Réactifs :
1. conjugué d’anticorps polyclonaux anti Francisella tularensis du lapin marqués par la Fluorescéine isothiocyanate (FITC).
2. Une solution saline tamponnée au phosphate = Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).
Matériels :
1. Des lames de verre, deux anneaux gravés. 2. Gaz ou de l'alcool brûleur.
3. Cuves de Coplin ou autres pots capables de tenir la (les) lame(s). 4. Microscope à fluorescence, avec filtre de FITC.
1. Prélèvements primaires : étaler une fine couche de l'échantillon sur la lame. Les frottis doivent être faits avec une concentration de cellules qui permet de visualiser clairement les bactéries individuelles. La goutte épaisse contenant trop de cellules peuvent donner une lecture indistincte.
2. Prélèvement de cultures : à partir d'une culture de 24 heures, utiliser une boucle d’inoculation pour recueillir les bactéries dans le 3ème
quart de la croissance. Préparer une suspension équivalente à 0,5 McFarland dans une solution saline. bien Mélanger. Utilisez un coton-tige stérile pour l’étaler sur la lame.
3. Laisser le frottis sécher à l'air.
4. fixer le frottis par la chaleur en passant la lame à travers une flamme, puis laisser refroidir.
5. Ajouter 20 µl de conjugué (assez pour couvrir la zone de frottis) et incuber pendant 30 minutes à température ambiante. Utilisez une chambre humidifiée à l'incubation pour éviter l'évaporation.
6. Remplir une cuve de Coplin avec du PBS et laisser tremper la lame pendant 10 minutes. Rejeter le PBS à partir du récipient et remplir avec du PBS frais. Faire tremper la lame pendant encore 10 minutes.
7. Retirer la lame de PBS et rincer à l'H2O distillée pour enlever le reste du sel. 8. Laisser la lame sécher à l'air.
9. Observer la lame en utilisant un microscope à fluorescence et filtre FITC. Les lames peuvent être analysées à l'aide des objectifs: G ×40, G ×63 ou G ×100 [170].
RESUME
Thèse n° : La tularémie :Maladie ré-émergente curable.
Auteur : Mr ELBHAR ABDESSAMAD encadré par le Pr S. ELHAMZAOUI. Mots clés : Tularémie, Francisella tularensis, infection ulcéroganglionnaire, SDRA,
Fluoroquinolones.
La tularémie est une anthropozoonose bactérienne due à Francisella tularensis qui est un petit coccobacille Gram négatif, aérobie, non mobile et à tropisme intracellulaire et qui est considéré comme l’une des bactéries pathogènes les plus infectieuses connues. Cette maladie est présente dans le monde entier, mais survient essentiellement dans l’hémisphère nord: en Amérique du Nord, en Europe et en Asie centrale, et les épidémies connues sont limitées. Elle est distinguée par une riche diversification dans son tableau clinique, ses réservoirs et ses modes de transmission et c’est important de noter que Francisella est la seule bactérie qui peut franchir la peau saine et atteindre la circulation sanguine, mais heureusement malgré toutes ces données de gravité jusqu’à ce jour aucune transmission interhumaine n’a été déclarée.
Le diagnostic de cette pathologie est réalisé par de nombreuses méthodes et il repose essentiellement sur les constatations cliniques et sur des techniques bactériologiques, sérologiques et biomoléculaires.
La tularémie est une maladie rare mais dangereuse, voire mortelle surtout en cas de propagation d’un aérosol de la bactérie (précisément la sous espèce tularensis), ce qui la rend capable d’être une arme utilisée à des fins bioterroristes ou dans les guerres bactériologiques. La combinaison entre une très bonne connaissance de la maladie et l’application correcte des recommandations thérapeutiques et prophylactiques, reste (quel que soit le scénario d’exposition) la meilleure solution pour améliorer la prise en
SUMMARY
Thesis n° : Tularemia: Reemergent treatable disease.
Author : Mr. ELBHAR ABDESSAMAD supervised by Professor S. ELHAMZAOUI.
Key words : Tularemia, Francisella tularensis, Ulcero-glandular infection, SDRA, Fluoroquinolones.
