Urban Studies and the Concept of Microcosm: Theoretical Positioning and Research Perspectives

(1)

HAL Id: halshs-00337934

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00337934

Submitted on 10 Nov 2010

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Urban Studies and the Concept of Microcosm:

Theoretical Positioning and Research Perspectives

Nora Lafi

To cite this version:

Nora Lafi. Urban Studies and the Concept of Microcosm: Theoretical Positioning and Research

Perspectives. ZMO, Meeting of the Microcosm Research Group, 2008, Berlin, Germany. �halshs-

00337934�

(2)

35'<=(?>@

A!BDCEGFHEIKJ

LNM=OMECPQMC5RTSVUWSYX[Z#U:J1PCBPB O\]O5E^`_abQ`MVc[CEPdabJePM=O5BIfabQ`MVFHB0PEhg#LNM=O<MECPQji4CB`klm

nHM^=abCKk\oUpB0_M(Cq^MC5r4CJeM^=asZ#SNMCqgeJe^

Uut!Je^=asM^=a[abB_Edt!JvO5abB%abCKt!E^_!Mw`lBfO8MNabQ`MxC8ME=OB^ OzyjQ#t!{|abQJe^~}abQE*aabQM.PB^PM(l#a5BIz\J1PC8B0PB Oq\JKO

lMCKabJe^`Mh^'azIbBCC8M=OME(CPQZ@Eh^`_OslMPJIqJ1PEggetIbBC|abQ`Mx}Je^_BICM'OMEC8PhQ%yME(CM_BJe^#Je^abQJTO5CB#kl#{*egeg

Mdw`lBfO8MIbJ7C<OKa5y%QEdaH{PB^0OJ1_MCGabQ`MabQ`MBCMabJ?P=Eg@E=OJTO4BI|abQ`MjPBD^`PMl#asZ[E^_]abQM^{*g1gabCKt!asBJeggkOKabC8EdasM

JaO!lBfO<OJgMWEllgJ1PEdasJeB^:Eh^`_JaOjlMCKasJe^M^PMZYJ7^:lC<M=OM^'aqJe^#\tB#y%^:CM=O8MECPQul@MC6OqlMPdaqJDM=OB^

rYaabB\jE^avB`y^0O

X[JC*OKaWBIWEg7g1Z]abQMoCBB=aOWBIabQMPB^PMl#a<%OIbBDCuQ'k \!E^OPJ1M^P'M=O:RTM'PEdkO8MabQMPB^PM(l#auBI

\]J1PC8B0PB Oq\QE#O.EgTOB}^B#y%^Je^abQ`Mg1E=Oba4IbB#kC._MPE_M=O.Je\jlBDCbasE^=aN_MdDMhg?BDl\jM^=aO.Je^abQMIbJMg1_ O.BDI

^E*aTkCEgYOPJ1M^P'M=OjE^`_uMPB0geBt#m8Z|abQMt:E(CMabBMIbB`k^`_pJe^=asB,abQ`MabQMBDCM6abJePEgMwlgeBCEdabJeB^ OjBIYabQM

QJ1P=E(BO8PQBBgBIuB0PJeBgeBDt`ZyjQ`MCMo\jE^#t}MtPBD^`PMl#aOWJe^kCK@E^OBPJeB0geBDtQ`E@M M'M^

MgeEBCEdasM_,DMdaTyMM^o¡(¢¡£WE(^_o¡(¢¤0¥WECsB`k^`_,LNB`DMhCbaYc¦ECq}WBCx§HCq^M'OKa4S/kCqM=O<OjE^`_pJe^uEOMPB^_

lQE#O8MDMdaTyMM^]abQM¡(¢#¨© zE^_abQM¡(¢ª©q«s`U:J?PCBPBfOb\¬JvOBD^MBDIabQM=O8M}Mt®PB^PMl#aO JasJeM#O/E^_

MdabQ~^JP%CB#klCMgeEdasJeBD^OVyMCMjB^MjB0IzabQM]\jB OKa5JTOJasM'_¯abQ`M\jEdasJeP#0{^]§5kCBlMZ0abQMJe^Iqgk@M^PM]BI|abQM

QJ1P=E(B¯a°CE_#JasJeB^y!E=OPMh^'abCEg[J7^]abQ`M¡(¢±©E^_¡(¢ £~© ²*{q^\%tBDlJe^JeB0^ZB#kCkOMBDIabQ`MPBD^`PMl#a

BI]\jJ1PCBPBfO\³QE'O]asB DMuPBD^`PMJM_&E=OE,yEtasBDB`abQ _DJO8Pdk[O6OO8B0\jMu_B0\jJe^E^=a¯PB^PMl#aOJe^

B=aavBD\Eh^BDC5Pdkg´aTkCEg OKaTk@_JeM=OabQ`Eda¦_B^B=af^MPM'O*OECJeg7t!IqJaabQ`MOJaTk@EdabJeB^jE^_asB%CMdJTOJaabQMYQ`MCJasEM4B0I

abQM

QJ1PEB%aTCE_#JaqJ?BD^jEPPBC_DJe^~avBabQMY\jB OKaC8MPM^'alCB#CM=O<OM=O5Je^kCqE^]ObaTk@_#J1M=Oµ*

¶JasQLNB#MCKa/c¦ECq}·E^_§HCq^M=Oba/SVkCsM=O6Os¸ZabQMPB^PMhl#aBIYPB0\j\k@^JabtyE#O.PCKk@PJeEg1Z5Eh^`_EhgTO8B®abQ`M

MQ`EJ?B`kCEg5EllC8B0EP(Q¹6º|Q`M]PM^'abCEgBBD}E*B#k#a/JaJTON_MhIbJe^0J´asMhget[»ºQM

Jabt·R¡(¢#¼ ¥'mVtc¦ECq}E^_

½f¾~¿ÀÁ6ÂÃÄÅeÆÇzÈÄ<ÀÂÁÉ=ÊfËÌÍ(ÍhÊ~ÇÎ(ÁÏÑÐ*ÀÉ%Ò Ó¿ÏÄÔ(Ð%ÎÏÓÐ(Ð*ÈeÕGÖ ÓÁ/É(Áb×ÁÑÈeÐ6ØÙ/ÁÑÀ(ÚÐ6Û[ÄVØ'Ð(ÜÚeÝzÄ6ÅzÇzÙ/ÁqÅT¿ÞÏÑÄÀjÜTÐ*Ï¿Ð*ÈÐ*Ô*Æ#Ê

Ò Ó¿ÞÏÑÄ<ÔÐ'ß àzÀ¿á×ÁÅbÜv¿ÚâÆÐ*ÛÒ Ó¿ÏÄ6Ô(Ðã~ÅTÁ<ÜKÜqÊ ã~ÈÄÑÚÞÚeÂäbÁÀÀ¿´ÛÁÅbÊHËÑÌ*Ì*å=ÊÇ&Ó¿?Ü°ÚeÐ*ÅeÆÐdÛNÜTÐÏ¿Ð*ÈeÐ*Ô(¿ÏÄ6È5ÅTÁ<ÜvÁÄ6ÅTÏsÓÙ/ÁqÚÓÐ*ÉÜY¿´À

ÇzÙ/ÁÅ¿ÏÄ*Â~ËÌdæ(ç(èqËÌdå(çÊÒfÄÙ5éÅT¿´ÉÔ(Á<Âdàêß*Ò ÄÙ5éÅT¿É(Ô(ÁàzÀ¿á×ÁÅbÜv¿áÚáÆã~ÅTÁ<ÜbÜ

ëÒ0ÓÄqØÐ6ìÈÞ¿ÁzíeäKÁÄÀ'è?î¿ÏÓÁÈï1Â*ðà5ÜT¿ÀÔ|ÚÞÓÁñ¦¿eÜÚeÐ*ÅeÆGÐdÛ~ÚeÓÁ¦Ò0Ó¿ÞÏÑÄ<Ô*ÐÖÅÄ<É*¿Úe¿Ð<À/Ð6Û Î(Ð*Ï¿7Ð*ÈÞÐ*Ô*ÆÛ°Ð*ÅDòÙGØ(¿´ÅT¿ÏÄÈhófÁ6ÜTÁÄ6ÅTÏÓGô(Â

