Fault Confinement Mechanisms of the CAN Protocol : Analysis and Improvements
30
0
0
Texte intégral
(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Fault Confinement Mechanisms of the CAN Protocol : Analysis and Improvements Bruno Gaujal , Nicolas Navet. No 4603 October 30, 2002. ISSN 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--4603--FR+ENG. ` THEME 1. apport de recherche.
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8) !" # $&% $0
(9) 1, 2 3
(10) 465798( :
(11) ; . ')(* + ,- /.. <>=@? A BDCFEG?IHJELKNMPORQSUTVBWKXELY,QE[ZL\^]_ `badcfePgFh;ikj;lnmogqpVrWstgfumovLmuocfePgnm wxoyVz{gfu;`+j|} j;pV~7~ yxu7g,xogn adgfxooadg[ I[[i}>fuoy gfx;[W2[[[ik[~2pVgnm nq^7[; ¡ yGuxoy¢£¢¤gfx xogqp gfu¦¥§yx¨d©§ª¤mp7xoyp7qpmou+7rdmb¥+ª£uat~7xª¤yxª£u¦v2pm gn pnngnm m«uoy¬uadgePgnWª£r7e¥+a7ª¤oa/a2pm« gnnyePgPp¬7gJ®°¯°pfuoy±mou pVddpVxoD¯²yx,dpVu ptux pVdme³ª¤momoª¤y ª£/pVr7uoyePyuª£´gFpV~7~7¢£ª¤qpVuª¤ydm¶µ`-y¬~7xogf´gfIupt7gJ¯°gnfuª£´gdyG7g¯²xoye·~*gfxur7x7ª£7±uadg¯²r7dJ® uª¤y7ª£7¸yV¯+uadgP¥+ady¢¤gtmvWmuogfeR¯°yx¹ª£dmu pVdngIvºxogf~ gfuª£uª£´gf¢£v/mogfdWª£7Dgfxxoyx¯²x pVePgnmq-uadg > ~7xoyuoyGny¢*ª£df¢£rd7gnm§¯°pVr7¢£unyW»ddgfePgfIu+ePgn a2pV7ª¤mePm¥+ady[mog;yWzgnfuª£´gnmbpVxoguoy7gfuognfu ~ gfxeFpVdgfIuba2pVxoW¥bpVxog>WvWm{¯²r7dfuª¤y7ª£7pVduoym¥+ª£uooa¬yV¼½7gJ¯²gnfuª£´g>dyL7gnmqµN|¾ua7ª¤m§mourdWv ¥g7gfxª£´gp³¿¸pVx¨yq´LªÀpV¸pV2pV¢£vWmª¤myV¯uadgnmogePgnoa2pV7ª¤mePm,pVd½ª¤7gfIuªÁ¯²vmogf´gfx pV¢-madyxu pVgnm¶µ gf¥ÂePgnoa2pV7ª¤mePm³ua2pVuPp7Wxognmomuadgnmognm~7xoy7¢¤gfePmPpVxogtuadgf)~7xoy~ y[mognÃpVdÄ¥g¬~7xoyq´Lª¤7g uadg¹pV¢£yxª£ua7ePm¯°yx+uadgfª£xª£e³~7¢¤gfePgfIu pVuª¤yRµ ÅÆÇ ÈoÉÊ ^Ë[ jgqpV¢Á®¾`bª£ePg±ÌGvWmuogfePmqN|¾W®¡Ígfa7ª¤f¢¤g gfu¾¥§yx¨ yGuxoy¢£¢¤gfx xogqp gfu¾¥yx¨* Î pVr7¢£u`Ïy¢¤gfx pVdng[µ ÐÁÑÏÒ¦Ó¡ÔqÕÒ§ÖÏ×£Ó¡Ø°ÙnÚ ÛÜ2ÝNÞ;ßànáJâã*ßIä²åWæ¶çfè+éÏêëêíì{îïð äUñ¾ò@êíóíîJæVèJô@õJõfö+ßànáJâIæV÷¶ø¾ò@âVùúîJû Ü2üò óëê£ý þ ø¡ÿ^âVá^û Nò ÿ°ò êî{â²ãÀê ànáJâIû ø . ß
(12) Ïä²éæLÜdâ °îúü«æ >ò fî{âqÿ^î+ï^î+êëò,÷Vá ø úñ§ï^î+êëò Nò{ànî@æ ç {è ò@âVï^ánî{ÿnø¡îJæ7÷^ø¾ò âVù{î@û>Üdüò@óíê£ý§Ýóíù{á@ã ê ò {û ÝNò fîú ñ êíá@ø¡óëòqû ø. Unit´e de recherche INRIA Lorraine Technopˆole de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique, ` NANCY (France) 615 rue de Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS L ES T´el´ephone : 03 83 59 30 30 - International : +33 3 3 83 59 30 30 T´el´ecopie : 03 83 27 83 19 - International : +33 3 83 27 83 19 Antenne de Metz, technopˆole de Metz 2000, 4 rue Marconi, 55070 METZ T´el´ephone : 03 87 20 35 00 - International: +33 3 87 20 35 00 T´el´ecopie : 03 87 76 39 77 - International : +33 3 87 76 39 77.
(13) . .
(14) o 4
(15)
(16)
(17) ;34 ¾N( ( (* 4 8( b , o $0% .
(18) 1, 2 3 o +( b o
(19) . .
(20) . ;¡ yIuxoy¢£¢¤gfx xogqp gfu¾¥yx¨7©¹gnmu,r7/7rdm ¬WªÁ¼*rdmª¤y pn´gnpnncnmpVr ePlnWª£r7e ~7xª¤yxª¤m l Gr7ª,gnmu¬7gf´gfIrr7 mu pVddpVxo 7g"¯°pVª£u±dpVdm¬¢ ª£dWrdmuxª¤g/pVr7uoyePy7ª£¢¤g[µ wyr7x¹gfe³~ noadgfx¹r7dgmu pVuª¤y/7gf´gfGrdgP7lJ¯²gnfurdgfrdm g³7g~ gfxur7x gfx,¢¤g¯°ydfuª¤y7dgfePgfIu7g ¢ gfdm gfe7¢¤gWr³xolnm gqpVrR~2pVxgJs7gfe³~7¢¤ggfFlfePgfuu pVIunyIuª£Grdgf¢£¢¤gfePgfIu+7gnmux pVePgnm gfxxogfr7xom¶ > ~*y[m mocn7g½7gnmFePlnqpV7ª¤mePgnm¬7g½nyW»ddgfePgfIu gfxxogfr7xomt7yIut¢ yWzgnfuªÁ¯gnmuF7g"7lJ® uognfuogfx,7gnm«gfxxogfr7xom«eFpVuolfxª¤gf¢£¢¤gnm,~ gfxeFpVdgfIuognm¹gfu«7g7lnny7dgnfuogfx,¢¤gnm«mu pVuª¤ydm«ª¤7gfIuªÁ»2lngnm 7lJ¯°gnfurdgfrdmognmqµ «pVdmngfuuogtlfurd7g[Ndyrdm¹¯¡pVª¤moydmr7dgpV2pV¢£vWmogF¿¸pVx¨yq´Lª¤gf7dg¬7gFngnmePlJ® qpV7ª¤moePgnm+gfu§ª¤7gfGuªÁ»2ydm+~7¢£rdmª¤gfr7xomb¢£ª£e³ª£u pVuª¤ydmqµ «g;dyr7´gqpVrWstePlnqpV7ª¤moePgnm Ir7ª*xolnmoy¢£´gfIu ngnm~7xoy7¢¤cfePgnmmoyGu~7xoy~*y[m lnmpVª£dmª Grdg«¢¤gnmpV¢£yxª£ua7ePgnm;~*yr7x+¢¤gfr7xª£e³~7¢¤lfePgfGu pVuª¤yRµ &Ê q È ÌGvLmouocfePgnm`-gfe³~dmj;lngf¢¡NjlnmogqpVr e2pVx Grdl[ yIuxoy¢£¢¤gfx xogqp gfu¾¥yx¨* `-y¢¤lfx pVdngpVrWs±Î2pVr7uognmqµ. . . . . . . . .
(21) .