Tularemia is a bacterial anthropozoonosis due to Francisella tularensis, is a small Gram-negative bacillus, aerobic, non-motile with intracellular tropism and is considered one of the most infectious pathogenic bacteria known. The disease is found worldwide, but mainly occurs in the northern hemisphere: in North America, Europe and Central Asia, and the known epidemics are limited. It is distinguished by a rich diversity in its clinical presentation, its reservoirs and its modes of transmission and it is important to note that Francisella is the only bacteria that can cross the healthy skin and reach the bloodstream, but luckily despite all these data severity to date no human transmission have been reported.
The diagnosis of this pathology is performed by many methods and it is mainly based on clinical findings and bacteriological techniques, serological and molecular biological.
Tularemia is a rare but dangerous and deadly disease especially in case of an aerosol spread of the bacteria (specifically the subspecies tularensis), which enables it to be a weapon used in bioterrorism or in bacteriological wars. The combination of a very good knowledge of the disease and the correct application of therapeutic and prophylactic recommendations, remain (whatever the exposure’s scenario) the best solution to improve the care of patients and for a complete cure.
صخلم
مقر ةحورطأ : ايمرلاوتلا : ضرم رركتم روهظلا باق و ل جلاعلل . فلؤملا : ديسلا رحبلا دبع دمصلا ذاتسلأا فارشإب ة ةنيكس لا زمح ا يو . ةيساسلأا تاملكلا : ايمرلاوتلا )بنارلأا ىمح( ، لازيسنارف سيسنيرلاوت ، ىودع ةيحرقت ،ةيدقع رذانت قانتخلإا يوئرلا لا ،داح لا نولونيكورويلف . يمرلاوتلا يموثرج ضرم )بنارلأا ىمح( ا يناويح ب ةامسملا ايريتكبلا نع جتان أشنملا يرشب و لازيسنارف سيسنيرلاوت لخاد ءاحتنا تاذ و ةكرحتم ريغ ،ةيئاوه ،مارغلا ةيبلس تاروصع نع ةرابع يهو ، ربتعتو ،يولخ ىودعلا ةديدش ةضرمملا تايريتكبلا مهأ نم ةدحاو ةموثرجلا هذه . ا اذه ايسآ و ابوروأ ،ةيلامشلا اكيرمأ :ةيضرلأا ةركلل يلامشلا فصنلا يف اصوصخ ،ملاعلا يف رشتنم ضرمل نييعيبطلا نينضاحلا عونتو هضارعأ عونتب ضرملا اذه زيمتيو .ةدودحم لظت ةيئابولا تلااحلاف كلذ عم ،ىطسولا ذه نأ ركذلاب ريدجلا نمو ،هلاقتنا قرط عونتب اضيأو ةضرمملا هتموثرجل يتلا ةديحولا ايريتكبلا يه ةموثرجلا ه نسحلف ،اهتروطخ ىلع ةلادلا تايطعملا هذه لك مغرو .دلجلل اهقارتخا ربع ةيومدلا ةرودلا ىلإ لوصولا عيطتست رخلآ ناسنإ نم ضرملل لاقتنا يأ لجسي مل نلآا دحلو هنأ ،ظحلا . اظحلاملا ىلع ساسلأا يف زكتريو ،قرط ةدعب نكمم ضرملا اذه صيخشت ةيميثارجلا تاينقتلا و ةيريرسلا ت ةيئيزجويبلا و ةيلصملا . يمرلاوتلا ةللاسلا اديدحت( ةموثرجلل يئاوهلا راشتنلإا ةلاح يف اتيمم حبصي دقو ،ريطخ هنكلو ردان ضرم ا سيسنيرلاوت ةيموثرجلا بورحلا يف وأ يباهرإ حلاسك مدختست نلأ ةلباق ةموثرجلا نم لعجي يذلا ءيشلا ،) . ،اريخأ لظي ،ةيئاقولا و ةيجلاعلا ةيبطلا تايصوتلل حيحصلا قيبطتلا و ضرملا اذهل ةديجلا ةفرعملا نيب جمدلا نإف ىلإ مهب لوصولا و ىضرملاب ءانتعلإا لئاسو نم نيسحتلل لح لضفأ )ءادلا اذهب ةباصلإا تايثيح تناك امفيك( يلكلا ءافشلا ةلحرم .[1] VERGE J, SAURAT P. La tularémie. Rev Med Vet 1947: 287–313
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