õzöö÷ø´ù úeûzüáýþ~õ|ÿ¦þ÷dö@õ÷þÿ 4úû ú*øü÷(ø÷döú÷*ø´þ8ö6þ

Â*æç(ç(ÂÍ*ÌÍ(Â6Ø'ÊeËÍèqËKå'ÊÎ(ÁÁÄ<ÈeÜvÐ'ßÒ0ÓÄÑØÐ6ìÈ¿Á

í7äbÁÄ6À'èî%¿ÞÏÑÓÁÑÈÞïÂ

÷üq÷´üú*ö5ùqúúø´ú*þ(þ 0ý<÷'ú!#"$%&'("%)"

Âã~ÄÅ¿eÜbÂÎÁqì¿ÈeÂ*æç*ç`Ë6Ê

*,+-/.1032#465,78.:9<;,=>??@=BAC2EDGFEDHJI#KL#7FNMPOQ.ROSOTUV-WDD0XMY0Z2EDGOS:9=C[,KL#7FV;\]\(7.:KM^D8.DH`_aVb:_cdBe_fgh@i=

ã~ÈìÙGÙ/ÁÑÅ°Âdê5ÁqÀÂÁÉ=ÊhËÌ*Ì'Ê6ÖÓÁÒÓ¿ÏÄ<ÔÐ/Î(ÏÑÓÐ*Ð*ÈTß(Ò0Å¿Ú?¿ÏÄÑÈÄ*ÜbÜvÁ<ÜbÜvÙ/ÁÀÚ1ÜKÊjÐ*À(É(Ð*ÀßÑóÐ6ì(ÚeÈÁÉ(ÔÁ*Ê

k Çì(ÚÓÐ<ÅbÜ0Ð6Û#Ú?ÓÁ[ÜvÁÙ/¿À(Ä6Èl

öü1qú6üúdöHüú5üâýþmþÑö<þúû(úÞúø´ú Â~ËÌ6æ'Ê

n ÃÐ*¿eÜÚ`í?ã~ÄÅporq¦¿sÐ*ÀïÂ*ð/Ò0¿´Ú´ÆGÄÀÉGÒ Ð*Ù/ÙGì(À¿´Ú´Æ4ß6ÚÓÁ à¦ÅeéÄÑÀHÖÓÁÐ*ÅÆGÐ*Û#ó[Ð<éÁÑÅÚ'ã~ÄÅpoHôÂ

õzÿzþ÷*öWt*÷süþbø ÂËqÌ`ËÂ

(3)

_MIKJe^JasJeBD^BIGB#kCGCM=O8MECP(QlCBDC8E\j\]M`»`kM'OKabJeB^ OYIbBCG{q^'@M=OKasJEdasJeB^BD^.k@\jE^]S4MQ`EJ?B`kCJ^

abQMCKDEh^§G^#JC8BD^\!M^=a<j^`_ czE(Cq}Z¯yQB OTasECvaO=k@B=abJ^~ abQ`MiM(CÑ\!E^O8B0PJeB0g?BDJOKar%OKyEg_

lM^#g1MCZ_#CEdy!OabQ`MxgeJe^M#O5BIEYlC8BD~CE\j\!MVabQEda[\jMCJaO[asBDMYCMdJTOJasM_jEEJe^[»

"!#$&%'(*)+-,./ 102!43!#510607(8 1%89:;< $3$%*3=%89>?@0A

1%$B+)1BC3DE;-%F3$%$BF07$13D2%)-%+-%+G0IHJ0? 8810K;LC$@D1B&%890M2D+8 @AD@N9'O0M; M3$2,#30P3$%$B

1QD@@!4%-0KFG18R07(8 1%89S;?-T3D&0UO$3$%.3.(?V%0?&D@D&3'1@%W.1%$0X1Y1C1+%$0:3$%$B

3$B$;1%10XOK3'1@)QB)@8-0ZH$C[XO0K\0]!#O3D&0M^0-$$D@0!#$D@+-0(3$%$BA+)@DQ$C%81+%$3$@?056)-3$+$C0

0XO07_` TYa10K(M3' -M(3<0XO3'1b@<(&%$B(3=L8B:<C0X1C20c3$%$BdOK3$B1+%$0M(3$%$Be+*

f93$%]g--B`3'+1Y1CB-0h3$%$BP07-%'1&(-%' 02 $3'i1%$7(1%j1-07(C$0?&k0h3$%$B`3$?5OK3$%J0K(Y@1?B`,lYOj 10

OK3$B&@%_5 mY=10n% 21%< -j,lMB0ME;De3`!40@?3DZ;-$3$%@0Ko3$%$B<3$%F3?&$+13D

%$0XOC$G1@%_p?10h1%)$D+)-BI1%q k)QO3D!47$-0M07-0hrIsi!#f!#D+E,4t!#02+RuYv&0#34!4BC$G

k%$3'&C-3$%$Bw!43$?&@C$D&3$DqkCk3$%5%$3'&Cx?y

¶ MQEDMabQ`MjMhg1M\!M^=aOGabB®PB^ITCB^=aEEJe^]yjJasQOKk@PQ]abQMBDCM6abJ1PEgJ1\l#k@gTO<M=OZJe^EjPg1MECg7t_DJ1IqIqM(CM^=a

yEtjabQÈh^!JeâbQM4lCMJeB`kOHCMJTOJasEdasJeBD^!\jB0\!M^=a|BDIa°QM¡(¢±© z<#^`_\!J1PCBPBfOs\ JTO/E%PBD^`PMl#aabQÈda

lMCqIsMPdasgtjIqJaO5Je^=asBabQJO¦lCBDC8E\j\]E*aqJeP4ITCE\!M#

S/kCqM=O<O%Je^=abCB_=k@PM_Je^'asB,kCKE^:OKaTk@_JeM#O4abQMJ1_MEBI.E,OslEdaqJ?Ehg1JTO<EdabJeB^uBIYabQM,O8B0PJeEg/PB\%lBD^`M^=aO

EPPBDC_#Je^~pavB _#t^Èh\!J1P·g?BDJ1PÒB0IPBD\j\%k@^JaKtfz{ÑIQMabQMûIbBPdkO<M_u\jBDC8MBD^:IsEh\jJ1g7tE^_OBPJeE=g

yBDCq}¯Rv#ka5QJTOOKaTk@_JeM#O/B^PB0\j\%k@^JaKt`ZMM^abQ`BfO8MyjJabQEEPdasJeBD^¯BDCJeM^'asM_IbBPdkO8ZEgO8BQEDMxasB¯DM

CMdJTOJasM_Je^B#kCGlMC6OslMPdabJM{qmZ0c¦ECq}_M_#JeP'EdasM_]\jB OKaHBIQJTOHCM=OM'EC8PQasBabQ`MxkCKE^I=k@M`ObaqJ?BD^@D.^_

Je^QJTOGyBDCs}ECMxavB¯DMIbB#k^_OB\jMJe\jlBDCbasE^=aHMg?Mh\!M'^=aOabQ`EdaHPB^0ObabJaTkasMNabQ`M%PB^=asMdw~aHBDIabQ`MkOMjBDI

abQM4PBD^`PMl#a[BI\jJ1PCBPB O\

CMIsMCM^PM4asBabQMxyB#Cq}BIzFHB`kJTOG¶JeCKabQJTO/EgTOBE^J1\lBCTasE^=a/ObasEdCTabJe^#lB0Je^=aHJe^B#kC/Mdw`l0geBCEdabJ?BD^@

X[BCGQJOEPPB0\j\jB_EdasJeB^BI5iMC\!E^O8B0PJeB0g?BDJePEg abCqM(^_ O/J7^'asBabQ`M

QJP'EBP(BD^'asMdw#a8«@|ZE^_IbBCGQJO

lCEP*abJePMBIOslEdasJeEgJTOJe^abQMPB^PMl#a.BI.PB0\j\%k ^J´aTt 5ºQ`M}Mt:ECbabJePgMJTOjBI.PB`kC<OM]abQMIbE\jB`k[O

~}8+1$x

Z ITCB\ ¡(¢#¼±«q«q

ºQ`MiQM*aabBPE^@M.PB\lg1MdasMgtk@^_M(CdObabBB_]B^gtJI5Ja5JTOGJ1MdyM_E=O

EOBPJeBKl Oqt`PhQ`B0geB0J?PEgeZE#OYyMggHE=O.E^M'PB0g?BDJ1PEg5l0Q`Mh^`B0\jM^B^zIbBCJ´a4JO.^B#a\jMCMgetWE]l0Q#t@OJ1PEg

