3. GENDER IMPACT OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE EAC AND MERCOSUR
3.2. EDUCATION AND ACCESS TO RESOURCES AND OPPORTUNITIES
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Education
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Figure 2. School enrolment rate by gender (per cent)
Figure 3. Sectoral composition of employment by gender (per cent)
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Note: EAC and MERCOSUR regional averages are calculated as weighted averages using male and female populations as weights.
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84.0 93.4 79.8 92.3 35.8 80.6 35.4 74.6 5.5 45.5 10.2 40.7
EAC MERCOSUR Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America EAC MERCOSUR Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America EAC MERCOSUR Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America
Primary enrolment (net) Seconday enrolment (net) Tertiary enrolment (gross)
Male Female
76.2 68.5 63.5
56.3
19.4 27.7 26.3 31.4
74.3 85.1
50.1 58.3
24.3 34.3 24.4 29.0
72.2 80.4
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EAC MERCOSUR Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America &
Caribbean Agriculture Industry Services
GENDER IMPACT OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE EAC AND MERCOSUR 15
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MERCOSUR EAC
Male Female Male Female
2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s 2000s 2010s Wholesale and retail trade, and repair 19.0 18.9 16.0 17.5 10.5 11.1 7.1 11.0
Hotel and restaurants 3.1 3.5 4.2 5.8 1.1 1.3 2.8 4.7
Transport, storage and communications 7.9 8.6 1.4 1.8 3.0 4.8 0.1 0.3
Financial intermediation, real estate and
business activities 7.7 8.9 6.4 9.0 0.7 1.5 0.2 0.6
Public administration and defence;
compulsory social security 5.9 5.8 4.7 5.4 1.6 1.5 0.3 0.4
Education 2.1 2.6 11.1 11.1 2.1 2.6 1.3 2.1
Health and social work 1.7 2.0 7.1 8.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 1.0
Other community, social and
personal service activities 3.4 3.1 5.5 6.2 1.3 1.3 0.6 1.3
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GENDER IMPACT OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE EAC AND MERCOSUR 17
Figure 4. Gender-based indicators of manufacturing employment
Source: ILOStat database (accessed on 3 September 2018).
Note: EAC and MERCOSUR regional averages are calculated as weighted averages for female/male sectoral employment shares XVLQJPDOHDQGIHPDOHHPSOR\PHQWDVZHLJKWV%XUXQGLDQG.HQ\DFRXOGQRWEHLQFOXGHGLQWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKH($&DYHUDJHGXH WRGDWDFRQVWUDLQWV7KHVUHIHUWRIRUDOOFRXQWULHVH[FHSWIRUWKH8QLWHG5HSXEOLFRI7DQ]DQLDDQG8JDQGD WKHVUHIHUWRIRU$UJHQWLQD3DUDJXD\DQG8UXJXD\WRIRU%UD]LOWRIRU5ZDQGDWRIRU8JDQGDDQGWR 2014 for the United Republic of Tanzania.
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Manufacturing share of female employment
Manufacturing share of male employment
Female share of total manufacturing employment
MERCOSUR EAC
Figure 5. Composition of male and female employment by work status (per cent shares)
Source: ILOStat database (accessed on 14 August 2018).
Note: EAC and MERCOSUR regional averages are calculated as weighted averages for female/male sectoral employment shares XVLQJPDOHDQGIHPDOHHPSOR\PHQWDVZHLJKWV7KHVUHIHUWRIRUDOOFRXQWULHVH[FHSWIRU%XUXQGLDQGWKH8QLWHG
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MERCOSUR EAC
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Figure 6. Incidence of account ownership by gender (per cent)
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Access to resources and opportunities
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Figure 7. Sources of and motivation for borrowing by gender (per cent)
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7.4 8.6
3.1 6.1
8.9 12.5 7.8 9.7
9.4 14.1 23.1 29.0
36.7 42.4 12.3 16.2
0
Female Male Female Male
EAC MERCOSUR
Borrowed to start, operate, or expand a farm or business Borrowed from a financial institution
Borrowed from a financial institution or used a credit card Borrowed from family or friends
GENDER IMPACT OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE EAC AND MERCOSUR
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E\ DJULFXOWXUHtHVSHFLDOO\ IRU ZRPHQtDQG DV DJULFXOWXUDOFRPPRGLWLHVDUHDPRQJWKHWRSH[SRUW SURGXFWV/DQGFDQEHDUHVRXUFHIRUVXEVLVWHQFH and cash crop farming and can act as a collateral for ERUURZLQJ$VDOVRGRFXPHQWHGLQVHFWLRQERWK ($&DQG0(5&2685PHPEHUVLQWURGXFHGODZVRQ HTXDOSURSHUW\RZQHUVKLSDQGVRPHDOVRRQHTXDO LQKHULWDQFHULJKWV'HVSLWHWKHVHOHJDOSURWHFWLRQV H[LVWLQJ FXVWRPV DQG WUDGLWLRQV FRQWLQXH WR LQKLELWZRPHQpVIXOOHQMR\PHQWRIWKHVHULJKWVDQG FRQWLQXHWROLPLWWKHLURZQHUVKLSRIDQGDFFHVVWR ODQGHVSHFLDOO\LQUXUDODUHDV)LJXUHSUHVHQWVWKH ILJXUHVRQWKHLQFLGHQFHRIDJULFXOWXUDOKROGHUVDQG ODQGRZQHUVIRUWKH($&DQG0(5&2685PHPEHUV for which data were available.30 There is a large JHQGHUJDSLQWKHLQFLGHQFHRIDJULFXOWXUDOKROGHUV E\ JHQGHU DFURVV ERWK UHJLRQV )RU H[DPSOH LQ
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Figure 8. Incidence of agricultural holders and landowners by gender
Figure 9. Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work by gender (per cent of 24-hour day) Source: FAO, Gender and Land Rights database (accessed on 10 August 2018).
