For achieving a production of
44,000
tons of sugar, it is suggested~hat two units each of 22,000 tons per annum production capacity be established, Assuming a working season of 150 days and a sugar re-covery of 10 per cent on cane a factory of 1,500 tons cane-cxushing capacity will be required for each proiuction unit, As a small factory of 400 tons per day has al.ready been established the capacity of one of the units may be 1,200 tons cane per day, From the long range point of view factories of small oapaoities would prove to be uneconomic and therefore it is advisable to have a single large capacity unit than two small ones, The area re::iuired for each of the
22,000
tons sugar per a,mum production units would be about4,000
acres, allowing for one pJ_ant crop, two ratoons, one fallow and 10 per cent of the area for road, channels, farm buildin5s, etc.3,10.6.
Utilization of by-productsUnless there is scarcity of cellulosic raw material for paper and pulp industries and cheap substitute fuel can be found for sugar
factories, the bagasse w~ll be used as fuel in sugar industries.
Similarly, unless there is appreciable demand for hard waxes for manufacture of carbon paper, polishes, etc,, the filter cake will ba utilized as manure in the cane fields.
As regards molasses it can be converted into alcohol, vinegar, food yeast, etc. The prcduction of molasses from eaoh of the 22,000 tons per annum sugar-producing units would be about
8,000
tons, The estimated locally produced demand for alcoholic drinks in1980
would be 9,000 heetolitres (Reference, document E/CN.14/nm/125, Table18),
The alcohol requirement of 95 per cent strength for the above-mentioned quantity of alcoholic drinks wot1ld be about3,800
hectolitres. Assuming that the demand for alcohol for industrial, pharmaceutical and other purposes would be 6,200 hectolitres, a distillery of 10,000 hecto-litres per annum oapaoity may be established, This would need about 4,000 tons of molasses, The remaining 4,000 tons may be utilized for cattle-feeding purposes. Alternatively, a distillery of 20,000hecto-E/cn,
le/nm/135Page 98
litres cap2city m2y be installed and the surplus alcohol exported, The
8,000 tons of molasses from the other unit may be utilized for the pro-duction of foocl yeast. It will be possible to produce about 2,500 tons
of food yeast from ·t.'J.8s'l molasses, A food yeast plant of 10 tons capa-city per a.ay raay th3rafore be established. along with the second sugar factory, At the prescribed dose of 2.5 kg per year, 2,500 tons of food yeast would be sc1ffioient for 1. 0 million people,
3, 10. 7. Financial req:!.irements
:'
Fro;;i tho forecoing it will appear that the following capital invest-ments would. be necessC1ry,
Million Million
Mali rancs US$
L Extension of e::,,:iRting sugarcane
plantation of 4,000 1~oct2.r0s 1,344,0 5,60
2. One new sugarcane plar.tation of
4,000 l1ectar0s 3,360.0 14,00
3.
One sugar factory of 1,200 tonsper c'.ay capo.ci t;r 672.0 2,80
4. One sugar :'.:actory of 1,500 tons
per day ca;iaci t.y 806,4 3,36
5, One distillery of 10,000 HL capacity 50.4 0,21
6. One confec-tione~\Y' of .3 tons per
day sapacity 101.0 0,42
7. One food. ;r22ct plan~ of ::.o tons
pe:' cl.ay cs.po.city 202.0 0.84
,_
--
-·-··----6,535.8 27 ,23
Thus, an investment of the order of 6 ,535,8 million Mali francs or US$ 27,23 million wc~lC ba needed.
3,10.8, ~~~r~~nt potential
It is estimate,1 that for the above projects the number of workers required ,rculd 'tl3 about 4.,150,
•
Upper Volta
3.11.1. Present consur.1ption
E/CN.14/Ilffi/135 Page
99
·rhe .imports of sugar (granulated and cubes) into Upper Volta daring ti.e years
1961
to1965
were as follows:Year Tons Value in Value in Value in Value in
million million fr. CFA US$
fr. CF.A US$ per ton per ton
1961 7,845 404.0 1.683 51,497, 7 214,5
1962 10,017 403,0 1.679 40,231.6 167.6
1963 9,124 413,0 1.720 45,265.2 188.5
19c4
8;444 512.
