!" #
7
$%'&($*),+.-0/213154
687:9<;>=268?A@2BDCFEHGAIJGAKLE<MON7PKRQTSDCHI BUE3VXWLYZG[G\E]MRG^9<G`_baZG`CH_baZG^;8@.?ACbBUE3VcSDK2GAdcdeG=RdeSR_ABDd"fhgihj2k
aLE3E3@ml.nDnUopopoqkVcCHS2kYZIJSDKLE3CHG`BDdrk_AB'n
∼
IJVesKZShE3E3GUntVeQuEbfUj'fDvDn
w0xPy zU{u|~}~y>{D.hrPh {u3cRyJh23bzU|eubz
! P!
7 k`k\kAk`k\kAk\k`k\kAkAkAk\k`k\kAk\k`k\kAk G`3YZC3GqMONVcK2_\G`CFEHVEHY2MRGDk
737k\k`k\kAkAkAk\k`kAk\k`k\kAk\k`k\kAkAkAk ?\E3a2S'MZG^MRY@SVeKLEpZRG[G\E]MRG^]GAoEHSDKRP9<Bh@2a2FSKk
737F7kAkAkAk\k`k\kAk\k`k\kAkAkAkAkAkAk\k`k SK'¡DGACHsDG`K2_\G8deVcKZ?¢BhVcC3G[G\E]WLY2BMRCbBUE3VXWLYZGDk
7P£¤kAk\k`k\kAkAkAk\k`k\kAk\k`k\kAkAkAk\k ]SDCHIJG[MZG^BUEHC3VX_\Gk
£¥k\k`k\kAkAkAk\k`kAk\k`k\kAk\k`k\kAkAkAk ¦BD_\E3SDCHVX3BhE3VcSDK
P t LU
Bt¡DG¢_]?`deVcIJVeKBUE3VcSDK§[BDY233VcGAKZKZGk£87kAk\k`k\kAkAkAk\k`k\kAk\k`k\kAkAkAk\k 7PKLEHGACH@SdcBhE3VcSDKMRG[dcBDsDCbBhKZsG8GAEp]GAoEHSDKk
0BhdX_\Y2deG`C8dNG`C3CHGAY2C B2FSdeY2G>GAE[CHGAdXBUEHVe¡G>3YZC[dcBMRY2C3?`G MRG¢ SH_\VcdedXBUEHVeSK28MNYZKm@.GAK2MZYZdeG 3VeIJ@ZdcG MRG deSKZsDYZG`YZC[drk! B
@.?ACHVeSRMRG[G`FE]MRSKZKZ?AG[@2BDCpdcB>QTSC3I>YZdeG
T = 2π s
l g ,
3V
π
" gZk$#Aj%#'&10 − 3
@ZC)(`+*,VrkGDkc=∆π = 10 − 3
, =l = 1
I&10 − 3
@ZC)(``="GAEg = 9.81
I − 2
&10 − 2
@ZC-(¢Ak6]SKZKZGAC dNBD@Z@ZCHSt'VcI BUEHVeSKMRGT
G\E]BhCHCHSDK2MRVcCBhYKZSDI.ZCHG MRG^_`FGqBMR?`WLY2BhE`k0/!13254687
;8KB>@.SDY2Cp¡tBDdeG`YZC<Bh@2@ZC3SR_baZ?`G
T = 6, 282
√ 9.81 ≈ 2.006
,
;8K SREHVeG`KEpdXB MRV:9.?`C3G`KEHVeG`dedcGqFY2Ve¡UBhKLEHG
∆T = 2
s l g
∆π +
√ π lg
∆l +
− π
g s
l g
∆g.
FSVE
∆T = 2
r 1 9.81
10 − 3 +
3.141
√ 9.81 10 − 3 +
− 3.141
9.81 r 1
9.81
10 − 2 ,
∆T ≈ 6.39 10 − 4 + 1.00 10 − 3 + 1.01 10 − 3 ,
∆T ≈ 2.65 10 − 3 .
;8K SREHVeG`KE<BDY233VOdNG`C3CHGAYZCCHGAdXBUEHVe¡G
∆T
T = 1.32 10 − 3 .
;8KE3CHSDYZ¡G[MZSDK2_'*rfJ_`FGqBD@ZC-(¢0dcB ¡'VeCHsDY2deGq3SDKLE<_\SDKFG`C3¡?`
, l
T = 2.00
Bt¡G`_∆T = 2.65 10 − 3 .
