· The oonfeotioneries were largely imported from Franoe and Belgium,
3,4,2,
Foreign exchange involvedThe average c.i,f. value paid for sugar and confectionery was ~f
Prices France Mad~asoar France Bele,:ium
Fr.CFA
ust
. Fr,CFA US$ Fr,CFA. US$ Fr,CFA US$1;/cK .14/Lrn/135
Page 62
3,4,4, The demand for sugar in 1980
The per caput consumption of sugar in 1963 ·for a population (in the monetary sector) of l,08 million corresponding to GDP per oaput
•
of US$553 was 23,9 k:g/year (Annex IA), This when projected to 1980 corresponding to estimated GDP/oaput of US$822 goes up to 36,6 k:g/year and the total demand for a population (in the monetary sector) of 2,65 million would be 96,990 tons (Annex IC),
·The demand for confectionery is expected to go up by 10 per cent every year and would go up from 40 tons at present to about 11600 tons in 1980, for which about 1,200 tons of sugar would be needed, Thus, the total demand for 1980 may be estimated at 98,190 or, say, 98,000
"tens.
3,4·.
5~
Possibil_i ties of meeting the demandFollowing f~~eibility studies by Compagnie d1Etudes Eoonomiques
· et de Gestion Indu2.t:r>'i,r.o.1 (rq:irw)~ µ""',...,c-., -i"'f': 1!:lt:?,, Af°-e'.:,.a:s+o . r i ~ G-1:r-ea.d,'.f'
afoot for setting up a sugar industry in Ivory Coast,
Experiments on sugarcane cultivation have been carried out by the Institute de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales (IR.AT) at MaininiQui in i. 2,0 h,,ntare area without irrigation and at Oume in a 4;0 hectare
area with irrigS't-1uru s,~fF'l'l"'0.!:t.YI.O yio:Lds of 70 tons per hectare with 10 per cent rendement have been obtained even ;,ithout irrigation, With irrigation, yields up to 100 tons/ha should be e:,cpected,
Cane varieties found suitable are, B/37172, B/41227, CP/44101, co/419, co/331,Nco/310, NC0/334 and NCo/376.
_From .. the soils point of view, two areas were considered for esta,biishing a sugarcane plantation, vi;,;,, Brimbo with 8,000 ha of land a.nd .the .other in the region of the confluence of the rivers Banda.ma.and Mara.cue (south of 3oufe town) where 12,000 - 15,000 ha of land is available. 'J:he former location has however been abandoned in view of less favourable climatic conditions.
•
E/Cl{ .14/urn/135
P'-,\G 6}
The climatic conditions at the confluence region are reported to be as follows:
Daily average Maximum Temperature, }0-35°c Daily average ~,inimwn Tel:lperature: 20-22°c Rainfall (mean, Annual): 1,300-1,400 mm,
A·dam is proposed to be :milt at Kossu which would provide controlled irrigation to the 15,000 ha area on the confluence of
Ban,lama and Maracue. However as the construction of the dam is likely to ·:ake another five years or more, it has been decided to go ahead with the establishment of the plantation with canal or pump irrigation.
When the Kossu dam .. oo!lles into operation it will help in controlling the floods and augumenting ,he irrigation facilities. It is proposed to J?ut up a sugar factory immediately with a production capacity of 30,:ioo tons per annum and later to have more capacity to reaoh a produc-tion of 60,000 tons per ar.num by 1970. It is proposed to organize
participation by private farmers even up to 50 per cent of the total can,, supplies reC[uired. 1 t ap1sears US aid ,of $1.8 million is available for a project on sugaroa.ne.
It is contemplated to install a sugar factory of
1,500
tons cane-crUEhi~ capacity per day, as the cane area being a long strip of land along the river, transport cost on haulage of cane would be higher if a larger capacity factory -.as put up. It is felt, however, that with 10 i:er cent recovery on cane and 150 days net working season, afactory of 1,500 tons capacity would yield only 150 x 150 • 22,500 tons of sugar per annum and not 30,000 tons which is contemplated. It is proposed, therefore, that instead of putting up a 1,500 ton/day factory, one of 21000 t/d may be installed. Once the cane is loaded into ~rucks it d?es not cost much more if the transport is longer by a few kilometres.