72,136 60,
717,6252.9
19E5 7,540
Average!/
8,857 433.2
1.805 203,8E:}
,,xcludes the1965
fie,ure of ir.1port,Since the stocks and re-expori;s were negligible, the above <J.Uanti ties can be taken as consumed, It will thus be seen that the average
con-sur.cption in the four years (196::.-1~,64) bas been of the order of
8,850
ton,3 per year, The average c,i,f. va:i.ue paid per year was
433,2
million francs CFA or US$ 1.8 rr.illion,The r.laJ or imports were from France, liiadagasoar, Belgium and Denmark.
The quantities of confectionery imported wcre small, of the order of abocit 130 tons per year, Figures relating to the imports of confec-tio:,ery were not available,
3,ll.,2, Foreign exchange involved
The aoount of money sent out of the country on the purcb.ase of sugar was about 433 million f~ancs CFA or US$ 1,80 million per year.
E/CN.14/nrn/135 Page 100
There is a duty of 3,5 p0r cent on the o.i.f. value on sugar from French zono and of 4,5 per cent on sugar from other ir.arkets,
The wholesale pri,,e per ton at Ouagadougou in February - March 1966 ,,as 85,000 fr'"ncs ·'Jl;'_'i. am~ in Bobo-dioulasso 80,000 francs CFA, The retail price of 0·abe sugar ran;;ed from 94-98 franos CFA per kilo.
3,11.4, Demar,d :.n 1980
c.'he per S'!IY.! conauaption of sugar in 1963 ( in the monetary sector of th3 po9".:'atio11·) <res 6.0 kg/year when the GDP per caput was US$ 79
(:umex IA). I~1 1980 the GDP/caput is estimated 2s lJ3,~ 187 and the pop-ulation (in tJ'.1e u.0n,2tary sector) is, expected to go u:p to 2,91 million.
ii.ccording to the rr.ethod of p.rojec-bion aUopted the per caput consump~ion i;ould. be 10,3 kg/year and. ti;.s tota: cor,s:.mption is; expected to be 30,000 tons (see Almex IC).
3,11.5, Possibilities of meeting the demand
As encourag:.rig re0ults 1,;ere obtained on sugarcane cultivation by IRAT at the J?ar:-.kabo Re'"e2!·oh Sti,tior1, a society named SIAN (Sooiete Industrielle Agricole d.u i!ieri) has been entrusted. with tr.a task of developing a sugar ind.c-st.·-y in l.ipper Vol ta. The experts of the Society have proposed t110 possible sites, one at Diarabakok<? in the Komoe River valley in the lle1nfo:::-e. ::egion an<i the othe:: in the Sourou River valley, The former site has, besides suitable soil and cli::,a tic oondi 1;ions, good
comrrunications.
•rhe average dai 1.y rr.aximum temperatures range from 30-38 C, 0 The amplitude of variation between the maximum anC:i. n:inimum ter:rperature in llovember is about
15°c
and in December, January, February and !":arch about17°c,
The average annual rainfall is about 1,230 mr:i with maxi-Cilm p::ecipi tat ion i.n Au.t.:.'l:.st.'l'he rel2tivs h,0.midities in the wet season are 97 and 75 at 6,0 hours and 12 hours, r"::spect! vely 9 anii in the dry sea.son 1+2 and 18,
E/Cl.'< .14/IllR/135 Page 101
respectively. The dry season is from Kovember to !fay. It is therefcre propcsed to establish a sugarcane plantation and factory at Diarabakoko.
(See map of Upper Volta at Annex II).
From the result of experiments carried out at Farakabo with selected imported varieties of sugarcane it appears that a yield of 100 tons per hectare (with irrigation) and a sugar recovery of at least 11 per cent shouli be obtainable at Diarabakoko. Even private farmers to whom some of ths successful varieties were distributed and who carried out the cultivation under the guidance of the experts of IRAT have been able to obtain yields above 100 tons per hectare with juice bru:es varying from.
~o
0 22° · d · · d t f 10 5 1 2 5 t~ - in icatifig a ren eraen o • t o _ . per cen. As regards the dLu:ation of crop season it appears that at least 120 net working days should be available.
On the above oonsiierations, in order to achieve the production of 30,000 tons in 1980, a factory of 2,400 tons cane-crushing capacity per day would be needed. It is sug;;,ested, however, that in the first instance a faot:o
7
y of 1,800 tons per day oapaoi ty with adeg_uu te provision forf'uturE extension to 2,400 tons per day, may be installed. The gross area requir·ed for the plantation of this factory would be 4,200 hectares
allowing for one plant crop, two ratoons, one fallow and 10 per cent area for farm roads, channels, building, etc. Upper Volta may also meet the reg_uireme,1ts of 3.0,000 ,ons per annum of !'1i5er, for which another factory
of sir.:ilar capacity as above rr.ay be established in the 6ourou valley.