!"!<;
=>?@AB>
DC+EFGHI
JK>
FL2NM
O=>
QPR+S
;8KFG[@ZCHSD@.S3GqMRG E3CHSDYZ¡GACpMRG`<¡tBDdeG`YZCb0BD@Z@ZCHSR_baZ?AG¢0MZGqdcB CbBD_\VcKZG
r
MZGqdrN?`WLY2BhE3VcSDKf (x) = x 3 + x − 1 = 0.
#kUTWVYX[Z \!]^O] _0`5\acbdXfeg!^.k
*,B
,
K C3G`IJBDCHWLY2BDKLE8WLYZG dN?¢WLY2BUEHVeSK@ZCHSD@.S3?AG^G¢:E ?`WLYZVc¡tBDdeG`KLE3G.&
g 1 (x) = x
Bt¡DG¢_g 1 (x) = 1+ 1 x 2
=IJSDKLEHC3G`C
WLYZGqdNVcKLE3GACH¡UBhdcdeG
J 1 = [0, 1]
G¢:E<YZKVcKLE3G`C3¡UBhdcdcG^FYZCpdcG`WLYZG`ddXB _\SDK'¡GACHsDGAK_\G ¡DGACbYZKZG^3SDdcYREHVeSK Y2KZVcWLYZGqG¢:E BDH3YZC3?`GDk* ,
68?\E3G`C3IJVcKZGACBDK2BhdLE3VXWLYZGAIJGAKLEYZKJI B:SCHBDKEMRG
| r n − r |
=USr n
MZ?`3VesKZGdcB ¡UBhdcGAYZCBD@Z@ZCHS'_ba2?AGD= & dXB KZV:(`IJG VeE3?ACbBUEHVeSK=ZMRG^_AG\EFEHGqCHB_\VcKZG @2BhCpdXB I ?AE3aZSRMRGqVeE3?`CHBhE3Vc¡DGqMRY@.SDVcKEZRGk*r_
,
K MR?¢MRYZVcC3G YZKZGJ¡UBhdcGAYZCqBD@Z@ZCHS'_ba2?AGJMRG
r
&10 − 3
@2C-(¢8G`K @BhC3EHBhKLEqMRGr 0 = 1
GAEqBDC3CHSDKMRVeC BhY KZSDI.ZCHG BDMZ?`WLY2BUE<MRG^_`FGkfZkUTWVYX[Z \!]^O] ^ ^'X[\bQ` Z \b k
*,B
, SVE
g 2 (x)
=DdcB8QTSK2_5EHVeSK>VcKLE3GACH¡DG`K2BhKLEMZBhK dcB IJ?\EHaZSRMRGVEH?ACbBUE3Vc¡DGpMRGp]GAoE3SK>@.SDY2CdcB CH?`3SDdcYRE3VcSDK MRG<_\GAEFE3G?`WLY2BhE3VcSDKkZ68SDK2KZGAC
g 2 (x)
k* ,
SKEHC3G`CpWY2Gq@SYZC
x > 0
=ZSDKB drNVeK2?AsBDdeVeE3?q3YZVc¡tBDKLE3G| g 2 0 (x) | ≤ 1.125 | f (x) | .
*r_
,
SKEHC3G`C WLYZGdrNSDKB YZKZG3SDdcYRE3VcSDK YZKZVXWLYZG3YZC drNVcKEHGACH¡UBhdcdeG
J 2 = [0.5, 0.75]
G\E WLYZGdcG_baZSDVe(MRG_AG\E VcKEHGACH¡UBhdcdeG[@.GACHI GAE]MONBDHFYZCHGACdXBJ_\SDK'¡GACHsDGAK_\G8MZGqdcB IJ?\EHaZSRMRG^MRG^<G`oE3SKk*,M
,
C3SYZ¡DG`CBDK2BhdLE3VXWLYZGAIJGAKLEpYZKZGqI B:SDCbBUE3VcSDKMRY EL@.G
| r n +1 − r | ≤ K | r n +1 − r n | .
