3. Quel projet théologique possible dans ces conditions ?
3.2. De Dieu comme point de départ à la croyance humaine comme point d’arrivée : une vision normative inaboutie
/HVFRQVLGpUDWLRQVSUpFpGHQWHVWHQWDLHQWGHUHGRQQHUXQVHQVHWXQVWDWXWj ODWKpRORJLHDFDGpPLTXHGDQVOHFRQWH[WHGHVDUHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQUDGLFDOH DXVHLQGHV8QLYHUVLWpVSXEOLTXHVHWGHVVRFLpWpVVpFXOLqUHV'HOjWHORXWHO SURMHWSURWHVWDQWGHUHIRQGDWLRQGHODWKpRORJLHGRQWQRXVDOORQVWHQWHUGH FRPSUHQGUH O¶D[H SULQFLSDO DYDQW GH SUpFLVHU SRXUTXRL QRXV O¶HVWLPRQV
-HDQ0DUF)HUU\Habermas. L’éthique de la communication3DULV3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHV GH)UDQFHSVV
)HUU\ibid.SV
La théologie et l’éthique dans l’espace public
LQVDWLVIDLVDQW
&HW\SHGHSURMHWPHWOHGRLJWVXUXQSRLQWGHUXSWXUHHVWLPpGpFLVLILOQ¶\
DHQHIIHWTX¶HQPRGHUQLWpTXHODTXHVWLRQVHSRVHGHVDYRLUVLXQHWKpRORJLH GRLWSODFHU'LHXDXFRPPHQFHPHQWRXDXWHUPHGHVRQSDUFRXUV
&¶HVWVDQVGRXWHXQHERQQHSURSRVLWLRQTXLUDSSHOOHODTXHVWLRQWUDGLWLRQ QHOOHHQGRJPDWLTXHFKUpWLHQQHGHVDYRLUVLODGRJPDWLTXHGRLWFRPPHQ FHUSDUODGRFWULQHWULQLWDLUHH[HPSOHOHSOXVUDGLFDO.DUO%DUWKRXVLHOOH GRLWVHXOHPHQWWUDLWHUGHOD7ULQLWpjOD¿QYRLUHHQDSSHQGLFHGHODGRJPD WLTXHYRLHVXLYLHSDU7LOOLFKGDQVOHVLOODJHGH6FKOHLHUPDFKHU/HSURMHW FRQWHPSRUDLQOXLV¶DUUrWHHQFKHPLQHIIUD\pVDQVGRXWHSDUOHFDUDFWqUH WURSFRQIHVVDQWHWGRQFDXVVLFRQIHVVLRQQHOG¶XQHWKpRORJLHWULQLWDLUH 3UpFLVRQVOHVHQVGHQRWUHGLYHUJHQFH8QHWHOOHSRVLWLRQVRXWLHQWDYHFUDL VRQTXHODWKpRORJLHDWRXMRXUVDIIDLUHDYHF'LHXPDLVjELHQFRQVLGpUHUOD YRLHTX¶HOOHWUDFHLO\DLQVLVWDQFHVXUWRXWVXUODFKULVWRORJLHHWODSQHXPD WRORJLHjSDUWLUG¶XQHRSWLRQDQWKURSRORJLTXHUDGLFDOHFHTXLQ¶HQWUDKLW SDVVHXOHPHQWOHFRQWH[WHPRGHUQHRXO¶DVFHQGDQFHOLEpUDOHPDLVGHPD QLqUHpWRQQDPPHQWQRQH[SOLFLWpHXQancrage confessionnel et occidental SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWpWURLW/HULVTXHH[LVWHGqVORUVTXHODWKpRORJLHVRLWWUDQV IRUPpHHQXQHWKpRULHJpQpUDOHGHODUHOLJLRQTXLQHVHUDWKpRULHGXFKULV WLDQLVPHTXHGDQVODPHVXUHRFHGHUQLHUVHIRFDOLVHVXUOHPRQGHHWVXU O¶KXPDLQHWRODQRPLQDWLRQGH'LHXHVWFRQVWDPPHQWUpIpUpHjODVHXOH SHUVSHFWLYHDQWKURSRORJLTXH
/HW\SHGHSURMHWDXTXHOLOHVWIDLWUpIpUHQFHLFLHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWUHSUpVHQWpFKH]3LHUUH
*LVHOLa théologieop. cit. $VDPDQLqUHVHPEODEOHSURMHWSULVFRPPHLGpDOW\SHG¶XQHULSRVWH SRVVLEOHDXFKDQJHPHQWGHSDUDGLJPHFRQWHPSRUDLQDGRSWHODSRVWXUHOLEpUDOHHWLQWHUQDOLVWHHWVH VLWXHDQWLQRPLTXHPHQWIDFHDXSURMHWRUWKRGR[HHWH[WHUQDOLVWHG¶XQ+DXHUZDVRXG¶XQ(QJHOKDUGW 1RXVSHQVRQVSRXUQRWUHSDUWTX¶LOFRQYLHQWGHVXUPRQWHUOHVWHUPHVSDUWURSV\PpWULTXHVHWPLPp WLTXHVGHFHWWHDQWLQRPLHSDUFHTX¶DXFXQHGHFHVGHX[SRVWXUHVHQJDJpHVGXPRLQVjVRQQLYHDX