%!<3-! )#'! 41(6&(<#(4#'.! 0+&'! 9%,&/'! '#! 63+('2130#(6! +%''&.! (16+00#(6! #(! 21(46&1(! )#! /+! 3-+/&6-.! )#'! +'$&3+6&1('! )#'! +46#%3'! #6! )#'! 41(63+&(6#'Z! M#66#! +)+$6+6&1(! 3#/7H#! )#! /+! 2/#=&U&/&6-! #22&4&#(6#!)-43&6#!$+3!B1%45+3)!#6!]/+(6#Z!

!

_,-H+/%+6&1(!H&'#![!$136#3!%(!^%<#0#(6!'%3!/#'!41(6#(%'!)%!4%33&4%/%0!#6![!)-6#30&(#3!)+('! 9%#//#! 0#'%3#! )#'! 45+(<#0#(6'! &(6#(6&1((#/'! #6! $/+(&2&-'! '#! 3-+/&'#(6! #22#46&H#0#(6!G! (-+(01&('.! #//#! (#! $#%6! &<(13#3! )#'! -H-(#0#(6'! 9%&! '%3<&''#(6! )#! 0+(&73#! &(+66#()%#.! (&! /#'!)-3&H#'!1%!/#'!#22#6'!$#3H#3'!)1(6!/#!4%33&4%/%0!#'6!'%'4#$6&U/#!),\63#!H&46&0#Z!

G"2# I6<%;'(J#<)1,5/('(J#5%%/:'(#

!

LH+(6!),+//#3!$/%'!/1&(.!&/!41(H&#(6!'+('!)1%6#!)#!$3-4&'#3!/,%'+<#!)#!9%#/9%#'!016'!9%&!'1(6! $+321&'! %6&/&'-'! )#! 0+(&73#! &()&22-3#(4&-#Z! k/! #(! #'6! +&('&.! $+3! #=#0$/#! )#'! 6#30#'!

(11)

:!45+(<#0#(6!;.! :!&((1H+6&1(! ;! #6! :!+0-/&13+6&1(!;FZ! x+3)! >aWNW.! $Z NDqY.! $+3! 3+$$136! +%=! 6#30#'!+(</+&'!4133#'$1()+(6'F.!)&'6&(<%#!U&#(!/#!'#('!$3-4&'!9%,&/!41(H&#(6 )#!/#%3!+4413)#3Z!