ìÅTÔÁ<ÜbÜ íòÅÀÁ<ÜÚeï#ÄÀÉzã~ÄÅ]o/íóÐé=ÁÅÚeï°Â6ÖÓÁzÒ ¿áÚ´Æ#ßÎ*ìÔÔ(Á<Ü°Úe¿ÞÐ*À'ÜDÛ1Ð*ÅJeÀ*×Á<ÜÚe¿Ô(ÄqÚe¿Ð*ÀGÐ*Àñ[ìÙ/ÄÀ\ÁÓÄs×¿Ð6ìÅ¿ÀÚÞÓÁ àzÅeéÄÀ

òÀ*×¿ÅTÐ<ÀÙ/ÁqÀÚ?ÂÒÓ¿ÏÄÔÐ(ÂÒÓ¿ÏÄ<ÔÐzàzÀ¿×ÁÑÅbÜT¿áÚ´Æã~ÅTÁ6ÜbÜbÂËÑÌ*æÍ*Â6ÅTÁ8ØÅ¿´ÀÚ@ËÌ*å(Â

Ø~ÊÞË

$À5ÚÓÁ[Ð*Å¿ÁÀ*ÚeÄqÚe¿Ð*À'ÜÐ6Û#Ú?Ó¿eÜÛ¿´ÅbÜÚÅTÁÉ(¿eÜvÏÐ<×ÁÅÆGÐ*Û#ã~Ä6Å]oHÄÀÉ^ ì(ÅÔ(Á<ÜKÜbÂÄÀÉ5Ð6Û#ÚeÓÁ ÚÞÓÁÙ/Á6ÜÄÀÉ5ÙVÁqÚÞÓÐ*ÉÜ0Ð6Û#ÚeÓÁÒÓ¿ÏÄ6Ô(Ð

ÚÞÅTÄ6É*¿ÚÞ¿Ð*ÀßfÅÄÑìÉ(ÁzíjÁÁïTÂ?-áã~ÄÑÅ]o5ÄÀÉ^ ì(ÅTÔÁ<ÜbÜ1ß6ÄÀGÄÑØ(Ø(ÅTÁÏ¿ÄÚe¿Ð6À?*Â?

ýþ~õ|ÿ¦þ÷dötúKö÷*øúeûúú(øú

Â~ËÑÌ(ç(ÂËKåèsËqÂ

Ø~ÊeËèqËqçÊ

ìÅTÔÁ<ÜbÜ íòÅÀÁ<ÜÚeïTÂ*ð5ÖÓÁzÄ6ÈáìÁ[Ð6Û#ÚeÓÁ5Î(Ð*ÏÑ¿ÞÄ6È'Ò Ð*Ù/ÙGì(À¿ÚâÆYÎdÚÞì(É¿Á<ÜDÛ1Ð*ÅÚÓÁ>]Ð*Å]oHÐ6Û Î(Ð(Ï¿Ä6È'ÇzÔ(ÁqÀÏ¿Á<ÜÂ

úÞ÷*ø

ú <þÑù

Â#ËÌu*ç(Â?è:Â6Ø'Ê?~ËÑè:Ì~ËÑÊM[ÀÚÞÓÁÏÐ*ÀÏÁqØÚ?¿Ð*ÀGÐ6ÛÏ<Ð*Ù/Ùì(À(¿Ú´ÆG¿ÞÀÚÓÁfÝ¦Ð*Å]o/Ð6Û@ìÅTÔ(Á<ÜKÜß(ÒfÐ6ÚÞÚÅTÁÈÈ'íjÁÐ*ÀÄÅTÉï~Á8Ú°Ê6ÄÈÊ

í7ÁÉÜ8ÊïTÂ

KöþÑùbü\KBh'þÑùbùú*ö ú*ÿzÿ,6öü !

÷*ÿ,ø !?5þ6øö*þö]

ÂÒ0Ó(¿ÏÄ6Ô(Ð(ÂÒÓ¿ÏÄÔÐzàzÀ¿×ÁÑÅbÜT¿Ú´Æã~ÅTÁ<ÜbÜKÂËqÌuÂuu*Ø~Ê

½1 !¿ÅÚÞÓ/íjÐ6ì¿eÜTïTÂ*ð5Ö0Ð6Ø¿ÏÄ6È#Î*ìÙGÙ/ÄÅ¿Á<Ü0Ð6ÛDÒ@ìÅÅTÁsÀÚj¿ÚeÁsÅÄÑÚÞì(ÅTÁßîjÐ*ÉÁÅTÀ/ÃÁÅ1ÙVÄÀ/Ò Ð<ÀÏÁ8Ø(Úe¿Ð*ÀhÜ0Ð6Û Î(Ð*Ï¿eÐ*ÈÐ*Ô*Æ-Â

ýþ

õzÿ5þ1<÷dötúbö(÷(øú7ûúú*øú

Â~ËÑÌ*æå(Âu*æèhu*ÂØ~Ê(å~ËèpçÊ

½½ !¿ÅÚÞÓ/íjÐ6ì¿eÜTïTÂ*ð5ÖÓÁzÃÓÁqÚÚeÐ5ôÂ- Â~ËÑÌ6æÂuuèbËÂØ~ÊÍèp`ËÑÊ

(4)

Je^=asMCslCMdasE6abJeBD^ O

S/ka abQM4P(B^PMl#aBDI[\J1PC8B0PB O\EgTOB]P(B\jM#OITC8BD\oabQ`ME^'abQ#CBlBgeB0J?PEgDabCE_#JaqJ?BD^jBI abQM]¡(¢ª© TO*

{yB#kge_8kOba!g7Je}M,asB C8MIbMCasBuabQM·yBCq}BIc[QJgJel0g?EdasMC*«µG{q^EuOKaTk@_#tJe^C8B`kl @MQ`EJ?B`kCEg

Eda1abJaTk@_M=OZ%Q`MkO<M'OabQMPB^PMl#a®BDI®\]J1PCBPB Oq\ E=OWEpyEtoasBl#ka]abBM6abQMC@E(CÑJ?B`kO·Mhg1M\!M^=aO

lMCKasE(J7^JeâsB¯abQ`MjEh^Èg7t OJTONB0IzabQM]_#tÊ\!JP'O4BIabQMjCMgeEdasJeB^0OQJel@MdaTyMM^]abQ`M]J7^_JJ1_=kEgzE^`_¯abQM

lgkCEgT

S/kaJ7^abQME^'abQ#CBlBgeB0JePEhg5IqJ1Mg1_®abQ`M]PB^P'Ml#aJe^JaONlCM=OM^'aPB^=asM^'aB`yM=ONE]geB#aGabBabQ`MyBDCs}BDI

U:E(C8tjB#kgeE=O*.ºzQMEdkabQ`BDCBI

, pK%J0X1&C1+%$0< 1%

QE'OlCBlBfO8M_J7^'asMCM=ObabJe^#E^EgJ´aqJ1PE'g

J\jl#k@gTOM#OEB#kajabQMu\jMPQE^JvO\O®E^_ abQMuM^M#OJTO®BDI%abQMuPB0geg1MPdasJMOqlQMC8M BIabQJe^#}Je^E^_

EPdabJ´k ^~Z0E^`_IbBCabQJTOzQE=O[kOM_abQM4PBD^`PMl#a[BI\jJ1PCBPB O\«1¸*

QMO8MdaOzQM(CyjBCq}jJ^abQ`MVabCE_#JasJeB^jBDIB=abQUpECPMgiC8E^MdasZ#F dtKSCKkQg1Z.kCq}QMJ1\jZ`Ft#abCE*kO6O

E^`_c[QJ1gJel0g1EdasMC*

MCM4JOzQMC5\jEJe^j_MIqJe^0JasJeB0^BDI yQEda[JO5E4\J1PC8B0PB O\»

\jJP(CB0PBfO\ JvOWEoOqt@OKasM\ B0IE^`Ehg?BDJ1M`Ox§EPQBIabQ`M\ CMIsMC6OabBEJÞMCyjQB0g?M#%ºzQM