*,G
,
K MR?¢MRYZVcC3G YZKZGJ¡UBhdcGAYZCqBD@Z@ZCHS'_ba2?AGJMRG
r
&10 − 6
@2C-(¢8G`K @BhC3EHBhKLEqMRGr 0 = 1
GAEqBDC3CHSDKMRVeC BhY KZSDI.ZCHG BDMZ?`WLY2BUE<MRG^_`FGk0/!13254687
BZkd N?\EHY2MRG MRG` ¡UBhCHVcBhE3VcSDK28MRG dXB QTSK2_5EHVeSK
f (x)
3YZC[0, 1]
IJSDKLE3CHG>WLYZG dcB QTSDK2_\E3VcSDKG¢:E[_\SKEHVeK'YZG>G\Eq_\CHSDVX3HBhKLEHG3YZC]_\GAE<VeKLEHGACH¡tBDdedcGDkZ68G^@ZdcY2`=ZSDK
f (0) = − 1
G\Ef (1) = 1
kR7PdG\RVcFE3GqMRSK2_[YZKZGqCbBD_AVeK2Gr
YZK2VcWLYZG^MZBDK2p_\GAE]VcKEHGACH¡UBhdcdeGk G¢pMR?ACHVc¡D?AG¢0@ZC3G`IJV:(`C3G¢G\E]3G`_\SK2MRG¢0MZGg 1 (x)
AN?`_AC3Vc¡DG`KEg 1 0 = − 2x
(1 + x 2 ) 2 , g 00 1 = 2 3x 2 − 1 (1 + x 2 ) 3 .
7Pd"G¢:E _\dXBhVcC8WLYZG^@.SDYZC]E3SYRE
x ∈ J 1
=2SDKB
| g 0 1 (x) | < 1
*,_ABDC l2x ≤ 1 + x 2 ≤ (1 + x 2 ) 2
, k68SDK2_ dcB _ASDK'¡DG`C3sGAK2_AG[G`FE BDH3YZC3?`GDkk268GqI BhKZV$(ACHGq@ZdcY2p@ZCH?`_AVc3GD=RG`K?\E3YMRVcBDKLE<deG¢p¡UBhCHVcBhE3VcSDK2pMRG
g 0 1 (x)
=2SK ¡SDVeE<WY2G l∀ x ∈ J 1
=
| g 0 1 (x) | < 0.65
k KG9G\E¢=ZSDKBZ=
x 0 √ 3 3 1
g 1 00 (x) − 0 +
g 0 1 (x) 0 & m % − 0.5
Bt¡DG¢_
m = − 3 √ 8 3 ≈ − 0.6495
kZ;8KB MRSDK2_^dcB I B:SDCbBUE3VcSDK3YZVe¡UBDKEHG MRG^dNGACHC3G`YZC]_\SIJI VX3GqGAK@ZCHGAKBhKLE<dcB ¡tBDdeG`YZC Bh@2@ZC3SR_baZ?`Gr n
MZG
r
*r_5Q:k. SYZCH, k
| r n − r | ≤ 0.65 n .
_hk KYREHVedcVcHBhKLE]dXB @ZCH?`_A?`MRG`KLE3GqI B:SCHBhE3VcSDK=RSKBhYZCbB
| r n − r | < 10 − 3
=.FV0.65 n < 10 − 3
=SYn > ln(10 −
3 ) ln(0 . 65)
=3SDVeE
@.SDYZC
n ≥ 17
k2;8KSREHVeG`KE¢=r 0 = 1, r 1 = 0.5, r 2 = 0.8, r 3 = 0.60, r 4 = 0.72, r 5 = 0.65, r 6 = 0.70, r 7 = 0.67, r 8 = 0.68, r 9 = 0.67, r 10 = 0.685, r 11 = 0.680, r 12 = 0.683, r 13 = 0.681, r 14 = 0.6828, r 15 = 0.6820, r 16 = 0.6825, r 17 = 0.6822.
;8KB
| r n − r | < 10 − 3 < 0.5 × 10 − 2
G\E]MRSK2_[deG[CH?`3YZdeEHBUE<`NGAR@ZC3VcIJGqBt¡DG`_2
_A3G^Bh@ZC)(`0dXB ¡LVcCHsDYZdcG[@2BhCr 17 = 0.68
k
;8KB
g 2 (x) = x − f (x)
f 0 (x) = 2x 3 + 1 3x 2 + 1 .
g 2 (x)
B>@.SDYZC8MR?ACHVe¡?AGg 0 2 (x) = 6x(x 3 + x − 1)
(3x 2 + 1) 2 = 6x
(3x 2 + 1) 2 f (x).