On the other hand a larger sized \L~it will mean lower manufacturing expe:1ses and lower overhead charges besides the pcssibili ty of confining the )rushing campaign to a shorter duration of season, with a higher prop.:,rtion of the peak recovery period.
E/CN .14/nrn/135 Page 64
In order to achieve the estimated production of 98,000 tons per annum in 1980, it is suggested that three units, two of 2,000 tons/day and one of 2,500 tons/day capacity may ;ie installed. Production from these would be as follows:
(1) Two units of 2,000 tons cane per day at 10 per cent sugar recovery and
150 day seasor;
a 2,000 X 10 X 150 X 2 100
,
(2) One unit of 2,500 t/d
= 60,000 tons sugar per annum
=
2,500 X 10 X 150 100= 37,500 Total
=
97,500 tonsThe area of land re~uired for the sugarcane plantations for these factories may be stipulated on the basis of the cane yield cf 100 tons per hectare, Allowing for rotation, viz., plant cane, first ratoon, second ratoon, fallow or some leguminous crop and some land for roads, channels, farm buildings, etc,, an area of at least 41400 hectares would be needed for each of' the 2,000 t/d factories and 5,500 hectares for the 2,500 t/d unit. Thus a total of' 141300 hectares of land would be required, If' however, private farmers in the region take to sugarcane cultivation on their existing holdings and supply cane to the
above-mentioned fao~ories, the planta-cion area of -the sugar estates would be less to the extent that the private farmers share the cane supply.
The factories suggested above will have to produce refined sugar and convert 60 per cent of it into cubes.
3,4,6, Utilization of by-products
According to studies made by CEGI, development of by-product industries for the production of (a) paperboards (b) rum, a.nd (o) foci' yeast, is considered feasible,
As regards the production of paperboards from bagasse, it would be necessetry to wor:C out hou far it wculd be feasible to ,:,.ake uninterrupted supplies of substitute ~uel available ta the sugar factories, what would
E/CN, 14/Ii'fR/135 Page
65
be the cost of this f'.iel and whether the corresponding price paid for bagasse would be economical for the production of paperboards as
against other cellulosic raw material available from forest resources, Basic data on these aspects are not available to enable the making of a d,finite c'ecommenda,tion, As Ivory Coast :nu.st be having considerable dema.nd for hard waxes for the manufacture of carbon paper, floor and show polishes, etc., one plant could be installed for extraction of wa.x from filter cake.
Regarding the production of rum from molasses it appears that there is considerable scope, According to document E/CN ,14/:INR/125, Table 18, the estimated looally produced demand for alcoholic drinks is ~581000 hectolitres. Alcoh<:>l requirement of 95 per cent stl'.'ength for this quantity of liquors would be about 196,000 hectolitres,
In order to produce this much aloohol, the requil'.'ement of molasses would be about 78,400 tons.
The production of molasses from the sugar industry producing 96,000 tons of sugar pel'.' .annum would be about 33,600 tons per annum, Thus it is seen that the entire molasses output would be utilized for the
prodiction of potable liquol'.'s and still the demand for raw material for iiquor distilleries would not be satisfied,
Besides the demand for potable liquol'.'s, Ivory Coast imports alcohol 80° and above and denatured spirit, The import in 1965 was of the order of 1,200 hectolitres. 'I'his demand will also go up in course of years with greater industrialization, In view of these considerations it is suggested that by 1980 two distilleries ea.ch of 45,000 heotoli tres
prodi;.ction capaoi ty per annum (or 150 EL per day) of 95 per oent alcohol, may ·ce established. In the first few years one 15C HL/day distillery may not be able to obtain all the required molasses from one factory of 2,000 tons/day capacity and may work only for about 200 days in the year instead of 300 days but, in the long run this would be an economical proposition as compared to installing several units of smaller capacities,
i::/cN .14/nrn/135
Page 66
3.4.7. Fina41,oial requirements
'
Capital investments required for the various production units suggested, would be as follows:
1. Three sugarcane plantations (4,400 ha each) and 3 sugar factories
2. Four cube suear plants each of 50 tons/day capacity
3. Two confectioioeries each of 3 tons/day capacity
4. Two distilleries each of 451000 Hecto-litres (1,0 million gallons) capacity
5.
