الحصانة القضائية الجزائية للمبعوث الدبلوماسي -دراسة نظرية و تطبيقية

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P.L : Public Law

R.C.A.D.I : Recueil Des Cours De L'academie De Droit

International.

R.G.D.I.P : Revue Générale De Droit International Public.

R.I.S : Review Of International Studies.

C.I.J : Cours Internationale De Justice.

I.R : International Relations.

I.L : International Law.

A.L.J : Australian Law Journal

A.J.I.L : American Journal Of International Law.

A.F.D.I : Annuaire Française De Droit International.

Conf : N.U.S.R.I.D Conference Des Nations Unies Sur Les Relations Consulaires.

M.T : Multilateral Treaties.

Y.I.L.C : Yearbook Of International Law Commission.

B.Y.I.L : British Yearbook Of International Law.

C.Y.I.L : Canadian Yearbook Of International Law.

I.C.L.Q : International And Comparative –Quarterly-.

ﻤﺩﻘﻤ ــ ﺔ : ﻻﻭﺃ : ﻀﻭﻤ ـ ﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭ ـ ﺔ ﺓﺩﺎﻴـﺴ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ،ﺭﺎﻤﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻭﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﺎﺴﻗ ،لﺯﻷﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﻕـﻴﺭﻁﻭ ،ﺕﺎـﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻐﻠﻜ ﺏﻴﺭﺨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻭ ﺔﺒﻠﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﻠﻝ ﺔﻜﻭﻠﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﺴﻝ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﺒﻭ ﻐ ﺀﺎـﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﺎـﻬﻝ ﻥﻤﻀﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺭﻴ ﺀﺎـﻴﻭﻗﻷﺍ ﻁﻠﺴﺘ ﻥﻭﺩ لﻭﺤﻴ ﻊﻨﺎﻤ ﻻﻭ ﻉﺩﺍﺭ ﻻ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ لﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﺤ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺘﺭﻁﻴﺴﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻋﺎﺒﺘﺍ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻗﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻘﺘﻓﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻓ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺯﻨﻝﺍ . ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺕﺴـﻜﻌﻨﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﻴﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺸﺎﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺇ ﻤﻠﺴـﻝﺍ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺯﻴﻨﺎﻜﻴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ،ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺠﻬﻨ ﺔﻴ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﺎﻬﻝ لﻔﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻗﻭﻝﺍ لﺒﺴ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺤﻝﺎﺼﻤﻝ لﻔﻜﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻭﻤﻴﺩ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻓ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﺎﻬﺘﻼﻴﻭﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﺴﺂﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺒﺨﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻭﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻰﻨﻏ ﻲﻓ . ﺭﺎﻤﺜﺘـﺴﻼﻝ لﺎـﺠﻤ ﻭﺃ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺹﺭﻓ ﻥﻋ ﺎﺜﺤﺒ ،لﺍﻭﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻉﺎﺴﺘﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻼﻀﻓ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻭﺃ ﺱﻤﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﻭﺩ ﺭﺒﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴـﺘ ﺎـﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﻡﻬﻝﺍﻭﻤﺃﻭ ﻡﻬﺤﻝﺎﺼﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﺔـﻴﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺩﺘﻫﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ،ﻡﻷ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺫﺨﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﺒ ﻡﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻜﺸ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ لﻭـﺴﺭ لﺴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺤﻝﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﺴﺎﺒ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﻝﻭﺩ لﻴﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﺘﻴ لﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺠﺭﻭ ﺔﻨﻁﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻔﺼﺘﻴ ﻥﻤﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻡﺍﺩﻨﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺎﻨﺃﻭ . ﻪﺘﻠﺴﺭﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ لﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻐﺸﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤﻝ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ

ﻪـﺘﻝﻭﺩ ﺔـﻤﺭﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺜﻤﺒ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻊﻘﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺜﻷﺍ ﻎﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﺎﻴﺴﻭ ) * ( . ﺘﻝﻭﺩﻝ ﺎﻤﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ لﻜﺒ ﻪﺘﻁﺎﺤﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻰﻀﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ،ﻪ ﻁﻭﺘﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﺌ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻗ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻯﺄﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻘﺒﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻭﻘﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻗ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺘ ﻥـﻤ ﻩﺩﺎـﻔﻴﺇ ﻥﺎـﻜ ﺎﻬﻠﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ،ﻪـﺘﻼﻘﻨﺘﻭ ﻪـﻝﺎﻤﻋﻷ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺴـﻴﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻤﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻪﻝ ﺕﺤﻨﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ،ﻪﺘﻝﻭﺩ ﻑﺭﻁ ﺕﺭﺭﻗﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻪﻝ ﻰﻨﻏ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻰـﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻤﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺵﻴﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ . ﻡـﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺭﺨﺎﻔﺘ ﻁﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﺒ ،ﺎﻓﺭﻋ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺭﺘﺍﻭﺘ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻓﻭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻔﺴﻠﻝ ﻴ ﺎـﻨﻴ ﺔﻨﺴ 1961 ﻝ ، ﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﻋ ،ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺏﻝﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺱﺭﻜﻴ ﻴ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻠﻝ ﺎﻨ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ . ﻴﺭﺜ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﺎ ﻪﺘﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ، ﺈﻓ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻨﺴ ﺎﻨﻨ ﺯﺭـﺒﺘ ﺎـﻬﻨﺃ ﺙـﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻜﺸﻜ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﻯﺩﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻝﺍ ﻌﻠﻝ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡ ﻬ ﻭ ﺩ ﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺴـﻤ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﻠﻜ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻠﻠﺨﺘ ﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎـﻨﻤﻠﻋ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬ ﻉﻭـﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺴﺤﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻀﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﺘ ﻻ ، ﺹﺨـﺸ لﻤﺸﺘﻝ ﺩﺘﻤﺘ لﺒ ﻭ ﺵﻴﺘﻔﺘ ﻥﻤ ،ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ لﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻭ ﺯﺠﺤﻭ ﺽﺒﻗ ﺔـﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭـﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﺨ ﺀﺍﺯﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻱﺭﺠﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻴﻘﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻭﺩﻠﻝ . ) * ( ﻥﺃ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻜﺤ لﺍﻭﻗﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺭﻭ : " ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ : لﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻱﺩﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺩﻬﻝﺍ لﺴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ " ﻥﺃ ﻡﻬﻝﺍﻭﻗﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ، : " ﻪﻠﺴﺭﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻘﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴ لﻭﺴﺭﻝﺍ ". ﺩﻗﻭ ﻲﻨﻋ ،ﺭﺒﺼﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻜﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻬﻴﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻭ ﻕﻠﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺫ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻫﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍﻭ ،لﺴﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺼﻭﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺩﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺍﻭﺭ ﺎﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻴﺅﻴﻭ لﻭﻘﺘ ،لﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﻷ ﺔﻴ : " ـﺒﻭ ،ﺔﺴﻠﺨ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﺔﺼﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺯﻬﺘﻨﺍ ،ﺎﺌﻴﺸ ﻅﻔﺤﺃ ﺕ ﻙـﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺏﻜﺭﻤ ﺄﻁﻭﺃ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﺯﺠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﺎﻴﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﻑﻌﻀﺃ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﺎﻨﻴﻬﻤ ﺎﻌﻴﻔﺸ ﻙﺎﻴﺇﻭ ،ﻪﺒﻨﺫ ﻻ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺱﺃﺭ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﻔﻅﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﺭﺒﺼﻝﺎﺒ "... -ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﻴﺩـﻝﺍ ﺡﻼـﺼ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻔﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻠﻝ ﺢﻠﺼﻴ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻙﻭﻠﻤﻝﺍ لﺴﺭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ ،ﺀﺍﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺩـﺠﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ، 1912 ﺹ ، 28 ، 38 .

ﻑﻭﺴ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺘ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﻌﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺭﺼﺘﻘ ﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺀﺎﺴﺇ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻴ ﺩﺍﺭـﻓﺃ لـﺒﻗ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﺜﻤﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺜﻌﺒﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻥﻭﻌﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻴ ﺔﻨﺴﻝ ﺎﻨ 1961 ، ﺔـﺒﻜﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺌﺍﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺭﺨﻴ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺜﻌﺒﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ Ad hoc ، ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻅﻭﻤﻭ ، لﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ﺀﺎـﺴﺅﺭ ﺍﺫـﻜﻭ لﻭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻜﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻔﻴﻀﻤﻝﺍ . ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔـﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻋﻭـﻀﻭﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﺎﻨﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ : 1 / ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻜﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺴﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺌﺍﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻴﺩﺯﺍ ، ﺇ ﺔـﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺫ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻬﻘﻓ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻋﺎﺒﺘﺍ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻠﻝ ﻲﻤﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﻷ ﻴ ﺕـﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺔ ،ﺔﻘﻤﻌﻤ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻉﻭـﻀﻭﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠﻜ ﺱﺭﺩﺘ ﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻴﺜﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ لﻴﺼﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺡﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻥﻭﺩ ،ﺔ ﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻩﺭﺍﺭﺴﺃﻭ ﻪﻠﻴﺼﺎﻔﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺜﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍﻭ ﻪﺘ ﻻ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭ ﻻﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺠﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻠﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻐﻝﺎﺒ ﻪ ـﺘ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﺼ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﺒ . 2 / ﺴﻹﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴ ﺔﻠﻗﺭﻋ ، ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺜﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝ لﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍﻭ ، ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻲـﻨﻌﺘ ﻻ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﺘ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤ لﻌﺠﻴ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺍﺩﺒﺃ ﺔـﻀﺭﻋ ﺎـﻬﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﻕﻭـﻘﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﺃﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﺨﻠﻝ . 3 / ﻲـﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭـﻌﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺔـﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀـﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻤﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻝﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇﻭ ﻪﺤﺎﻀﻴﻹ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻴﺼﺎﻔﺘﻭ ﻕﺌﺎﻗﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺽﻭﺨﻝﺍﻭ ﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻼﻁﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ لﻭﺤ ﻡﻫﺩﻭﻬﺠ ﺍﻭﺯﻜﺭ ﺀﺎﻬﻘﻔﻝﺍ لﺠ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻴﺴ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀـﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼـﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴ

ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺇ ﺔـﺒﻜﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺌﺍﺭـﺠﻝﺍ ﻊـﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻋ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻤﻋ ﻪﺘـﺴﺭﻜ ﺎـﻤ ﻭـﻫﻭ ،ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻔﺼﺒ ﺎﻬﺒﻜﺘﺭﺍ ﺀﺍﻭﺴﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻴﺴﺠ ﻡﺃ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﻓ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﻴ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻠﻝ ﺎﻨﻴ 1961 . ﻭ ﺴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ لﻭﺎﺤﻨ ـﻫ ﺫﺍ ﻉﻭـﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺔـﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔـﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺯﺍﻭ ﺭـﻤﺃ ﻭـﻫﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﻑﺴﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﻨﺎﺼـﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻰﺸﺎﻤﺘﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻨﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ، ﻔﺘﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺡﻭﺭ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻰﺸﺎﻤﺘﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻓ ﺔﻴﻗﺎ ﻴ ﺔﻨﺴﻝ ﺎﻨﻴ 1961 ، ﺔـﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﻌﺒ ﻥﻴﺫﺨﺃ ﺕﺤﺒـﺼﺃ ﺙـﻴﺤ ،ﺔـﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔـﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺭﻭﺼﻋ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ،لﺎـﻌﻓ لﻜﺸـﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺜﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﻜﻤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓﻭ ﺭﻴﺴ ﻥﺴﺤ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻭ . 4 / ﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻯﺭﺒﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻲﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎ ، ﺎﺴﺎﻜﻌﻨﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻡﺠﻨ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺕ ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﻴﻁﺨ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭـﻓﺃ ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺴﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﺎﻴﺎﺤﻀ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻋﺭ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺓﺭﺸﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺜﻌﺒﻝﺍ ، ﺎﻤﻤ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﺫﺎـﺨﺘﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺔﻔﻴﻀـﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻯﺩـﻤ ﺔﻠﻜﺸـﻤ ﺭـﻴﺜﺘ ﺕـﻝﺍﺯﻻ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ،لﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻤ ﺭﺸ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻋ ﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼـﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﻥﺃ لﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀـﻘﻝ لﺎﻌﻓﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﻌﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ . ﺜﻝﺎﺜ ـ ﺎ : ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺕﺃﺭـﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺃ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺭـﺤﻝﺍ ﺩـﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﺴ ﻻ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴ ﺎﻫﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤ . ﺩﻗ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺘ ﻲﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺼﺎﺼﺘﺨﺍ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﺘ ﻥﻷ ﺓﺭﻁﻀﻤ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺩﺠ ﺎـﻴﻠﻌﻓ ﺍﺩـﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﻡﻬﻜﻭﻠﺴ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ،ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ لﺎﻴﺤ ﻼﻌﻓ ﻥﻭﻨﺎـﻘﻝﺍ ﺡﺭـﺼ ﻲـﻓ ﻯﺭـﺨﺃ ﺔﻨﺒﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻼﻤﺃﻭ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ،ﻲﻤﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻷ

ﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻲ ﺫ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻘﺒﺎـﺴ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﺩﺎﻜﺃ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻱ ،ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝﻭ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﻨﺴ : ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺤﻭﻨﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤ ؟ﻲﻗﺎﻔﺘﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻓ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﻋ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﺘﻭ : 1 / ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻸﻝ ﻡﻫﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺀﺎﻬﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺭﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ . 2 / ؟ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻗﺇ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻴﻓﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻑﻴﻜ 3 / ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻰـﺘﺤ ﺩﺘﻤﺘ ﻡﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇﻭ ﺔﻤﻜﺎﺤﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﻫ ﺔﻤﻜﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ، ﺔـﻝﺩﻷﺍ ﻊـﻤﺠﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻗﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ؟ﺯﺠﺤﻭ ﺽﺒﻗﻭ ﺵﻴﺘﻔﺘ 4 / ؟ﺔﻤﻜﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺴﻌﺘ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ لﻫ 5 / ؟ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﺼﻝ ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ لﻤﺸﺘﻝ ﺩﺘﻤﺘ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻫ 6 / ﻥﻴﻴـﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﻭـﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺴﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ لﻫ ﻡﺠﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ؟ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻙﺎﻬﺘﻨﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺩﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻓ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻴﻤﻋﺩﻤ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﻨ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻴ ﺔﻨﺴـﻝ ﺎـﻨﻴ 1961 . ﺭﻴﻏ ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻴﺴ ﻻ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻜﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺸﻴﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻌ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺓﺩﺩﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺭﺨ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ . ﺎﻌﺒﺍﺭ : ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ ﻴ ﺎـﻤﻝ ﺔـﻤﺎﻫ ﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺩﻌ لـﺜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻐﺸـﻴ ﻱﺫـﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤ ﻥﺇ ،ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻴﺜﻴ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﻪﻠﻴﺜﻤﺘﺒ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ) ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴ ( ﻥﺎﻴﻀﺘﻘﻴ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻤﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺵﻴﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﺩﻓﻭﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺢﻨﻤ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻨﻴﻜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻤﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝ

ﻪﺘﺩﻓﻭﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻝﻭﺩﻝ ﺎﻤﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻤﺎﻬﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻤ ، ﻥـﻜﻝﻭ ﺔﻔﻴﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺢﺌﺍﻭﻝﻭ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺭﻤ ﻊﻤ . ﻬﺒﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﺎ ﺁ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﺭﺜ ﻻ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ،ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻁﺎﺒﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼـﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺜﺄـﺘﺘ ﺎـﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻪﻨﻷ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ﺎﻨﺩﻌﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺴﺎﻴﺴﺒ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ ،لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻁﺎﺒﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺫﺇ ﺃ لﻼـﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ لﺠ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻤﻭ ﺢﻀﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﺼﺘﺒ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻠﻫﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻜﺘ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﻥﺇ ﺭﺍﺭﻀﻷﺍ ﻊﻓﺩ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺡﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍﻭ . ﻨ ﻡﻝ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻔﻐ ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ل ﻑـﻗﻭﻤ لـﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻩﺩﺎـﻔﻤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍﻭ ﺎـﻬﺒ ﻊـﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﺄﺸ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻘﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ، ﻡﻬﻔﻴـﻴﻜﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﺕﺫﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻨ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ، ﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ﻴ ﺔﻨﺴﻝ ﺎﻨ 1961 ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﻅﻨ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤ . ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻨﺫﺨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀـﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﻼﻴﺒﺴ ﺔـﻴﺌﺍﺯ ﻓ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺭﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﻌﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺤﻭﻨﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻴ ﺎﻨﻴ 1961 ، ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀـﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺜﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷ ﺔﺤﻭﻨﻤﻤﻝﺍ Ad hoc ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﺼﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻨﻴﻴﻓ ﺔﻨﺴﻝ 1969 ، ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﻼﺜﻤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻝﺍ ﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ ﺔـﻤﻅﻨﻤ لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ، ﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺒ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻨﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩ ﻐ ﺔـﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻭﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺕﺭﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺭﺎﺼ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ، ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻤﻠﻋ ﻨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻑﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺎ ﺎـﻨﻫ ﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺎﻨﻝ ﺯﺭﺒﺘ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭ .

ﺎﺴﻤﺎﺨ : ﻫﺃ ــ ﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩ ــ ﺙ ﺔﻨﺎﺼـﺤﻝﺍ ﺩـﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﻲﻋﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﻲـﻓ ﺎـﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺔﻨﺎﺼـﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ لﻫ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﻔﻤ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺭـﺠﻨﺘ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺒﻠﺴـﻝﺍ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ؟ ﻬﺘﺎـﺴﺎﻜﻌﻨﺍ ﻱﺩﺎـﻔﺘ لﻴﺒـﺴ ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﻴﺤﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻡﺃ ﺎ ﺓﺭﻴﻁﺨﻝﺍ ؟ ﺎﺴﺩﺎﺴ : ﻁﺨ ــ ﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔ ــ ﻉﻭ ﺎـﻨﻌﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﻥﺎﻜﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﻪﺒﻌﺸﺘﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺴﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﻱﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ لﺼﻓ ﺎﻤﻬﻘﺒﺴﻴ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﻴﻀﺘﻘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺨﻝ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ، ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺴﺴﺃﻭ ، لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻊﻤ ﺉﺩﺎـﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﻪـﻨﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺼﺼﺨﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ، ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻥﻴﻠﺼﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩﺎﻨﻤﺴﻗﻭ لﺼـﻔﻝﺍ ﻪـﻨﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ ﻲﻝ ﻝ ﺙﻭـﻌﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺔـﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻠ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ . ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺍ ﺩـﻴﻴﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝ ﻲﻨﻤﺯﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻕﺎﻁﻨﻭ ﻕﻼﻁﻹﺍﻭ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻗﺭﻁﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤ ، ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩﺎﻨﻤﺴﻗﻭ لﻭﺼﻓ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ، ﺩﻀ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤ ﻪﻨﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻴﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﺄﺒ ﻡﺌﺍﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﻜﺘﺭﺍ ، ﻙـﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻭ ﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺩﻀ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﺴﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﻪﻠﻜ ﺔـﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝ ﺽﺒـﻗﻭ ﺯـﺠﺤ ﻥـﻤ ﺎـﻬﺘﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇﻭ ﺔﻤﻜﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﻱﺃ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻀﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﺄﺒ ﺵﻴﺘﻔﺘﻭ ، ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﺒ ﺎﻫﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻭ . ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎـﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺎـﻘﺤﻻ ﺎـﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻭ ،ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺠﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺴﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﺃ ﻨﻭ ،ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﺼﻭ ﺔﻤﻜﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺫـﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺩﻀ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﻲﻨﻌ ﻴ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺸ ﻪﻠﻜ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻗﺎﻔﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻘ .

ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻔﻴﻀـﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻭ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺴﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﺌﺍﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤﻝ ﺎﻫﺫﺨﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀـﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ، ﻓ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﺼﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻺﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻴ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭـﺠﻹﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺎﻨﻴ ﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﻻﺍ ﺹﺨﺘ ﻕﻴﻀ ﺔﻓﺎـﻀﻹﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﺩﻌﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻝ ﻕﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﻼﻝ ﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﺤﺭﺘﻘﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻴ ﺎﻨ . ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻌﺴﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺇ ﻪـﺘﺎﻴﻁ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺤﻴ ،ﻲﺤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﺎﻨﻴﺩﺼﺘ ﺎﻨﻨﺄﺒ لﻭﻘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻻ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻴﻓﻭﺃ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻨﻨﺃ ﻰﻨﻤﺘﻨﻭ ،ﺩﻴﻘﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻴﺯﻨﺘ ﻡﻜﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﺎﻌﺘ لﺎﻗ ،ﻪﻘﺤ : " ﺃ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻭ ﻗ ﻻﺇ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺘﻴﺘ ﻼﻴﻠ ." ﻡﻴﻅﻌﻝﺍ ﷲﺍ ﻕﺩﺼ .