\]J1PC8B0PB Oq\BCqE^JTO<M=OzabQM%PBD^`PMl#asJeBD^!B0IabQMYk ^J@MC*O8MJe^]lCB<MPdasJ7^~Ja5B^=asB%abQM4Q=k@\!Eh^jB_`t¯E^_

JaOEPdasJeB^0OzRum. \J1PC8B0PB Oq\ OMdaO4abQMIbB#k^_EdasJeB^0OB0IVabQ`MCJQ=ab^`M=O*OBDINPEdasMBCqJeM'O%B^Q'k \!E^

EPdabJ?BD^WE^_B^lCE'PdabJeP'EgGg1MJaq\B`abJO*{KalCsB`Je_M#OYabQ`MPBD\j\%k ^J´aKtyjJabQWEOKabCKk@P6aTkCMBIY^`BDCq\EdaqJ@M

Je^=asMCslCMdasE6abJeBD^ x '{Ka[J@M=O5Ja¦EOqtOKasM\B0I^BC\]OabQE*aQ`MglO[abBxabQ`MV#k@Jg1_DJe^!BIfabQ`M4PB\\%k@^JabtjJaOMg1I6

ºzQJvO|_MhIbJe^0J´aqJeB^JTO8ZDJe^j\tBDlJe^JeB0^`Z`abQ`Mx\jB OKa@EgeJ_jIbB0CkO*

BZabQ`M C8M=OME(CPQlMC6OqlMPdaqJDM abQE*a{uOMMabQ~CB#kQabQ`MkO8MoBIabQM\]J1PCBPB Oq\ PBD^`PMl#aJTOWE

CMdJTOJasE*aqJeB^jBI abQM4geME'PtjB0I abQ`M QJ1P'EB%kCKE^.abCE_=J´aqJeB^Je^abQ`MxgeJeQ=a[BI abQMY^M*yE^=abQ~CBDlBgeBJ1PE=g

_MIKJe^JasJeBD^·B0IGabQM\J1PC8B0PB Oq\¯ºzQMEJe\!ZJe^,\jtWPE=O<MZ¦DMhJe^~·asBlCsBDl`BfO8ME^Je^=asMCqlC8MasEdabJ?BD^BIGabQM

Je^=asMC8EPdasJeBD^%DMdaTyjMMh^.abQMJe^_J J1_=k@EgE^_abQ`MNkCK@E^O<BPJeMdabt!J7^!E^jB#aavBD\jE^!PB^=asMdw~aabQEda[BDMtB^_

abQM%OKasE*abJeP_Je\!Mh^ OJ?B0^jlCB`J?_0M_tjabQ`MPdkCsCM^=asgt¯_BD\!J7^E^'a5PB\%J7^E*aqJeB^!BDIGObasEdabJeP.Pdk@gaTkCEgOKaTk@_JeM#O

E^`_¯ObasEdabJePOslEdaqJ?EhgOKaTk@_JeM#O*

UutObasECKabJe^#lBJ7^'a/JOGabQ`ME'O*OKk@\l#abJ?BD^]abQ`EdaHB=aavBD\jE^Jabt®PB^0ObaqJaTkasM'OabQMjMgeM\!M^=aOBIGEj\J1PC8B0PB Oq\Z

Je^]CMg1EdasJeB^asBB=abQ%abQ`Mg?B0PEgE^`_abQMgeB#EgJ1\lM(CÑJ?EhgzOsl0Q`MCM=O`UutEJ7\¬JTOasB_M6asMPda5E(^_J7^'asMCqlCM6a

OBPJeEg^BCq\O:Je^ E_#tÊ\]J1Py!Et yjJáqQEPB^PMl#aabQÈda_#BM=Ou^`BàWJe\jlM_0MabQ`MolCBCM=O6OJ@M

PB^0ObabJaTkabJeB^]BIzE4M^MC8EhglE^BCE\jE##{HEgOByB#Cq}Z=abQ~CB`kQ.abQMYkOM.BDIabQM.PBD^`PMl#a¦BIz\J1PC8B0PB Oq\Z

B^abQMQ#tlB#abQM=OJTO.BIYE^BCq\jEdasJMOqt OKasM\ yjJasQJ\]l#k@gO<M=O.IbCB0\ MgeB#yjZ5E^_^`B=a4B^gtWJ7^EasBDl

½7ë#Ø~Ê`ËÊ

½p* Î(ÈÄqÚeÁÅíã'Ó¿ÞÈ¿âØïTÂ

Rsú6ú*ùKÿ^ü <üs÷*ø1! 0ù #Ñý(ú(øúE6÷*ø÷*öþ<ø#údù

ú(ø*ü´ú*örömqúDù

ÂjÐ*ÀÉÐ*ÀÂ-!¿ÈÁsÆÂ

ËÌdå(åÂ*æå6Ø~Ê

½pk zÐ*¿Åß q5Ð6ìÔÈÞÄ*Üí?îÄÑÅeÆ(ïTÂ4ðîjÐ*ÉÈÁ<ÜÏ<Ð*ÅØ'Ü%îjÄ<¿eÜvÐ*À:É*ì:ÙVÐ*ÀÉÁ*Ê jÁ,ÙH¿ÏÅTÐ*ÏÑÐ(ÜTÙ/ÁÏ6Ð*Ù/Ù/Á,ÅTÁqØÅ<ÜvÁÀ*ÚeÄqÚe¿Ð*À

ÏÐ*ÈÈÁÏqÚe¿á×'ÁôÂ Â-(Ìèhu*Âdæ(ç(çÍ*Â6Ø#Êu*è7å(æ=Ê

(5)

_J7\!M^0OJ?B0^ O(»0{.OMMabQM]Je^_JJ_=kfEgzJe^abQ`M]rYaTabB\jE^]asB`y^E=O.OKkCqCB#k^_M_t®E]PB\%l0g1MwWOqlQMCMjB0I

^BC\]OZYyjQJ1PQ\jBDMuE^`_oMB0gDM,yjJasQQJ1\jZ%Je^oP'B^0ObasE^=a!Je^=asMC8EPdabJeB^yjJabQ&MgM\!M^=aO]yQBoE(CM

abQM\]O<Mg@M=Oj^`B`a/abBM®PBD^OJe_MCM_uE,OKasEdabJ?PZ/Md@M^,abQMOqlEdabJeEgB^M#O(»abQM,O8B0PJ1EgGEgk@MB0I.ElgeEP'M

MdDB0gM#O5_MlM^_Je^#!B^yjQBjJO5Je^J´asZ`yQEdaabJe\!MxJ´aJTO5B#C5EPPB#C_#Je^#%asB%\jE^#t!Mg1M\]M^'aO*

ºzQM.EhJ1\JvOEgvO8BabBP(BD^'abCqJ#kasMYabB%abQM4lCM=OM^'aaTC8M^_]J1^abQ`M%PB\%lgMwJ1IqJ1PEdasJeBD^!B0IabQM4CME_Je^B0IabQM

J1_M^=asJaKt_J7\!M^ OJeB0^BDI abQM4Je^_JJ_=kfEgb«¹

jOoIbBCkCKE^ QJTObasBDCKt`ZabQMPB^PMl#aBI\jJ1PCBPB0O\ Q`E#O&EhgÞCME_#t DMM^kOM_J7^J\jlBCKasE^'a

PB^=abCqJ~kabJeBD^ O

M^^MdabQ.U:Pdc¦QMC*OB^jEdDB`ka EgeP*kaTasE=«

EdJ1M`O|Eh^`_U:BBCqQB#kOM4EdDB`k~a¶CBPgeE*y«y

S/ka abQM'OM4EdkabQ`BDC6O|_#B^`B=a[PB^#ITCB^=a@abBabQMVabQ`MBDC8MabJePEhgabQ#J1P}^M=O*O5BI abQM4PB^PMl#a<#ºzQM(CMYJTOzCBB\ IbBC

EOKk@PQjPBDÎTCB^=asE*abJeBD^`Z0E(^_Je^j\tBDlJe^JeBD^`Z0JeâbQM4PEÒ<M4BI[B=aavBD\jEâsB#y^0OZ=abQ`MCM4JOabQ`M4BDllB#CTaTk^Jabt

BIG^B#a/B^gt`CJ7^Je^^=k@E^PM%asBPdkCqC8M^=a/J?_ME=OZ~kaEgTOBavB·Je\jl#k@gvO8M]EOKasJ7\%k@g1EdaqJe^~,Je^'asMCqlCMdasE6abJM