(22) !" # %$&' ( *),+.-0/% 12 3 . . $0% ¾ !n -
(23)
(24)
(25) ;3
(26) o * 4. > ¡ yIuxoy¢£¢¤gfx xogqp gfu¾¥yx¨7© ª¤m+p,7xoyp7qpmou7rdm§¥+ª£uat~7xª¤yxª£u¾vF2pm gntpnngnmomuoyuadg ePgnWª£r7e ¥+a7ª¤oa"a2pm+*gnnyePgp³7gJ®°¯¡pfuoyPmu pVddpVxo±¯°yxdpVu p³ux pVdmoe³ª¤momª¤yª£"pVr7uoyePyuª£´g pV~7~7¢£ª¤qpVuª¤ydm¶µ };Fp ; dgfu¾¥yx¨dyL7gnm7y«dyu~ y[momognmompVFp7Wxognm m pVddy,mª£7[¢¤g+dyL7g ~7¢ÀpqvLmp~7xogf~ yd7gfx pVIuxoy¢¤g>ª£¬uadg>~7xoyuoyGny¢¡µ p a±ePgnmom pVg>a2pmpVtª¤7gfIuªÁ»2gfxq7r77ª Grdg«uoy uadg¥+ady¢¤g+mvWmuogfeua2pVumogfx´gnmNu¦¥§y,~7r7x~ y[mogn0m 5Npmomª£[7ª£7¹p;~7xª¤yxª£u¾v¯²yxNuadgux pVdme³ª¤momoª¤y uadg¢¤yq¥§gfxuadgGr7ePgfxª¤qpV¢G´[pV¢£rdg[¶uadg[xogqpVuogfxÏuadg~7xª¤yxª£u¦v7©ÏpVdpV¢£¢¤yq¥+ª£7;ePgnmom pVgN»d¢£uogfxª£7 r7~ yÃxognngf~7uª¤yRµ ,pVu pW ~ y[momª£7¢£v mogf[ePgfIuognê£ m gf´gfx pV¢b¯Xx pVePgnmq eFpnv *gtux pVdme³ª£uuogn ~ gfxª¤yLWª¤qpV¢£¢£vm~ yx pWª¤qpV¢£¢£v yx¬yW®¾7gfeFpVd µ e³ª£7ª£eFpV¢ > nye³er77ª¤qpVuª¤y3~7xoyV»d¢¤g nydmoª¤muom+yV¯pua7xogngJ®¡¢Àpnvgfxogn"pVxooa7ª£uognfur7xo g 5N~7aGvLmoª¤qpV¢*¢Àpqvgfxq ,pVu p^7® 6 ª£78 ¨ 6Ïpnvgfx 6*6©bpVd pV~7~7¢£ª¤qpVuª¤yº¢Àpqvgfxqµ,`badg 966)ª¤m;ª£e³~7¢ÀpVGuogn¸ª£/pVDgf¢¤gnfuxoy7ª¤³nye³~ ydgfIu¹qpV¢£¢¤gnºp ; nyGuxoy¢£¢¤gfxqµ`badg|{Ì7} mu pVddpVxo7m % : < ;pVd :>= ;X©+y7¢£v7gJ»ddguadg¹~7aIvWmª¤qpV¢¢Àpnvgfx,pVd 6*6 7r7u~7xoy~*y[m@pV¢¤mPa2pn´g" gngf eFp7g±¯°yxPuadgDpV~7~7¢£ª¤qpVuª¤y ¢Àpqvgfx ¡> ~7~7¢£ª¤qpVuª¤y? 6Ïpnvgfx ® 6 mogng : < ;X©«yx¹¯²yxnye³~7¢¤gfuog~7xoyV»d¢¤gnm2pmogn/yÄuadgPu¾¥§y"dyxeFpV¢£Aª @qgn ¢Àpnvgfxom ÌGeFpVxu >ª¤muxª£7r7uognFÌGvWmuogfePm-®-Ì ¹Ìm gng : < ;¾ «gf´Lª¤ng gfumogng : Bh ;7yx ; y~*gf¥+a7ª¤ a³rdmognmp;mor7dmogfu yV¯ 6/mogng : ;X©Jµ ; a2pm³´gfxv g CFfª¤gfGugfxxoyxP7gfuognfuª¤y ePgn a2pV7ª¤mePmqµÃ|¦ : hqD ;¾ uadgpVr7uadyxomPa2pq´g moadyq¥+½uadg¹~7xoy2pV7ª£¢£ª£u¾v½yV¯r7d7gfuognfuogn"ux pVdme³ª¤momª¤yDgfxxoyxomWr7xª£7Fuadg¢£ªÁ¯²gfuª£ePgyV¯p³´gJ® a7ª¤f¢¤guoyº*g½gJsLuxogfePgf¢£v)¢¤yq¥¹bua2pVuFª¤mP¥+aIv)¥g¥+ª£¢£¢+¯²r7xuadgfxtpmomor7ePg±ua2pVupV¢£¢gfxxoyxomtpVxog nyxxognfu¢£v7gfuognfuogn µ poa¸mu pVuª¤yD¥+a7ª¤oa¸7gfuognfuom>pVDgfxxoyx;mogfd7m«pVF Efgfxxoy,x G pV E,¥+a7ª¤oa ª¤m«p³~2pVxuª¤fr7¢ÀpVx>¯²x pVePgnye³~ y[mognDyV¯§Pnydmognfr7uª£´g7ye³ª£2pVGu>7ª£uom ª£ ; muogfxe³ª£dy¢Á® y[v§uadg7ye³ª£2pVGuF7ª£uP´[pV¢£rdg¬ª¤H m En( E¬¥+a7ª£¢¤I g EJh E±ª¤mPm pVª¤)uadg±xognngnmomoª£´g±7ª£u³´pV¢£rdg¶©ua2pVu gf2pV7¢¤gnm¹pV¢£¢Nuadgmu pVuª¤ydm,y¸uadg7rdm>uoyt*g³pn¥bpVxog³yV¯§uadgux pVdme³ª¤momoª¤y¸gfxxoyxqµ`badgnyx{® xr7~7uognP¯Xx pVePg>pVr7uoyeFpVuª¤qpV¢£¢£vFxogJ®¾gfGuogfxom§ª£GuoyuadgdgJsLubpVx7ª£ux pVuª¤y~7a2pm g[I¥+a7ª¤ atqpV¢¤gqp uoye³ª¤m mogn±7gqpW¢£ª£dgnmqµ `badg,gfxxoyxxognnyq´gfxv¬uª£ePg[d7gJ»ddgn"pmbuadg¹uª£ePg«¯Xxoye 7gfuognfuª£7tpV gfxxoyx§r7Iuª£¢ uadg+~*y[m mª£7¢¤gmu pVxu yV¯Ïp«dgf¥ ¯Xx pVePg[Iª¤m3h K>uoyWh+7ª£u uª£ePgnm ¥+adgfxoguadg7ª£u uª£ePg ª¤muadg«uª£ePg,*gfu¦¥§gngf"uadg¹gfe³ª¤momª¤y½yV¯Nu¾¥yPmrdnngnmomoª£´g,7ª£uomyV¯Nuadg¹m pVePg>¯²x pVePg¶©Jµ `-y~7xogf´gfGu³p½7gJ¯²gnfuª£´gdyL7g³¯²xoye~ gfxur7x7ª£7"uadgP¯Xr7dfuª¤y7ª£7¸yV¯uadgP¥+ady¢¤gtmvWmuogfe ¯°yxª£dmou pVdngFGv/xogf~*gfuª£uª£´gf¢£v mogfdWª£7ºgfxxoyx¯²x pVePgnmquadg > ~7xoyuoyLny¢§ª£df¢£rd7gnm¯¡pVr7¢£u nyW»ddgfePgfGuePgnoa2pV7ª¤mePm¥+ady[mog§yWzgnfuª£´gnmpVxog h¶© uoy«7gfuognfuN~*gfxeFpVdgfGuNa2pVxoW¥pVxog+WvWm{® ¯²r7dfuª¤y7ª£7pVd ©Nuoy¹m¥+ª£uo aFyV¼7gJ¯²gnfuª£´gdyG7gnm¶µÎ2yxua7ª¤m~7r7x~ y[mog[Gp ; nyIuxoy¢£¢¤gfx ~ y[momognm mognmbu¾¥yPWª¤muª£dfugfxxoyxnyr7Guogfxom#5 L uadg`Ïx pVdme³ª£u xxoyx yr7Iuogfx ` ©¥+a7ª¤ a/nyr7Iuom«uadgIr7e gfx¹yV¯ux pVdme³ª¤momoª¤y gfxxoyxom7gfuognfuogny½uadg«¯Xx pVePgnmua2pVuuadg,mu pVuª¤y½mogfd7m¶ L uadg¬jgnngfª£´g xxoyx yr7Guogfx j ©¥+a7ª¤ a nyr7Iuom³uadg¬Gr7e gfxPyV¯;ux pVdme³ª¤momoª¤y gfxxoyxom7gfuognfuogny½uadg«¯Xx pVePgnmua2pVuuadg,mu pVuª¤yxognngfª£´gnmqµ. . . . . . . #âNMJçfèJõ!O. . . . . . . . . .
