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in both regions, replacing the dominance of traditional H[SRUW PDUNHWV VSHFLƄFDOO\ WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ IRU WKH ($& DQG 1RUWK $PHULFD IRU 0(5&2685 'HYHORSLQJ$VLDDOVRVXEVWDQWLDOO\LQFUHDVHGLWVVKDUH of merchandise imports in both regions.

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(VSLQR$,PSDFWLQJ0(5&2685pVJHQGHUSROLFLHV([SHULHQFHVOHVVRQVOHDUQHGDQGWKHRQJRLQJZRUN RIFLYLOVRFLHW\LQ/DWLQ$PHULFD3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH0RQWUHDO,QWHUQDWLRQDO)RUXP

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*DGGLV,DQG3LHWHUV-7KHJHQGHUHGODERXUPDUNHWLPSDFWVRIWUDGHOLEHUDOL]DWLRQt(YLGHQFHIURP%UD]LO Journal of Human Resourcest

*LWKLQML0.RQVWDQWLQLGLV&DQG%DUHQEHUJ$6PDOODQGSURGXFWLYH.HQ\DQZRPHQDQGFURSFKRLFH Feminist Economicst

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81&7$'Virtual Institute Teaching Material on Trade and Gender. Volume 1: Unfolding the Links. United 1DWLRQV1HZ<RUNDQG*HQHYD

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81&7$'Trade and Gender Linkages: An Analysis of COMESA.*HQHYD8QLWHG1DWLRQV

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