Eda1abJaTk@_M#

.^_Q`MCM4EC8MOB\jM4BDI abQ`MOqlQMCM'O5PB^0OKasJaTkabJe^#!\jJP(C6BP(BfO\oabQ`Eda{5E\Mdw`l0g?BDCJe^[»

U:E^#tpB0IxabQ`M\ _M(CÑJ@MITCB0\ abQMCJasJTOQkCKE^:QJTOKasBCKt:Mdw`l M(CÑJ?Mh^`P'MZYJe^y%QJ1PQ:EOMdaBDIjOqlQM(CM=O

lMCKasE(J7^Je^asB abQ`M_DJe\!M^ OJeBD^BIabQMMgeB0^~0Je^ QEdDMMM^_MIqJe^M_E^_ PE^PB^ OKasJaTk~asMabQ`M

MgeM\!Mh^'aO5BIfkCbE^j\J1PC8B0PB O\]O

X[E\]J1g7t

}J7^OQJel«z

SCB=abQM(CqQBB0_«@{

iYk Jeg1_0O

LNMg7JeJeB0^

ºzQMCJasJTOQQJvObasBDCsJeBDC8ElQ#tQE#O.EgTOBlCqBlB OM_·Je\jl@BDCTasE^=aVMg1Mh\!M^=aOxEdB#kaP(BD^'J?@J1EgJabtZ5PQECJabt`Z

PB\j\]M^ O8Ehg1JabtZ^MJe0Q#DB`kCsQBB0_~Z Q`BfOsl0J´asEhgeJabt`ZO8B0geJT_ECJabt`Z C8M=OqlMP*asEdJg1JaKt`Zo^`MB`abJ?EdabJeB^³BDIabQM

\jB_EgJasJ1M=O5BIfabQ`MxJe^'asMCEPdabJ?BD^%M*aTyjMM(^abQM4Je^_J?@J1_=k@Eg E^_]O8B0PJeEg^BCÑ\!O*

½pn q5Äq×¿eÜ[í7ÖÓÐ*ÙGÄÜvï°ÂðóÁb×¿eÜT¿Úe¿´ÀÔ4ÃÅTÐ6ìØNÇÚÚÞÄ6ÏÓ(ÙVÁsÀÚßdòÚÞÓÀ(¿ÏzÄÀÉ5ÄqÚe¿Ð*À(Ä6È1ÉÁsÀÚe¿áÚ´ÆGôÂ

úøRü6÷(ø0ùR ýú*øÞú Âhæ(çèqËqÂ

ËÌÌ(ÌÂ6Ø'ÊæÍ(èpÊ

½1 îÏ8ã~ÓÁsÅbÜvÐ*À/íê5ÁÀÀÁqÚÞÓï°Â-

ýþ

*ùqøÿ

sú<údùbÿ ÷(ø1*üü÷!#"% "$5üú/"%

Â-!¿Á<Ü7éÄ<ÉÁÀÂ=Î*ÚeÁ¿ÀÁqÅTÂ~ËÑÌ(ÂËKå*Ø'Ê

½1 q5Äs×¿Á<Ü í 5Ð*ÅTÙHÄÑÀ(Àï~ÄÑÀ(ÉîjÐ*Ð*Å1ÓÐ6ìhÜvÁ¦í?óÐ*ÔÁÅTï°Â

sú6ú*ùKÿ#÷ úqü1s÷üúeûz÷r þqöü1q÷(ø

qúþÑ÷*öW 6Þü

Âã~¿´È¿ÏÐ(Âæ(ççu(Â

å(ç6Ø#Ê

½1@Ò ÅTÁ<ÜKÜeÆ4íq5Äs×¿É(ïTÂðêz¿´À'ÜÓ¿´Ø/ÄÀÉGê5¿À#eÀÚeÁqÅTÄ<ÏqÚ¿Ð*À¿ÀGò@ÄÅÈáÆGî!ÐÉ(ÁÅÀVòÀ(Ô(ÈÄÀÉÂ

÷*ùsü#÷*ö,6sþÑùbþÑöü

Â0Ë(Ëu*Â0ËÌ?då(ÂØ'Êu-(è

åÌhÊ

½1 zÐ*¿ÅbÂdØÄÅ0Ás(ÁÙØÈÁHßÒ È´ÄÑÝ|ÜvÐ*ÀNí?îjÄÅeÆ/ÇzÀÀï1Âðò ÄÅÈÆî!Ð*É(ÁÑÅTÀG¾~ÅTÄqÚeÁqÅ1ÀÄÈ¿eÜTÙÄÀÉÚÞÓÁã~ÄqÚÅT¿´ÄÅTÏqÓÄÈ=¾~ÄÙ/¿ÈáÆ-Â

þÑÿ,öùsü

Âdåè7æ(Â~ËÑÌ?*ç(ÂdØ'Êu*å?(è]u(Ì#ËÑÊ

(6)

E^`Ehget O<JTO5BDI kCK@E^j\jJ1PCBPBfOs\O²f|*

r4^]E._B^PxlB#kCg1M=O5Jg1gM'OG_=kUpEQ#CM¯B`a1abB\jE^!Mh^'abCM.{M.Mda{s{K{M.geExlC8BDl`BfOJasJeB^OKk@J?@E^'asMj»

gbTM\jl0JC8MIbBDC\jM\!JP(CB0PBfOs\jMMdageE,Jg1gM Eg1Mh\!M^#a

M=O¯_Mdkw _DJe\!M^ OJeB0^OWPQE=k@M PhQ`MgeB0^

OJaTk@M^'agK1J7^`_DJ@J1_=kW_E^0O%O8BD^®PB^=asMdw~asM#0FHM=O daTk@_M=OB=aavBD\Eh^`M=O%O8MOB^=aV_ ]gE^`P M#O4_E(^ O4PM%aTt~l M

_ 1Eh^`Eg7t O<M~r4^lM(^ OMEdk:C PM^=a.geJCM_ Q`B0\j\!EM ]A]BCq\jE^W{Ka}B#yJa²*«TZHBD^WlM^0O8MEdk[O6OJEdkw

abCEdDEdkw_M4A!E 8yEjEg.EdaTasE^OKkC/g1MB0JOJe^EM Eh\!E#O²q²/B#k%PM*kwS4E(Cq}MtMdaE^LNBfO<OM\ ObkC

g1EOKabCKk@P*aTkCMVJegg1EMB0JO<M4PB\j\]MYC =OME*k_M4PBD^IbgJaO|Mda¦_ =k@JegJCM=O5^B0PJ#O ²qµ

U:EJTOGg1E._DJÞCMPdasJeB^]g1Exlgk[OGITCKk@P*aTk@MdkOM%OM\%g1MxMgMda[J1Mh^O8MOJaTk@M(CG_E^0OHgbJe^=asMC6ObaqJ?P=M.J7^'asMCEP*abJeBD^^`Mg

M^'abCMgeM=Oj_M*k0w:\!JP(CB0PBfOs\]M'OjPB0\l0g\!Mh^'asEJCM=O_BD^'aBD^ElECg# MgElMC\]M*a_MC dDEgkM(Cg1E

lCBIbBD^`_MdkCj_Mg1E,ObabCKk@P6aTkCEabJ?BD^B=aabB\jE^M®_Eh^ Ojg?EO8B0PJ*a kCKEJe^M\!EQ#C Je^MRf=k@J daTk@_JeMgeM#O

Jg1g1M=OB=a1abB\jE^M=O!_Eh^O]g1MdkC!_J@MC6OJa uOM^=a.J1Mh^_ TEJegg1MdkC6O =kfMPMm=k@MgbB0^:Je^=asMCslCdasMlECTabB#k#a

PB\j\]MOsl PJIqJ1PJa ]^`M]gK°M=OKa/lE'O4IbBDC8P \]M^'abm*

Mg1El@MC\jMda EgeM\!M^=a_MjC Egk@MC4g1EOqlQ(CM]_M

PJJgJ´a PJasE_Je^M#Vc¦ECE_B`wDEhg1M\!M^=asZ%geM=O daTk@_M=O\EhQ~C Je^M=OB^=a¯\Je^J\!JvO :gM'O_MdkwOqlQCM=O