(27) . B1 + +& < . §nypxoxoagnmou~*ª£ePydg¹Wª£p7¯²«x pVnePyr7g«Iuoª¤m+gfxNnyª¤mxxo7gngnffuxo¢£gqvpxomogngnn gfª£ ´gJgnsWngfy~7x+u-u¥+x pVaddgfmoe³uadª£ug uogn´¬pV¢£Irdv±g§ª¤pmNmopVu ¢£xopVgqupª¤yWRv&7@qugfadxog«yI©J´µNpV¢£ÌGrdª£e³g«yVª£¢À¯pVxu¢£advg gqp a±uª£ePg¹pux pVdme³ª¤momª¤ygfxxoyx+ª¤m+7gfuognfuogn 7uadg«´[pV¢£rdg«yV¯-uadg,nyxxognm~ ydWª£7Pnyr7Iuogfxª¤m ª£dfxogqpm gn µ > gf~ gfdWª£7³yFuadg;´pV¢£rdg>yV¯R yuanyr7Iuogfxom¶Wuadg;mu pVuª¤yt¥+ª£¢£¢**gª£ydg>yV¯Ruadg mou pVuognm7gJ»ddgnGvuadg,~7xoyuoyLny¢ 5 L
(28) //% / ) < j hqPpVd"` hq© 5 ua7ª¤mª¤m+uadg¹dyxeFpV¢-y~ gfx pVuª£7FePyL7g[ uadgmu pVuª¤yDqpVdyxeFpV¢£¢£v½mogfd"pVdxognngfª£´g,¯²x pVePgnmqµb`ba7ª¤mª¤muadg7gJ¯¡pVr7¢£u;mu pVuogpVu. nyIuxoy¢£¢¤gfx;ª£7ª£uªÀpV¢£ªA@¶pVuª¤yRµ hqJKyxN` hqJK[©NpVd` =1= © 5Ruadgbmu pVuª¤yeFpnvgfe³ª£u L
(29) //% /N- < < j 7r7uª£uerdmu¥pVª£ u Dmr7~7~7¢¤gfePgfGu pVxv 7ª£uomPp^¯²uogfxuadgtgfd)yV¯>uadg¢Àpmouux pVdme³ª£uuogn ¯Xx pVePg[µÃÎdr7xuadgfxePyxog[buadgmu pVuª¤y ª¤mdyupV¢£¢¤y¶¥§gn uoy/mogfd pV J <//% 1/0 r7~*y±uadg7gfuognfuª¤y"yV¯pux pVdme³ª¤momª¤y½gfxxoyxqdª£dmuogqp±ª£u+¥+ª£¢£¢Ïmogfdp < "B/!/ / 0 F¥+a7ª¤ aª¤mbeFp7g,yV¯Nxognngnm mª£´g«7ª£uompVd¬a2pmbuaIrdm+dyª£ Gdrdgfdngy±uadg,gf¢¤gnfuxª¤ ¢¤gf´gf¢>yV¯¹uadg"7rdmqµ|¦ ua7ª¤m¬mu pVuog[b gnqpVrdmogDyV¯¹uad g Ämr7~7~7¢¤gfePgfIu pVxv 7ª£uomt*gJ¯°yxog mogfdWª£7duadgt¯²x pVePgnm³mogfGuGv uadg¬mu pVuª¤y pVxogtdy¸¢¤y7gfxPngfxu pVª£ÃuoyDxognm~ gnfuuadg ¥§yxomu{®¾qpm g,xognm~ ydmog,uª£ePgnmnye³~7r7uogn½ua7xoyr7[a½mooadgnWr7¢ÀpV7ª£¢£ª£u¦v"pV2pV¢£vWmª¤mqµ =1= &© 5`badgmu pVuª¤yª¤m>pVr7uoyeFpVuª¤qpV¢£¢£vm¥+ª£uooadgnDyV¼"¯²xoye uadg7rdmqµ L % ! ` |¾±ua7ª¤mmu pVuog[7uadg¹mu pVuª¤y"qpVdgfª£uadgfxmogfdyx+xognngfª£´g¹¯Xx pVePgnm¶µ dyL7g¹qpV±¢¤gqpn´g uadg>7rdm{®¾yV¼"mu pVuog«p^¯Xuogfxpa2pVxoW¥pVxog,yxbmoyV¯²u¾¥pVxog«xognm gfu 1/! " / $# (! Bo©bpVd p^¯Xuogfx§a2pn´Lª£7mordnngnmom{¯²r7¢£¢£vePy7ª£uoyxogn¸hq yGnfr7xxogfdngnmbyV¯ h[hnydm gnfr7uª£´gxognngnmomoª£´g 7ª£uom p¸mog Grdgfdng±yV¯h[h±nydmognfr7uª£´g±xognngnm mª£´gt7ª£uomPnyxxognm~ ydWª£7ºuoy¸uadg & % §}>Î pVd±uadg«ª£Guogfxe³ª¤momª¤y»2gf¢¤½yV¯pdpVu p¯²x pVePg,ua2pVua2pmdyu*gngfnyxxr7~7uogn2©Jµ `badg¸xr7¢¤gnmt¯°yx±ª£dfxogqpmª£7 pVd 7gnfxogqpmª£7Ãuadgº` pVd uadgºj yV¯³p mou pVuª¤y3pVxog m yePgf¥+a2pVu>nye³~7¢¤gJs mogng : D ;N~7~D' ^®¡' (Wµ;|¦½uadgxognmu«yV¯uadgpVxuª¤f¢¤g[*¥§g¥+ª£¢£¢pmomr7ePgua2pVu dygfxxoyxombyGnfr7xWr7xª£7uadg;mª£[2pV¢£¢£ª£7yV¯-pVtgfxxoyx dy¹7ª£ubgfxxoyx§ª£¬pV¬pfuª£´g>gfxxoyNx G pVG©Jµ Îdr7xuadgfxePyxog[2¥g¹¥+ª£¢£¢Ïdyu;nydmª¤7gfxua7xognggJsWngf~7uª¤ydmuoyPuadg,gfdgfx pV¢-xr7¢¤gnm¢£ª¤muogn*gf¢¤y¶¥ m gng : ; ~7~±' ^®¡' (W2gJsWngf~7uª¤ydm+¢£ª¤mouogn¬ª£±~*yª£Guom+ ©bpVd±¶©7©JWu¾¥yPyV¯uadgfe#pVxog,y7¢£vtrdmogJ¯²r7¢ Wr7xª£7"uadg³ª£7ª£uªÀpV¢£Aª @¶pVuª¤y ~7a2pmogPyV¯+uadgPmvWmuogfe ¥+adgfxogy7¢£v¸ydgPdyG7g³eFpqvº*gFyW®¡¢£ª£dg[µ ) ª£´gf/uadgnmogPpmomr7e³~7uª¤ydm¶Ruadg³xr7¢¤gnm«¯°yx,ePyLWªÁ¯XvLª£7uadg³nyr7Iuogfx´pV¢£rdgFyV¯uadg³mu pVuª¤ydm pVxog 5 h[µÎ7x pVePg«ux pVdme³ª¤momoª¤y¬mordnngnmom{¯²r7¢¡µ`badg>dyL7g>ª¤m§dyubuadg«mogfdWª£7dyL7#g 5NªÁ¯Ïuadg«j ª¤m+ gfu¾¥§gngf)h¹pVd/hqJ KL2uadgfª£uª¤m7gnfxogqpmognIv±ydg[µ |¾¯uadgj m+´[pV¢£rdg,ª¤m+7ª£¢¡2ª£u mu pnvWm;r7doa2pV7gn µ>Î-ª£2pV¢£¢£v*ªÁ¯ª£uom;´pV¢£rdgª¤m[xogqpVuogfx«ua2pV hqJ KL ª£u;x pVd7ye³¢£vu pV¨gnm,p ´pV¢£rdg¹*gfu¦¥§gngf)h[h (PpVd/hqJ KLµ`badg,dyG7g¹ª¤muadg¹mogfdWª£7dyG7 g 5ªÁ¯uadg¹` ª¤mdyu 7ª£¢¡7ua7ª¤m+ª¤m7gnfxogqpm gn±Iv±ydg[dyuadgfx¥+ª¤mog¹ª£u+xogfeFpVª£dmr7doa2pV7gn µ. . . . . . . . . . . äXÝ
(30) Ïä²é.
(31) =.