3,11.6, Utilization of by-products
Of the three main by-products of the sugar industry, viz,, bagasse, filter cake, and molasses, the bagasse and filter cake would be utilized as fuel and manure, respectively. As regards molasses, its production would ~e about 7,600 tons from each of the 1,800 tons per day factories and ab)ut 10,000 per factory when each is extended to the capacity of 2,400 tons per day, that is, a total of 20,000 tons. This may be oon-ve::-ted in to alcohol. Accordin6 to Table 18 in doou:Lent B/m:i, 14/INR/125, the estimated additional capacity required for the production of alcoholic
B/Ci'I .14/IIIR/135 Page 102
drinks would be 24,000 hectolitres. For this the requirement of 95 per cent strength, would be about 10,300 hectolitres. The alcohol production from 10,000 tons of molasses of each factory would be 25,000 hectolitres
The following capital investments would be necessary,
1. Two sugarcane plantations (4,200 hectares each)
(25,000 hectolitres per annum) 6. One cLtbe--sugar plant the above-mentioned su6arcane plantations and industrial units,
E/CN, 14/INR/135
E/CN, 14/INR/135 Page 104
The conf 00+,iones'Y conc"·,1.option was, on the average, 327 tons per year valued at 29 !nillir)~'l f!.'aEcs C:?A.
3,12,2. Foreign exchange ".c1volved
The average c,i,L •.'2.lue paid. was of the order of 324 million francs CFA or US$ 1.35 millior, for oucar and. 29.0 million francs CFA or
US$ 0,12 million for cc·11fectionery. Thus the foreign exchange spent was of the order of 353 miL ion francs CFA or US$ 1,47 million,
3.-12, 3, Duties~ taxes and _:ori.ces
There is a duty (entry tax) of 3,8 per cent on the c,i,f, value of sugar, cl'he wholesalG price is 65
,ooo
francs CFA or about US$ 271 per ton.3.12,4, Deman<l. fo,c sugaE. i!}_ 1980
The le·rel of per_ca;vu t consumption of sugar in the monetary sector of the population in 1963 was 6.8 kg per year, when the level of GDP/
caput was US$ 167, 'l'he GDP/ca.put in 1980 is expected. to go up to US$ 281.
According to the method of projection adopted. the per caput consumption will go up to 14.,6 (."0.:,oex IC). The population (in the monetary sector) is expected to incr02c;e ~o 1,96 million, As such the total consumption of sugar in 1980 wc,rks out
co
28,600 tons, Assuming that sugar require-ments for confoct;on,n·y 2nd. otl10r purposes would be 1,400 tons, the total demand fm· 1:)80 m9.:f be plnced at 30,000 tons.3.12,5, Possibilitie::; of rceeting the demand
There is at present no d.omestic production of SUl!,ar in Niger.
Sugarcane is, hovfever} :Jeieg grovm in variot1s regions, e.g., Zinder,
!fiaradi, Tahana, l'osso ancl 1:iamey and yields of 15-30 tons per hectare are being obtained. 1-11 the cane produced (some 40,000 tons per year) is said to be consumed. for chewin6 purposes. It is also reported that there is a project und,,0:0 USAI1) to set up four small-scale units for the manufactur·e of bro,.n sucar. Some experiments on su6arcane cul ti vat ion have been carried. out witl::. IRA'I' and yields up to 150 tons per hectare have been recor·dod with sugar rendement of 11-12 per cent.
E/CN.14/INR/135 Page 105
This indicates that there are very good possibilities of growing sugarcane in lJiger bt1t so far there seems to be no plan of setting up a sugarcane plantation and cane sugar factory, Instead it is proposed
tc set up a refinery for rer'ining sugar fron, imported raw sugar.
In view of the very encouraging possibilities of growing sugarcane for commercial manufacture of sugar, the setting up of refinery is not understood, Apart from providing employment to a few persons, the
set-ti.'.'lg up of a refinery does not seem to offer any si1,;nificant advantages, pa.rticularly in view of the fac·a that raw sugar will have to be imported at the port of Cotonou (Dahomey) and transported all the way to the site of the refinery in ·c'fi;,,er, Koreover, considerable q,..tanti ties of fuel (coal or fuel oil) will also have to be supplied to the refinery which again will perhaps have to be imported into Niger.