Mg7g1M!_MgbB#aTabB\jE^JajMdaPMgegM!_Mg1E]PJasE_DJe^Ja #DFN1EdaTasM^=abJ?BD^\]J1PCBPB Oq\jJ+=k@MlMC\jM*a/_MOBCvabJC_M

PMda1asM,Je\jlE#O6OMlECg1EPB^0ObabCKk@PdabJeB^_ ?k@^ lE(CE_J7\MW_=k@PdabJeg1MZ4E_El#a WEdkwPBD^'asB`k`C6O_geJ1PEdaO¯_M

gbJ1_0M^'abJa VkCKEJe^M#

X[E\]J1gg1MZjlECM^'a ZDBDJTOJe^EMZ]Je_M^'aqJa_M<=k@ECTabJeMCZO8B0P(JeEJgJ´a ITCEdasM(Cq^Mgg1M_MPBCqlB#CE6abJeBD^B#k

CMgeJe0J1MdkO8MZPBDCql OkCKEJe^ZE*kasBD^`BD\jJ1Mg?B0PEg1MMdaNEll@ECKasM^`E^PMJe\l CJeEg1MZasB`k~asM=O.geM=O PQMgg1M=O.J1g

lMC\jMda¯_ 1Ed@E^PM(C_EhÔgK1J7^'asMCqlC *asEdabJeB^ §G^C8M=O6O8BDCKajkûasEdg1MEdk _MugE OJáTk@EdaqJ?BD^_M'OJ1gg1M=O_=k

ë@ zÐ*¿ÞÅTÂdØ(ÄÅÁs(ÁÙGØ(ÈÁGßfÁÑÀ(ÀÁqÚÚ~íeävìÉ(¿âÚÞÓï1Â-<Ò Ð*À*×¿á×¿Ä<È¿ÚâÆGÄ6ÀÉHÒ0Ó(ÄÑÅ1¿Ú´ÆG¿À5îjÁÉ¿Áb×Ä<È=ÄÀ(É|ò@ÄÅÈáÆî!Ð*É(ÁÅTÀòÀÔ(È´ÄÑÀÉ\<Âdã~Ä*Ü7Ú

ÄÀÉ%ã'ÅTÁ<ÜvÁÀ*Ú1ÂzËu(Â5ËqÌ(ÌdæÂDØ'Ê?ËÑÌ(èp`ËVÁqÚ[ÈÁ4ÉKéÄÚ*ìÁ4ÏÁÈÄ4ÄÜ°ìhÜÏ¿Ú(ßDîÐ*¿eÜí?îÄÅT¿Ä<ïTÂ0ðHÒ Ð*À*×¿á×¿Ä<È¿´Ú´ÆÄ<ÀÉ!Ò0Ó(ÄÅT¿âÚâÆ¿À

îjÁÉ(¿Áb×Ä6È#Ä<ÀÉò@ÄÅÈáÆVîÐ*ÉÁÅÀVòÀÔ*ÈÄÀÉô(Â

÷*ùqü~÷dö,6qþùqþöü

ÂËqÍÂËÑÌ(Ì(ÂØ~Êæ(æuÊ?zÐ*¿Å Äì'ÜbÜT¿ß*îjÏqóÁ6Á5í1ÁÀï°Â6Ò Ó(ÄÅT¿âÚÞÆ

ÄÀÉ.Ã¿ÈÉ%Î(Ð*È¿ÞÉ*ÄÑÅT¿áÚ´Æ.¿À jÄÚeÁîjÁÉ(¿Áb×Ä6Èò ÀÔ*ÈÄÀÉ?<Â$

ýþwúbö(÷(ø0úeû4Cü´ùKýGüþù

Âu*æèhu*ÂËÑÌ(Ìu*Â=Ø#Ê?ËÑÌ*Í(è7æ(æÍ=óÐÜbÜvÁÅ

íÃÁÅe×ÄÜvÁïTÂ8<ÃÐ*¿ÀÔVÚ?ÐÚ?ÓÁ|¾~Å1ÄÑÚeÁqÅ1À¿áÚ´ÆY¾#ÁÄÜ°Úbß'Ò Ð*Ù/Ù/ÁÀ'ÜvÄÈ¿´Ú´ÆYÄ6À(ÉÎ(Ð(Ï¿Ä6È#óÁÈÄÚe¿Ð*À'Ü¿À/jÄÚeÁzîjÁÉ¿Áb×Ä<È#òÀÔÈ´ÄÀÉ*Â

ýþ

úKö÷ø'úûtC üùbýrüÞþÑù

Âuu*è:Â`ËÑÌ(Ì(Â*Ø#Êudçèp*åÉ*ì/ÙÙ/ÁÄÑì(ÚeÁqì(Åß<Ò0ÅTÄÑÛeÚ1ÜbÂÃì¿ÈÉÜ0ÄÀÉÚÞÓÁ 5ÁÑÔ(Ð6Úe¿ÄÚe¿Ð<ÀVÐ*Û$Ð*Å]o

¿´À]ÚÓÁ4îjÁÉ(¿Áb×Ä6ÈzÖÐdÝ¦À*Â

÷dùsüz÷dö<6sþÑùsþÑöü

ÂHËÑÍ(ÂGËÌÌ(ÂfØ~Êu(è]u~Ë ñ¦ÁÑÄ<È5í?¾~ÁÈ¿Ï¿ÚÞÆï°Â

ú*ù ü÷(øü áö

÷sø

ú(þbö

ö~ø÷6ö

Â>s*Û1Ð*ÅTÉÂ>s*Û1Ð*ÅTÉ]àzÀ¿á×ÁÅbÜT¿Ú´Æ]ã~ÅTÁ<ÜKÜbÂ/ËÑÌ(Ì*çÂÍdæ*Ø~Ê î%ìÈÉ*ÅTÁqÝ íÒ ÅTÄ6¿ÞÔ*ïTÂ>ÖÓÁjÒ0ìÈÚì(ÅTÁ%Ð6Û/ó[ÁÏ6Ð*ÀÏ¿È¿ÞÄ8Ú?¿Ð6Àß

Ò Ð*Ù/Ùì(À¿âÚ´Æ/Ä6ÀÉÚÞÓÁGÎ(ÁqÚÚeÈÁÙ/ÁqÀÚ`Ð6Ûò Ï<Ð*ÀÐ*Ù/¿Ïq5¿eÜØì(ÚeÁ<Ü ¿ÀVòÄÅ1ÈáÆVîjÐ*ÉÁÅ1ÀVòÀÔ*ÈÄÀÉ<Â8

ýþ

ùsüú(6÷*ø?úbö÷*ø Â u(Ì*èpÂ

ËÌÌ*åÂØ'ÊÌ#ËÍ*èÌ(æÊ!QÅT¿ÞÔ*ÓdÚ1ÜTÐ*À4íê5Á¿ÚÓ(ïTÂÖÓÁ"q5ÁÑÏÈ¿´ÀÁzÐ6Û HÁ¿ÔÓéÐ6ìÅTÈ´¿ÀÁ6ÜbÜhóÁs×¿eÜT¿ÚeÁÉ-ÂØ#ÊÞËÌè:G¿´À/äKÐ*ÀÁ<Üí 5Ð*ÅTÙ/ÄÀ(ï

]Ð(Ð*ÈÛ@íq5Ä6À¿ÁÈïíeÉ*¿ÅqÊï°Â

ú÷(ø

l

(þ8öü´ü´þÑùBö

÷(üþ

þþ

÷(ø'÷dö

÷qø

úþKö

ö~ø÷dö

Âdã~ÄÈÔ*ÅTÄq×Á<Âæ(ç(ç(Âæ(ådØ'Êq5ÄÀ'Ü

ÈÁÙ#Ù/ÁYÐ6ì×ÅTÄ6Ô(Á<Â#×Ð*¿Å5ÄÑìhÜKÜT¿Tß#îjÏeÀÚeÐ(ÜÓ!í?îÄÑÅ $bÐ*ÅT¿Áï1ÂJ jÐÏÄ<ÈeÜKÂìÚ1ÜT¿É(ÁqÅbÜÄÀÉ(eÉ(ÁÀdÚe¿áÚ´Æ%¿À%òÀÔ*ÈÞ¿eÜÓ%îjÄÅpoÁ8Ú[ÖÐ6ÝzÀ'Ü