(32) !" # %$&' ( *),+.-0/% 12 3 . Wµdmordnngnmom{¯²r7¢-ux pVdme³ª¤m mª¤y ux pVdme³ª¤momª¤yºgfxxoyx,7gfuognfuogn2©Jµ¹`badgdyG7gª¤m>dyu>uadg mogfdWª£7¬dyG78 g 5>`badgj ª¤m>ª£dfxogqpmogn¸IvDydg[µ¹`badgdyL7gª¤m«uadgmogfdWª£7¬dyL7g15 uadg¹` ª¤mª£dfxogqpmogn±Iv Wµ a2pVuogf´gfx+uadg«xognmr7¢£uyV¯ux pVdme³ª¤momª¤yRWuadgfxog,ª¤mbdyePyxog,ua2pVydg,nyr7Guogfx¥+ady[mog>´[pV¢£rdg ª¤mePyGWªÁ»2gny½p³[ª£´gf½mu pVuª¤yRµ. . . I {d* o
(33) · . > ¯¡pVr7¢£unyW»ddgfePgfIuePgn a2pV7ª¤mePm§pVxogbnydngfª£´gnuoy«Wª¤mony7dgnfu7gJ¯°gnfuª£´gbdyG7gnm¯²xoye uadg¹dgfu¾¥§yx¨DpVd±~7xogf´gfIu;uadgfe ¯²xoye ~*gfxur7x7ª£7uadg,¥+ady¢¤g¹dgfu¦¥§yx¨ µ
(34) ;y¶¥§gf´gfxq r7d7gfx m gf´gfxogPgf¢¤gnfuxoyV®¡eFpV[dgfuª¤tª£Iuogfx{¯°gfxogfdngnydWª£uª¤ydmqNydgyxmogf´gfx pV¢ dyL7gnmqpV xogqpoa uadg 7rdm®¾yV¼ mu pVuog¹z{rdmu*gnqpVrdmogtyV¯ux pVdme³ª¤momoª¤y)gfxxoyxom¶µ½|¦uª¤muaIrdmª£e³~ yxu pVIuuoy"gnmouª£eFpVuog uadg~7xoy2pV7ª£¢£ª£u¾v¸yV¯ mrd a¸gf´gfGuom«¥+a7ª¤oaºqpVD*gpoa7ª¤gf´gn¸ua7xoyr7[a¸uadg¨Gdy¶¥+¢¤gnWg³yV¯uadg pq´gfx pVgta7ª£uuª£7"uª£ePgtyV¯uadgF7rdm®¾yV¼ mu pVuogtpVd yV¯uadgP´[pVxªÀpVdng¬yV¯uadgP7rdm{®¾yV¼ a7ª£uuª£7 uª£ePgnm¶µÏÎdyx-ua7ª¤m ~7r7x~*y[m g[^ydg ePyG7gf¢uadg `Rx pVdme³ª£u xxoyx yr7Guogfx ` © ¥+ª£uap+¿¸pVx¨yq´ a2pVª£ª£½nyGuª£Irdyrdm;uª£ePg pV¢¤moyPqpV¢£¢¤gn½p¿¸pVx¨yq´¬~7xoyLngnmom@©Jµ. . . . . ;d7gfx³uadg½pmomor7e³~7uª¤ydm³ua2pVuFmu pVuog± a2pV7gnmpVxoggJsW~*ydgfGuªÀpV¢£¢£vÃWª¤muxª£7r7uogn uadg±gf´yV® ¢£r7uª¤y yV¯,uadg"` qpV *g½ePyG7gf¢¤gn Iv p ¿DpVx¨y¶´Ã~7xoyGngnm mqµ 6Rgfu!#"$¸ guadg½x pVuog"yV¯ ux pVdmoe³ª¤momª¤y¬yV¯ÏdyW®¾nyxxr7~7uogn¬ePgnmom pVgnm ¯²yxbmu pVuª¤y&%FpVd& "' *g;ª£uom§x pVuog>yV¯Ïnyxxr7~7uogn ePgnm m pVgnmqµ `badgbgfdgfx pV¢dxr7¢¤gbª¤mNua2pVuuadg+` ´[pV¢£rdgbª¤mNª£dfxogqpmognIv «y³uadgbux pVdme³ª£uuª£7¹dyL7g ªÁ¯;p¯²x pVePgFª¤mnyxxr7~7uognÃpVdÄua2pVuuadgt` ª¤m7gnfxogqpm gn Gv hªÁ¯uadgux pVdmoe³ª¤momª¤y ª¤m mordnngnmom{¯²r7¢¡µ gf´gfxuadgf¢¤gnmomq WªÁ¼ gfxogfIu,qpmognm>a2pn´guoyt gWª¤muª£7[r7ª¤madgn µ`badgª£W»d7ª£uognmª£eFpV¢ gfdgfx pVuoyxyV¯*uadgb¿DpVx¨y¶´~7xoyLngnmom¯²yxuadg+WªÁ¼ gfxogfIu~ y[momª£7¢¤g§´pV¢£rdgnmyV¯2uadg+` 7gfdyuogn G) v ({©ª¤m+[ª£´gfGvuadg«¯°y¢£¢¤yq¥+ª£7[x pV~7adm 5. . . . L (*,+ 5 0i. L (.-0/21435376982:<; 5. #âNMJçfèJõ!O. . λ k1. 8.
(35) . B1 + +& < λ k0. i-1. λ k1. i+8. λ k0. i-1. λ k1. 256. ii. L (.-0/ 698 53 376<;H5. ii. L (* 6 5 i 256. b` adg"nye³~7r7u pVuª¤y yV¯ "$ºpVd "'±ª¤m7gfu pVª£¢¤gn ª£ ~7~*gfdWªÁs µ`badg½mou pVuog" = Wb¥+a7ª¤oa nyxxognmo~*yd7m«uoy¬uadg7rdm{®¾yV¼)mu pVuog[ ª¤m¹ptmoyV®¾qpV¢£¢¤gn B / ' Dmu pVuog¯Xxoye¥+a7ª¤ a/ª£u«ª¤m«ª£e® ~ y[momª£7¢¤gbuoygnmoqpV~*g;pVd³ua2pVu§muoy~dmuadg+~7xoyGngnm mqµN`ba7ª¤mª¤mgJsdpfu¢£vuadg+¯²r7dfuª¤y7ª£7mo adgfePg yV¯-uadg ; ~7xoyuoyLny¢¡µ adgf½pmu pVuª¤y¬*gnnyePgn&m EJ7rdm{®¾yV¼ EWª£u+qpV±dgfª£uadgfxmogfdtdyxbxogJ® ngfª£´g¯Xx pVePgnm¶µ ª£uauadg~7xogf´Lª¤yrdm¢£vPgJsL~ y[mogn³xr7¢¤gnm¶Gydg;y7u pVª£dm§uadg¯²y¢£¢¤y¶¥+ª£7gfdgfx pVuoyx eFpVuxªÁsyV¯mAª @qg 6 6 uadg,¿DpVx¨y¶´±oa2pVª£½a2pq´Gª£7t = Kmu pVuognm@9© 5
(36) . . . . !#"$ %" . " ! #"% . . . !#" . #"$ . . "$ . . . & %" . " ! '"% . !'" . "$ '"$ . ¥+ª£ua #" *)( "$+* "', uadg,xoyq¥3mor7ePmyV¯ -ª¤m©Jµ ÎdyxnyG´gf7ª¤gfdng[ua7ª¤m¿DpVx¨y¶´/~7xoyLngnmom¥+ª£¢£¢ gPux pVdm{¯°yxePgn ª£ÄuadgtmuoyG a2pmuª¤qpV¢£¢£v g Gr7ª£´[pV¢¤gfIu"Wª¤m fxogfuog/uª£ePg/¿¸pVx¨yq´ a2pVª£3uogfxePgnuadg $ /" /.3 " 1 2µ 6Rgfu10 2 * 35476 2 - 2:9 4 uadgDuoyu pV¢,x pVuogºyr7u±yV¯mou pVuog (FpVd; 0 <>=@? *BADCFE 2:G $ 0 2 µÂÌGª£dngH0 <I=D? KJ 8. äXÝ
(37) Ïä²é.