DEVWUDLWG¶LGpDOW\SHQHSHUPHWYpULWDEOHPHQWGHUHQGUHFRPSWHGHODSOXUDOLWpGHVSRVLWLRQVWKpROR JLTXHVHWSKLORVRSKLTXHVHQSUpVHQFHHWGHODFRPSOH[LWpGXUpHOHWGXPRQGH±2QQRWHUDTXH M¶HPSUXQWHLFLODGLVWLQFWLRQSKLORVRSKLTXHGHO¶LQWHUQDOLVPHHWGHO¶H[WHUQDOLVPHGpYHORSSpHSDU 5RJHU 3RXLYHW GDQV VRQ FDSWLYDQW HVVDL LQWLWXOpAprès Wittgenstein, saint Thomas 3DULV 3UHVVHV 8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFH&RQWUDLUHPHQWjFHWDXWHXUFHSHQGDQWDLQVLTX¶RQSHXWO¶LQIpUHUGH FHTXLSUpFqGHMHQ¶HVWLPHSDVTXHQRXVD\RQVjFKRLVLUO¶H[WHUQDOLVPHHWGRQFODSRVLWLRQWKRPD VLHQQHUHQGXHSRVVLEOHSDUODOHFWXUHGH:LWWJHQVWHLQFRQWUHO¶LQWHUQDOLVPHPDLVTXHWKpRORJLTXH PHQWHWSKLORVRSKLTXHPHQWQRXVGHYRQVWHQGUHjUHFRQVWUXLUHXQHGLDOHFWLTXHGHO¶H[WHUQDOLWpHWGH O¶LQWHUQDOLWpGDQVOHVHQVG¶XQHLQFDUQDWLRQGHODWUDQVFHQGDQFHGDQVHWSRXUO¶LPPDQHQFH
La question de Dieu au cœur de l’humain
/H SDUFRXUV JpQpDORJLTXH SURSRVp HVW FHQVp EDOLVHU OHV pOpPHQWV G¶XQH QRXYHOOHFRQVWUXFWLRQGHODWKpRORJLHVRLWG¶XQSHQVHUGHODFUR\DQFHHWGH ODVFqQHUHOLJLHXVHDGDSWpDX[FRQGLWLRQVGHO¶pSRTXH&HSURMHWDXUDLWSXHW SHXWrWUHPrPHGGpERXFKHUVXUXQHGpFRQVWUXFWLRQUDGLFDOHjODPDQLqUH GH'HUULGDRXGH1DQF\0DLVVLO¶RQV¶DFFURFKHLFLjO¶LGpHGHWKpRORJLH FRPPHQWFRPSUHQGUHFHSDUDGR[HFHWWHSHUVLVWDQFHDXPRLQVIRUPHOOH"
/DWKpRULHGXFKULVWLDQLVPHHWGHODUHOLJLRQFXOPLQHHQIDLWLFLSDUXQH VRUWHGHrépétition inconsciente du geste de FeuerbachGDQVXQHthéorie de l’humainGRQWQRXVSRXYRQVFUDLQGUHHWFRQVWDWHUHQ¿QGHFRPSWHOD minceurWKpRORJLTXH&HUWHVLO\DOjXQHKLVWRLUHELHQFRQQXHGHODWKpR ORJLHPRGHUQHHWGHVHVGpEDWVGH.DQWj7LOOLFKHQSDVVDQWSDU1LHW]VFKH HW5LFKDUG5RWKH7LOOLFKDYDLWGpMjpQRQFpGHO¶pWKLTXHWKpRORJLTXHTX¶HOOH pWDLWIRUPHOOHPHQWSKLORVRSKLTXH7LOOLFKQHSDUODLWLOHVWYUDLLFLTXHGH O¶pWKLTXHGDQVVDFRQVWUXFWLRQV\VWpPDWLTXHGHODWKpRORJLH7LOOLFKFRP PHQFHSDU'LHXHW¿QLWSDUOD7ULQLWp3DUFRQWUHGDQVOHVPRGqOHVFRQWHP SRUDLQVTXHQRXVFULWLTXRQVLFLFRPPHUHIRQGDWLRQOLEpUDOHHWLQWHUQDOLVWH les conséquences tirées nous paraissentHQIDLWDYRLUSULVFRQJpGHtoute LGpHV\VWpPDWLTXHGHODWKpRORJLHHWSRWHQWLHOOHPHQWGHWRXWHWKpRORJLHV\V-
WpPDWLTXH࣠40.
6DQV GRXWH SRXYRQVQRXV VRXWHQLU QRXV DXVVL TXH OD WKpRORJLH Q¶D SDV j commencer DYHFO¶DI¿UPDWLRQGH'LHXRXPrPHDYHFOHSRVWXODWGHVRQ H[LVWHQFH&¶HVWVHXOHPHQWODTXHVWLRQGH'LHX'LHXFRPPHSUREOqPH SUREOpPDWLTXHLQLWLDOHGHODSUpVHQWHUpÀH[LRQTXLFRQVWLWXHOHSRLQWGH GpSDUWKXPDLQGHODWKpRORJLHHWODUDLVRQG¶rWUHGHODVFqQHFKUpWLHQQHHW GHPRQSRLQWGHYXHV\VWpPDWLTXHGHWRXWHVFqQHUHOLJLHXVH
2QSHXWHQWHQGUHFHWWHPLQFHXUDXVHQVGHODGLVWLQFWLRQTXHIDLW0LFKDHO:DO]HUHQWUHOH thin et le thickPDLVDXVVLGHPDQLqUHSOXVFULWLTXHDXVHQVG¶XQHSHUWHGHVXEVWDQFHGRFWULQDOH -¶DLGLVFXWpFHWWHTXHVWLRQGDQVL’éthique protestante dans la crise de la modernité, op.