"B>QTSK2_5EHVeSK
h(x) = (3 x 6 2 x +1) 2
BhEFE3G`VeKLEpYZKI BURVcI YZI?AsBDd &
1.125
*,@SYZCx = 1 3
, =Z@BhC<3YZVEHGD=R@.SDYZCx > 0
=| g 0 2 (x) | ≤ 1.125 | f (x) | .
N?\EHY2MRGJMRG` ¡UBhCHVcBhE3VcSDK28MRG dcB QTSDK2_\E3VcSDK
f (x)
FY2CJ 2 = [0.5, 0.75]
IJSDKLEHC3G WY2G>dXB QTSK2_5EHVeSK G`FEq_\SDKLEHVeK'YZG>G\E _\CHSDVXH3BDKEHGqFYZC8_\G\E<VcKLE3G`C3¡UBhdcdcGDk268G^@ZdcY2`=2SDKf (0.5) = − 0.375
G\Ef (0.75) = 0.171875
kL7Pd"G\RVcFE3G>MRSDK2_[Y2KZG^CbBD_\VcKZGr
YZKZVXWLYZG^MZBDK2p_\GAE<VeKLE3G`C3¡UBDdedcGDk;8KBJFYZC
J 2
l
− 0.375 ≤ f (x) ≤ 0.172,
G\E<@BhC<3YZVEHGD=
| g 0 2 (x) | < 0.43,
MOkBhC<3YZVeE3G=ZSDK SREHVeG`KLE`=
1
| 1 − g 2 0 (x) | < 1.76
FY2CJ 2 .
;8K SREHVeG`KEpYZK2GqIJB:SDCbBUEHVeSKMRY E'@GF*r_5Q:k268?AIJS fZ=RG\RGACb_\VX_\Gqf
, l
| r n +1 − r | ≤ 1.76 | r n +1 − r n | .
GDk K YZE3VcdeVX3BDKLE<dcB @ZCH?`_A?`MRG`KEHG[IJB:SDCbBUEHVeSK='SDK SREHVeG`KE¢=
r 0 = 1, r 1 = 0.75,
r 2 = 0.6860465116, r 3 = 0.6823395826, r 4 = 0.6823278039, r 5 = 0.6823278038.
;8K MRSVE[BhCHCAE3G`C & dXB _\VcK2WLYZV$(AIJG VeE3?`CHBhE3VcSDK *r_ABDC
| r 5 − r | ≤ 1.76 | r 5 − r 4 | = 1.76 × 10 − 10 < 10 − 6
, G\E SDKEHC3SYZ¡DG=GAKBDC3CHSDK2MZVcH3BDKLE0BhY KZSIRZCHGqMRGq_A3G[BMR?`WLY2BhE
r 5 = 0.68232
k!"!! >
;MR
H'
M
M
' +S
SVE]MRG`YRI ?AE3aZSRMRG¢<VeE3?`CHBhE3Vc¡DG`]MRSDKLE]dXB _\SK2:EbBhKLE3G^B 'IJ@REHShE3VXWLYZG^G¢:E
C = 0.75
GAE8_\SK'¡DGACHsDG¢BhKLEdeVcKZ?`BDVeCHGAIJG`KE@.SDYZC dXBm@ZCHGAIJV$(ACHG GAE WLY2BDMRCbBUEHVcWLYZG`IJGAKLE @SYZC dXB FG¢_\SDKMRGDk0 0BDdc_AYZdcGAC dcGKZSDI.ZC3GMONVeE3?ACbBUEHVeSKI VcKZVcI Bhd<@.SDYZCWY2G
dNG`C3CHGAYZC^MNBD@Z@ZCHSt'VcI BUEHVeSK KNG\Z_ (`MRG @BD
10 − 8
M2BhK2qdcG` MRGAYR _AB^HBD_ba2BDKE^WLYZG dNGACHC3G`YZC &dXB@ZC3G`IJV:(`C3G VeE3?`CHBhE3VcSDK KNG\Z_(¢MRG[@2BD0.5
*TVkGDkc=e 0 = 0.5
, k0/!13254687
;8KB>@.SDY2CpdcB @ZCHGAIJV$(ACHG GAE<dcBJMRG`YRRV:(`IJGqI ?AE3aZSRMRGqCHG`3@.G`_5EHVe¡GAIJGAKLE¢=
| e n +1 |
| e n | ≈ 0.75,
GAE| e n +1 |
| e n | 2 ≈ 0.75.
