anti-simuliid

WORLD HEALTII ORGANIZATION

ORGANISATION MONDTALE DE LA SANTE

ocP/vcu/HYBro/ 84. 14

ORIGINAL: FRENCH

SHORT-TERM IMPACT OF PERMETIIRIN ON TIIE NON-TARGET AQUATIC _FAUNA by

D. Paugy,

L.

Yam6ogo, M. Bihoum & B. Coulibaly

-

r'n screening studiee

of

new

anti-simuliid

Larvicides, we had occasion

to test

a ^number

of

pyrethroids, ameng wtrich pernethrin shorred

itself to

^be

flqt

^ttre

first

the leaet

toxic

^as

regards the non-target aguatic fauna, since, unlike

certairi?t-fr a;;-";-il; ;;;;-

grouP, no mortality was observed among fishes and large crustaceani following

it" .ppiL""tio".

The present note

ie

confined

to

study

of

the ir,rmediate

toxicity of

the product with regard

to

the rheophiLous entomic fauna.

There arer therefore, no grounds

for

^any assumption concerning the actual

effect of

this pesticide

in

the medirn and/or long tero should

it

be used

in

a siiulium damnosr.ro control caopaign.

Lastly,

we ehould

recall that

permethrin

is

a contactT

1.

Melhods used _and concentrations tested

The

i

ediate impact

of

aerial. treatment carried out

in

the

riyer

wae reveaLed by means

?I l'" "1=:1i31

_(Dejoux, techniquee: study

of

the detachEenr

of

organisms

in

an individual girtter 1975') and estiuation

of

the inpact

of

the peaticide on the fauna

of

alabe

of

rocr,

using a Surber

smpler.

Ttrese two techniquee enable us

to

adopt an appreach

that is

^both qualitative_and quantitative

to

the

toxicity of

the product _be'ing

i""ila

as regarde _the non-terget fauna.

We append the characteristicg

of

the three tests carried out ^(T8bLe

I).

Laetly, it

ehould be noted

that

these Eests were carried out on the fauna

of rivere

in which there had not been any regular Larviciding.

2.

Resultg

2.2

Individual trough

rt is clearly

apparent that detachuent

of

the aquatic fauna

is

cmpleted very rapidly aod

ie

very coasiderable wtratever the fornulation

"nd concerrtration enpioyed

trigi

i:51,- sioce

it

ranges

frm

58

to

772

in

the experioents. Nevertheless,

thie toii"ity ior

ttre fauna ag a ntrole ehould be played down

to

eo6e extent, since

it

includis S. aanno,srm, wtrich

is

ttre

target species.

The

kinetics'of

detachpent

is

appreciably the eaoe lrhatever the

test

considered, namely

very

tiue

abrupt taken

for

detachoent the wave

of of insecticiaffiontaminate

organisms

in situ

occurs

after

the a fauna

latent

ueing period tested.conditioned by the Furthermore,

it

appears

that

the suaceptibility

of

each taxocoenoeie

or

^group

of

Caxa

experiences very nuch the saoe iupact uhatever the formulation employed

(trUf" rri.

t

.a

1 D"5o,r*

(c),

1975

-

^Norrvelle

eur 1a faune aquatigue nonicible

-

The issue of fiis ^doc,ument does not con$itute

formal publication.

lt

strould not be ^rcviewed, abEtrrtd or quotd _without the agreement of

the World Healtr Organization. Authon alone

arc rerponlble

for

viewr expresed

in

^signed

articlB.

technique pour teeter

in situ

lrimpact dee pesticidee cah oRSTOM, e€r. Ent,. M€d.

et parasitol., XIII, 2:

75-go.

Ce document nG comtifue pas une publication.

ll

ne doit faire l'obiet d'aucun oomptc rendu ou

rll:umd ni d'aucune citation sans l,autorisation de l'Organisation mondiale de la Sant6. Lee opinions exprimdes dans les articles sign& n,engngent gue leurc auteurs.

ocP/vcu/HYBro/84. ¹⁴

?age ²

TABLE

I.

^{DATA oN} TIIREE TESTS CARRIED OUT USING PERMETITRIN AS A I"ARVICIDE

Coopex Talcord

Insecticide ^Talcord

Wellcome She1l

Manufacturer ^She11

Formulation zoo _BIL ^{Ec 2o0} el]- ^{Ec 2o0 gl1- Ec}

Mode

of

application Ilelicopter rapid ^release

Iteticopter rapid release

Itelicopter rapid release

Amount released 371 cc + ^{10 1 I{20}

27cc+51ItZ0

^{113 cc + 5 LE22O} 2 (4

x

30 sec)

Application

tine

⁽ⁿⁱⁿ⁾

Concentration 0.02 ppn/10 min 0.015 ppn/10 Ein 0.015 ^{ppn/10 rnin}

Date and ti.me 2LlLOl83

at

th35

a.m.

zOlLLls3

at

th00

a.n. ^{7ll2l83 at}

^{11h10 a.n.}

River ^l.lono

Place ^Nangbeto Atchinedj

i

Country ^{Togo Togo Togo}

Discharge ^{(ur3/sec) 6.2 0.6 2.5}

Water Eeilperature ^{(oC) 27 28}

pH 7.4 7.4 6.9

Turbidity ^{(JTU) 25}

Methods ^emploYed Gutter-Surber Gutter Gutter-Surber

ocP/vcu/HYBT9/ 84.L4 page 3

TABLE

II.