(38)
(39) !" # %$&' ( *),+.-0/% 12 3 . K. ¥g±qpV)r77ªÁ¯²yxe³ªA@qg±uadg¬¿¸pVx¨yq´ ~7xoyGngnm mm y"ua2pVu³ª£uª¤m³g Gr7ª£´pV¢¤gfGu³uoy/pD¿DpVx¨y¶´ oa2pVª£ 7gfdyuognI v ¥+a7ª¤oa"a2pm+uadg«¯°y¢£¢¤yq¥+ª£7FgfGuxª¤gnm#5 2 94. . * 0 1 2:9 H0 0 2 <I =D0 ?<I =D? 4. `badg¹eFpVuxªÁs r7d7gfxª£uom fE qpVdy7ª¤qpV¢R¯°yxeHE>ª¤m&5 * +. . ( *
(40) ( *. 1. h¶© ©. ¥+adgfxog ª¤muadgyxª£[ª£2pV¢-eFpVuxªÁs½¥+ª£uadyr7u;uadg 6 ¢£ª£dgpVd½uadg 6 txoyq¥¹µ ¢£¢-mou pVuognm ª£ pVxogH / ( ! 2 5mu pVxuª£7½¯Xxoye mrdoa)pmu pVuog[uadgfxoggJsLª¤muomp±~ y[mª£uª£´gP~7xoy2pV7ª£¢£ª£u¦v ua2pVu;uadg,~7xoyLngnmomeFpqv±dyugf´gfIur2pV¢£¢£vxogfur7x"uoy³ua7ª¤m>mu pVuog[µ§`badg´gnfuoyx ª¤muadg 6 ny¢£r7e³´gnfuoyxNyV¯ ¥+ª£uadyr7uuadg 6 gf¢¤gfePgfIu ua7ª¤m-¢ÀpVuuogfxgf¢¤gfePgfGu- gfª£7;uad9g ! / B mou pVuog«ua2pVuePyG7gf¢¤muadg EJ7rdm{®¾yV¼ E,mu pVuog¶©Jµ§};dg¹7gfdyuognmI v uadgmogfuyV¯ux pVdmoª¤gfIu;mou pVuognm pVd 2uadgx pVd7ye9´pVxªÀpV7¢¤g¥+a7ª¤oaD[ª£´gnmuadguª£ePg¹dgngn7gn"uoyPxogqp aD¯²yx;uadg,»dxomu;uª£ePg uadgpVdmoyx7ª£7½mu pVuog 6mu pVxuª£7±¯²xoyept[ª£´gf mu pVuog (@µ ;moª£7½p±f¢Àpmomª¤qpV,¢ EfydgJ®¾mouogf~ E pV2pV¢£vWmª¤mq7ydgy7u pVª£dm 5 ~7xoy2pV7ª£¢£ª£u¾v 3 4"!$# 2:9 4 © 2 * 22% * 4 Â¥+¥+ª£ª£uua a 7 ~ o x y 2 V p 7 £ ª £ ¢ £ ª ¾ u v & 2:9 ')()* ¥+ª£ua 2 * 1,ªÁ¯ (+* 6FpVdPyuadgfx¥+ª¤mog[µ`-pV¨Lª£7gJsW~ gnfu pVuª¤ydmqW¥§ggf&u 5. ,.- 02 / *. ')()*",.- 20/ *2431 4! # 2:9 4 ,5- 2 * 4 / * 2 *21 2:9 4 ,5- 4 / 43!4# 2:9. G©. `ba7ª¤m-mogfu-yV¯2 = K+¢£ª£dgqpVxg Gr2pVuª¤ydm-qpVgqpmª£¢£v«*g§moy¢£´gn¹rdmoª£7>pVIv,Gr7ePgfxª¤qpV¢LyxmvLe y¢£ª¤qpV¢ nye³~7r7u pVuª¤y½~7xoy[x pVe mrdoapmb¿DpV~7¢¤g[µ6,.- $ /*ª¤mbuadg>ePgqpV¬a7ª£uuª£7³uª£ePgnm+yV¯-uadg>7rdm{®¾yV¼ mou pVuog>¯²yx+uadg¹nydmoª¤7gfxogn½mu pVuª¤yRµ |¾pmª£e³ª£¢ÀpVx+¥bpnvdydg,qpVnye³~7r7uog«u' adg«´[pVxªÀpVdn' g,yV¯-uadg«7rdm{®¾yV¼¸a7ª£uuª£7³uª£ePg«¥+a7ª¤oa ª¤m~*gfx7gJ»d7ª£uª¤yDg Ir2pV¢ uo. y 7.- 28/ *9,.- 2 /: ;,.- 20/ µ };dg,a2pm ' ~7xoy2pV7ª£¢£ª£u¾v 3 43!4# 2:9 4 = © 2 ' * ( 2 ' 2 * 4 , ¥+¥+ª£ª£uua½ ½ a 7 ~ o x y 2 V p 7 £ ª £ ¢ £ ª ¾ u v & 2 9 ')()* . #âNMJçfèJõ!O. .
(41) . B1 + +& < . `pV¨Gª£7gJsL~ gnfu pVuª¤ydm. 5. ,.- 2 ' / *. 1 2:9 4 ,5- 2 ' / * 431 !4# 2:9 4 ,5- ( 2 * 4 , ' / 34 !4# ' * 2' * 1 2 9 4 ,.- ( 4 * 2, / 4"$! # ' * 2* 1 2:9 4 ,5- 4 / * 6 1 2 9 4 ,.- 4 / 2 4"!$# 4"$! #. ©. ¯²uogfxa2pn´Lª£7tm y¢£´gnua7ª¤m>mogfuyV¯§ = K¢£ª£dgqpVx>' g Ir2pVuª¤ydm¶' 2uadg´pVxªÀpVdngyV¯uadg,»dxomu;a7ª£uuª£7 uª£ePgyV¯uadg«7rdm{®¾yV¼/mu pVuog«ª¤m 7 - $ / * ,5- $ /: ;,5- $ / µ . <
(42)
(43) . . `-yª£¢£¢£rdmux pVuog>ua7ª¤mbpV2pV¢£vWmª¤mqLydg>¥+ª£¢£¢*nydmoª¤7gfxu¦¥§y > dyG7gnm~2pVxu+yV¯pV¬gJsL~ gfxª£ePgfIu pV¢ gfe*gn77gn > ®¡2pmogntpV~7~7¢£ª¤qpVuª¤y~7xoy~ y[mognFIvPw§Ì wgfr7gnyu{® ª£ux[gf © r7uoyePy7ª£¢¤gnm ye³~2pVGv/pVd/7gnmofxª£ gn¸ª£ : K3;¾µFÌGªÁsD7gf´Lª¤ngnm¹gJsW a2pV7gPePgnmom@pVgnm¹yÄp± = V¨G7ª£uVm¹dgfu{® ¥yx ¨ 5Ruadggf7[ª£dgnyIuxoy¢£¢¤gfxquadg§¥+adgngf¢7pV7[¢¤g§mogfdm yxquadg ) ² r7uoyeFpVuª¤ ) gqpVx yns2©J uadg Ì ² GuªÁ® ¢¤yLo¨Lª£7ÌGvLmuogfe©J2uadg yLWvG¥yx¨tIpVuogf¥bpnv¸pVd"pP7gf´Lª¤n g uadg2pVePg yV¯Nua7ª¤m7gf´Lª¤ng¹qpV7dyu g,nye³er77ª¤qpVuognD gnqpVrdmog¹yV¯nyW»27gfIuªÀpV¢£ª£u¦v7©Jµb`badg,u¦¥§yFnydmoª¤L® gfxogn½dyG7gnm>pVxog¹uadg Efgf7[ª£dgnyIuxoy¢£¢¤gf3x EpVd½uad g EJ*yLWvL¥§yx¨±dgfu¾¥yx¨IpVuogf¥pqv E¥+a7ª¤oa xognmo~*gnfuª£´gf¢£vPmogfdFuadg+¯²x pVePgnm yV¯R~7xª¤yxª£u¦! v /21$ 1 + ;pVd! / :<;,yV¯ ~*gfxª¤yL7m /21 + 64+ 1 + + ;ePm pVd0 /4+ ;ePmbxognm~*gnfuª£´gf¢£vµ `badg¹pn´gfx pVg¹mAª @qg,yV¯uadg>¯Xx pVePgnm¯°yxbuadg,gf7[ª£dg¹nyIuxoy¢£¢¤gfxª¤m 1 1 : 3 F7ª£uom¥+a7ª£¢¤g*gfª£70 1 + ³7ª£uom¯²yxuadg*yLWvL¥§yx¨¬dgfu¾¥yx¨IpVuogf¥pqvµ+`badgoa2pVx pfuogfx{® ª¤mouª¤nmyV¯uadg³hq¯Xx pVePgnmnye³~ y[mª£7PuadgpV~7~7¢£ª¤qpVuª¤y½ª¤m+[ª£´gfª£ ~7~ gfdWªÁs µ }; Î-ª£[r7xogºh[ ydg±qpV ydmogfx´g¬ua2pVu³uadgpn´gfx pVg±a7ª£uuª£7ºuª£ePg¬[xogqpVu¢£v ´[pVxª¤gnm³7gJ® ~ gfdWª£7¬y"uadg ª£u xxoyx«j;pVuog j>©Jµ*Îdyx>ª£dmu pVdng[*ª£u;u pV¨gnm>ª£¸pn´gfx pVg³y7¢£v½pV yr7u 8 +¬mognnyd7m;¯°yx;uadggf7[ª£dgnyIuxoy¢£¢¤gfxuoyFxogqp aºuadg7rdm®¾yV¼ mu pVuog¥+ª£uaºp j yV.¯ +3 + + 1 nyxxognmo~*ydWª£7±uoy±pP¯Xx pVePggfxxoyx«x pVuog³yV¯ 1 143 1 ¯°yx«uadggf7[ª£dgnyGuxoy¢£¢¤gfx@©,pVdDePyxog ua2pV 8 4+adyr7xom¥+ª£uap j yV¯ +3 + + + uoy g>nye³~2pVxogn¬uoyuadg«gJsW~*gnfuogn¬fr7er7¢ÀpVuogn r7uª£¢£Aª @¶pVuª¤y¸uª£ePgyV¯§pP´gfa7ª¤f¢¤g¥+a7ª¤oa¸ª¤m«pV*yr7u = [[Fadyr7xom@©Jµ;|¦Dp7Wª£uª¤yR uadgfr7x´gnm«y Ϊ£[r7xogthmor7[gnmu;ua2pVu>uadgePyxogª£e³~ yxu pVIu«uadg¢¤yp½ª£dWrdngnDGv"pFmou pVuª¤yR uadg¯¡pmuogfx uadg«mu pVuª¤y±¥+ª£¢£¢ xogqp auadg>7rdm{®¾yV¼Dmu pVuog[µ Îdyxbª£dmu pVdng[7uadg,pn´gfx pVg,a7ª£uuª£7³uª£ePg,yV¯-uadg yLWvG¥yx¨"dgfu¦¥§yx¨¸IpVuogf¥pqv ¥+a7ª¤oaÄgfdgfx pVuognmptdye³ª£2pV¢¢¤ypºyV¯ +37:98 ´gfxomrdm <3 ! ¯°yxuadg±gf7[ª£dgtnyGuxoy¢£¢¤gfx@©ª¤mePyxogtua2pV 8 3""adyr7xom³¥+ª£ua p j yV¯ +3 + + 1[µ |¦uª¤mPpV¢¤moy dyuogf¥yxuaIv)ua2pVu³uadg±mu pVddpVxoÃ7gf´LªÀpVuª¤y yV¯;uadg¬a7ª£uuª£7ºuª£ePgnmPª¤m´gfxvĪ£e³~ yxu pVIuqª£u ª¤m«yV¯ uadgm pVePgyxo7gfx,yV¯eFpV[7ª£urd7gua2pV¸uadgpq´gfx pVga7ª£uuª£7¬uª£ePgnm;¥+a7ª¤ aºª£"~7x pfuª¤ng ePgqpVdmua2pVuuadgfxog,¥+ª£¢£¢R g¹pa7ª£[a±´[pVxªÀpV7ª£¢£ª£u¾v½pVePy7Puadg¹ydm gfx´gn±a7ª£uuª£7Puª£ePgnmqµ. . . . . . äXÝ
(44) Ïä²é.