L&('&.! %(! 45+(<#0#(6! &0$/&9%#! %(&9%#0#(6! %(#! 01)&2&4+6&1(! )#! /+! '&6%+6&1(! &(&6&+/#.! +/13'! 9%,%(#! &((1H+6&1(! 41('6&6%#! %(! 45+(<#0#(6! 41()%&'+(6! [! /,&(631)%46&1(! ),-/-0#(6'! (1%H#+%=! 1%! 3#()+(6! /+! '&6%+6&1(! (1%H#//#Z! _+! (1%H#+%6-! $#%6! \63#! 3#/+6&H#! [! %(! 41(6#=6#! )1((-!:! /,%'+<#! )#! /,&(2130+6&9%#! )+('! /,#('#&<(#0#(6! $3&0+&3#! #(! B#/<&9%#! $#%6! \63#! 41('&)-3-!4100#!%(#!&((1H+6&1(!+%!'#('!1g.!0\0#!'&!/,&(2130+6&9%#!+!)-^[!-6-!&(631)%&6#! )+('!/,#('#&<(#Q!0#(6!$3&0+&3#!)+('!),+%63#'!'8'670#'!-)%4+6&2'.!4,#'6!%(#!(1%H#+%6-!)+('! /#!'8'670#!U#/<#.![!%(!010#(6!)1((-Z!_#!6#30#!:!&((1H+6&1(!;!#'6!)1(4!$/%'!'$-4&2&9%#!9%#! /#! 6#30#! :! 45+(<#0#(6! ;Z! "#! 0\0#.! /#! 6#30#! :! +0-/&13+6&1(! ;! &(631)%&6! )+H+(6+<#! )#! $3-4&'&1(Z! f(#! +0-/&13+6&1(! &0$/&9%#! #(! #22#6! 631&'! 410$1'+(6#'!:! aY! /#! 45+(<#0#(6! ),%(#! '&6%+6&1(! &(&6&+/#! ^%<-#! &(+)-9%+6#! G! DY! /#! 45+(<#0#(6! #(! H%#! ),%(! 01)7/#! +66#()%! #6! cY! /,-H+/%+6&1(!)#'!3-'%/6+6'!1U6#(%'!$+3!3+$$136![!/+!'&6%+6&1(!&(&6&+/#Z! ! _+!)&'6&(46&1(!9%#!(1%'!H#(1('!),1$-3#3!(,#'6!4#$#()+(6!$+'!61%^1%3'!U&#(!$#3X%#Z!]1%3!/#! )&3#!+%63#0#(6.!&/!(#!'%22&6!$/%'!)#!$31$1'#3!:!)%!(#%2!;.!&/!2+%6!9%#!/#!45+(<#0#(6!$1%3'%&H#! 4/+&3#0#(6!)#'!1U^#46&2'!),+0-/&13+6&1(Z!k(U+3!>aWWN.!$Z aNY!$3-4&'#!9%#!:!/#!H-3&6+U/#!)-2&!t)#! /,&((1H+6&1(u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x&()5+0! >aWWN.! $Z aEY!#'6!#(413#!$/%'!'-H73#Z!k/!$3-4&'#!#(!#22#6! 9%#!:!/,+663+&6!$1%3!/+!35-613&9%#!)#!/+!3-2130#!>#6!)#!/,&((1H+6&1(YK!#'6!+H+(6!61%6!$1/&6&9%#Z! _,%6&/&'+6&1(! )#! 4#'! 6#30#'! +07(#! [! $#('#3! 9%#! /#! 45+(<#0#(6! #'6! #(! 41%3'! G! &/'! '#3H#(6! [! 3#0#663#![!$/%'!6+3)!/+!(-4#''&6-!)#!3#()3#!)#'!410$6#'!s &/!2+%6!+66#()3#!9%#!/+!3-2130#!+&6! -6-!0#(-#![!'1(!6#30#!$1%3!$1%H1&3!-H+/%#3!/#'!3#'$1('+U&/&6-'Z!B&#(!#(6#()%.!9%+()!1(!#(! +33&H#!/[.!&/!'#3+!6#0$'!),#(H&'+<#3!%(#!(1%H#//#!3-2130#Z!;! ! ",+%63#'!6#30#'!$#30#66#(6!),+22&(#3!/+!)&'4%''&1(Z!O,&('$&3+(6!)#'!63+H+%=!)#!M31'.!B-)+3)! #6!B-45+3)!>DEEW.!$$Z!ccQcFY!-H19%#(6!+&('&!/+!:!(1H+6&1(!;!9%,&/'!)-2&(&''#(6!4100#!:!%(#! &(H#(6&1(.!%(#!(1%H#+%6-!4#36&2&-#!#6!1U^#46&H#!tZZZu!13&<&(+/#!#6!t9%&u!3#$3-'#(6#!%(#!43-+6&1(! 9%&! (,+H+&6! +%$+3+H+(6! +%4%(#! #=&'6#(4#! ;Z! l! 6&63#! ),#=#0$/#.! /#'! )#%=! +%6#%3'! 9%-U-41&'! 4&6#(6!/,+$$3#(6&''+<#!$+3!$31U/70#!>L]]!s )(*+#%,-+".%/-#%"(0102Y!$31$1'-#![!/,f(&H#3'&6-! A4A+'6#3! #(! V(6+3&1! [! /+! 2&(! )#'! +((-#'! aWNE! )+('! /#! )10+&(#! )#! /+! 2130+6&1(! 0-)&4+/#Z! ]1%3!/#'!)#%=!+%6#%3'.!%(#!&((1H+6&1(!(,#'6!3&#(!),+%63#!9%#!/,&0$/+(6+6&1(!),%(#!(1H+6&1(! )+('!%(!+%63#!0&/&#%!9%#!/#!0&/&#%!),13&<&(#!)#!4#//#Q4&!>$+3!#=#0$/#.!/,+)1$6&1(.!+%^1%3),5%&.! )#!/,+$$3#(6&''+<#!$+3!$31U/70#'!)+('!%(#!9%#/41(9%#!%(&H#3'&6-YZ!f(#!3-(1H+6&1(.!)+('!4#! 4+)3#.! 41('&'6#! #(! /+! 3-H&'&1(! ),%(#! &((1H+6&1(! 1%! ),%(#! (1H+6&1(! )+('! %(#! $#3'$#46&H#! ),+0-/&13+6&1(.! 4#66# 3-(1H+6&1(! $1%H+(6! 1%! (1(! \63#! 484/&9%#Z! _+! 3-2130#.! $1%3! '+! $+36.! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

%!