It
would therefore be worth a serious investigationto
determine wh,,ther a sugarcane plantation and cane sugar factory for manufacture of direct consumption white sugar can be established in Niger,From a study of the map of Niger (see An.>1ex II) the region south of Niamey is between isobytes 700-750
mm,
that is, an area where 700-750mm
of 1:1ean ann\lal rainfall can be expected. The River Niger also flowsthere from Niamey to Gaye. It may perhaps be possible to locate a suitable site in this re;,,ion along the left bank of the Niger,
Assuming that a yield of 100 tons per hectare and a sugar recovery of 3Ven 10 per cent could be obtained and a season of 120 days is avail-abl-3, possibly a longer season would be available as the dry season would be '}Ui te long in this region, then the area of land and the size of
:fac·~ory required to achieve a proc.uction of 30,000 tons in 1980 would be as follows,
Gross area of land Size of factory
4,200 hectares 2,500 tons per day
But it is not necessary to install the 2,500 tons cane per day
u.nit
imiLEdiately, In the first instance a plant of only
1,aoo
tons per day capacity can be put up and this can be extended later to 2,500 tons per day.E/CN .14/INR/135 Page 106
However, if a suitable site cccnnot be found the needs of Niger may be met by Upper Vos ta where there are possibilities of larger production than its own requirements.
As regards setting up small-scale units for utilizing the sugarcane already being grown and for which there is a USAID project, reference may be made to the scheme for small-scale production of sugar given at Annex III, It may be pointed out however, that even for the small-scale units to be profitable, the cane cultivation will have to be carried
out on scientific lines with suitable imported varieties of cane. With such low yields as 16 tons per hectare no scheme of small-scale produc-tion could possibly be successful.
.
' '•
"
"
•o
..
40
20
10
10
•
Regression line for
sugar
consumption ondCourbe de
regressionde la
consommgtionde
en fonction du P 1B.
GAMBIA
• BAMBIE
SENEGAL & MAURITANIA
• SENEGAL •t MAURfTANIE
• IVORY COA$T COTIE 01 IVOIRE
• ITAL\' ITAUE
G.D.P
sucre
NETHEALAN0$
• PAY$-BAS
•
•LIBERIAOf;tfMAPK
•oANEMARK
UNITED l(IHGOAM .~YAUME-UHi
NORWAY NORVEGE
•
•BELGIUM BELGIQUE
•WEST GERMANY
ALLEMAGNE fEOERALE
E/CN.J4/ JNR/ 136 ANNEX 1 8
SWEDEN $UEOE
• SWITZERLAND
•
SUISSE
0
+---,.----.---,---.---,---,----,.---.,---,----,----.---.---r---....-100 200 ioo 400 eoo eoo 700 eoo aoo 1000 1100 1200 IIOO 1400
G.D. P. Per eopul ( U.S. Oollaril l
PIB par habitant ( en dollora du Etots-Unlsl
a.
J,
'
.
Cocuti•2°
:Eie,·e:::·i2~
Dc1j,;mcy Togo G;1r-::.:..-:-:.
Ivor·,/ Cc;cc; t Libc::d. ::
Si errs, Lcc:ne Guir.-0:1.
G=bi.:,
ANNEX IC.
E/CN .14/nnl/135
11..'1.LeX IC :2::'..c;e 3
PER CAPUT CCYP!Sill;1 TIOr! (r:G/YE.s.R) n:
1980
COlliillSP02rnING TOGDP/CAPUT (,;OI,ETJ.RY SJ:CTCR) TIT 1980 FOR \iES'i' icFRIC.J{ CUJl,TRIBS
GDIJ per Per cc.put Po,,_Julation Total const.uGpticn
C?,}mt USJ consurr.;,~ tion ( ::JOlJ. Gt ?..I';f of sugr~r in
1980
in198c
Kg/ye2.r in sector)•cco
tC1"Sl
80
145 8,3 52, 5,.j. 436.0
123 7,2 2.14 15.4
189 10.4 1,43 14.9
422 20.7
6.94143,6
822 36.6 2. 65
97 .o
l,050
45,5 0.64 29.1
223
12,0
~ c:.j'5 28,2
150 8,5 3,05
26.0138 8.o 0.32
2,6Senes:~l c:,;_: c• t·iauri tsnic..
sos 28,2 2,88 81,2
~L:.li
139 s.o
3./,8 27 .8Upp1;;:.:_• Volt:;,
:87 10,3 :~.91 30,0
1:;igcr
281 14.6 1.96 28,6
220 11,8 83.29 960.4
•
. ' ,. I •1 ; I
al.. ..! ..