SDYZCpdXB IJ?\E3a2S'MZG^MRG^_\SKL¡GACHsDG`K2_\G8deVcKZ?`BDVeCHGD=RSK B2=
| e n | ≈ 0.75 | e n − 1 | ≈ (0.75) 2 | e n − 2 | ≈ . . . ≈ (0.75) n | e 0 | .
SDYZCpdXB IJ?\E3a2S'MZG^MRG^_\SKL¡GACHsDG`K2_\G WYBDMRCbBUEHVcWLYZG=LSKB
| e n | ≈ 0.75 | e n − 1 | 2 ≈ (0.75)(0.75 | e n − 2 | 2 ) 2 = (0.75) 3 | e n − 2 | 4 ≈ . . . ≈ (0.75) 2 n − 1 | e 0 | 2 n .
N?AK2SDK2_A? KZSY28MZGAI BhK2MZG>MRGJFY2@Z@SLFG`C WLYZG
| e 0 | = 0.5
MZBhK28dcG` MRGAYR _`BD`k SYZC8dXB IJ?AE3aZSRMRGJMRGJ_\SDK'¡GACHsDGAK_\G dcVeKZ?¢BhVcC3G[SK B2=e n = (0.75) n (0.5) ≤ 10 − 8
@SYZCn ≥ ln 2 − 8 ln 10 ln(0.75) ≈ 62.
SDYZCpdXB IJ?\E3a2S'MZG^WYBDMRCbBUEHVcWLYZG SDKBZ=
e n = (0.75) 2 n − 1 (0.5) 2 n ≤ 10 − 8 , e n = (0.75) − 1 (0.375) 2 n ≤ 10 − 8 .
2n ≥ ln(0.75) − 8 ln 10 ln(0.375) ,
n ≥ 10.
;8K @.GAYREJC3G`I BhCbWY2GAC WLYZGdcB I ?AE3aZSRMRG MRG_ASDK'¡DG`C3sGAK2_AG WLY2BDMRCbBUEHVcWLYZG MZGAI BhK2MZG+.G`BhY_\SDY2@ IJSDVcK2>MNVeE3?`CHBhE3VcSDK
WLYZG[dcBJIJ?AE3aZSRMRG^MRGq_ASDK'¡DG`C3sGAK2_AG]dcVeKZ?¢BhVcC3Gk
!
>3
<M
Q+
SKEHC3G`CpWY2G @.SDY2CpYZKZGqI BUEHC3VX_\GqLIJ?AE3CHVcWLYZG
A
=2SDKBJdrN?AsLBhdcVEH?[3YZVc¡UBhKLE3G=_\SK2M!*
,
1 =
_\SK2M!* ,∞ .
0/!13254687
BhCpMR?A2KZVeE3VcSDK=ZSKBZ=
_\SK2M!*
,
= k A k . k A − 1 k .
SDYZCpY2KZGqI BUE3CHVX_\Gq 'IJ?\EHC3VXWLYZGD=
A = A t
=ZGAEk A k 1 = k A t k 1 = k A k ∞ .
68Gq@ZdeYpSDKBZ=
k A − 1 k 1 = k (A t ) − 1 k 1 = k (A − 1 ) t k 1 = k A − 1 k ∞ .
BhC<_ASDK23?`WLYZG`KE¢=ZFVOdXB I BUE3CHVX_\G[G`FE]'IJ?\EHC3VXWLYZGD=
_\SK2M!*
,
1 =
_\SK2M!* ,∞ .
+MR
> M >
P t LU
M @; M > M QPS#k<6]?¢_\SDIJ@.S3GACpdXBJI BUE3CHVX_\G
A
G`K@ZC3SRMRY2VEP t LU
SDYP
G`FE<dXB I BUE3CHVX_\G^MRGq@.GACHI YREbBUEHVeSK @BhC<dXBJIJ?\E3a2S'MZG MON?AdcVI VcK2BhE3VcSDKMRG §[BhY2HG\Ep@ZVc¡DSDEHBDsDG @2BhC3E3VcGAdk
fZk8 0BhdX_\YZdcGACdcG^MR?\EHGACHI VcK2BDKE<MRG
A
kg2k<9p?`3SDY2MZC3G deG^ R:E)(AIJG
Ax = b
@.SDY2Cb = (1, 2, 3) t
kA =
2 − 1 0 4 − 1 2
− 6 2 0
.