(45) (.
(46) !" # %$&' ( *),+.-0/% 12 3 . 1e+16 Engine controller Bodywork network gateway. 1e+14. Time (hours). 1e+12 1e+10 1e+08 1e+06 10000 100 1 0.01 0.001. 0.0009. 0.0008 0.0007 Bit Error Rate. 0.0006. 0.0005.
(47) "!#$ &%$ (')!*+ #,!-.$ / $ 10 !-2 !-334 $56$ %7!85:92;<!-=>$ );<!-=?@ ;<A9B;"+$ DC.1E !-/F HGICJEKF1L"92M#N !- PO:QROOOSM ! O:QROO: TQ U. VXWYWYZ"W\[]D^`_\_\a bdcfega(h\hia jDklhianmoc. p !-gq\- M$!25 T4 r$!-
(48) 5:4 0 !-$ 0 5p#N !- s$ %$ AQ?t!u;. Avg w$ D;< x qq34 @9r% y#N $ z $5w!#$ z3{- |$ 5w#N K%Y }#,!- z $5:1<#I Q ~J4 D TA9$0 A- M$ T;<!- (')0A- 6 q7!-$
(49) 0 !- q 5 !- 0 $ 5:3{%39 \39: 4 AQ/14 &@$ 1 q7!-@/#,!-$ qq340A4!-5 $ & !- &$ gq !-%\%39 !# $0B> @AQ f 4!-p%7 0 !-
(50) !-(' q\- 6#d$ 6F`E<4 w A
(51) \ A@!-D#d$ M~"EJ 4 2\3J ! Ax:Qp~J$ 6 !85 3X !-++=!u0\4 @(#,!-;< 5 M A-0 /!#$ 1q !80 "0A>%7 145 @\ 5? !-B
(52) 0 !2!- 5:\ gN )8J;"$ 1#I!-"$ $0 g4 $ ?-3$ B!#1$ B~"E<f$5p$ >3$ ?!#/$ >F`EJQz!- 5 T !p -3\ ?$ q !-%\%39!#%7 !-"q\- v!-$ .$ <\- d !D0 !- q r$ 1 / qY 2J?
(53) . $0 \D lA@?!-/p A¡?%7 }#,!- T$ H!80 0 $0 6!#
(54) ¢}%$ (')!*¢-Q£~J$ M@ g%Y !# z!#¤ z!#¤$ d£=!A 0\T%7 D¥@¦}A¡:v8$ "q !-%\%3)9 $ 4!-T T§ 4 g!#` ¨A B,¥@
(55) ¦$A¡@©Hª«- ¬
(56) ¦$ ¬®M;"40 4 w !8!>%B !?!-%@ 40A3J 3 D!- 5 =2 !-q+;.!-=: 4!-$ AQrt&!A;< /;.
(57) 0A-0\339B T q\ 39?$ g D qY 2 B !-`q\- w5:$ / ! $ / 0 q4!-GIF`EJ"A¡@L`$5$ r r5:$ w ! $ r 4 4!- GIFE<¯A@LnQ. °°²±.³}´µ}¶n·.
(58) hq. B1 + +& < . . . !2 4. 2 . ;d7gfxuadg>pmomor7e³~7uª¤ytyV¯ÏgJsW~*ydgfGuªÀpV¢£¢£vWª¤muxª£7r7uogntmu pVuog>oa2pV7gnmq7ydg;qpVePyL7gf¢*uadg gf´y¢£r7uª¤ytyV¯*uadgj ua7xoyr7[a¬p«¿DpVx¨y¶´~7xoyGngnmom¶µ`badggfdgfx pV¢2xr7¢¤g+ª¤mua2pVu uadgj ª¤m ª£dfxogqpm gnFGvhyFuadgxognngfª£´Gª£7dyL7gnmªÁ¯Ruadg+¯²x pVePgª¤mnyxxr7~7uogn¬pVdPª£u ª¤m7gnfxogqpmognFIv hªÁ¯ uadgux pVdme³ª¤momoª¤yFª¤mmrdnngnmom{¯²r7¢¡µ-`badg;ª£W»d7ª£uognmª£eFpV¢*gfdgfx pVuoyxyV¯Ruadg;¿DpVx¨y¶´³~7xoyGngnm m ¯°yx+uadg,WªÁ¼ gfxogfIu~ y[momª£7¢¤g«´[pV¢£rdgnmyV¯Nuadg,j 0 7gfdyuogn±Gv G©§ª¤m+[ª£´gfGvuadg>¯°y¢£¢¤yq¥+ª£7 [x pV~7adm#5. . . . L. * +. 5 0i. 1. λ k3. - /214353 1 6 2;85 L. λ k2. i-1. λ k3. i+1. ii. L. * 16: 5. i 128. λ k2. . 127. . £¢ uadyr7[aDuadg > mu pVddpVxo : D;-~ gfxe³ª£uom;uadgj uoytgJsWngngn hqW ª£u;ª¤m;g Gr7ª£´[pV¢¤gfIu«uoy nydmoª¤7gfx;ª£uom;eFp^sLª£er7e ´[pV¢£rdg¹uoy gFhqWµ|¦d7gngn 2ªÁ¯uadgj ª¤m[xogqpVuogfx«yx«g Ir2pV¢-ua2pV hqJ KpVdtp,¯Xx pVePg;ª¤m mordnngnmom{¯²r7¢£¢£v³xognngfª£´gnFuadgftuadgj ª¤m§mogfu uoypEJ´[pV¢£rdg gfu¾¥gngfºh[h( pVd"hqJ K EµÎdyx uadg¢ÀpVuuogfx§´[pV¢£rdg[¥ga2pq´g; ady[mogf"hqJ K,¥+a7ª¤oatª¤m uadg;oadyª¤ng;¢¤gqpWª£7uoyuadg ePy[mou~ gnmomª£e³ª¤muª¤Fxognmr7¢£uom¯XxoyeuadgF~ yª£IuyV¯´Gª¤gf¥ÂyV¯uadgFuª£ePgm~ gfIuª£ gfxxoyx{®¡~2pmomoª£´g[µ };dg7gfdyuognm "' uadg,x pVuog¹yV¯¯²x pVePgnmmrdnngnmom{¯²r7¢£¢£vtxognngfª£´gn±Iv±mu pVuª¤y %5 "' * 1 2$ K[© 26 8. . ". ¥+a7ª£¢¤g #"ª¤m+uadg«x pVuog¹yV¯nyxxr7~7uogn±¯²x pVePgnm+xognngfª£´gnGvtmou pVuª¤y %5 " *. 16 2. 8. ". 2. '3. © äXÝ
(59) Ïä²é.
(60) h[h.