citS
,OHVWVDQVGRXWHW\SLTXHGHODPRGHUQLWpTXHODTXHVWLRQGH'LHXQHSXLVVHSOXVDGYHQLU REOLJDWRLUHPHQWDXGpEXWGHODWKpRORJLH0DLVO¶RSSRVLWLRQSULQFLSLHOOHHQWUHOHVWKpRORJLHVHFFOp VLDOHVRXIRQGpHVVXUGHVGRQQpHVSDUWLFXOLqUHVHWOHVWKpRORJLHVD[pHVVXUO¶XQLYHUVDOLWpGHO¶KXPDLQ HVWXQOHXUUH,QVLQXDQWTXHOHVWKpRORJLHV©FRQIHVVLRQQHOOHVªVRQWSRWHQWLHOOHPHQWVHFWDLUHVHW VWUXFWXUHOOHPHQWLQFDSDEOHVGHSHQVHUO¶KXPDLQFRPPHWHOOHVDXWHXUVTXLVXLYHQWFHWWHPRGHHQWp ULQHQWGHIDLWXQHdéthéologisationUDGLFDOHGHODWKpRORJLHVDQVSDUYHQLUjPRQWUHUHQTXRLOHUHWRXU GH'LHX©jOD¿QGHODWKpRORJLHªGHPHXUHXQHUpTXLVLWLRQWKpRULTXHHWSUDWLTXHLQFRQWRXUQDEOH
La théologie et l’éthique dans l’espace public
&HSHQGDQWjSDUWLUGHOjOHULVTXHG¶HUUHXUGHFDWpJRULHGHODSDUWGHOD SRVWXUHOLEpUDOHHWLQWHUQDOLVWHSDUDvWGRXEOHHQSUpVXSSRVDQWTX¶HQcom-
mençantUpHOOHPHQWDYHFODquestion GH'LHXODWKpRORJLH©WUDGLWLRQQHOOH ªFHOOHGRQWRQHQWHQGVHGpIDLUHVHUDLWFRQGDPQpHjIDLUHO¶LPSDVVHVXU O¶KXPDLQHWOHPRQGHHWHQPrPHWHPSVjVHUpIXJLHUGDQVXQHSRVLWLRQ confessionnelleUpGXLVDQWWRXWHWKpRORJLHGHFHW\SHjQ¶rWUHTXH©IRQFWLRQ GHO¶(JOLVHª2QIHLQWOjG¶RXEOLHUTXHODTXHVWLRQPrPHGH'LHXGDQV WRXWHVLWXDWLRQKXPDLQHHWVXUWRXWFRQWLQHQWDXUDLWXQHDXWUHRULJLQHTXH le questionnement radicalGHVrWUHVKXPDLQV
1RQVHXOHPHQWODFUR\DQFHGXVXMHWUHPSODFHjOD¿QXQ'LHXLQWURXYDEOH HWLQDYRXDEOHPDLVODWKpRORJLHQHSHXWTXHVHWUDQVIRUPHUmatériellement HQSKLORVRSKLHDJQRVWLTXHHWHQDQWKURSRORJLHVpFXOLqUH(QWHUPHVGRJPD WLTXHVHWpWKLTXHVRQQHVHGpEDUUDVVHSDVGH'LHXHQOXLVXEVWLWXDQWXQ KXPDLQ©GpWKpRORJLVpªPDLVRQSHQVH'LHXGHERXWHQERXWGHODWKpROR JLHHQOHSHQVDQWOXLPrPHFRPPHOHUHÀHWHWODUHSULVHGHO¶KXPDLQGDQV VRQH[SRVLWLRQPrPHDXGpVHVSRLUHWjODPRUW
6LQRVUHPDUTXHVFULWLTXHVSUpFpGHQWHVRQWTXHOTXHSHUWLQHQFHDXPRLQVj WLWUHKHXULVWLTXHHW©J\PQDVWLTXHªDXVHQVG¶2ULJqQHODGpFRQIHVVLRQQD OLVDWLRQGHODWKpRORJLHSU{QpHSDUGHWHOOHVSRVLWLRQVQHVHOLPLWHSDVjXQH GpFRQIHVVLRQQDOLVDWLRQ OpJLWLPH j PHV \HX[ G¶XQH )DFXOWp GH WKpRORJLH XQLYHUVLWDLUHPDLVHOOHVHFRQIRQGHQIDLWDYHFXQHdéthéologisation V\VWp-
matique de la théologie elle-même-¶DSSHOOHdéthéologisation OHIDLWGHQH SOXVRVHUOLHUV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWHWVXEVWDQWLHOOHPHQWO¶LGpHGHWKpRORJLHHW O¶LGpHGH'LHXRXFHTXLUHYLHQWDXPrPHOHIDLWG¶pULJHUHQSULQFLSHWKpR ORJLTXH SUHPLHU OD IRUPH YLGH GX FURLUH DX GpWULPHQW GH WRXWH UHQFRQWUH ERXOHYHUVDQWHDYHFTXHOTXHFKRVHFRPPH©XQGLHXª
1RWRQVDXSDVVDJHTXHO¶H[SUHVVLRQIDLVDQWGHODWKpRORJLHODIRQFWLRQGHO¶(JOLVHQ¶DYDLW ULHQGHFRQIHVVLRQQHOFKH]%DUWKPrPHHWVXUWRXWSDVGDQVVDMHXQHVVHFDUO¶(JOLVHGRQWLOpWDLW TXHVWLRQ LFL ORLQ G¶rWUH XQH FRPPXQDXWp SDUWLFXOLqUH SURWHVWDQWH RX FDWKROLTXH VH FRPSUHQDLW FRPPHO¶HVSDFHWUDQVFHQGDQWDOFRQVWLWXpSDUO¶DJLUPrPHGH'LHX&HQ¶pWDLWSDVXQSRLQWGHGpSDUW FRQIHVVLRQQHOGHODWKpRORJLHPDLVXQHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQWKpRORJLTXHK\SHUFULWLTXHGXFRQIHVVLRQQD OLVPHHFFOpVLDVWLTXH'HSOXVOHUDSSRUWGHO¶KXPDLQHWGXGLYLQHVWSHUPDQHQWFKH]%DUWKGDQV WRXWHVOHVSpULRGHVGHVRQ°XYUH