Respectivement, « change », « innovation » et « improvement ».!

&!

Inbar (1996, p. 23) définit les réformes comme « des actions importantes qui doivent être approuvées par la législation » alors que (p. 24) « l!innovation consiste à induire des changements fonctionnels par des moyens nouveaux. C!est le réaménagement des domaines d!action habituels pour les adapter à des situations nouvelles, et la création de nouvelles façons de percevoir et d!aborder les problèmes. L!innovation est en partie l!exploitation des occasions et des possibilités par des moyens créatifs qui font appel à l!improvisation. [...] L!innovation

(12)

41('&'6#!#(!%(!45+(<#0#(6!&(&6&-!$+3!%(#!+%613&6-!5&-3+345&9%#!#6!#//#!'#!0+(&2#'6#!$+3!)#'! 01)&2&4+6&1('!)%!4+)3#!(130+6&2!>/1&'.!)-43#6'ZZZY.!41(63+&3#0#(6![!/,&((1H+6&1(!9%&!#'6!&(&6&-#! $+3! :!/+! U+'#!;Z! M10$6#! 6#(%! )#! '+! 3#/+6&H#! +%61(10&#.! /,%(&H#3'&6-! 41((+d6! '+('! )1%6#! )+H+(6+<#!),&((1H+6&1('!9%#!)#!3-2130#'Z!

G"7# KL5%&1('..'(#<-#+(/3'..-.#)<5.#<-..5#<-@#(1.-,&<&.#

!

_+!3-%''&6#!)#!/+!0&'#!+%!$1&(6!),%(!4%33&4%/%0!)-$#()!)#'!3-'%/6+6'!1U6#(%'.!#(!3#<+3)!)#'! 1U^#46&2'! +''&<(-'.! 0+&'! +%''&! )#! /,#22&4+4&6-! )#! /+! <#'6&1(! )#'! 1$-3+6&1('! '%44#''&H#'! [! #=-4%6#3Z! P31$! '1%H#(6.! 0+/5#%3#%'#0#(6.! 4,#'6! [! 4#! '#%/! 41(63i/#! )#! $314#''%'! 9%#! /#'! '8'670#'! -)%4+6&2'! 23+(41Q! $51(#'! '#! 3-'%0#(6Z! l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k/!41(H&#(6!)#!',+''%3#3!9%,%(!$31^#6.! 0\0#!$+32+&6#0#(6!-/+U13-.!&0$/&9%#!%(!'%&H&!)7'!'+!0&'#!#(!b%H3#Z!_,&)-#!)#!/,&((1H+6&1(.! #6!0\0#!/,+3'#(+/!/-<&'/+6&2!1%!+)0&(&'63+6&2.!(#!'%22&'#(6!$+'![!'+!41(43-6&'+6&1(Z!k/!',+<&6!)#! )-6#30&(#3! )+('! 9%#//#! 0#'%3#! /#'! 410$1'+(6#'! )%! 4%33&4%/%0! 41(6&(%#(6! )#! 3-$1()3#! #22&4+4#0#(6!+%=!U#'1&('!)%!$%U/&4Q4&U/#.!-6+(6!)1((-!/,-H1/%6&1(!)#'!U#'1&('!)#!/+!'14&-6-.! /&-'! +%=! &0$-3+6&2'! )#! '1(! )-H#/1$$#0#(6! $1/&6&9%#.! -41(10&9%#.! 6#45(1/1<&9%#.! '14&+/! #6! 4%/6%3#/N!>"#0#%/#0##'6#3.!DEac!G!]#'6&+%=.!B1#/#(.!I+n+3!@!_+)(#3.!DEacYZ!

!