ËqæÌ*çèsË8å(æ(ç6ÂzØ#ÊËèeÌdç®Á8Ú/ã~ÄÑÚÞÚeÁqÅbÜTÐ*Àí1Ò Ä8ÚÞÓÁqÅT¿´ÀÁïTÂ^8îÄÑÅ1Å¿ÁÉÚ?ÐÚeÓÁ]ÖÐdÝ¦Àß¾#Å1ÄÀÏ¿eÜxã~ÄÅTÈÁqÚÚ ÞÜxóÓÁqÚeÐ*ÅT¿ÞÏ]Ð*Û4àzÅeéÄ6À

îjÄ<Ô¿eÜÚÞÅÄ6ÏbÆo¿ÞÀòÄÅTÈáÆîjÐ*ÉÁÅÀòÀÔ*ÈÄÀÉ?<ÂØ#Ê?ËqÍdåèqË (åÊ!.ñìÔÔ(¿ÀhÜ,íîj¿1oÁïTÂ(qîjÐ*ÅTÁÎ(¿ÀÛeìÈã~ÈÁÄ*Üì(ÅTÁ<ÜKÕ j@Á¿eÜìÅTÁ<Â

óÁ<ÜØ'ÁÏ8Ú?Äqé¿È¿´Ú´ÆYÄ6ÀÉVÚÞÓÁ|îÄ6ÈÁzîj¿É(É*ÈÁ<èÒ È´Ä*ÜbÜ¿´ÀEz¿ÏqÚeÐ*Å¿ÄÀ/òÀÔ*ÈÄÀÉ?<Â

(úbö÷(øúûrú÷*ø

ùsüú

Â#uu(è:uÂ'æç*ç(çÂØ~ÊáÍ?*Í(è

å(çç'Ê

ëT½ fÄ6Åeé¿´Åí?ê5ÄÅÈï~Ö0Á%<ÏÑÄÀ/í Äo¿ï`í7É*¿´ÅqÊïTÂ l

*þÑöüü 4÷*ö

l

(þÑö(üü úbÿ5÷üÞúdö öHüâýþ&üü´ú*ÿ5÷döúqøR

Â6îjÄ6É*¿?ÜvÐ*À'Â6àzÀ¿á×ÁÅbÜv¿áÚ´Æ

Ð*Û$]¿?ÜvÏ<Ð*À'Üv¿´Àã'ÅTÁ<ÜbÜKÂ(æç(ç(Â*æÌ6Ø'Ê

ëëÇzÈ?è('zÄqÚÚÞÄÑÀí 5Ä)$TÝzÄ<ïTÂðj¿ÚÞ¿Ô*ÄÀÚ1ÜÄÀÉ 5Á¿Ô*ÓéÐ*ÅbÜßÑÖÓÁzÒ Ð*Ù/Ùì(ÀÄ<ÈÖÐ6ØÐ*Ô(ÅÄØ(Ó*ÆGÐdÛÚÚeÐ*Ù/ÄÀrqzÄ6ÙHÄ*ÜTÏ8ìhÜ0ôÂ

údÿ ÷q÷(ü

þm(üRþùC´öúþü ÷dö

ùqü´ú

Â(è]u(Âdæ(ç(ç*æÂ6Ø#ÊÍ'Ë(ËèÍuuÊ

ë]* fÄ6ÅpoÁqÆ/íê5ÄÅTÁÑÀïzÄÀóÐ(ÜbÜvÁÙí?ó[Ð*ÀÄÀï1Âdð 5Á8ÚÞÝzÐ*Å]ohÜ0Ð6ÛÒ Ð*ÀÚeÁÀ*Úe¿Ð*À4ßKz¿ÈÈ´Ä6Ô(Á<Ü0ÄÀÉ5óÁÔ¿Ð*ÀÄÑÈÎ6ÚÞÅìÏ8ÚÞì(ÅTÁ¿´ÀÚÞÓÁ

Î(Áb×=ÁÀÚeÁÁÀÚÞÓ/Ò ÁqÀÚì(ÅeÆ4ÚÞÚeÐ*Ù/ÄÑÀzò@ÙØ(¿´ÅTÁ<Â Â`ËKçæèÍ*ÂËqÌ(ÌÂ6Ø'ÊeËu(ÍèsËu?dæÊ

(7)

Mdw~asM^ OJeB0Ô%Je^ OKasJaTkabJeB^^Mgg1M=O_MB`kDMCÊ^P'M]kCKEJ1^MZGEP=k J1MCbaYk^MlCBIbBD^`_MdkC_BD^'a4gbE^Èhget O<M

_lE=O<OM%g1E]OJ\jl0g1M%_J1PQB#abB\J?MM^'abCMgeBPEgMda5geB#EgzJe\l (CÑJ1EgT#FN?k@^M#OKaH_E(^0O/gbTEdkabCMZflE(CGgT1EdkabCM#

QEPdk@^j_M4PM=O5\jJ1PCBPB Oq\!M=O5IbEBD^^`MVk^M4\jB_Ehg1Ja YlECKabJ?Pdk g1J CM4_ dabCM4Edk!\jB^_M4Mda YgeEVJ1gg1M#

BDJePJ g1M=O¦lCM\J1MC<O g\!M^=aO5PBD^`PCMdaO5_M4PMa1asM4_#J7\!M^0OJ?B0^jPB0\l0g1MwMj»

¯EBC_!_E^ OGgbTECbabJePdk@gE*aqJeB^_M.gE_DJe\!M^ OJeB0^!_B0\jM#OKabJO=k@M%EMP%PMhg1g1M%_=kB0J1OJ7^E( MZ@_Mg1ECKk@MZ _=k

=k@ECKabJ?MC*#ok@^MxJTO<JeB0^OKasE*abJ&=kM._M#O hg\!M^=aOH_1J_M^'aqJa 4lB#kCgeM#O5Jgg1M#OH_=kU:EQ#C8MDZ J7g[PB^#J1M^=a

OE^Oj_B#kasM_M·Obk ObaqJaTk@M(Ck^MJTO<JeB0^_`t`^E\]J+=k@M#FHM=OEdaTaTCqJ~kaOjJe_M^=asJasEJCM=O_M·gbJe^_J J1_=kOB^=a

\!EgEg1M#O*

QEPdk@^u_M®P=M'OjEdaTabCqJ´#kaOjEk ^kO<EMMda4k^`M®DEgM*kC%lECKasJePdk@gJCMOMgeB0^ug1MPB^=asM*w#asM#

4MPg1MYB0J1OJ7^!_M4g1Ex\!EJTOB0^jPBD^'aqJ#k4g1Ex^`B`abJ?BD^j_MYBJOJe^E M4^ 1E4lE=O5gM4\\]M%OM^ O^=k@M4_E^ Ok@^

PB^=asMdw~asM_M4C lE(CvabJasJeB^!EdkO8MhJe^¯_=kq=k@ECKasJeMCH_M=OHPQECM=O/Oqt\%BgJ+=k@M=OHMda5MIbIqMPdaqJDM=OH_0M^`B=asEdJegJa ~

F1M`OslEPM^ TM'OKa/lE=ON^B^l0gkO.EIbIqMPda ObasEdabJ&=k@M\!Mh^'aN_M]PEC8EPda CM'O*0FHM=OhBD^`M`OOMOKklM(CqlBfO8M^=asZM6a

OKkCbabB#k#aHPQ`Eh^~M^=a_M¯O8M^0O4O8MgeB0^q=k@Jg1M#OGabCEdM(C6OMjMda5g1M#OYITC =k@M^=asM#$%^]DB`k@PQ`MC_E^ OgeE%CKk@Mj_MgeE

PBCqlB#C8EdabJeBô_=k&asMdw#asJeg1M# j^ qk@J7I®_E^0Ok ê=kfECKabJeMC\k[OKk@g\!E^ #jô^`BàsEdg?M_E^ Ok@^MPB`kC M

lBl#kgeEJ7C8M#\j^\!ECJe^PQMk@^PB0\j\!MCPE^=a</ºzB#k#a!OM8B`k@MW_0E^0O¯gMu_PEgE(M#FHM'OOJe0^`M`OI=kJ