(61) !" # %$&' ( *),+.-0/% 12 3 . `badg¿¸pVx¨yq´~7xoyLngnmomnyxxognm~ ydWª£7>uoy;uadgbpV*y¶´g§ux pVdmoª£uª¤ydmNª¤mÏuadgfux pVdm{¯°yxePgnrdmoª£7 uadg>r77ªÁ¯°yxe³ªA@¶pVuª¤y±uognoa77ª Grdg,7gnmofxª£ gnª£¬~2pVx pV[x pV~7a½Wµ£h>ª£¬ª£uombmuoyG a2pmuª¤qpV¢£¢£v¬g Ir7ª£´[p^® ¢¤gfGu-¿¸pVx¨yq´¹ a2pVª£¥+ady[mog ux pVdmª£uª¤y~7xoy2pV7ª£¢£ª£u¦v¹eFpVuxªÁs¹ª¤mÏ7gfdyuognIvkµ-`badg ¿¸pVx¨yq´ a2pVª£±*gfª£7H / J "1 pV¢£¢ mou pVuognmpVxog;~ y[mª£uª£´g>xognfr7xxogfIuq pV~*gfxª¤yLWª¤¹pVdtuadgfxog>gJsWª¤muom+y7¢£v ydg«nye³er77ª¤qpVuª¤y½f¢Àpmomª£¬uadg;ux pVdmoª£uª¤y±eFpVuxªÁsd©JLuadg«mu pVuª¤y2pVxvF~7xoy2pV7ª£¢£ª£u¦v¬´gnfuoyx 5 qpV½*g,nye³~7r7uognF (© * 2§ ( nye³~ ydgfIuyV¯-uadg>´gnfuoyx © [ª£´gnmrdmbuadg~7xoy~ yxuª¤yyV¯Ïuª£ePg>uadg«¿DpVx¨y¶´oa2pVª£ mo~*gfd7mª£ mou pVuog ( µ"`badgFuª£ePgtm~ gfIuª£ gfxxoyx{®¡~2pm mª£´g¬WrdgFuoy"xognngf~7uª¤ydmª¤muaGrdm[ª£´gf Gv ' '[µ ' ' ª£ua p j#g Ir2pV¢+uoy +3 + + 1[¥§g±y7u pVª£)¯°yxuadg±gf7[ª£dg±' n y$ Iuxoy¢£¢¤gfx ' ' * 3 1 + W¥+ª£ua½p jg Gr2pV¢ uoy +3 + + + Py±a2pm ' ' * 143 + 6 1 + µ`badg,gJsW~ gnfuogn Gr7e gfx§yV¯ muogf~dm gfu¾¥gngfmrdnngnmomoª£´g+´Gª¤moª£uomNuoy¹mu pVuog¹hq >ª¤m 1 ' 'y x ( 1 ' ' , ( #"' * #" , m gnnyd7mqµ |¦ yr7xtgJsdpVe³~7¢¤g[¥+ª£ua p j·yV¯ +3 + + 1[uadgDgJsL~ gnfuogn uª£ePg" ' '
(62) gf u¾¥gngf u¾¥§y yLnfr7xxogfdngnm,yV¯ uadggfxxoyx{®¡~2pmomª£´g³mou pVuogWrdguoyxognngf~7uª¤yºª¤m>ePyxogua2pV 1 + vgqpVxom>¯°yx uadggf7[ª£dgny'I$ uxoy¢£¢¤gfxqµÎdr7xuadgfxePyxoguadg+~7xoy2pV7ª£¢£ª£u¦vPyV¯ *gfª£7¹ª£Fp¹mu pVuog+¢ÀpVxgfxua2pV ,ª¤m pV yr7u 1 + ª£¬uadg«m pVePg«gJs7pVe³~7¢¤g[µ`ba7ª¤mbª¤m+nydmoª¤muogfIu+¥+ª£uamª£er7¢ÀpVuª¤yxognmr7¢£uomb¥gfxog mordoa"pmu pVuog¹¥pmdgf´gfxxogqpoadgn m gng,~2pVx pV[x pV~7aDWµí©Jµ§`badgnmog«xognmr7¢£uommoadyq¥mua2pVur7d7gfx xogqpV¢£ª¤mouª¤P7rdm¹~ gfxur7x2pVuª¤y ¢¤gf´gf¢¡ÏuadgFuª£ePgPm~ gfIuª£ gfxxoyx{®¡~2pmomª£´gFWrdgFuoy±xognngf~7uª¤y ª¤m pV¢£ePy[mou7ª£¢¡µ. . . !2 4. . . 9 . . >mª£7uadg«¿DpVx¨y¶´oa2pVª£±ua2pVubePyL7gf¢¤muadg>gf´y¢£r7uª¤yyV¯uadg;` pVd¥+ady[m g;ux pVdmoª£uª¤y ~7xoy2pV7ª£¢£ª£uª¤gnmpVxog³[ª£´gf/Gv"uadgeFpVuxªÁs; mogng h¶© ©JRydg³qpVÄnye³~7r7uog³uadg³uª£ePg³mo~*gfGu ª£½pmou pVuog«[xogqpVuogfxua2pV/hqJ KLµ 6Rgfu 2*g>uadg,x pVd7ye ´[pVxªÀpV7¢¤g«¥+a7ª¤oa"[ª£´gnm+uadg«Ir7e*gfx yV¯bmuogf~/m~ gfIu¹ª£/gfxxoyx{®¡~2pm mª£´gPWrdguoy¬uadgP` *gJ¯°yxoguadg³mu pVuª¤y/gfIuogfxomuadg³7rdm{®¾yV¼ mou pVuog[µ|¾uomgJsW~ gnfu pVuª¤yª¤m&5 hq© ,.- 2 / * 2 * 1 2:9 4 ,.- 4 / ¥+ª£ua 2 * 1ªÁ#¯ ( 1 6 :«pVd +>yuadgfx¥+ª¤mog[µ mqpV gngfm gngfy³Îª£[r7xogWµí;uadg~7xoy~ yxuª¤y yV¯uª£ePgm~ gfIuª£Dgfxxoyx~2pmomoª£´g¹e³ª£[aIu> g,´gfxv±ª£e³~*yxu pVGu>¯²yxa7ª£[a jµ2Îdyx;ª£dmou pVdng[ uadgtgf7[ª£dg¬nyIuxoy¢£¢¤gfx³m~ gfd7my)pq´gfx pVg 6 376! yV¯;uadgFuª£ePgª£ gfxxoyx~2pmomª£´g¥+ª£ua p j&yV ¯ +3 + + 1pVd 8 3 1 ¯°yx;p j&yV ¯ +3 + + + µ 6Ry[ª¤qpV¢£¢£v uadg¹¢¤gnmomª£e³~*yxu pVGuuadg¢¤yp ª£dWrdngn¸GvDptmu pVuª¤yR uadg¢¤gnmom«ª£e³~ yxu pVIuuadg¯²x pfuª¤y/yV¯ uª£ePg³m~ gfIu«ª£/gfxxoyx{®¡~2pmomoª£´g g[µ dµ y7¢£v 6 3 yV¯uadg¸uª£ePg/ª£gfxxoyx{®¡~2pmomª£´gD¯°yx±uadg¸*yLWvG¥yx¨ dgfu¦¥§yx¨ IpVuogf¥pqv ¥+ª£ua j * +3 + + 1¶©JµP`badgxognmr7¢£uom¹yV¯b~2pVx pV[x pV~7a Wµ£hª£dWrdng³uoy¬ua7ª£7¨Dua2pVup¬nyIuxoy¢£¢¤gfx. . . . . #âNMJçfèJõ!O. . .
(63) hq. B1 + +& < . Time spent in Error−Passive (%). 100 10. Engine controller Bodywork network gateway. 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 1e−05 1e−06 1e−07 1e−08 0.0005. 0.0006. 0.0007 0.0008 Bit Error Rate. 0.0009. 0.001. : d D D qY 2&+$
(64) !-1q\- D
(65) 5:$ g !M$ 4 4!-B#,!-&$ $ `0 !-@ !-334 <$5 $ "%Y!85:98;.!-=D$ );.!-= @ ;J 9 ;" $ `C.KEK !-zF wGICJEKF/L 98
(66) #N !- O:QROOOS ! O:QROO: Q 3 ! z$ < A-0 $ < !-(' q\- &5:$ ` !/ 0 q4!->$5T@$ .$ d & qY 2z6 !-(' q\- B0A %7 ? T 5!-390 !-$ 45 $ +~"E<Q<~ ! #N9$ £0 !- 0$ H!# 4 M @AvJ;< > g3{ 5$ > !-34!- !#/$ );<! !-M0 !-2 AQ 33 w3{4!-$ AvY$ r Ty§: w l3$ w!#K$ gF`E<$ & }§0 5 5+x %Y }#,!- r A-0H%$ (' !*QTp-55:4!-|v#J;. T0 !- q\ 6\39240A3. 3 MGN p%@9X 2\4!- G( AO@L L\g5! $!-d0 !-$ 45 "$ /F`E< $5 g3{4!-> 3 Av:$ /5:*¤ $0 /%7 );< ? w3{4!-+$5 }§$-0g\39: 4 r4 D3;<A98 g34 /\ 6QM~J$ T 3 w!#"$ 0 !- q\4 !-#,!-r4!-$ CJEKF ` / $!u;"?!-? :Q. . .