V(! $1%33+&6! 3-'%0#3! /#'! $3&(4&$+/#'! 9%#'6&1('! [! '#! $1'#3! /13'! )#! 45+9%#! -H+/%+6&1(! )%! 4%33&4%/%0!:!

s! _#'! H+/#%3'! 9%#! /#! 4%33&4%/%0! ',#22134#! )#! $3101%H1&3! 0-3&6#(6Q#//#'! ),\63#! 3#H%#'.! 3-<-(-3-#'.! 3-&(6#3$3-6-#'.! #(3&45&#'! #(! 21(46&1(! )#'! 41('6+6'! 3-+/&'-'.! )#! /,-H1/%6&1(! )#'! U#'1&('!'14&-6+%=!#6w1%!)#!/,+$$+3&6&1(!)#!U#'1&('!(1%H#+%=!v!

s!_#'!41(6#(%'!)#'!+$$3#(6&''+<#'!3#'6#(6Q&/'!H+/&)#'!1%!4#36+&('!'1(6Q!&/'!)#H#(%'!1U'1/76#'.! H1&3#! #331(-'.! #(! 3+&'1(! )#! /,-H1/%6&1(! )#'! 41((+&''+(4#'! #6! )#'! 6#45(&9%#'! G! 4#66#! -H+/%+6&1(! ',+H73#! $+36&4%/&73#0#(6! 43%4&+/#! $1%3! /#'! )&'4&$/&(#'! '4&#(6&2&9%#'! #6! /#%3'! 3#610U-#'!6#45(&9%#'!#6!6#45(1/1<&9%#' #6!$1%3!/#'!2130+6&1('!2136#0#(6!'+6%3-#'!)+('!4#'! 410$1'+(6#'v! _#'! 018#('! )&'$1(&U/#'! >0+6-3&#/! )&)+46&9%#.! 6#45(1/1<&#'! )#! /+! 4100%(&4+6&1(.!1%6&//+<#ZZZY!'1(6Q&/'!61%^1%3'!+)+$6-'!v!

!

_#'! '63+6-<&#'! )&)+46&9%#'! #6! $-)+<1<&9%#'! %6&/&'-#'! 3#'6#(6Q#//#'! ),+46%+/&6-.! 410$6#! 6#(%! )#'!41((+&''+(4#'!/#'!$/%'!3-4#(6#'!+49%&'#'!#(!'4&#(4#'!)#!/,+$$3#(6&''+<#!v!_#'!41(6#(%'! )%! 4%33&4%/%0! 41(6&(%#(6Q&/'! )#! 3-$1()3#! +%=! &(6-3\6' 1%! +%=! $3-144%$+6&1('! )%! $%U/&4Q 4&U/#!v!

!

_#! 4%33&4%/%0! 3#'6#Q6Q&/! $#36&(#(6.! 410$6#! 6#(%! )#! /,-H1/%6&1(! )#! '1(! 41(6#=6#! ),&0$/+(6+6&1(!v!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

'!

(13)

!NG!H<=DNG)OKNRD=NDK;)

!

k/! #'6! 23-9%#(6! 9%#! /#'! -6+$#'! #6! /#'! 1$-3+6&1('! (-4#''+&3#'! [! /,-/+U13+6&1(! 415-3#(6#! ),%(! 4%33&4%/%0! )#! 2130+6&1(! #6! [! '1(! $&/16+<#! (#! '1&#(6! $+'! 0&'#'! #(! b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

!

]+30&!/#'!41()&6&1('!&(2/%#(X+(6!/#!'%447'!)#!/+!0&'#!#(!b%H3#!),%(!4%33&4%/%0.!/#!'#('!9%#! /%&!)1((#31(6!/#'!&('6&6%6&1('!),#('#&<(#0#(6!1%!/#'!13<+(&'0#'!)#!2130+6&1(!41(4#3(-'.!/#'! $#3'1((#'! 45+3<-#'! )#! '1(! +)0&(&'63+6&1(.! '#'! %6&/&'+6#%3'! #6! '#'! U-(-2&4&+&3#'.! /#%3'! 4+$+4&6-'! 3#'$#46&H#'! [! ',+$$31$3&#3! /#! $31^#6! H1(6! ^1%#3! %(! 3i/#! )-6#30&(+(6!G! ^1%#(6! -<+/#0#(6!%(!3i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

!

V(! (#! '+%3+&6! 631$! &('&'6#3! '%3! /,%6&/&6-! )#! $3101%H1&3! %(#! 4%/6%3#! )%! $&/16+<#! #6! ),&(6-<3#3! 4#66#! $314-)%3#! )+('! /+! <#'6&1(! )#'! +46&H&6-'! )#! )-H#/1$$#0#(6! #6! ),-H+/%+6&1(! )%! 4%33&4%/%0Z!V3.!/,&0$136+(4#!)#!4#66#!)-4&'&1(.!)-6#30&(+(6#!$1%3!/+!3-%''&6#!)%!$31^#6.!#'6! 631$!'1%H#(6!#(413#!'1%'Q#'6&0-#Z!