PB^#^`BàsM^'a[gTTM=OslEP'MYlCM^^M^'ak^!OM^0O5_JIbI CM^=a¦IbEPMxgT°Ehgá CJa 4Mda[lB#kCzgT°Ehgá CJa #FHMx\jJ1PCBPB O\jM

M=Oba PB^0OJ1_CM(C(Ehg1M\!M^=a_E^ O]g1M\jB`kM\!M^=aMda_E^0O!g1EPB^PM(l#aqJeB^OBPJ1Ehg1M_=k _P'Ehg1EM~

Yk@E^=a gTJe^=asM(CEPdasJeB^]EDMPg1EOsl0Q CM.B`a1abB\jE^MZ@Mhgeg1MO8MIbEJaYabB#kO5geM#O PhQ`MgeB0^0O .kCEllBCTazE*MP

_M=O4lM(C6OB^^EM'O^`B0\j\ =O4lEC.gb?§/\l0JeCMEdkwWQBCqJ~B^0O.PB\j\!MCPJ1Edk0wDZ_MgeE]l dasJabJeB^M^#Bt'M

{6ObasE^=~k ggElC lECE*abJeBD^W_=klhg1MCJe^EM#zPhQEQ=kMIbBJO%g1E_IbJ7^JasJeB0^W_M#O_Mdk0w\jB0^`_M_B^^M

^EJTO*OE^`P=MVk@^M.\jB0_EgeJa YlECKabJ1Pdk@geJ)(CM_M4gbB#aavBD\Eh^JeaVkCKEJe^M4\!E0Q~C dJe^MPB0\j\]M4\]J1PC8B0PB Oq\!M

ECKabJ?Pdk g#'FHM=OHPhQ~CB^J&=kM'OlM(CÑ\!Mda1asM^=a|_MNJ?Mh^O8MxCM^_#CM.PB\%l#asM._MVabB#kOGPM=O5J7^ ObasE^=aO/OJ^JIbJ1P'EdaqJeIOZ

_B^=ag°Je^=asMCqlC dasEdabJeB^&_BD^~^M O8Mh^ O®Edk lMdabJa\jB^_MukCKEJe^ V§g7g1M#OOB^=a®OB#kM^=a¯lEC6OM\ M=O®_0M

lMdabJasM'O/^B#asM=O#=k@JMwlCJ\!M^=aHgeMj_PEg1E@M%Mda5lEC/gC<M^`_Mh^'a J_M^'asMgbJ_M^`P=M;=k@B`abJe_J1M^^MZ=kJ

MgegMM'OKaGaTk@M#AjB=asM(C4_E^O%OE!PhQ~CB^J@=k@M =kM]gb1BD^®lE=O*OMjlECVasMgzB#kasMgzM^`_#CB0JaE*MPasMgeg1M]B#kasMgegTM

=k@EgeJaj_DJagM'OPB0\%lB OE^=asM'O_=k\jJP(CB0PBfOs\jMjMda/geM#O_B^#^M %B0JC MgjB^O<MC8M^_PB0\%l#asM5=k@M

gbJ1_0M^'abJa jM=OKaPMCKasM'Oh=k@MhgO=k@MPQ`BfO8MPB0\j\]Mjg1MlgkOYlM*abJa/_(^B0\jJe^EdasMdkCPB\j\k@^M^=abCM%CM(g7JeJeB0^`Z

\ dasJeMCZ/Mh^~CMZEMZVCJePQ`M`O<OMWMdajE*kabCM=OjIsEPdasMdkC6OjlC8Mh\jJ1MC6O|§/geg1MM'OKaEdkO*OJ4IqEJasM_?k@^:M^ OM\% g1M

Je^0IbJe^0J¦_M%lMdaqJáGCqJ?Mh^ O/C8M^#BDt =O/lEC_M=O/lMdasJasM=O\jB^_M=Oh=k@Mgb1BD^PàvBDJeMZfabCEdDMC6O8MZ dJásMZEJe\!MB#k

PCEJe^=a<FHEPQ~CB^J&=k@MC8MhIbgdasM]k^MC EgJa J7^'asMCEP*abJ?@M_MgK1J_M^'aqJa \J1PC8B0P(BfO\jJ+=k@M#FHM'OO8B`kC8PM=O

qk@_DJ1PJ1EJ7C8M=O_M\\]MMw`lCJ7\!M^=a®PM_PEgeEM:lECCEllBCTa®Edk OqtOKa \jM_M ^`BDCs\]M~NUpEJvO®lE=O

OM*k g1M\!Mh^'a _E^ O g1E abCE^OqCM#O<OJeB0^ _M C(0g1M=O O8B0PJeEg1M#O*§GEgeM\!M^=a _E^0O g1M#O Eg1MdkC*O

\]J1PC8B0PB Oq\jJ+=k@M#OEdaabCsJ?~k M#O gb1M`OslEPM#@ºMg[J7^PJ1_M^#ajMdk®geJ1Mdk asMg[\jB0\!M^=a xasMg[M^_#CBJa/PEdkOM

_ k ^j_PEgE( M4EMPg1EYCgM4\]J1PC8B0PB Oq\jJ+=k@M4_=k]J@CM4M^ O8Mh\%@g1M#hFHM.PB#klEdg1M4EM*kasB#CTa[\jEJTOVO8B0^

(8)

IsEhJÞC6M~Jj^CJ1PQM]\!ECPQE^_®_Eh^ O/k@^M]CKk@Mgeg1M\!EgIsE\ M_=klBCKabZk^`M]IqM\]\!MO8Mdk g1M_E^0Ok ^g1J1Mk

OB\%CMZ`k^ *abCE^#M(C5_E^ Ok^jM=OslE'PMxgbJ1_M^=abJ´a xIbMC\ M# M4PM=O5Je^PhJ?_0M^=aO¦B^%lMdka¦_#B^P4_M=O<OJe^MC

k^M!PECKasM]\B`kDEh^'asM]_M=OEg1MdkC6O%O8B0PJeEg1M=O.Eda1abCqJ#k M#O ]gbM#OqlEPM#0FHM]\]J1PC8B0PB O\jMOM]\!Eda CJeEgJTO<M

_B^P geEjIbB0JTOPB0\j\!Mk ^`M¯O8BDCTasMj_M#k@g7g1Mj_MDEgM*k C4OMj_lgeE 'E^=aEdDMPgbJe^_J?@J1_=kM*a/PB\j\!Mk@^

asElJO_M@Eg1MdkC8BD^`PhQ`E^=a:gbM'Oql@EPM#FHMoasB#k#a:M(^C8Mhg?EdaqJ?BD^¬EMPgM'OPEC8EPda CM'O ^BPhJ`O_M

gbTEllECbasMÊ^PM4Bà1abB\jE^M4Mda¦_MxO8E4_PgeJ7ÊJTOB^jgeBPEgTM#

U:EJTOBD^W^MlMdka *aTk@_#JeMCPMdaTasMl CqJeB_M·O8E^0O.l M^OMCPMq=k[Mg1gMlMC\!Mda._ 1J7^'asMCqlC *asMCl`B`k`Cg1M

OJ Pg1MpOKk@J@E^=a<

M'OKaObkC]gb_DJ1IqJ1PMPB^0ObabCKk@Ja!_ k^MuE^`Ehget O<MCM^B#kMg'M_M=O =k@Jg1J?`C<M=OM*a!_M=O

asM^OJeBD^ O¯_Mg1El CJeB_M\jB0_M(Cq^Mm=k@MuO<Mdk g1MlMdkaOMIbB^_MCgeEug1MPdaTkCMW_ ?k^ { MpOJPg1M =kJ

EllBCvasM(Z=asE^'alE(CzgeM#OzC IbBDC\jM#O5B#aavBD\Eh^`M=O^=k@M4lEC5geEPBDÎTCB^=asE*abJeBDÊDMPVk@^M4\jB0_M(CÑ^Já 4Eh\%@Je#k

g1M#Og\!Mh^'aO_ ?k@^WPhQ`E^#M\!Mh^'a._MlECE_J\!M_B^#a4geEPB0\lC QM^0OJeB^^PM#O6OJasM]k ^`ME*aTasM^=abJeB^

EdkwjlM*aqJaO¦\jBD^`_0M'O5M^Je^'asMCEPdabJ?BD^j_M4gbB#aavBD\Eh^J´a Y^B0P(JM#