Les mots polysyllabiques
10.5. Modèles computationnels et neurolinguistiques
Les modèles computationnels fournissent des descriptions fonctionnelles précises et dy-namiques des systèmes cognitifs. Dans le cas du système de lecture, ces modèles sont des outils théoriques puissants permettant de décrire les interactions multiples entre les différentes composantes linguistiques d'un mot lors de son identification. Ils participent à la réalisation d'une anatomie fonctionnelle du système de lecture.
Par ailleurs, un nombre croissant d'études utilisant des techniques de neuro-imagerie (i.e., potentiels évoqués cognitifs (PEC), tomographie par émission de positrons (TEP), imagerie par résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN)) tentent de préciser la structure et la dynamique du traitement des mots écrits d'un point de vue anatomo-fonctionnel (Démonet, Chollet, Ram-say, Cardebat, Nespoulous, Wise, Rascol & Frackowiak, 1992 ; Howard, Patterson, Wise, Brown, Friston, Weiller, & Frackowiak, 1992 ; Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993 ; Petersen, Fox, Posner, Mintum, & Raichle, 1989 ; Pugh, Shaywitz, Shaywitz, Constable, Skudlarski, Fulbright, Bronen, Shankweiler, Katz, Fletcher, & Gore, 1996).
Ces deux approches sont évidemment amenées à se rencontrer et à s'enrichir mutuellement (Jacobs & Carr, 1995). Les modèles computationnels permettent de définir le domaine de performance du système de lecture en analysant les performances de sujets dans des proto-coles expérimentaux précis. Ces analyses psycholinguistiques semblent manquer à un grand nombre d'études en imagerie cérébrale qui aboutissent à des résultats inconsistants (d'après
l'analyse de Poeppel, 1996). En couplant les prédictions et les analyses de ces modèles aux études de neuro-imagerie, on pourra à la fois mieux contraindre les interprétations des don-nées d'imagerie et, en retour, apporter de nouvelles contraintes pour l'élaboration des modèles de la lecture.
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Jacobs, A. M., & Grainger, J. (1992). Testing a semistochastic variant of the Interactive Activation Model in different word recognition experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance, 18, 1174-1188.
Jacobs, A. M., & Grainger, J. (1994). Models of visual word recognition : Sampling the state of the art.