Cane wax plant (10 tons dry cake per day)Million Fr.CFA
13,440.0
1,612.8
201.6 336.0 33,6 15,624.0Million
US$
56.00
6.72
0,84 1,40 0.14It will be seen that financial requirements for setting up the sugar industry l.n Ivory Coast to meet the needs of the people in 1980 would be of the order of 15,624 million Fr,CFA or about US$65,10 million,
3,4.8. Employment potential
It is estimated that the number of workers required for the above units would be about 9,930,
s/rJN .14/n,R/135
, Page 67
3.5. Li::>eria
3.5.1.
Present consumptionThe imports of sugar into Liberia during the years 1961-1963 were as follows:
Quantity Value Value
tons 1000 US$ per ton US$
1960 1,756 281.6 160.4
1961 1,549 259.1 167,3
1962 2,238 316.8 141.5
1963 2,625 448.9 171.0
Average 2,042 326.6 159.9
There were no re-exports. Stooks at the end of the year being m,gligible, it can be assumed that the above figures represent the
consumption of sugar. Figures for later years were not available.
The average consumption during the four years was about 21000 tone pE,r annum and the average c,i.f. value paid was US$ 327 tr.cu.sand per year. It may be presumed that the consumption of sugar is now of the order of 4,000 tons.
Ths imports were largely from USA, UK, France, west Germany and Ea.et Oerma:ny.
The imports of confectionery were as follows:
Quantity Value
tons 1 000 US$
1960 639 116,7
1961
467
172.01962 471 227 .5
1963 398 257.1
Average 494 193,3
£/cN, 14/:urn/us
Page 68
The above fig=es :cndicate an e,yerage consumption of about 500 tons per year,
3, 5, 2. Foreign . .!'_xchange -~,nvol ved
The 2Yere,ge c, j_. f, value paid or the foreign exchange involved on the purchase of sugar and confdctionery during the fom, years was about US$0.52 million per yecr,
There is a duty of l.Ct per lb. on unrefined sugar and of 3.0¢
per 110. on refj_ned sugar. 'rhe wholesale price is US$190 per short ton or US$209 per metric ton, The retail price is 12 - 15¢ per lb. or 24 -- 30¢ per kg.
The 1?.~-.£':::_Put_ cons wnption of sugar in Liberia in the monetary
sector of the :,;o;,cclation in 196.1 was 9,5 kg/year corresponding to a Gr:-::/
c:·,u t o~· u:;~ 653 (Annex IA), In 1980 the GDP/ caput is estimated to rise to 1,060 and the population (in the monetary sector) will increase from 0,23 million in 1963 to 0,64 million. By the method of projection adopted, the per_!;'.'.'-PUt_ consumption in Lib0ria, in 1980, would be 45,4 k:,/year (Annex :J:.G), It does not seem probable, however, that the rate
,
of consumption would reach such a high level, in spite of the substantial rise in GDP. It is felt that a per caput consumption of 24.0 kg/year, which is the present per ca~ut consumption in neighbouring Ivory Coast, would be reasonable. At thi~ rate, the total consumption for a
popula-tion of 0.64 million would be 15,360 tons,
The demand for confectionery is likely to increase by 10 per cent every year and is estimated as 1,600 tons in 1980. For manufacturing this quantity of confectionery approximately 11200 tens of sugar would be needed.
Thu3 the total d,amand for sugar in 1980 may be estimated as 16,560 or, sa,:•, 16,600 tons.
J.5.5 ..
Possibilities of meeting the demandB/CN, 14/n;R/135 Paee 69
In 1960 the Government of Liberia signed a preliminary Concession Agreement with iYfessrs Universal Sugar Projects, Inc .. , to carry out sL1rveys and feasibility studies with a vie,: to seleoting a suitable a!:'ea for developing a sugarcane plantation for commercial manufacture of s·clg'a.r.
