direct and indirect effect
Direct and Indirect Effect via Endophytism of Entomopathogenic Fungi on The Fitness of Myzus persicae and its Ability to Spread PLRV on Tobacco.
... mortality and leaf EEPF colonization ...the effect of EEPF on insects, mycosis has either not been reported [96,97] or not observed [94,98], except for in stem-borers or leaf mining insects ...spaces, ...
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Anti-Obesity Effect of Carotenoids: Direct Impact on Adipose Tissue and Adipose Tissue-Driven Indirect Effects
... adipocytes and cells belonging to the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, especially macrophages, are able to produce and secrete ...proteins and other mediators of the immune response ...
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Investigating the direct and indirect effects of forest fragmentation on plant functional diversity
... scale and integrating this information with well-known fragment-scale processes using a structural equation approach, we were able to provide a more in-depth understanding of the different components of ...
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The Impact of ICT on Student Performance in Higher Education: Direct Effects, Indirect Effects and Organisational Change
... performance: indirect effects Students’ performance is a puzzling question in education science and ...the effect of the educational inputs (cha- racteristics and attitudes of the teachers, ...
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Nonparametric estimation of natural direct and indirect effects based on inverse probability weighting
... natural direct and indirect causal effects in causal mediation analysis based on inverse probability weight- ...average indirect effect of a binary treatment, which operates through ...
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Bounds on direct and indirect effects under treatment/mediator endogeneity and outcome attrition
... treatment effect into an indirect mechanism operating through an intermediate outcome or mediator, as well as the direct effect of the treatment on the outcome of ...of direct ...
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Direct and indirect effects of CO<sub>2</sub> increase on crop yield in West Africa
... Peer Review Only al. 2007; Leakey 2009; Deryng et al. 2016). Although the amplitude of this effect depends on the 78 region, the scale and the crop, most of the recent modelling studies found significant ...
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Modelling sea salt aerosol and its direct and indirect effects on climate
... 10 for this effect. However, O’Dowd et al. ( 1999b ) proposed a parameterization of CDNC as a function of a linear combination of number concentrations of sulphate and sea salt particles for global models. ...
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Evaluation of the direct and indirect radiative and climate effects of aerosols over the western Arctic
... The indirect radiative forcing is more ...space and time, in that we cannot simply use globally averaged value to quantify ...Boucher and Anderson, 1995; Lohmann and Feichter, 1997; Penner et ...
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Contrasting the direct radiative effect and direct radiative forcing of aerosols
... the indirect effects of aerosols, both the conventional aerosol–cloud interactions and the less well-constrained ef- fect of aerosols on biogeochemistry (Mahowald, 2011), can feed back on aerosol abundance ...
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Direct and indirect effects of FDI in emerging European markets : a survey and meta-analysis
... worker and employment ...effects, and papers published in academic journals tend to report lower spillover effects as ...Görg and Strobl (2001), which consists of regressing the log of the absolute ...
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Direct and indirect pCO2 measurements in a wide range of pCO2 and salinity values
... The indirect method consists to calculate pCO 2 from measurements from at least two of the following parameters: pH, total alkalinity (TAlk) and total dis- solved inorganic carbon ...the effect of ...
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Populations and Dynamics of Guanine Radicals in DNA strands—Direct versus Indirect Generation
... radicals and photoproducts is also reflected in the dependence of the decays recorded on the ms time scale as a function of the laser intensity (Figure 5 ...S1 and S2 exhibit similar behavior in this ...
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Combined observational and modeling based study of the aerosol indirect effect
... Figures 11a and b show CER for MODIS and CAM-Oslo, respectively. MODIS reports larger droplets than CAM- Oslo everywhere, with a global average of 16.33 µm. This is significantly higher than reported by for ...
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Uncertainty analysis for estimates of the first indirect aerosol effect
... first and the most widely studied is that aerosol particles increase the cloud droplet number concentration and decrease the cloud effective radius, thereby modifying the cloud optical ...This effect ...
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Direct and indirect impact of sewage sludge compost spreading on Quercus coccifera monoterpene emissions in a Mediterranean shrubland
... temperature and irradiance levels, and strong water de ...precipitation and water stored at depth than on surface water evaporation ( Baquedano and Castillo, 2007 ...positive effect of ...
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Modelling sea salt aerosol and its direct and indirect effects on climate
... total indirect radiative forcing (TIF), including the first and second indirect effects and contributions from circulation ...JJA and DJF. The global mean values are −3.6 and − ...
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Direct vs. indirect evaluation of distributional thesauri
... Okapi and word2vec models trained on the AQUAINT -2 corpus; for comparison purpose, the results of the GoogleNews word2vec model are also ...few effect on P@10 but has a great impact on the ...do) ...
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Direct and Indirect Effects based on Changes-in-Changes
... participate and are therefore never-takers, the remaining 55% are ...Price, and Schul ( 1995 ) analysed the total effect of the policy ...intention-to-treat effect), including those who, ...
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Escargots cooked just right: telling apart the direct and indirect effects of heat waves in freashwater snails
... rates and faster use of energetic reserves could also explain high temperature ...of direct and transgenerational effects, for example hatching success increases at high temperature but decreases ...
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