PERCENTAGE OF FAUNA REMAINING THE PASSAGE OF

IN THE INDIVIDUAL GUTTER 24 TIOURS AFTER PERMETIIRIN

TaLcord

0.02 ppm/10 min

Coopex

0.015 ^pp,m/10 min

Talcord 0.015 pp,m/10 min

Ephemeroptera L.5'A L.77. 6.4%

Chirononidae 85.8',1 94.4i( 7L.52

Trichoptera 63.91( 32. X 35.22

Simuliidae ^(qeher than S., dqnnpsHp)

0.02 Lt.5%

S. damnoaum 3.3ft 7.LZ 3,52

Fauna as a lrtrole 42.42 39.02 23.L2

Fauna ae a whole (excluding

S. damnosum)

54,4% 39,57" 23.72

ocP/vcu/BYBro/ 84.14 Page ⁴

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ocP/vcu/HYbrol 84.L4 Page ⁷

Ephemeroptera

This

is far

and away the ^moet affected

of

the non-targeE _SrouPs since the detachuent

rate

of this

group reaches or exceede 957(

in all cases.

Nevertheless,

it

should be noted

that

^some fpheneroptera appear mere sensitive than

others; this is

^the case

for

the Baetidae, qlantitaiiveLy ihe most important ^Eaxon

in

our samples (taUle

III).

TABLE

III.

EP}IE}IEROPTERA: PERCENTAGE OF FAUNA REMAINING IN THE INDIVIDUAL ^GUTTER 24 IIOURS AFTEB PASSAGE OF PERMETIIRIN

Talcord 0.02 ppm/nin

Coopex

0.015 pp!o/10 nin

Talcord

0.015 ^ppn/10 nin

Leptophlebiidae 0.02 ^{0.0% 5.37"}

Heptageniidae o.6z

Tricorythidae 6.32 9.42

Baetidae 0.02 0.22 ^2.O7"

Caenidae 4.4% 6.L% 22.22

It

^may be coneidered

is of

the same order ^as regarded as drastic.

Chironomidae

on the ^whoLe

that

^the eusceptibility

of

the EpheueroPtera

in

a trough

that of

^the SirnuLiidae and

that

the impact

of

permethrin may be

Unlike the ^previous group, the Chironomidae show

littte susceptibility to

permethrin.

Nevertheless,

it

^should be pointed out

that

the

toxicity of

the pesticide

differs

from group

to

group and

that

the Orthocladiinae are actualty relativel.y susceptible

to this

pyrethroid (taute

tv).

TABLE

IV.

CHIRONOMIDAE: PERCENTAGE OF FAUNA REUAINING IN THE INDIVIDUAT GUTTER

24 TIOURS AFTER THE PASSAGE OF PERI.{ETHRIN

Talcord

0.02 ppm/10 nin

Coopex

0.015 ppm/10 min

Talcord

0.015 ppur/lO min

Chironomini 96.5"4 95.87" 82.L%

Tanypodiinae ^{7 5} .57" 90.32 100.02

Tanytarsini ^8L.27.

Orthocladiinae L2.L1( L7.17. 56.62

ocP/vcu/HYBro/ 84. 14

Page ⁸

Trichopera

As indicated by the tests carried

out,

the overall

susceptibility of

the Trichoptera may

vary from ordinary

to

twice the

ordinary.

^llere again

this is

dependent on the proportion of certain taxa

that

are selectively affected by the

pollutant.

Furthermore,

it

^{nay be pointed} out

that

there

is

an enormous difference between

late

instars and early instars

(lst

and

2nd), since

in all

instances there

is

almost complete detachment

of

the earLiest instars (taute

v).

TABTE V. TRICHOPTEM3 PERCENTAGE OF FAUNA REMAINING IN TIIE INDIVIDUAL TROUGH

24 HOURS AFTER THE PASSAGE OF PERMETHRIN

Talcord

0.02 ppm/10 min

Coopex

0.015 ppn/10 min

Talcord

0.015 pprn/lO min

6L.72 39.6"1 36.07"

Cheumatoosvche

digitata ^{s5.57" 30.82}

Chenmat,opsyche

ep.

^{9L.L7. 62.42}

Anphipsyche sp. o.oz ^{L4.2% L4.3%}

Ecnomus sp. ^4L.7%

Orthotrichia

-

EtAeIenl ^L0.47"

Chiaarra petr,i o.0z L4.6% o.oll

Leptoceridae 59 -42 90.9"t

Hydropsychidae

(early _inetars) 0.4"4 0.o7.

ocP/vcu/HYBTOI 84.L4 Page ⁹

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Page lL

We may also note the difference

in

eueceptibil.ity

to

^the pyreEhroid between Cheumatopsyche spp.

or

the Leptoceridae and &nphipsyche ep. or Chimarra

petri.