!

T(2&(.! /+! 41(4#$6&1(.! /+! 3-)+46&1(! #6! /+! $3-'#(6+6&1(! 0+6-3&#//#! )%! )14%0#(6! 4%33&4%/+&3#! )1&H#(6!3#6#(&3!%(#!<3+()#!+66#(6&1(!#6!2+&3#!/,1U^#6!),%(!'1&(!$+36&4%/&#3!G!&/!',+<&6!#(!#22#6!)#! 21%3(&3!+%=!%6&/&'+6#%3'!%(!1%6&/!)#!3-2-3#(4#!21(46&1((#/!#6!+663+46&2.!)#!41('%/6+6&1(!+&'-#!#6! +<3-+U/#![!0+(&$%/#3.!'+('!^+3<1(!&(%6&/#!0+&'!'+('!'&0$/&2&4+6&1(!1%63+(4&73#Z!

(14)

K858'(12(6)

L%)&<&#3.! mZ.! P%6&+%=QR%&//1(.! IZ! >-)'Y! >DEESYZ 4*,)53%06%.- %3- 6*03%0$.7- 8%.- 6$((16$#$,.- %0-9$%.31*0.7- B3%=#//#'!`! T)&6&1('! "#! B1#4C! %(&H#3'&6-.! 41//Z! :!]#3'$#46&H#'! #(! -)%4+6&1(! @! #(!

2130+6&1(!;Z!

L%)&<&#3.! mZ.! M3+5+8.! AZ.! "1/*.! ?Z! >-)'Y! >DEENYZ! 4$((16$#$,:- %0.%120%,%03- %3- )1#*3"2%7-

B3%=#//#'!`!T)&6&1('!"#!B1#4C!%(&H#3'&6-.!41//Z!:!o+&'1('!-)%4+6&H#'!;Z-B166+(&.! IZ.! P%&^(0+(.! LZMZ! >DEEFYZ! P5#! "#'&<(! 12! k()&4+613! O8'6#0Z! k(! LZMZ! P%&^(0+(.! PZIZ! ]1'6/#65n+&6#! >#)'ZYZ! ;*013*(102- 3<%- =3"0/"(/.- *'- >/$6"31*0?- @")%(.- 10- <*0*(- *'- A*<07-

@7-B%%!%.7-V=213)`!T/'#H&#3!O4&#(4#Z!$$Z!FqQqqZ!

B1%45+3)! M.! @! ]/+(6#! ?Z! >DEEDYZ! _+! 9%+/&6-!`! 0&#%=! /+! )-2&(&3! $1%3! 0&#%=! /+! 0#'%3#3Z!

8%.-4"<1%(.-/$-=%(!16%-/%-@5/"2*21%-%C)5(1,%03"#%:-DD&DE:-DaWQDcNZ!

"+(H#3'.!mZ!>aWWDYZ!FGG-,*3.-6#%'.-)*$(-#H5/$6"31*07-_&//#!`!]3#''#'!%(&H#3'&6+&3#'!)#!_&//#Z!--"+%H&'&'.! AZMZ! >DEENYZ!_,&('63%0#(6+6&1(! #(! -H+/%+6&1(Z! ;%.$(%- %3- 5!"#$"31*0- %0-

5/$6"31*0:-EIJDK:-$$Z!FKQNNZ!

"#0#%/#0##'6#3.! ?Z_Z! >DEacYZ! f(#! $#3'$#46&H#! -41(10&9%#! #6! $1/&6&9%#! )#'! '8'670#'! ),-)%4+6&1(! #6! )#! 2130+6&1(Z! k(! mZ! ]+3#(6'! @! ?Z! ?1%9%+(! >-)'YZ! @%0.%(- #"- '*(,"31*0-

/%.-)(*'%..1*00%#.- /%- #"- ."0357- L0%- )%(.)%631!%- 103%2("31!%7- B3%=#//#'`! "#! B1#4C.! 41//Z!

y]-)+<1<&#'!#(!)-H#/1$$#0#(6zZ!$$Z!FKQNSZ!

"#0#%'#.! AZ! >DEEN+YZ! _,-H+/%+6&1(! &('6&6%6&1((#//#!`! %(! 4+)3#! (1%H#+%! $1%3! )#'! $3+6&9%#'! (1%H#//#'!v!;%.$(%-%3-5!"#$"31*0-%0-5/$6"31*0:-EIJDK:-NqQSEZ!