It is not known l\hetter the studies 1.ere carried out and, if so, wl,at the fin_dings 11ere.
In September 1964 an Indian '.Peohnioal 'l:eam consisting of
N..r. S .11. Dha.nuker, sugar indus"trialist and Nlr. It .R. Panje, Director, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research was invited to investigate and report on the possibilities of sugarca>1e culture and sugar production i:r.. Liberia .. During the team1s visit,. lasting ten days, several sites we:~e visited and various agrioul tural aspects were discussed.. The
team ultimately made the following observations,
"Assessment of sugarcane production possibilities
From the foregoing, i t may be observed that Liberia does not possess all or the best conditions necessary for cane culture on a large commercial scale. Great advances have been made in the a.g:ronomy of sugarcane in recent times, and sugarcane is today in various ways adapted to grow in a wide range of climates and soils, but then, each departc;re from the combination of optimum conditions detracts from the l'.,est economics of sugar production, increases the cost of production or capital outlay, or calls for more and more skilful techniQues of crop-management,
A small sugar factory of 800 tons capacity at an expected yield of 30 tons cane per acre requires over 5,000 acres of cane for a 200-day working sea.s-0:n in a yea:r, and if a crop rota ti on is p:ractised, the acreage needed may go up to 10,000 or 15,000 acres. This acreage has to ·ne on reasonably level ground in fairly large blocks and within a 10 to 12 mile radius of the factory. In Liberia, such an ~ e in one or a few compact
areas will be difficult to find. Retenticn of moisture, maintena.noe of organic matter in the soil, and conservation o~ plant nutrients from leaching out, will be the principal agrenomica.l problems.
The fertilizer-bill also is likely to be large because of the low availability of nutrients and the need for correction of soil acidity. Above all, it has to be ensured that sufficient water
E/C1:f .14/I!JR/:35 ra(,,;e 78
for irriga.tiori durin:? the dry season will be availa-ble. ?or this certain ii·rigation works like weirs may be called for.
The total durat:.on of sunshine available d•rring the growing
,
period is rather short of the crops rec,uirement. As it happens, the dry ripening season is wa:rmer than the growing season. The provision of full-time field labour for the plantation and extra seasonal labour during the harvesting season for a lazige size factory may also ;,ose problems. While climatically interior areas like Voinjama and Kolahun may be more suitable, in these oases the capital cost of a large factory will be excessively loaded with tra..YJ.sportation costs J because :nate.rials for_ the entire factory and housin6 including cement, roofing and flooring materials, constructiun ec1.uipment, structural steel, etc., will have to be transported inland, The road transportation costs at J;fonrovia at present are a·nout 10¢ to 15¢ pe:,:, ton-mile and if a large factory is set up in Voinjama or Kolalnm or 'l'chein, these costs alone may amount to US$300,000 or more.
The favourable factors for sugarcane in Liberia are the land concession terms iL the light of the present open-door policy of the Government of Liberia, and the assured internal market for the sugar produced.
Proposed pattern of sugar industry
Taking al: these aspects into consideration, the team can not see its way to recommending the establishment of a vacuum-pan sugar factory in Liberia. Such a unit involves a high degree of conoentration of oane and intensive cultare for which Liberian topography, soil and agricultural conditions do not give sufficient scope, We suggest instead the establishoent of a certain number of open-pan white sugar factories which may be not only quite feasible, but under Liberian conditions als.o (lUite preferable to setting up a large vacut:m-pan factory.11
It thus appears that there is no possibility of establishing a large-scale cane sugar ind·.1stry in Liberia.
Under the circumstances, Liberia's needs of white sugar may be met from additional production in Ghana, Mali or Upper Vol ta whers surplus oane area may be available b·.1t these cournries will llave to take suitable steps for _.;reducing a larger quantity of sugar than would be needed for their own requirements,
.
,C:.:/CN,
14/:::trn/135
Pc,ge 71
For meeting the needs of confeotionery, two confectionery units ea.c,h of a pi•oduction oa.paoi ty of
J.O
tc>ns per da;y may be established, Thase will be able to manufacture about1800
tons of confectioner;y per ann'.llll. The cost of these units is estimated atUS$840,ooo.