&HWWHWkFKHFHQWUDOHGHODWKpRORJLHV\VWpPDWLTXHDpWpKRQRUpHGHPDQLqUHpPLQHQWHDX
;;e VLqFOHSDUGHVDXWHXUVDXVVLGLIIpUHQWVTXH-QJHO3DQQHQEHUJRX.DXIPDQ(OOHV¶DYqUHSDU DLOOHXUVpWURLWHPHQWOLpHDX[SUREOqPHVG¶XQHSKLORVRSKLHGHODUHOLJLRQTXHFHVRLWFHOOHGH:LOKHOP :HLVFKHGHORX FHOOHG¶XQ SKLORVRSKH WKpLVWHFKUpWLHQFRPPH$OYLQ3ODQWLQJDGDQV VRQ RXYUDJH PDMHXUWarranted Christian Belief,1HZ<RUN2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
La question de Dieu au cœur de l’humain 3.3. La forme vide du croire et le choc avec Dieu
/DPLVHHQDYDQWUKpWRULTXHGXFRQFHSWVWUDWpJLTXHGH©VFqQHUHOLJLHXVHª HWGH©VFqQHFKUpWLHQQHªDYHFVRQPDQTXHGHSUpFLVLRQHWG¶RSpUDWLRQQD OLWpSHUPHWHQIDLWDX[FKDQWUHVG¶XQHWKpRORJLHGHODFUR\DQFHKXPDLQH G¶pYLWHUOHFKRFH[LVWHQWLHOGHODFRQIURQWDWLRQYLYHDYHFOHUpHO/DIDVFLQD WLRQSRXUO¶pWLTXHHQG¶DXWUHVWHUPHVDGpSRXLOOpO¶pPLTXHGHVRQSRXYRLU GpVWDELOLVDWHXUGDQVO¶pODERUDWLRQPrPHGHODSHQVpH&¶HVWODUDLVRQSRXU ODTXHOOHXQHWHOOHWKpRORJLHDVLSHXG¶LPSDFWVXUO¶H[LVWHQFHPDLVSHXWDLVp PHQWIDVFLQHUTXHOTXHVUHFRLQVGXSHWLWPRQGHDFDGpPLTXH
'DQV VD FULWLTXH GHV WKqVHV GH %HUWUDQG 0pKHXVW O¶HWKQRORJXH *LRUGDQD
&KDUXW\ DYDLW GpMj UHOHYp DYHF EHDXFRXS GH SHUWLQHQFH OHV FRQVpTXHQFHV G¶XQWHOPDQTXHGHFRKpUHQFHGDQVODPDQLqUHGHSHQVHUODUHODWLRQVXEWLOH GHO¶pPLTXHHWGHO¶pWLTXH©&HSODLGR\HUSRXUODPpWDSV\FKLTXHFRPPH VFLHQFH V¶DFFRPSDJQH G¶XQH GLVTXDOL¿FDWLRQ GX VSLULWLVPH FRPPH FUR\DQFH/DSUHPLqUHQRXVGLWRQHVWSRXUYXHG¶XQµDUULqUHSODQVSpFX ODWLIG¶XQHWRXWDXWUHKDXWHXUGHYXH¶RQQHGRLWSDVODFRQIRQGUHDYHFOD µWHQGDQFHQDwYHjFKRVL¿HUO¶DXGHOj¶TXLELHQVUHVWOHSURSUHGXµVSLUL WLVPHYXOJDLUH¶HWGHµVXSHUVWLWLRQVWRPEpHVHQGpVKpUHQFH¶«/¶DXWHXU V¶HQJDJH GDQV OHV SROpPLTXHV j DQDO\VHU HQ IDLVDQW VLHQQH OD KLpUDUFKLH TX¶HOOHVFRQWULEXDLHQWjLQVWDXUHU$XVVLQHSHXWLODSHUFHYRLUTXHOHVµHQ TXrWHV¶GHVWLQpHVjpSURXYHUODOXFLGLWpGHVYR\DQWHVHWGHVPpGLXPVSRXU UDLHQWFRQVWLWXHUODQRXYHOOHYDULDQWHµpFODLUpH¶GHFHWWHUHOLJLRQVFLHQWL¿TXH TXLQHFHVVHGHVHFKHUFKHUHWGHVHUpLQYHQWHUWRXWDXORQJGX;,;e VLqFOH HQVHFRQVWUXLVDQWGDQVXQHUHODWLRQHQPLURLUGHFRPSOpPHQWDULWpDQWDJR QLVWHDYHFOHVVDYRLUVTXLGDQVOHPrPHWHPSVODwFLVHQWO¶kPHª
&HWWHUHPDUTXHGH&KDUXW\QRXVSDUDvWHQHIIHWUHMRLQGUHODGLI¿FXOWpPD MHXUHTXHQRXVUHVVHQWRQVHQYHUVODQRXYHOOHDOOLDQFHSUDJPDWLTXHTXLQRXV HVWSURSRVpHDXMRXUG¶KXLDYHFO¶LGpHG¶XQHOHFWXUHDQWKURSRORJLTXHGpWKpR ORJLVpHGHODVFqQHUHOLJLHXVHHWFKUpWLHQQH-HIRUPXOHDLQVLFHWWHDSRULH au GpSODFHPHQW GH OD WKpRORJLH j OD FUR\DQFH SRVWXOp SDU FHV FRXUDQWV VHORQOHPRGqOHFODVVLTXHV¶LQVSLUDQWDXVVLELHQGH6FKOHLHUPDFKHUTXHGH )HXHUEDFKOHVHFRQGSUHQDQWVLPSOHPHQWOHUHYHUVGXSUHPLHUV¶DMRXWHXQ GHX[LqPHGpSODFHPHQWGHODFUR\DQFHpPLTXHjODFUR\DQFHpWLTXHGRQW OHUpVXOWDWGpVDVWUHX[WDQWSRXUODWKpRORJLHTXHSRXUODVFLHQFHGHVUHOL JLRQVHVWO¶évidementGHODFUR\DQFH