"#0#%'#.!AZ!>DEENUYZ!{%,&()&9%#(6!/#'!&()&4+6#%3'!#(!0+6&73#!),-)%4+6&1(!v!k(!RZ!m&<+3&.!_Z! A166&#3! _1$#*! >-)'YZ! M%6<%(6<%- .$(- #H5!"#$"31*0- %0- 5/$6"31*07- ]+3&'!`! _,j+30+66+(.! M1//Z!

TH+/%#3Z!$$Z!aEWQaaNZ-"#0#%'#.! AZ.! B+8#.! LZ! >DEEaYZ! f(#! +46&1(! &(6-<3-#! #(! H%#! ),+0-/&13#3! /,#22&4+4&6-! )#'!

'8'670#'!),#('#&<(#0#(6!`!/#!$&/16+<#!)#'!'8'670#'!),#('#&<(#0#(6Z!8%.-4"<1%(.-/$-=%(!16%-/%-@5/"2*21%-%C)5(1,%03"#%-JL01!%(.135-/%-81N2%K:-O&P:-$$Z!DcQKEZ!

"#0#%'#.!AZ.!"#31U#360+'%3#.!LZ.!"#51(.!LZ!>DEEWYZ!_#!$/+(!)#!2130+6&1(!#(!6+(6!9%|1%6&/! +%! '#3H&4#! )#! /+! $#32130+(4#! )#! /|13<+(&'+6&1(Z! k(! PZ! "&#3&4C.! LZ! A+5+%=.! mZ! ]##6311('! @! OZ! O&01(Z! 8"- '*(,"31*0:- #%!1%(- /%- /5!%#*))%,%03- *(2"01."31*00%#7! B3%=#//#'`! T)&6&1('! ]1/&6#+Z! $$Z!DqQFWZ!

"#0#%'#.! A.! O63+%H#(.! MZ! >+H#4! /+! 41//+U13+6&1(! )#! o1#<&#3'.! }ZY! >DEENYZ! Q5!%#*))%(-

$0-6$((16$#$,- /H%0.%120%,%03- *$- /%- '*(,"31*07- Q%.- *)31*0.- )*#1319$%.- "$- )1#*3"2%7- B3%=#//#'`! T)&6&1('!"#!B1#4C!f(&H#3'&6-.!M1//Z!:!]#3'$#46&H#'!#(!-)%4+6&1(!@!2130+6&1(!;Z! "#((#38.!AZ!>aWWWYZ!@1#*3%(-$0-)(*R%3-/%-'*(,"31*07-Q%-#H"0"#S.%-/%-#"-/%,"0/%-"$-6"<1%(-/%.-6<"(2%.7-k''8Q/#'QA1%/&(#+%=!`!TOm!T)&6#%3.!41//Z!:!m130+6&1(!$#30+(#(6#!;Z! "#$1H#3.!MZ.!I1J/.!BZ!>DEEKYZ!8%-6$((16$#$,-%3-.%.-#*219$%.7-L0%-"))(*6<%-6*03%C3$"#1.5%-)*$(-"0"#S.%(- #%.- (5'*(,%.- %3- #%.- )*#1319$%.- 5/$6"31!%.7- ]+3&'`! _,j+30+66+(.! 41//Z! :!T)%4+6&1(! #6! 2130+6&1(!;Z!

T66+8#U&.! AZ.! V$$#366&.! oZ.! ?1((+#36.! ]Z! >-)'Y! >DEEWY! 8*219$%- /%- 6*,)%3%06%.-

%3-

(15)

m&<+3&.!RZ!@!P1%30#(.!MZ!>DEENYZ!_+!3-2-3#(6&+/&'+6&1(!`!%(#!2+X1(!)#!01)-/&'#3!/,-H+/%+6&1(!)#! $31<3+00#.!#(63#!65-13&#!#6!$3+6&9%#Z!h#3'!%(#!410$+3+&'1(!)#'!+$$3145#'!+%!{%-U#4!#6! #(!m3+(4#Z!;%.$(%-%3-T!"#$"31*0-%0-T/$6"31*0:-EI>cY.!DQ!DKZ!

j#&(#.! LZ.! _&4+6+.! _Z.! L**&.! LZ! >DEacYZ! M1('&)-3#3! /+! )&0#('&1(! &(6#34%/6%3#//#! )+('! /#'! 2130+6&1('! $312#''&1((+/&'+(6#'! #(! '+(6-Z! k(! mZ! ]+3#(6'! @! ?Z! ?1%9%+(! >-)'YZ! @%0.%(-

#"-'*(,"31*0- /%.- )(*'%..1*00%#.- /%- #"- ."0357- L0%- )%(.)%631!%- 103%2("31!%7! B3%=#//#'`! "#! B1#4C.!