1RWH/DQGKROGHUƄJXUHUHIHUVWRIRU$UJHQWLQDDQGWKH8QLWHG5HSXEOLFRI7DQ]DQLDIRU%UD]LOIRU8JDQGDDQG IRU8UXJXD\/DQGRZQHUƄJXUHUHIHUVWRIRU3DUDJXD\IRUWKH8QLWHG5HSXEOLFRI7DQ]DQLDDQGIRU8JDQGD
Source: CEPALSTAT database for Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, World Bank, Gender Statistics database for the United 5HSXEOLFRI7DQ]DQLDDFFHVVHGRQ$XJXVWDQG81:RPHQIRU5ZDQGDDQG8JDQGD
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16.2 12.7 19.7 19.7 16.3 27 45.2 49.6
83.8 87.3 63.5 80.3 83.7 69.9 54.8 50.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Argentina Brazil Uruguay United Republic
of Tanzania
United Republic
of Tanzania
Uganda Paraguay Uganda
Agricultural holder Agricultural landowner
Female Male
4.2 7.8
15.0 16.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
MERCOSUR EAC
Male Female
GENDER IMPACT OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE EAC AND MERCOSUR 21
Unpaid care and domestic work play a critical role in social provisioning. Under the traditional gender division RIODERXUZRPHQVKRXOGHUWKHEXONRIXQSDLGZRUNZKLFK XQGHUPLQHVWKHLUSRVLWLRQDQGEDUJDLQLQJSRZHULQWKH ODERXUPDUNHWOLPLWVWKHLUDFFHVVWRWUDLQLQJSURJUDPV DQGMHRSDUGL]HVWKHLUDFFHVVWRUHVRXUFHVDQGPDUNHWV ,WLVWKHUHIRUHLPSRUWDQWWRH[DPLQHWLPHXVHSDWWHUQVLQ DQ\ DQDO\VLV RI JHQGHU DQG WUDGH 6SHFLƄFDOO\ ZRPHQ VSHQGPRUHWKDQWKUHHWLPHVWKHDPRXQWRIWLPHPHQ VSHQGRQXQSDLGGRPHVWLFDQGFDUHZRUNLQ0(5&2685 DQGPRUHWKDQWZLFHWKDWRIPHQLQWKH($&ƄJXUH 8QHTXDO VKDULQJ RI XQSDLG GRPHVWLF DQG FDUH ZRUN UHPDLQVDVLJQLƄFDQWEDUULHUWRZRPHQpVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ the economy in both regions and needs to be taken into FRQVLGHUDWLRQIRUPDNLQJWUDGHSROLF\JHQGHUVHQVLWLYH 3URYLVLRQRIFKLOGFDUHVHUYLFHVE\WKHSXEOLFVHFWRURULQ SDUWQHUVKLSZLWKWKHSULYDWHVHFWRULQFOXGLQJWHPSRUDU\
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Figure 10. Indicators of decision-making
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators database (accessed on 10 August 2018).
Note: EAC and MERCOSUR regional averages are calculated as weighted averages using population as a weight. Firms with female WRSPDQDJHUƄJXUHVDUHIRUIRU%UD]LODQGIRUWKHUHVWRI0(5&2685PHPEHUVIRUIRU%XUXQGLIRU5ZDQGD DQG IRU WKH UHVW RI WKH ($& PHPEHUV 3URSRUWLRQ RI VHDWV KHOG E\ ZRPHQ LQ QDWLRQDO SDUOLDPHQWV ƄJXUHV DUH IRU DQG proportion of women in ministerial level positions are for 2016 for all of the countries.
21.3 15.8
17.4 14.7
23.7 19.4 7.0
27.0
29.3 24.2
15.6
33.4
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa MERCOSUR EAC
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) Proportion of women in ministerial level positions (%) Firms with female top manager (% of firms)
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