©/HUHWRXUGHVPpWDSV\FKLVWHVªL’HommeMXLQVHSWHPEUHSSV
La théologie et l’éthique dans l’espace public
/DFUR\DQFHDLQVLpYLGpHHWpYLWpHVHWUDQVPXHHQXQUpLQYHVWLVVHPHQWSROL WLTXHGDQVODOXWWHSRXUODGRPLQDWLRQpOLWDLUHDXVHLQGHO¶$FDGpPLH&HTXL FRPSWHLFLF¶HVWOHSRXYRLUGXVDYDQWHWQRQSOXVO¶REMHWGHVRQpWXGHGDQV VRQ SRVVLEOH UD\RQQHPHQW VXU OHV HVSULWV HW VXU OHV FRHXUV /HV VSLULWHV FRPPHOHVSUrWUHVGHODWUDGLWLRQFDWKROLTXHRXOHVSDVWHXUVGHODWUDGLWLRQ SURWHVWDQWHVRQWHQTXHOTXHVRUWHGLVVRXVGDQVODVFLHQFH7HOHVWOHVHQV XOWLPHG¶XQSRLQWGHYXHJpQpDORJLTXHGXGLVFRXUVSHUYHUVVXUODGpFRQ IHVVLRQQDOLVDWLRQHWGHODGpWKpRORJLVDWLRQGHODWKpRORJLHGRQWODVWUDWpJLH OLELGLQDOHVHUpYqOHLFLQLSOXVQLPRLQVFRPPHH[SXOVLRQGHVFRQWHQXVGH ODFUR\DQFHDXVHXOEpQp¿FHGXSRXYRLUGHVVDYDQWVHWGHODGpIHQVHGHOHXU WHUULWRLUH
1RXVSRVWXORQVDXFRQWUDLUHXQHDUWLFXODWLRQRXYHUWHHWG\QDPLTXHGHOD WKpRORJLHHWGHO¶pWXGHVFLHQWL¿TXHGHVUHOLJLRQV8QHWHOOHDUWLFXODWLRQGRLW LPSpUDWLYHPHQWVXUPRQWHUODFRPSUpKHQVLRQSXUHPHQWVWDWLTXHGHO¶pPLTXH HWGHO¶pWLTXHD¿QGHPLHX[UHOLHUOHSRLQWGHYXHLQWHUQHHWOHSRLQWYXH H[WHUQHVXUFKDTXHUHOLJLRQWDQWGXSRLQWGHYXHGHVDGHVFULSWLRQTXHGH O¶H[SOLFLWDWLRQGHVHVSRWHQWLDOLWpVQRUPDWLYHV
8QWHOSURJUDPPHGHYUDLWSDUYHQLUjPLHX[pFODLUHUOHVLQWHUDFWLRQVHQWUH OHVFRQWHQXVGRFWULQDX[HWOHVYLVpHVpWKLTXHVGHVUHOLJLRQVpWXGLpHV
/DWKpRORJLHQHSHXWpOXGHUODTXHVWLRQGH'LHXDXFRPPHQFHPHQWHWjOD
¿QGHVDSURSUHUpÀH[LRQ(OOHQHSHXWUHQRQFHUjODSRVHUDXFRHXUGHV pWXGHV UHOLJLHXVHV HOOHVPrPHV HW HOOH VH IpOLFLWHUD GH YRLU TXH GH QRP EUHX[©UHOLJLRORJXHVªFRPPHOHXUVpWXGLDQWVVHSRVHQWHX[PrPHVGH
9RLUQRVpWXGHVUpFHQWHVGDQVFHWWHGLUHFWLRQ©/DFRQWULEXWLRQpWKLTXHGHODUHOLJLRQ GDQVO¶HVSDFHSXEOLFIUDQFRSKRQHªGDQV%HUQG6FKU|GHUHW:ROIJDQJ.UDXVpGµ5HOLJLRQ¶LP
|IIHQWOLFKHQ5DXPGHXWVFKHXQGIUDQ]|VLVFKH3HUVSHNWLYHQ)UDQNUHLFK)RUXP5HYXHDQQXHOOH GX3{OH)UDQFHGHO¶8QLYHUVLWpGHOD6DUUHFIOHFKDSLWUH,9GHFHWRXYUDJH©7KH5ROHDQG ,QÀXHQFHRI5HOLJLRQVLQ%LRHWKLFVªLQ5RQDOG0*UHHQ$LQH'RQRYDQDQG6WHYHQ$-DXVV (GV*OREDO%LRHWKLFV,VVXHVRI&RQVFLHQFHIRUWKHVW&HQWXU\2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVVS
9RLUjFHSURSRV+DQV&KULVWRSK$VNDQL©'LHXªLQ$QGUp%LUPHOp3LHUUH%KOHU -HDQ'DQLHO&DXVVHHW/XFLH.DHQQHOpG,QWURGXFWLRQjODWKpRORJLHV\VWpPDWLTXH*HQqYH/DERU HW)LGHVS&¶HVWXQGHVPpULWHVGHFHWWHLQWURGXFWLRQjODWKpRORJLHV\VWpPDWLTXH G¶RVHUse terminerVXUFHGHUQLHUFKDSLWUHVREUHPHQWLQWLWXOp©'LHXªHWGHPRQWUHUTXHGHVSRVVL ELOLWpVSURPHWWHXVHVH[LVWHQWEHOHWELHQGDQVODWKpRORJLHSURWHVWDQWHFRQWHPSRUDLQH
La question de Dieu au cœur de l’humain WHOOHVTXHVWLRQVYLWDOHVHWH[LVWHQWLHOOHV