!I!'" i!l!I 'I I- .. lit u,t.;; .... !i ......Ji ~R
z:, ~ii ..fr''
~◄§ ,1 ..
~... "'
,)-"\.,-··-r' ~ \.·'
i I \ \ I I·-
I"'
z
I l
! I
...; t'
"' : I
• w• § "'
~I ' • - ii ••
z•
L ,) I
I
•
-' -• I
i"
"'r "
-gf "' =
[;l I z.
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:I.. ..
~'-,,
).NNEX III
SCHEME FOR SI'ZlALir:)CltLE SUGAR MANUFACTURE 1. Introduction
E/CN ,14/INR/135 Annex III
Por ages, su;sarcane has been grc,m in several countries of the world•
B8:lng rich in sugar (sucrose) it is utilized for chewing and for the manufacture of sugar on commercial scale. The sugarcahe crop is able to wi thste.nd indifferent conditions cf weather to a much larger extent than other crops, It is therefore a very dependable crop. It is also a cash crc,p. For these reasons it has always been regs.rded as a vecy valuable crop.
In some countries, the sug rcane cultivation has been developed to a considerable extent and forms an important iten of their agricultural economy.
In some countries where sugarcane is not grown, refineries have been establi-shed for reprocessing raw su;.1;,'.r imported from other cane-producing countries into a refined product. But in some countries where sue:;arcane is being grown, it has no economic utilization, due to various limitations such as too small a production tc meet the requirements of lari,.e scale economic unit or inaccessibility to the factories due to lack of communications. In such areas, the SUJ,,rcane crop is not yielding to the grower the economic return it ~s capable of yieldint1 and the full potentialities of the crop are not being realized. The huce investment required for setting up a large-scale comnercial factory has also been a factor disooura2,ing a more profitable utilization of the crop.
In order to overcome these difficulties a small·•scale unit for the production of crystal sugar has been evclved in India. This has enabled entr:rpreneurs or cane ;;rowers themselves to take up aue,nr manufacture in remote areas and has opened opportunities to rural people for enterprise, It has brought increc,sed prosperity tc the 6crowers besides providing
employment to a significant section cf the village community.
:ouch a scheme may prove of immediate benefit to many existing or potential areas of sugarcane production in Africa.
In the absence of precise information relating to prices of materials and labour involved in the process of SU(;<',r manufacture, broad ar;sumptions
;;tpproximating av ,rage con:ii tions in ,.frica have been made for working out
E/CN •lL!/INR/135
"open pan" system employing the "sulphitation" process of juice clarification.
A reasonable white, free-flowing crystal sugar is produced.
2.1
The quantity of sugarcane required Area under cane
'
.
machinery, construction of fu1'Yiaces, molasses, tanks, etc&,,.
•
APPENDL"C I
'l'RE r!l.ANUFACTURING PROCESS
E/CN,14/IlfR/135 Appendix I
The manufacturing process consists of six main cperations namely, 1, Extraction of juice from cone
2, Purification of juice
3, Concentration of juice into thick syrup·
4, Crystallization
5,
Separation of oryste,l 6, Drying of sugar1. Extraction of jui_c.£_
The sugarcane is unloaded on a rJoving carrier and passes under a
revolving knife having several blades. The cane is thus out longitudinally into chips, This operation is called the preparation of oane. The
prepared cane is carried onwards by the carrier over an inclined chute and ther. dropped along c>J:Jother sloping chute into the first mill, The mill has three rollers revolving horizontally and as the cane passes through the mill, gets two squeezes. ~'he juice extracted from the cane flows into the mill bed and from there through a gutter to the juice receiving tank, The squeezed cane called "bagasse" moves a.head over a:n intermediate carrier to the second mill.where it gets squeezed again. The juice from the second mill is also taken into the receiving tank. The bagasse which comes out of the second mill is collected and used as fuel in the furnaces meant for heating the juice and oonoentr&.tL'lg it into syrup,
2, Purification of juice
rhe juice from the receiving tank is pumped into a tall cylindrical tank where it is mixed with milk of lime and sulphur dioxide gas
simultaneously, The limed and sulphited juice is heated to boiling in ol)en pans kept over a furnace. The boiled juice is :;,umjJed into a nur:.ber of s;;ttling tanks and allowed to settle. The supei':latant clear juice is drained out and ts~ken into the open p?.ns kept ovei· another furnace for
E/CJ:i .14/n:rn/135
Appendix I ·•·
Appendix I ·•·