(67) !"$#%"&(' )+*",- '. E§8q7 @ 6$50 !- q4!-$ Tq7 (#I!- 5$5 T A34 40>- q4!-$ !-$ H%$ q7 %\4!-¯34 3r;< 33r$!85 > +#N$04!- q7 (#, 039GN$!\ 5:;J X# 3 yL T= H$ D=\
(68) $ H%$ (')!*4
(69) A-0$ 5 !2!£ A- 39GI $Q ¬X 0 !-$5
(70) ;" CJEKF/ ¬ R¬¬yLnQ1F @ 5:H !-(' q\- vY$ gFE<4 &!-39>$ }#I3|#,!-&$!25 \&5!M$!-1 29 n AQ& w#,!-
(71) $!25 uvK- $!A;"q\q :QR:vK !-(' q\- H4 3 !
(72) 3;J 9:
(73) A-0 $ 5%7 0A$ M!#$ 6~"EJQ~J2$ Av$ M H qY 2g !-(' q\- 0A%Y T 5%@9X0 !- q?$ !-34!-!#<$ T~"E<Q H !-39X5:4 %7 5 22 !- 2AvK$ 6 6 qY 2g !-(' q\- 60A%7 T 9 q7!-@ $5$ }#,!-. 0. /.. (. 12°143.
(74) hq.
(75) !" # %$&' ( *),+.-0/% 12 3 . 5 Simulation results VS analytic results. Difference (%). 4 3 2 1 0 0.0008. 0.00085. 0.0009 Bit Error Rate. 0.00095. 0.001. : &*7 $0 &Hq7 0 @ 1%7 );. ?\39840A3 $5H w3{4!- 3 J @ 58' g$ ` q7 @<M !-(' q\- Q~J$ &0 !-$ 45 5M$!25 `4 z$ $ 0 !-2 !-334 d$5 $ /CJEKF J#I !- O:QROOOx
(76) !TO:QROO: TQ $ qq340A4!-5 $ / $!-345?= D@ !>-0 0 !-2/$
(77) 5 -5 5£ qY!-3 %7 \ 84!- !# $ 1$!85 d4 " !85 Q. . m ]DW7ZKbdc ^ h
(78) Zdj
(79) jgczmocjh moc 7eg^`jga _7mo_. )#¤!-$ `\398 $ d0 @z#,3.0 !-:$$ @< 0 \4 Av2$ T;.!w4 $ 4 "!-$ 24!-X $ Av833Y$ 4 4!-H !- J &- 5T !w%Y `$5 qY $5 2J!# A-0 H!-$ $5£ 0 !-$5¤vY$ D:#,!- T4!-X +%29?0 !- 0/$ 4 4!-$ 4 &%\ 39B= +2 !-0}' 0 !-2"#,!-`5 045: $ r0 2 QK4 d 04!-|v$;. /;"33|q !u245 g
(80) $ ; q !-qY! n3 #,!-d5 045: %$ (')!*X$5 d !- r A34 40w- q4!-$ g & q4!-+tg yL1 z$ 4 4!-+ !- &0A?%7 r0 !- 3{ 5¤Qd~J4 q7!-@&4 `0$0{3 $0 $ >3dq !80 !#1 !- 4 !#I % )9 q7 0{339p$ 0 !-@ }§:T!#&:' 4034 g%Y 55 5+qq340A4!-$ AQ & q4!->t1:QR@L& # 3)9H$!85 d0A$!-` $5>0 !- 0d#N AQ & q4!-Bt&:Q %YL/ # 3)9H$!25 ` T 9> $5B0 !- 0d#I gG,-0 0 !- 5:6 !T?45>q !' 0 }LnQ #0 !- rt1:QR $5>t1:Q %? / w\339> }§03$ r$5;"33 %Y / $5:4 5>$5 qY $5 239Q 4!-X4 1 45B#,39?#z1\- rM\ 5:;<
(81) q !-%34 GI Q $Qg5 }#I 0 D;" }LnQ 5 $!- D%29z$ wq !-%\%39?#,!-`$ D$!-:',# 3)9+ 4!-? !6 1 #N g\&;"33. °°²±.³}´µ}¶n·.
(82) hf . B1 + +& < . gnyxxr7~7uognD[ª£´gfDua2pVu;uadg¢Àpmu ( 1ePgnmom@pVgnm mogfGu;Gv½mu pVuª¤y %d©+¥gfxognyxxr7~7uogn µ `badg´[pV¢£rdg+yV¯ " qpV³ gbgnmuª£eFpVuognPpnnyxoWª£7¹uoy«mu pVuª¤muª¤ePgqpmr7xognmu pV¨gfPyePy7ª£uoyxogn gJsWª¤muª£7PmvWmuogfePmpm7gfu pVª£¢¤gn±ª£DÌLgnfuª¤y = µ |¾Puadg¯²y¢£¢¤y¶¥+ª£7dLuadgWª¤muxª£7r7uª¤y¬yV¯ uadg7r7xomu§moAª @qg+¥+ª£¢£¢2 g+ª¤7gfIuª¤qpV¢*¯°yx§pV¢£¢2mu pVuª¤ydm pVd ¥+ª£¢£¢« g"7gfdyuogn G v 2¥+adgf dy)nyW¯²rdmª¤y ª¤mt~*y[momoª£7¢¤g¶©FpVd [ª£´gf Iv uadg ePyLWªÁ»2gn"± gnyePgfuxª¤Wª¤muxª£7r7uª¤y~7xoy~ y[mogn±ª£ : K3; 5 h[h¶© -
(83) ( / * I(! 2 ' ( ( 2 , ( * 2 , ¥+ª£ua½uadg«u¾vL~7ª¤qpV¢Ï~2pVx pVePgfuogfxo"m *,+3 1pVd# *,+3 Wµ $. %'& . . , )(+* - , (/.. `badgpfur2pV¢R~7xoy7¢¤gfe#¥g,¥pVGuuoyPmoy¢£´g¹ª¤m+uoyP7gfuognfuªÁ¯pdyL7g«ª¤mb¯°pVr7¢£u¦v±y7¢£vtGv¬¢¤yGy¨Lª£7 pVu§uadgnyxxognfudgnmomyV¯Ruadgux pVdmoe³ª£uuognP¯²x pVePgnmqµ`ba7ª¤mx pVª¤m gnm ª£e³ePgnWªÀpVuogf¢£vpVdyuadgfxª¤momrdg#5 ¥+adgf±madyr7¢¤±ydg>u pV¨g,p7gnfª¤mª¤y1 0!/g> gf¢£ª¤gf´g>ua2pVu+uadg>7gnfª¤moª¤y¬qpV± g>7gf¢Àpnvgn±r7Guª£¢ uadg,mordm~*gnfuogn¬dyL7g,eFpqvzgny~2pVxoWAª @qg¹uadg«xogqpV¢Á®¡uª£ePg*gfa2pq´Gª¤yxyV¯uadg¹yuadgfxmu pVuª¤ydm¶µ /g 7gfdyuogG v " uadgeFp^sLª£er7e·Ir7e gfx¹yV¯ xogfux pVdme³ª¤m mª¤y/yV¯pP¯Xx pVePgyV¯§mu pVuª¤y %"mrd a ua2pVu;uadg7gqpW¢£ª£dgnm>yV¯§pV¢£¢R¯²x pVePgnm>yV¯yuadgfx«mu pVuª¤ydm;ª¤m;mouª£¢£¢Ïxognm~ gnfuogn µ+|¾u>mogngfePm;2pVur7x pV¢ ua2pVuyr7xePgn a2pV7ª¤me6madyr7¢¤Ä7gnfª¤7g EJ7rdm{®¾yV
Documents relatifs
Dans chaque ville et pour toutes les lignes de tramway considérées, il faudrait disposer des trafics avant et après ouverture d’une ligne et de plusieurs projections d’évolution
Le fait d’écrire à partir d’une oeuvre d’art visuelle ressemble à une forme de contrainte; nous croyons par ailleurs que cette pratique a eu un effet durable sur l’écriture
variables d'ordre psychologique: soit f.amiliale ou personnelle, soit so- ciale, soit professionnelle, soit une combinaison de ces facteurs. Ce patient a récupéré
For the two coolest objects in Figure 3.6, HD 4539 and PG 1716+426, both at Ta < 27, 000 K, there is a good match between the predicted synthetic spectra and the FUSE data: the
lui inculquer le registre li'lquistioue, les l1abitudes alimen- taires et vestimentaires ainsi que le comportement des bour- geois de Québec. Pierrette Paul doit
La conciliation emploi-famille : des mesures à développer dans les milieux de travail Tableau 4 : Les dispositions favorisant la conciliation travailfamille dans les
Figure 2.4 Predicted (continuous lines) and observed values (filled circles: stands aged from trees with root collar; open circles: stands aged from trees without root collar)
Cette posture permet de dégager deux idées centrales : le poids des milieux professionnels locaux dans l’intermédiation et le transit des idées, modèles et pratiques