41//Z!y]-)+<1<&#'!#(!)-H#/1$$#0#(6zZ!$$Z!acaQaKDZ!

k(U+3.! "ZTZ! >aWWNYZ! @#"01'1%(- )*$(- #U100*!"31*0- %0- ,"31N(%- /U5/$6"31*07! ]+3&'`! k('6&6%6! &(6#3(+6&1(+/!)#!$/+(&2&4+6&1(!)#!/|-)%4+6&1(!)#!/,fITOMV.!41//Z!:!]3&(4&$#'!)#!/+!$/+(&2&4+6&1(! )#!/,-)%4+6&1(!;Z!

?1((+#36.! ]Z.! A,B+6&C+.! LZ! >-)'Y! >DEEFYZ! 8%.- (5'*(,%.- 6$((16$#"1(%.7- M%2"(/.- 6(*1.5.7- {%-U#4`!

]3#''#'!)#!/,f(&H#3'&6-!)%!{%-U#4Z-?1((+#36.! ]Z.! T66+8#U&.! AZ.! "#2&'#.! oZ! >DEEWYZ! 4$((16$#$,- %3- 6*,)%3%06%.7- L0-

6"/(%-*)5("31*00%#Z! B3%=#//#'`! T)&6&1('! "#! B1#4C! f(&H#3'&6-.! M1//Z! :!]#3'$#46&H#'! #(! -)%4+6&1(! @!

2130+6&1(!;Z!

?1%9%+(.! ?Z.! ]+3#(6.! mZ! >DEacYZ! _#'! #(^#%=! -$&'6-01/1<&9%#'! )#! /,-H+/%+6&1(! )#'! $3+6&9%#'! $312#''&1((#//#'! #(! '+(6-Z! k(! mZ! ]+3#(6'! @! ?Z! ?1%9%+(! >-)'YZ! @%0.%(- #"- '*(,"31*0-

/%.-)(*'%..1*00%#.- /%- #"- ."0357- L0%- )%(.)%631!%- 103%2("31!%7- B3%=#//#'`! "#! B1#4C.! 41//Z!

y]-)+<1<&#'!#(!)-H#/1$$#0#(6zZ!$$Z!DDaQDcDZ!

p&(<.! pZ.! ]+/0#3.! oZ! >DEaaYZ! @#"01'1%(- #%- /5!%#*))%,%03- /%.- 6*,)53%06%.- 3%6<019$%.-

%3-)(*'%..1*00%##%.7- ]+3&'!`! k('6&6%6! &(6#3(+6&1(+/! )#! $/+(&2&4+6&1(! )#! /,-)%4+6&1(! )#! /,fITOMV.!

41//Z!:!]3&(4&$#'!)#!/+!$/+(&2&4+6&1(!)#!/,-)%4+6&1(!;Z!

_#<#()3#.!oZ!>DEEKYZ!Q1631*00"1(%-"63$%#-/%-#H>/$6"31*07-A1(63-+/`!R%-3&(Z!

_#613.! MZ! >DEacYZ! "-H#/1$$#3! )#'! )8(+0&9%#'! ),+$$3#(6&''+<#! 13<+(&'+6&1((#/! +%! '#&(! )#'! 13<+(&*+6&1(! )#! '+(6-Z! k(! mZ! ]+3#(6'! @! ?Z! ?1%9%+(! >-)'YZ! @%0.%(- #"- '*(,"31*0-

/%.-)(*'%..1*00%#.- /%- #"- ."0357- L0%- )%(.)%631!%- 103%2("31!%7! B3%=#//#'`! "#! B1#4C.! 41//Z!

y]-)+<1<&#'!#(!)-H#/1$$#0#(6zZ!$$Z!ccaQcKEZ!