2.3

Surber sampler

Five samples lrere taken before treatment and

five

^were juxtaposed

to

them after appLication

of

Talcord

at

0.02 and 0.015

ppn.

Comparison

of

the pre-treatment and

Post-treatment density shous the impact

of

permethrin on the aquatic fauna

in situ.

^The results obtained reveal the same trend as the results yielded by the

rr".

of-individrral

Eroughs (taUle

VI

and

figs

4-5).

Thus, the Ephemeroptera and the Simuliidae are the two most affected groups.

Nevertheless, es regards the former, the rate

of

reduction following passage

of

the larvicide

at

0.015 ppm/10 min does not exceed

772; thie is

appreciably less

itrin ttri

detachment

observed

in

the

gutter (90-952).

Furthermore, the Chironouidae, although alwaye

relatively

more abundant, seem

to

be more affected than

in

the

gutter

experimente. The Trichoptera experience a reduction

in their

numbers

of

about 702, ntrich

ia

more

or

less the same

is

the detachment noted

in

the gutter.

Taking the overall balance

in

^s111!g,

it

can be aeen

that

the

relative

importance

of

^the

Chirononidae

is

increased, ttrat

6l??ition of

the Trichoptera reoains quite stable, and

thet

there

is

a

fairly

clear reduct.ion

of

the Epheueroptera (tr'ige 6 and 7).

In

conclusion, the impact

of

permethrin on the non-target aquatic fauna

is far

more

draetic than

thet of

temephos. Neverthelees, what

ie

involved

is

only a very short-teru

effect frm

wtrich nothing can be assumed concerning the

effect of

the poieon

in

regular

application.

To the extent that no

nortality

wae noted any more among fishes and large crustaceans' lre coneider

that

the mediurterm

effect of

pernethrin should be inveetigated most

attentively, in

particul.ar by constant oonitoring

of

the density

of

the fauna

in

eitu.

For that purposer we can recomend the use

of

the Surber eanpl.er and

artificial subffi

in a larviciding minicaopaign over a period

of

several Eonths, including the high water

period. It i8, in fact,

^probabLe

that

the overall impact

of

the pesticide

,i11

be less during the high-water period than during the

lgrwater

period, whiltr wag wtren our tests ^were carried

out.

Laetly, neither

of

the two formulatione tested aeeos lese

toxic

thao the other and,

in

the

light of

the experioente carried out., the impact on the non-target fauna

is

^no

guide

for

the eelection

of

one

or

the other.

ocP/vcu/HYBro/ ^{84 . 14} Pege ¹²

TABI.E VI. MEAN DENSITY (ORGAI.IIS}TS/N2) BEFORE AND ATTER TR.EATMENT WITII ^TALCORD

Insecticides Talcord 0.02 ppm/10 nin Talcord 0.015 ppm/10 min Taxa

Before treatEent

After

treatment ^Beforetreatment

After treatmeot

EPHEI.{EROPTERA

oligoneuriidae Tricorythidae

Baetidae Caenidae

CITIRONOUIDAE

Chironomini Tatryrpodii.nae

Tanytarsini Orthocladiinae

IRTCHOPTERA

Cher.matopsyche faLcifera

Gheumatopsvche digitata

S:gelgPslslg

_"p.

Aoohiosvche sD.

ortilotrichia

^stae1eni

Protouacronema sp.

6'tore-ae

DIPTERA

S. damnoeum

6ffiliidae

Geratopogonidae Tipulidae

Other Diptera

@LEOPTERA

Elmidae Dytiecidae

I,EPIDOPTERA

Pyralidae

PLECOPTERA

Neoperla spio Hydrachnellae

62.2 444.4

2 497 .7 408.9

L 448.9 t42.2 17.8 115.6

320.0 97.8 44.4 62.2 26.7 L24.4 L42.2 97.8

8.9 53.3

53 .3

44.4 8.9

17.8 8.9

773.3

3 L02.2 17.8

253.3 26.7 382.2 053.3

62.2 817.8 17.8

262.2 391.1 62.2 62.2 35.6

17.8 26.7 391.1 17.8 622.2

168.9 r.86.7

546.7

,1.t

17.8

.

62.2 44.4

17.8 8.9 44.4 8.9

248.9

97_.8

8.9 53.3 62.2 71.1 88.9

5 093.3

266.7

17 .8

':'u

26.7

t.,

17 .8 88.9

8.9

275.6 26.7

133.3

524.4 17.8

L77.8

960.0

44.4

106 .7

248.9

133.3

L 422.2

26.7 Chimarra Detri

Total fauna 13 013.3 3 27L.L 16 337.8 6 6L3.3

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