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ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ

لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ  لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ  ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﻭﻌﺘﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ  ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻥﻭﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺜﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ  ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ
ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ  لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ  ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ  ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ

ﺔـﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺭـﻓﺍﻭ ﻁﺴـﻘﺒ ﻪـﻌﺘﻤﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻤﻬﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻝ ﺎﻨﻴﻜﻤﺘ ،لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ . ﺓﺭـﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻷ ،ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ لﻜﺒ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺎﺤﺈﺒ ﻲﻀﻘﻴ ﻡﻴﺩﻗ ﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘ ﺝﺎﺘﻨ ﻱﺃ ﻥ ﻊﻘﻴ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺎـﻤﻜ ،ﺎـﻬﻨﻋ ﻼﺜـﻤﻤ ﻪﻔﺼﻭﺒ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺍﺭﻜﻝ ﺔﻨﺎﻫﺇﻭ ﻪﺘﻝﻭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻷ ﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻪﺤﻨﻤﻭ ﻪﻤﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﺔـﺘﻴﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺍﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻼﻴﻝﺩﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻤ ﻪﺘﻝﻭﺩ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺩﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﻹ ) 1 ( . ﻔﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺤﻭﺭﻁﻤ ﻰﻘﺒﻴ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ؟ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺒ ﺍﺩﺤ ﻥﻴـﺜﺤﺒﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ، ﻥﻴـﻌﺘﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻨ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺎﻬﻝﺎﻜﺸﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺒ ، ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻠﻝ ﻪﺼﺼﺨﻨ ﻑﻭﺴﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ . ﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﻭﻝﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻨ ﻥﺃ لﻭﺎﺤﻨ ﻑـﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻨ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﺴﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ، ﺹﺎﺨـﺸﻸﻝ ﺽﺭـﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎـﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﻭﺤﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻤﺘﻤﻝ ، ﺎـﻬﺒ ﻊـﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻨﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺜﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ . ﻩﺫـﻬﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎـﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﺎـﺴﻸﻝ ﻪﺼﺼﺨﻨ ﻑﻭﺴﻓ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ . لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻠﻜ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﺒ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻡﻭﻘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﻴ ﺍﺫـﻜﻭ ﺔﻨﺎﺼـﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ، ﻙﻝﺫ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﺎﻨﻴﺄﺘﺭ ﺔـﺜﻼﺜ ﻉﻭﺭـﻓ ، ﻬﻨﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻨ ﺎ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ، ﻪـﻴﻓ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻨ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ، ﺔﻨﺎﺼـﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺯـﻴﻴﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﻪﺼﺼﺨﻨ ﻑﻭﺴﻓ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻤﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ . ) 1 ( ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻤ ،ﻲﻗﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻱﻭﻼﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﺤ لﻴﻬﺴ ﺔـﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﻕﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺩﺍﺩﻐﺒ 1980 ﺹ ، 17 .

لﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺕﻻﻻﺩﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﻌﻤﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﻨ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒ ﻻ ﻑـﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ لـﻜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﻲﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ . ﻻﻭﺃ : ﻱﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ : ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻠـﺼﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺠﺭﻴ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻨﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻥﺼﺤ لﻌﻓ ﻊ ، ﻪـﻓﻭﺠ ﻲـﻓ ﺎـﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻴﺼﺤ ﻊﻀﻭﻤ لﻜ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺼﺤﻝﺍﻭ ) 1 ( ، ﺔﺼـﻗ ﻲـﻓ ﻪﻠﻴﺯﻨﺘ ﻡﻜﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﺎﻌﺘ لﻭﻘﻴ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﻪﺒ ﻰﻤﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﺼﺤﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻥﺼﺤﺘﻭ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺩﻭﺍﺩ » ﻝ ﻡﻜﻝ ﺱﻭﺒﻝ ﺔﻌﻨﺼ ﻩﺎﻨﻤﻠﻋﻭ ﺘ ﻡﻜﺴﺄﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻜﻨﺼﺤ ﻥﻭﺭﻜﺎﺸ ﻡﺘﻨﺃ لﻬﻓ « ) 2 ( . ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﻻﺩﻠﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻊﻨﻤ ﻱﺃ ،ﻥﺼﺤ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﷲﺍ لﻭﻘﻴﻭ ﺔﻨﺎﺼـﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻊـﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻥـﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻫﺍﻭـﺴ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺩﻴ ﻪﻝﺎﻁﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻌﻴﻨﻤ ﻪﻠﻌﺠﻴ » ﺇ ﺎـﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﻡﻜﻨﻭﻠﺘﺎـﻘﻴ ﻻ ﻯﺭـﻗ ﻲـﻓ ﻻ ﺔﻨﺼﺤﻤ ... « ) 3 ( . ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﻗ ﻭ ﻰﻝﺎﻌﺘ ﻪﻝ : » ﻭ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﺼﺤﻤﻝﺍ « ) 4 ( ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻲﺘﺍﻭـﻠﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻬﻨﻤ لﻴﻨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ . ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ،ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﻤﺘ ﺃ ﺙﻭـﻌﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻨﻴ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷ ﻪﺘﺎﻀﺎﻘﻤ ﻭ ﻪﻤﻜﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ . ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﻲﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ﻑﺭﻋ " ﻥـﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﻔﻋﺇ ﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﺌﺎﻔﻋﺈﻜ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺍﺯﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻕ " ) 5 ( ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ ﺎﻤﻜ " ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺹﺎﺨﺸﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺀﺎﻔﻋﺇ ) 1 ( ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ،ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ ،ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﻌﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻑﻠﺨ ﻉﺎﻴﺒ لﺎﻤﻜ 1998 ﺹ ، 22 . -ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺭﻅﻨﺃﻭ : ﺩﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺏﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻝ ،ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﺒﺍ ) 13 ( ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼ ﺭﺍﺩ . ) 2 ( ﻴﺒﻨﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ ﺔﻴﻵﺍ ،ﺀﺎ 80 . ) 3 ( ﺔﻴﻵﺍ ﺭﺸﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ 14 . ) 4 ( ﺔﻴﻵﺍ ﺀﺎﺴﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺴ 24 . ) 5 ( ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻑﻠﺨ ﻉﺎﻴﺒ لﺎﻤﻜ 25 .

لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﺜﻤﻤ ﻥﻭﻠﻤﺸﻴ ﺀﻻﺅﻫﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻋﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ " ) 1 ( . ﺎﺜﻝﺎﺜ : ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ : ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ﻑﺭﻋ : " ﻡﺩـﻌﺒ ﻰﻀﻘﻴ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻩﺭﺍﺩ ﻊـﺘﻤﺘﻭ ،ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ ﻪﺘﻝﻭﺩ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻠﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﺨ ﻝﺇ لﻭﺨﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻅﻭﻤﻝ ﺯﻭﺠﻴ ﻻ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ،ﺔﻤﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻤﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﺎﻬﻴ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﻭﻤﺒ ﻻﺇ " ) 2 ( . ﺎﻬﻝﻭﻘﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻗﺎﻔﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺭﻋﻭ : " ﺯﺎـﻴﺘﻤﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻔﻋﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻫ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻻﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ " ﺕﺭﻜﺫ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ، :

"Immunity means the privilege of exemption from, or suspension of or non amenability to the exercia of jurisdiction by the competent

authorities of a territorial state"(3)

ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭﺒ ﻡﻴﺴﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ ﺩﻘﻓ " ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻋﻹﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻊﻀﺨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺒﻋﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ، ﻲﻨﻁﻭـﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺭﻘﻴﻭ لﺜﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻝ ﺎﻤﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺔﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻝ ﻪﺒ لﻭﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎـﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎـﻜﺤﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺎﺒﻭﺎﺠﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻴﻝﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻔﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻡﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻀﻋﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﺜﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝ ﻼﻴﻬﺴﺘ ﻥﻴﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ " ) 4 ( . ﻨﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺤﺼﻭ ﺔﻗﺩ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﻨ ﻥﺤﻨﻭ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻯﻭﻁ ﺎﻔﻨﺁ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ، ﻪﻴﻓ ﺭﻜﺫ ﺩﻗ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻷ ﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺯﺎﻴﺘﻤﻻﺍ ﻥ ﺓﺯﻴﻤ ﺃ ﻥـﻤ ﺎﻬﺠﺍﺭﺨﺇ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺎﻗﻭﻘﺤ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻤﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻌﺠ ﺍﺫﻬﺒﻭ ،ﻕﺤ ﻭ ) 1 ( ﻥﻴﺴﺤ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻲﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻡـﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻤﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺄﺸﻨ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ، ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﻥﻴﻴﻼﻤﻠﻝ 1990 ﺹ ، 421 .

(2) "Le droit à la sécurité absolue et complète aux restrictions, l'intangibilité de la personne en toute occasion".

- François Piétri, Etude critique sur la fiction de l'exterritorialité, Paris, 1895, P.106. ) 3 ( ﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻑﻠﺨ ﻉﺎﻴﺒ لﺎﻤﻜ ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊ 26 . ) 4 ( ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴ ،ﺡﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻤﻻﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻤﻷﺍ ﺎـﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻲـﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭـﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺸﻝﺎﺒ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، 1993 ﺹ ، 310 .

ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺜﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺌﺍﺩ ﻴ ،ﺯﺎـﻴﺘﻤﻻﺍ ﺔﻔـﺼ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻉﺯﻨ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻼﺨﺍﺩﺘ ﻕﻠﺨﻴ ﻪﻨﻷ ،ﺯﺌﺎﺠ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﺨﺩﻴﻭ لﺎﻌﻓﺃ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺽﺨﻤﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺀﺎﺴﺇ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻭـﻤﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺒﻠﺴ ﺱﻜﻌﻨﺘ ﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻴﻗ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴـﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻴ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻑﻴﻴﻜﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻤﻻﺍ لﻴﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻔﻴﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ لﻌﺠﻴ ،ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻍﺭـﻔﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻴﻀﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﻓﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺜﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﻀﺎﺨ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻪـﺘﻴﺎﻤﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺼﻗ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﺒ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻨﻴﻜﻤﺘﻭ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍﻭ ) 1 ( . ﻴﻀـﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺩـﺤﺘ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻌﻤﺠﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻕ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﻲﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ) * ( . ،ﺕﺎﻨﺎﺼـﺤﻠﻝ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺎﺤﻹﺍ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺎﻨﻝ ﻥﻴﺒﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺠﻨﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻡﻭـﻬﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻠـﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺎﻤﻝ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻨﺇﻭ ﻲﻀﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺤ ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺒﻻ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ) 2 ( . ،ﺎﻤ ﺹﺨﺸ ﺩﻀ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﻭﻋﺩﺒ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻼﺜﻤﻓ ﺔﻴﺃ ﺩﺩﺼﺒ ﺔﻋﺯﺎﻨﻤ ﻀﻗ ﺌﺎ ﻴﻀـﻗ ﻲـﻓ ﺔـﻌﻓﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴـﻴﻭ ﻪﺘﻨﺎﺼﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﺔﻴ ﻪﺘ ، ﺎﻤ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﻠﻝﻭ ﺘ لـﺒ ،ﻪـﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤ لﺎـﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﻩﺍﺭ ) 1 ( ،ﻕﺸـﻤﺩ ﺔـﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﻕﻭـﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ،ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ ،ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤ ،ﻑﺍﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺼﺒ 1994 ﺹ ، 25 . ) * ( ﺫﻫ ﺩﻌﻴ لـﺜﻤ ﺀﺎـﻬﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻘﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻝﺎﻐﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ،لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ،ﻼﻤﻋ ﻪﺒ ﺎﻤﻠﺴﻤ ﺀﺎﻔﻋﻹﺍ ﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺭﺸـﺘﻝﺍ ﺽـﻌﺒ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺭﺎـﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﺭﺼﺒ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻤ ﺀﺎﻔﻋﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺱﻭﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻁﻭ ﺱﻭﻴﺴﺭﺠ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ . ﺭﻫﺎـﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺱﻤﺸـﻝﺍ ﻥﻴـﻋ ﺔـﻌﺒﻁﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻠﺼـﻨﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ،ﻥﺎﺤﺭﺴ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ،ﺓ 1986 ، ﺹ 275 . ) 2 ( ﻭﺃ ،ﺔـﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺄﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻅﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺀﺎﻬﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻨﺇ ﻑﺭﻋ ﻯﻭﻬﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﺴ ﻭﺃ ،ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﻝﺩﺘﻝﺍ . ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺭﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼ ،ﺏﺘﺍﺭ ﺔﺸﺌﺎﻋ ،ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺩﻤﺎﺤ ﺔـﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻠﺴـﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ 1978 ﺹ ، 315 . ﺭﺼـﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺩﻨﻜـﺴﻹﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﺎـﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸـﻨﻤ ،ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻨﺇ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ،ﺩﺍﺅﻓ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ،ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﺭﻅﻨﺃﻭ 1986 ، ﺹ 114 .

ﻪﺘﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻻﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤﻠﻝ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﺎـﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻭﻭﺎﺴﺘﻤ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﻷﺎﻓ ،ﻯﻭﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻤﺼﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ) 1 ( ، ﺎﻜﻤ ﻻﻭ ﺞﺌﺎـﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺩـﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻻﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻨ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ . ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﻌﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻀ ﻱﺩﺎﻋ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻌﻓﺭ ﻭﻝ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﻨﺎﺼـﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﺍﺭﺃ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺎﻫﺫﻝﺍ ﺽﻓﺭﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈﺒ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻔﻌﺘ ، ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺭﻭﻀـﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻤﺎﻏﺭﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺫﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻋ لﺯﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﻝﺍ . ﺭـﻴﻏ ﻑﺭﺼـﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺴﻼﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻨﺇ ﺽﻭﻤﻏ ﻥﻴﺒﺘﻴﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﺎﻴﺎﻋﺭ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺩﻀ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ) 2 ( . ﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻴﺜﺃﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻨﻹﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺕﺒﺜ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﺭـﻴﻁﺨ ﺃﺩـﺒﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ،ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴ ﺭﺄﺜﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻀﻷﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺇ ﺭﺄﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﺭﺘﻴ ﻻﻭ ﺘ ﺎـﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﺘ ﺭﺎـﻜﻨﺇ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻰﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻜﻨﺃ ﺭﺄﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﺒ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ) 3 ( . ﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﺘ ﻻﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺓﺯﻬﺠﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ لﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﺭﺍﺩﺼﺈﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺠﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻻﻭ ﻨ ﻥﺈـﻓ ﻙﻝﺫـﻝ ﺎﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻌﻁﻝﺍ ﻲﺒ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﺩﺎﺼﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﺎﻤﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﺭﺩﺼﺘ ﺎ ﺎﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻗ ﺕﺎﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺤ ﻰـﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺴﻌﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻜ ﺎﻬﻔﻨﺼﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ،ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﺍﺫـﻫ ،ﺔـﻝﺍﺩﻌﻠﻝ ﺭﺎﻜﻨﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ، ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻻ ﺔﻴﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻠﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﻙـﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﺠﺃ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺭﻁﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﻯﻭﻋﺩ ﻲﻓ لﺼﻔﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻨ ﻲﺒ ) 4 ( . ) 1 ( ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺩﺍﺅﻓ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺹ ، 114 .

(2) Sabioli, les Règles Générales de la paix, R.C.A.D,1933, P.113.

(3) Charles de Vissecher, Le déni de justice en droit international" R.C.A.D., 1935, T,52, PP. 370,371 ) 4 ( ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺩﺍﺅﻓ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤ 113 .

ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ لﻭﻝﺩﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﻝ " ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ " ـﻨﻴﻠﻋ لـﺼﻷﺍ ﻰـﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺎـﺒ ﻡﻭـﻘﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻻﻭﺃ ﺎ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﻲﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ، ﺭـﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻨ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻬﻘﻓ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻨ ﻡﺜ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻜﻝ لﻤﺎﺸ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ ﻥﻤ . ﻻﻭﺃ : ﻲﺤﻼﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺇ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻥ " Diplomatic " ﻲـﻨﻌﺘ ﺔﻤﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﺼﺃ ﻊﺠﺭﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ " ﻭﻝﺍ ﻊـﻤ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨ ﺕﺎـﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻱﻭـﺤﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺯﺎﻴﺘﻤﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﺎﺤ ﻲﻁﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺜ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﺠﻝﺍ ) 1 ( ﺎﻬـﺴﺭﺎﻤﻴ ﻲـﺘﻝﺍ ﺔـﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﻻﺩ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩ ﻅﻔﻝ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻱﺭﺠﻴﻭ ، ﺩﻗ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ ﺔـﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸـﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﺼﺘ ﻰﻝﻭﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﻬﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻺﻝ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ) 2 ( ﺘﺍ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺭﻤ ﻊﻤﻭ ، ﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻊﺴ " Diploma " ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﻴﻝ ﺕﺍﺩﻫﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍﻭ ) 3 ( . ﺕﺎﻅﻭﻔﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﺘﻘﻴ ﺔﻠﻴﻭﻁ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﺡﻼﻁﺼﺍ لﻅ ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﻝﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﻫﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻪـﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩ ﻅﻔﻝ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ﺨﺍﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺇ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺸﻋ ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺭ ) 4 ( . ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﻲﻬﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎـﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﺘﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻬﻘﻓ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ، ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻨﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺍ ﻡـﻫﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺽﺭﻌﺘﻨ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻫﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘ ﺕﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ : ) 1 ( ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺩﺯﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻀﺎﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻀﺎﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺒ لﺎﻤﺠ ﻴﺩﻭﻌﺴـﻝﺍ ،ﺽﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ، ﺔ ، 1985 ﺹ ، 17 . ) 2 ( ،ﺭﺼﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺩﻨﻜﺴﻹﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﻤ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﻑﻴﻫ ﻭﺒﺃ ﻕﺩﺎﺼ ﻲﻠﻋ 1973 ﺹ ، 93 . ) 3 ( ﺭﺎﺒﺼ ﻥﺴﺤ ﻱﺯﺎﻏ ﻴ ،ﻲﻨ ،ﻊـﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸـﻨﻠﻝ ﺔـﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻋ 2002 ، ﺹ 11 . ) 4 ( ﺹ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 11 .

1 / ﺭﻴﺩﻭﻓ ﻪﻴﺩﺍﺭﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ Pradier Fodere ﻌﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺩﺍﺭﺒ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺭ : " ﻯﺩـﻝ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ لﻴﺜﻤﺘ ﻥﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ " ) 1 ( . ﻥﻭﺅﺸـﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﻲﻫ ﻩﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺎﻓ ـﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼـﻤﻝﺍ ﺔـﻴﺎﻋﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻭﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺩﺎﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﻭﻌﺸﻠﻝ . 2 / ﻪﻴﻴﻔﻴﺭ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ Rivier Albert : ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻼﺌﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻴﻔﻴﺭ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ : " ﺀﺍﺭـﺠﺇﻭ لﻭﺩـﻝﺍ لـﻴﺜﻤﺘ ﻥـﻓﻭ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻀﻭﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ " ) 2 ( . 3 / ﻭﺘﺎﺴ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ Ernest Satow ﺍ ﻭﺘﺎﺴ ﺕﺴﻨﺭﺃ ﻲﻨﺎﻁﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ ﺎـﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝ : " ﺀﺎﻜﺫـﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘـﺴﺍ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﻜﻝﺍﻭ " ) 3 ( . 4 ﺱﻨﻴﺘﺭﺎﻤ ﻱﺩ لﺭﺎﺸ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ Charles De Martenes ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﻨﻴﺘﺭﺎﻤ ﻱﺩ ﻪﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ " ﻥﻭﺅﺸـﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔـﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻥﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻠﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺭﺨﺁ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒﻭ لﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻭﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ) 4 ( . 5 / ﻭﻔﻝﺎﻜ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ : Charles Calvo ﻲﻝﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎـﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺴﻭﻤﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﻔﻝﺎﻜ لﺭﺎﺸ ﻑﺭﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ : " ﺀﺍﺭـﺠﺇ ﻥـﻓ ﻁﺴـﺒﺃ ﺭـﻴﺒﻌﺘﺒ ﻲـﻫ ﻭﺃ لﻭﺩـﻝﺍ ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻀﻭﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ) 5 ( .

(1) Pradier Fodère, Cours de droit diplomatique, Paris, vol, 1, 1899, P.2. (2) Rivier Albert, Principe du droit des gens, Paris, vol, 11, 1896, P. 432. (3) Satow Ernest, A guide to diplomatic Practice, London, 1958, P.10.

(4) Charles de Martenes, Le guide diplomatique, Leipzig, vol, 1, 5, 2, 1866, (La diplomatie est la science des relations extérieures ou des affaires étrangères des états et dans un sens plus précis la science ou l'art de négociation).

ﻥﻋ ﻼﻘﻨ : ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻴﺭﺎﺒﺼ ﻥﺴﺤ ﻱﺯﺎﻏ ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ 13 .