(WVLHOOHHQWHQGOHIDLUHVXUODEDVHGXFKULVWLDQLVPHHWGRQFDXVVLGDQV OD SHUVSHFWLYH G¶XQH WKpRORJLH H[SOLFLWHPHQW FKUpWLHQQH HOOH QH VDXUD VH FRQWHQWHUGHUpSpWHUOHVWKqVHVWUDGLWLRQQHOOHVG¶XQOLEpUDOLVPHDWRQHUHSOLp VXUXQHDQWKURSRORJLHSXUHPHQWGHVFULSWLYHHWGpWDFKpHHOOHGHYUDELHQVH FROWLQHUDYHFODTXHVWLRQODSOXVGLI¿FLOHFHOOHGXP\VWqUHHWGHO¶pQLJPH G¶XQ'LHXDEVHQWHWSUpVHQWGDQVO¶KLVWRLUHFRPPHXQ'LHXWUDQVFHQGDQW HWpWHUQHO
&¶HVWGHFHWWHWKpRORJLHOjRQSHXWO¶HVSpUHUTXHOHV8QLYHUVLWpVSXEOLTXHV HOOHVPrPHVVRQWHQGURLWG¶DWWHQGUHXQGpFHQWUHPHQWDXVVLH[LJHDQWTXH SHXGRPHVWLFDEOH(WVLFHUWDLQHVG¶HQWUHHOOHVGHYDLHQWV¶HQGpEDUUDVVHUDX SUL[GHVWUDWpJLHVHQYpULWpSOXVXWLOLWDULVWHVTXHIRQGDPHQWDOHVODWkFKH G¶XQHYUDLHWKpRORJLHDFDGpPLTXHjODIRLVVFLHQWL¿TXHHWSXEOLTXHQ¶HQ GHPHXUHUDLWSDVPRLQVLPSpUDWLYHHWYLYDQWHDXVHLQGHO¶Universitas
&IGDQVODPrPHVHQV5LFKDUG)ULHGOL©0LVVLRQ±5HOLJLRQHQ±5HOLJLRQVZLVVHQVFKDIW (UIDKUXQJHQPLWXQLYHUVLWlUHQ1HXNRPSRVLWLRQHQªLQ'LHWHU%HFNHUMit dem Fremden leben.
Perspektiven einer Theologie der Konvivenz. Theo Sundermeier zum 65. Geburtstag (UODQJHQ (UODQJHU9HUODJIU0LVVLRQXQGgNXPHQHS)ULHGOLUDSSHOOHTX¶DXVVLELHQOHV pWXGLDQWVHQVFLHQFHVGHVUHOLJLRQVTXHOHVpWXGLDQWVHQWKpRORJLHVRQWHQTXrWHG¶XQHVSLULWXDOLWp YLYDQWHSOXW{WTXHG¶XQHPpWKRGRORJLHGpVLQFDUQpH
*RUGRQ'.DXIPDQDSUpFLVpPHQWSRXUVXLYLGDQVVRQ°XYUHFHWWHTXHVWLRQODQFLQDQWH HQOLHQDYHFOHVDXWUHVUHOLJLRQVHWWRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWDYHFOHERXGGKLVPHFI,Q)DFHRI0\VWHU\
$&RQVWUXFWLYH7KHRORJ\/RQGRQ&DPEULGJH0DVV+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV*RG0\VWHU\
'LYHUVLW\0LQQHDSROLV)RUWUHVV3UHVV
Chapitre III
Confrontation des traditions et intensité de la vérité : une approche francophone et protestante du débat sur les
communautarismes
$¿QGHVDLVLUODSRUWpHGXGpEDWQRUGDPpULFDLQVXUOHVFRPPXQDXWDULVPHV SRXUO¶pWKLTXHWKpRORJLTXHFKUpWLHQQHDFWXHOOHLOQRXVSDUDvWQpFHVVDLUHGH IDLUH OH SRLQW VXU OD GLIIpUHQFH HQWUH OH FRPPXQDXWDULVPH GHV WUDGLWLRQV LQWHOOHFWXHOOHV PRUDOHV HW VSLULWXHOOHV SDUWDJpHV RX FRPPXQDXWDULVPH pWKLFRUHOLJLHX[HWpWKLFRSROLWLTXHHWOHFRPPXQDXWDULVPHSROLWLTXH/H VHFRQGSRXUDXWDQWTX¶LOSRVWXOHO¶H[LVWHQFHGHFRPPXQDXWpVVpSDUpHVDX VHLQGXSROLWLTXHHQHVWVHORQQRXVUpGXLWjpFKRXHUFRPPHPRGqOHSROL WLTXHDXVVLELHQHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHODGpPRFUDWLHjO¶LQWpULHXUGHV(WDWV QDWLRQV LO HVW LPSRVVLEOH GH FLUFRQVFULUH GHV FRPPXQDXWpV GLVWLQFWHV VWDEOHVHQOHXUVHLQTX¶HQFHTXLWRXFKHOHVUHODWLRQVHQWUH(WDWVQDWLRQV TXLQHFRQVWLWXHQWSDVGHVFRPPXQDXWpV1QRXVQHSUrWHURQVGqVORUVDW WHQWLRQTX¶jODYDOHXUKHUPpQHXWLTXHFRQVWUXFWLYHGHVWUDGLWLRQVLQWHOOHF WXHOOHVPRUDOHVHWRXVSLULWXHOOHVHWQRXVSODLGHURQVSRXUODIpFRQGLWpSDU WLHOOHG¶XQHWHOOHDSSURFKHORUVTX¶LOHVWTXHVWLRQGHFRQVWUXLUHXQHpWKLTXH WKpRORJLTXHjYLVpHYUDLPHQWXQLYHUVHOOH
Première partie :
Problèmes et promesses du communautarisme des traditions 1. Communautarisme politique et communautarisme des traditions