0/!13254687
;8K VeKLE3G`C3¡GAC3E3VeEpdcB dcVesKZG
1
GAE<dcB dcVesKZG3
_\GqWLYZV"MRSKZKZGA =
− 6 2 0 4 − 1 2 2 − 1 0
.
NSD@.?ACbBUEHVeSK dcVesKZG
2 =
deVcsDK2G2 − ( − 2/3)
dcVesKZG1
G\E<dcVesKZG3 =
deVcsDKZG3 − ( − 1/3)
dcVesKZG1
MZSDKZKZG=A =
− 6 2 0
0 (1/3) 2 0 ( − 1/3) 0
.
NSD@.?ACbBUEHVeSK dcVesKZG
3 =
deVcsDK2G3 − ( − 1)
deVcsDKZG2
MRSKZKZGD=A =
− 6 2 0 0 (1/3) 2
0 0 2
.
;8KB MZSDK2_ dXB MR?`_ASDIJ@SLFVeE3VcSDK FY2Ve¡UBhKLEHG l
A =
− 6 2 0 4 − 1 2 2 − 1 0
=
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
| {z }
P t
1 0 0
( − 2/3) 1 0 ( − 1/3) − 1 1
| {z }
L
− 6 2 0 0 (1/3) 2
0 0 2
| {z }
U
.
MRG\E *
,
=
MRGAE * ,×
MZG\E * ,×
MRGAE * ,,
= − 1 × 1 × ( − 6 × (1/3) × 2),
= 4.
1 0 0
( − 2/3) 1 0 ( − 1/3) − 1 1
− 6 2 0 0 (1/3) 2
0 0 2
=
3 2 1
.
BhC[FY 2:EHVEHYRE3VcSDKmBt¡UBhKLE[@ZYZVX BDC3CHV$(ACHG^SDK E3CHSDYZ¡GD=
Ly = b
Bt¡DG¢_y = (3, 4, 6) t
=O@2YZVcU x = y
Bt¡G`_^2K2BhdcGAIJG`KEx = (( − 15/6), − 6, 3) t
k! !
B> M > M
3 M
R@H
JK>
P +
SVEpdcG`p@.SDVcKLEHp3YZVe¡UBDKEb
x k
# jy k
# # # ##k <@Z@ZdcVXWY2G dXB QTSC3I>YZdcG>MRGf "BhsCHBDKZsDGq@.SDY2C]EHC3SYZ¡DG`C]YZK @Sd'KZSI G MRG>MZGAsDCH?qEHC3SVc WLYZV@BDHFG>@2BhC _\G`8@.SDVcKEbAk
¡UBhdcYZG[GAKFYZVeE3G^_AGq@Sd'KZSIJG @.SDY2C
x = 2, 3, 5
kfZk <@Z@ZdcVXWY2G dXB QTSDCHI YZdcG MRG ]GAoEHSDK @.SDYZCqEHC3SYZ¡DG`CqYZK @.SDdLK2SDIJG MRG MZGAsDCH? E3CHSDVX^WLYZV @BDHFG @2BDC _\G¢q@.SDVcKEbAk
¡UBhdcYZG[GAKFYZVeE3G^_AGq@Sd'KZSIJG @.SDY2C
x = 2, 3, 5
k0/!13254687
;8KE3CHSDYZ¡G8@2BDCU "BDsDCbBhKZsG l
P 3 (x) = (x − 1)(x − 4)(x − 6)
− 24 − x(x − 4)(x − 6)
15 + x(x − 1)(x − 6)
− 24 − x(x − 1)(x − 4)
60 .
SDYZCpdNVeKLE3G`C3@.SDdXBUEHVeSKSK EHC3SYZ¡DG=
P (2) = − 1, P (3) = 0, P (5) = 1.
G EbB ZdcG`BDY MRG¢pMRV:9.?`C3G`K2_\G¢<MRVc¡LVX3?AG`p`N?`_\CHVeE`=
x y ∆y ∆ 2 y ∆ 3 y
#
Pf
# # fLnUg
*rfLnUg
, *#tn ,
j # )#UnUg
)#
#
;8K SREHVeG`KEpdcGq@Sd'KZSIJG[3YZVc¡UBhKLE^l
P 3 (x) = 1 − 2x + (2/3)x(x − 1) − (1/6)x(x − 1)(x − 4).
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