According to tho report of tho Indiar. Technical ·Team it appears
~hat there is soope for developing small-scale sugar units, This is oommended as i t will provide a better return to the sugarcane grower
·frc·m his crop than he gets from its sale for chewing purposes. It will enlarge the scope for employment in rural areas. It will be necessary, however, that the farmers grow the imported varieties such as
B/37172, B/41227, co/419, co/331, NC0/376
andnco/310
which have given good yields and sucrose contents in neighbouring Ivory Coast a.a compared to looal varieties, It will be necessary also to provideadeq_uate irrigation (for which minor irrigq,tion schemes may be possible) a.nd apply adeg_uate doses of fertilizers, Yields of at least 30 tons per acre with at least
12.0
per cent sugar in cane would be essential eve·1 if the small-scale industry is to prove viable.It may not be out of place to refer to a widely held notion that any sugar which is not refined sugar must necessaril;y be brown sugar.
Thi,i is not true. The small-scale :process of sugar ma.nu.faoture developed in India· adopts the sulphi tation process and a reasonabl;y white sugar is Jroduoed which can be used for direct consumption.
If a number of small-scale units are established, in the course of years, sugarcane cultivation may so nevelop that it may be possible to repJ.aoe them by a large-scale urdt,
A scheme for small-scale manufaotux·e of sugar is given at .A.nne:x: II for the benefit of entrepreneurs Hho may wish to manufacture sugar on small scale.
E/CJJ .14/LTR/135 Page 72
3.6. Sierra Leone
I
The net imports of sugar into Sierra Leone during the years '1961-1965 have been as follows;
Year Quantity Value Value Value per Value per
1 000 tons million Leons million US$ ton Leona ton US$
1961 17.52 L650 2,31 94.17 131.8
1962 17.98 1.592 2.23 88.54 124.0
1963 12.24 1,987 2.78 162.33 ' 227. l
1964 14.16 2. 296 3.21 162.15 226.7
1965 21.24 1.794 2. 51 84.46 118.2
Average 16.63 l.864 2,61 118.33 165,5
Stocks having been absorbed during the years the above figures can be taken to be consumption figures. It will be seen that on an average about 16,600 tons of sugar has been consumed per year and the c.i,f. value paid was about 1,86 million Leons or US$2.6 million per year, The average c,i.f. price was 118,3 Leons or US$l65.5 per ton.
Major quantities of sugar were imported from the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Cz'echoslovakia, Madagascar and USSR.
· The consumpt{on of confectionery was as follows:
Year Tons Value in Value Value per Value per million million ton Leons ton US$
Leons. US$
1961 582,0 0,217
o.
304 372.o
520.81962 786.0 0.284
o.
397 361.3 505,81963 752. 5 0.267
o.
374 355.0 497.01964 764.4 0.322 0.451 421.0 589,4
1965 887.1
o.
347 0.486 391.0 547,4Average 754 0.286 0.402 380.0 532,l
.. ..
E/CJ-r, 14/DrR/135 Page 73The above figures show that, on an average about 750 tons of ccnfectionery has been consumed prr yenr during the years 1961-1965 and the c.i.f, value paid was 0,286 mil:ion Leons or USS0.402 million per year. The c.i.L corJt of confectionery m,s about US$532 per ton,
On an average tho total a.LL ,.·a.lue paid or foreign exchange spent per:- year on sugar anc. confectionery waz 2.15 million Leons or about USl,3,00 million.
The wholc:Htle a!1d ret!iil prices are as foll0;1st
---··---·-··--·
Retail Leon~ per c;-rt. US$ per ton US cents per lb,
---···----··•·---- ----
---Tai-e and Lyl8
5
,'/0 per c,;t.• St. Louis
159.6 235,2
11.2 14.0
..
---s-•---·-•-··---The ~E ... O'.':Jlll'b co:1su,aption of sugar ( in the monetary sector of th0
---s-•---·-•-··---The ~E ... O'.':Jlll'b co:1su,aption of sugar ( in the monetary sector of th0