&RPPHDQQRQFpQRXVQRXVOLPLWHURQVjXQHGLVFXVVLRQDXVXMHWGXFRP PXQDXWDULVPHpWKLFRUHOLJLHX[HWpWKLFRSROLWLTXHPDLVVDQVDOOHUGDQV OHVHQVGHODTXHVWLRQSOXVVSpFL¿TXHGXFRPPXQDXWDULVPHMXULGLFRSR OLWLTXHHWGHODWKpRULHGHVGURLWV(QG¶DXWUHVWHUPHVQRWUHLQWHUURJDWLRQ QHSRUWHUDSDVVXUOHVFRQVpTXHQFHVSROLWLTXHVHWMXULGLTXHVGXFRPPX QDXWDULVPHPDLVHQDPRQWVXUODWKpRULHSKLORVRSKLTXHHWWKpRORJLTXH
/HIDLWG¶pFDUWHUOHFRPPXQDXWDULVPHSROLWLTXHQHVLJQL¿HSDVTXHQRXVHQD\RQVWHU PLQp DYHF OD TXHVWLRQ GH OD SRUWpH SROLWLTXH GH OD UHFRQQDLVVDQFH GHV WUDGLWLRQV LQWHOOHFWXHOOHV PRUDOHVHWVSLULWXHOOHVSDUWDJpHVGDQVO¶HVSDFHSXEOLF,OLQFRPEHHQIDLWDXSRXYRLUSROLWLTXHGDQV XQ(WDWGpPRFUDWLTXHUpSRQGDQWDX[H[LJHQFHVGXOLEpUDOLVPHSROLWLTXHGHVHVLWXHUTXDQWjODSODFH SXEOLTXHHWQRQVHXOHPHQWSULYpHGHFHVWUDGLWLRQV0DLVF¶HVWXQDXWUHDVSHFWGXGpEDWVXUOHVFRP PXQDXWDULVPHVTXHQRXVQHWUDLWHURQVSDVLFL
/HFRPPXQDXWDULVPHpWKLFRUHOLJLHX[HVWDXVVLXQFRPPXQDXWDULVPHpWKLFRSROLWLTXH HQFHODTX¶LOV¶LQWpUHVVHDXU{OHGHVYHUWXVSRXUODFLWp
La théologie et l’éthique dans l’espace public
GHV WUDGLWLRQV GDQV OHXU GLPHQVLRQ V\PEROLTXH HW SROLWLTXH 1RWUH DS SURFKHHVWGRQFUpVROXPHQWXQHFRQWULEXWLRQjO¶pWKLTXHIRQGDPHQWDOH /DWKpRULHGHVWUDGLWLRQVHQUpJLPHGHPRGHUQLWpLPSOLTXHGHGLVFXWHUGH ODTXHVWLRQGXSOXUDOLVPHPRUDOHWUHOLJLHX[GRQWRQSHXWOpJLWLPHPHQWVH GHPDQGHU VL HOOH HVW SHQVpH GDQV VD UDGLFDOLWp SDU OH FRPPXQDXWDULVPH pWKLFRUHOLJLHX[HWpWKLFRSROLWLTXH
/H GpEDW VXU OHV FRPPXQDXWDULVPHV HVW UHQGX FRQIXV SDU OD GLI¿FXOWp PrPH GH FHUQHU OD VLJQL¿FDWLRQ H[DFWH GX FRPPXQDXWDULVPH &HUWDLQV DXWHXUVOLEpUDX[GLVWLQJXHQWOHFRPPXQDXWDULVPHPRGpUpGH&KDUOHV7D\
ORUHWGH0LFKDHO:DO]HUGXFRPPXQDXWDULVPHDQWLPRGHUQHHWDQWLOLEpUDO G¶$ODVGDLU 0DF,QW\UH 1RXV DOORQV QRXV OLPLWHU j FH VHXO DXWHXU SDUFH TX¶LOHVWjODIRLVOHSOXVSURIRQGHWOHSOXVFRQWURYHUVp
0DF,QW\UHDVDQVDXFXQGRXWHXQSUREOqPHDYHFO¶LGpHGHSOXUDOLVPHHQ JpQpUDO HW GH SOXUDOLVPH PRUDO HQ SDUWLFXOLHU 'DQV$SUqV OD YHUWX࣠ LO FRQVLGqUHTXHFHSOXUDOLVPHW\SLTXHGHODPRGHUQLWpUpVXOWHGHODSHUWHGH YXH GHV OLHQV HQWUH OHV FRQFHSWV SKLORVRSKLTXHV HW OHXUV HQUDFLQHPHQWV GDQVXQHWUDGLWLRQGRQWO¶H[HPSOHFHQWUDOHVWSRXU0DF,QW\UHODWUDGLWLRQ GHV YHUWXV KpULWpH GH O¶(WKLTXH j 1LFRPDTXH G¶$ULVWRWH &HWWH WUDGLWLRQ VXSSRVDLWXQHLQWHUDFWLRQHQWUHODWKpRULHGHO¶DFWLRQSDVVDJHGHODSRWHQ WLDOLWpjO¶DFWHODWKpRULHGHODQDWXUHHWODGRFWULQHGHV¿QVWpOpRORJLH(Q
&HODWLHQWDXVVLjO¶pTXLYRFLWpGXFRQFHSWGHFRPPXQDXWpGRQWRQQHVDLWMDPDLVWUqV ELHQV¶LOHVWjSUHQGUHDXVHQVVRFLRORJLTXHSROLWLTXHOLQJXLVWLTXHRXKHUPpQHXWLTXH
-¶HPSUXQWHFHVLQIRUPDWLRQVj0DUF%RVV,QVWLWXW3URWHVWDQWGH7KpRORJLH0RQWSHOOLHU GDQV VRQ PDQXVFULW j SDUDvWUH © :KR¶V$IUDLG RI &RPPXQLWDULDQLVP "$ &ULWLFDO$SSUDLVDO RI