]#'6&+%=.! "Z.! B1#/#(.! MZ.! I+n+3.! PZ.! _+)(#3.! ?Z! >DEacYZ! o#'$1('+U&/&6-! '14&+/#! )#'! 2+4%/6-'! )#! 0-)&4&(#Z! k(! mZ! ]+3#(6'! @! ?Z! ?1%9%+(! >-)'YZ! @%0.%(- '*(,"31*0- /%.- )(*'%..1*00%#.- /%- #"-."0357- L0%- )%(.)%631!%- 103%2("31!%7! B3%=#//#'`! "#! B1#4C.! 41//Z! y]-)+<1<&#'! #(! )-H#/1$$#0#(6zZ!$$Z!SWQaaDZ! o1#<&#3'.!}Z!>aWWqYZ!V0"#S.%(-$0%-"631*0-/U5/$6"31*0-*$-/%-'*(,"31*0Z!B3%=#//#'!`!"#!B1#4CZ! o1'&#3.!AZ?Z.!p##H#'.!?Z]Z!>aWWaYZ!W<%-X>V-=3$/S-*'-=61%06%-D?-=61%06%->/$6"31*0-"0/-4$((16$#"-10-WY%03S&W<(%%-4*$03(1%.Z!_1()1(`!T/'#H&#3!O4&#(4#Z!

h+(! _11(.! p.! ]+3#(6.! mZ! >DEacYZ! "-H#/1$$#3! %(#! &(<-(&#3&#! )#! /+! $312#''&1((+/&'+6&1(! #6! )#'! 410$#6#(4#'!)+('!/#'!13<+(&'+6&1('!)#!'+(6-`!/,#=#0$/#!),%(!3#2#3#(6&+/!)#!410$#6#(4#'!#(! C&(-'&65-3+$&#Z!k(!mZ!]+3#(6'!@!?Z!?1%9%+(!>-)'YZ!@%0.%(-#"-'*(,"31*0-/%.-)(*'%..1*00%#.-/%-#"-."0357- L0%- )%(.)%631!%- 103%2("31!%7- B3%=#//#'`! "#! B1#4C.! 41//Z! y]-)+<1<&#'! #(! )-H#/1$$#0#(6zZ!$$Z!aqWQDEFZ! x+3).!PZxZ!>aWNWYZ!k0$31H#0#(6!12!T)%4+6&1(+/!]3+46&4#Z!k(!oZ_Z!TU#/.!hZjZ!I1//.!oZAZ!B+%#3! >#)'ZYZ!>06S6#*)%/1"-*'->/$6"31*0"#-M%.%"(6<7!_1()1(`!A+4A&//+(!M10$+(8Z!

(16)

x&()5+0.! "ZAZ! >aWWNYZ! ]3-2+4#Z! k(! "ZTZ! k(U+3Z! ]/+(&2&#3! $1%3! /|&((1H+6&1(! #(! 0+6&73#! )|-)%4+6&1(Z! ]+3&'!`! k('6&6%6! &(6#3(+6&1(+/! )#! $/+(&2&4+6&1(! )#! /|-)%4+6&1(! )#! /,fITOMV.! 41//Z! :!]3&(4&$#'!)#!/+!$/+(&2&4+6&1(!)#!/,-)%4+6&1(!;Z!

Références

Documents relatifs

La dimension inter- culturelle, qui renvoie aux univers symboliques des acteurs (soignants et soignés), devrait être ancrée solidement dès la formation initiale. Cela

L’ensemble des informations, des savoir-faire mis en mots et textes dans l’ouvrage, sur cette approche qualité et la démarche de projet, largement développées et normalisées

Identifier les personnes pouvant bénéficier du DALO / DAHO. 7.8 7.8

« dans cette formation intitulée “utiliser le matériel de sécurité”, les objectifs sont les suivants : “Effectuer un balisage de chantier ; utiliser en sécurité les diffé-

La signature de ce courrier/courriel de commande ou du bulletin d’inscription par le service de formation continue de l’établissement vaut bon de commande et signifie

Merci pour toutes ces clés qui me permettront d'avoir une pratique encore plus tournée vers le bien être de mes patientes et pour ma vie personnelle.. Formation très

palliative et son entour e et son entourage age Reconnaître les douleurs induites Reconnaître les douleurs induites Saisir et redéfinir les concepts de soins palliatifs, soins Saisir

Définition et composantes de la douleur, Connaitre les , Connaitre les différents types de douleurs et leurs mécanismes différents types de douleurs et leurs mécanismes