$ODVGDLU0DF,QW\UH(WKLFVRI9LUWXHª%RVVVHUpIqUHjO¶RXYUDJHGH6\OYLH0HVXUHHW$ODLQ5HQDXW Alter Ego : les paradoxes de l’identité démocratique3DULV)ODPPDULRQ3RXUPDSDUWMHQH SHQVHSDVTXHOHVSRVLWLRQVSROLWLTXHVHWpWKLTXHVGH:DO]HUHWGH7D\ORUVRLHQWFRUUHFWHPHQWFRP SULVHVVLRQOHVUDPqQHjXQFRPPXQDXWDULVPHHWVLRQYRLWGHSOXVGDQVFHFRPPXQDXWDULVPHXQ
©DUWGHO¶H[FOXVLRQª0DUN+XQ\DGL, L’art de l’exclusion. Une critique de Michael Walzer, 3DULV
&HUI-HYRLVSOXW{WODSHQVpHGH:DO]HUFRPPHXQHWKpRULHFULWLTXHGHODMXVWLFHLQWHUSUpWpH HQWHUPHVG¶pJDOLWpFRPSOH[HHWGHYDQWFRQGXLUHjXQHQRXYHOOHFRPSUpKHQVLRQGHODGpPRFUDWLH GXFRVPRSROLWLVPHHWGHO¶XQLYHUVDOLVPHTXDQWj7D\ORUVLVDYLVLRQG¶XQHpWKLTXHGHO¶DXWKHQWL FLWpPHSDUDvWWURSpWURLWHFRPPHUpVXOWDWGHODJpQpDORJLHGHVVRXUFHVGX6RLM¶LQWHUSUqWHFHWWH JpQpDORJLHPrPHFRPPHXQHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQFULWLTXHUHPDUTXDEOHGHODWUDGLWLRQDOLWpGXVXMHWGDQV XQPRQGHSOXULHOHWPXOWLFXOWXUHO/HVGHX[DXWHXUVVHGpIHQGHQWG¶rWUHGHVFRPPXQDXWDULVWHVHWMH FURLVTX¶LOIDXWOHVSUHQGUHDXPRWHWOHVOLUHGDQVXQHSHUVSHFWLYHSOXVIpFRQGH
Etude de théorie morale, WUDG IU 3DULV 3UHVVHV 8QLYHUVLWDLUHV GH )UDQFH 4XDGULJH
Confrontation des traditions et intensité de la vérité
FHVVDQWGHFRPSUHQGUHODGLPHQVLRQWpOpRORJLTXHFODVVLTXHO¶pWKLTXHPR GHUQHHQDpWpUpGXLWHVRLWjVHUDEDWWUHVXUOHSULQFLSHXWLOLWDULVWHGHO¶XWL OLWpVRLWjUHPSODFHUODWpOpRORJLHSDUXQHGRFWULQHGHVGURLWV
3DUDLOOHXUVLOIDXWELHQYRLUODGLIIpUHQFHHQWUHOD communauté morale et la communauté légale, PLVHHQpYLGHQFHSDU-XVWLQH/DFURL[GDQVVRQOLYUH VXU:DO]HU&RPPHO¶pQRQFH0DUF%RVVOHFRPPXQDXWDULVPHpWKLFRSR OLWLTXH VH UpFODPH GH O¶DI¿UPDWLRQ G¶$ULVWRWH GDQV OD Politique, VHORQ OD TXHOOH©F¶HVWHQYXHGHVEHOOHVDFWLRQVTX¶H[LVWHODFRPPXQDXWpSROLWLTXHª /LYUH,,,FK,;6DSUpRFFXSDWLRQSULQFLSDOHHVWFHOOHGHVYHUWXV3DU FRQWUHOHFRPPXQDXWDULVPHMXULGLFRSROLWLTXHV¶LQWpUHVVHHQSULRULWpjOD TXHVWLRQGHVGURLWVFROOHFWLIV
0DF,QW\UHV¶LQVFULWFODLUHPHQWGDQVODOLJQHGHFRPPXQDXWDULVPHpWKLFR UHOLJLHX[HWpWKLFRSROLWLTXHHWF¶HVWVRXVFHWDQJOHOjTX¶LOFRQFHUQHHWVWL PXOHODWKpRORJLHPRUDOHIRQGDPHQWDOH'DQV Après la vertuO¶DSSHO©SR OLWLTXHªGH0DF,QW\UHGRQWRQQHVDXUDLWRXEOLHUTX¶LOIXWGDQVVDMHXQHVVH PLOLWDQW GH OD QRXYHOOH JDXFKH EULWDQQLTXH VH OLPLWH j VRXKDLWHU O¶pPHU JHQFHGHFRPPXQDXWpVQpREpQpGLFWLQHVYHUWXHXVHVMRXDQWOHXUU{OHFUL WLTXHHWSURSKpWLTXH dans les marges GHODFRPPXQDXWpMXULGLFRSROLWLTXH GHVGURLWV0DLVO¶LQWpUrWSKLORVRSKLTXHFHQWUDOGH0DF,QW\UHHVWDLOOHXUV LOSURSRVHXQHYLVLRQRULJLQDOHHWSURIRQGHGHODFRPPXQDXWpFRPPHWUD GLWLRQLQWHOOHFWXHOOHSDUWDJpH©3DUµFRPPXQDXWp¶pFULW3HUUHDX6DXVVLQH LO HQWHQG PRLQV µLGHQWLWp¶ VSpFL¿TXH IUDWHUQLWp DPRXU H[WDVH RX IXVLRQ RUJLDTXHTXHWUDGLWLRQLQWHOOHFWXHOOHSDUWDJpHª'HFHSRLQWGHYXHQRXV VXJJpURQV TXH OH FRPPXQDXWDULVPH GH 0DF,QW\UH HVW GRQF G¶DERUG XQ FRPPXQDXWDULVPHpWKLFRUHOLJLHX[HWTXHVDGLPHQVLRQpWKLFRSROLWLTXH QHYLHQWTX¶HQVHFRQG&¶HVWOjSUREDEOHPHQWXQHQXDQFHG¶LPSRUWDQFH SDUUDSSRUWjODGLVWLQFWLRQRSpUpHSDU0DUF%RVV