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Annual Report of the Canadian Section of the International Society of
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering for year ending June 1968
including Membership List of the Canadian Section
NATIONAL R E S E A R C H COUNCIL O F CANADA ASSOCIATE C O M M I T T E E ON G E O T E C H N I C A L R E S E A R C H ANNUAL R E P O R T O F T H E CANADIAN S E C T I O N O F T H E INTERNATIONAL S O C I E T Y F O R S O I L MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
F O R YEAR ENDING J U N E 1968
INCLUDING M E M B E R S H I P LIST O F T H E CANADIAN SECTION
RtM
ALY
ZED
P r e p a r e d b y W. J . E d e n , M i s s J. B u t l e r and M i s s D. T r e m b l a y T e c h n i c a l M e m o r a n d u m No. 94 OTTAWA N o v e m b e r 1 9 6 8( i ) FOREWORD An Annual R e p o r t of t h e Canadian S e c t i o n i s i s s u e d e a c h y e a r and t h i s R e p o r t i s , t h e r e f o r e , a s u m m a r y of t h e a c t i v i t i e s of C a n a d i a n m e m b e r s of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c i e t y f o r S o i l M e c h a n i c s and F o u n d a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g f o r t h e p e r i o d J u n e 1967 to J u n e 1968. I t i s published f o r t h e p u r p o s e of keeping C a n a d i a n s i n f o r m e d of t h o s e s o i l m e c h a n i c s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w h i c h a r e being conducted i n t h e i r own country. I n t h i s w a y , i t w i l l a s s i s t i n o v e r c o m i n g t h e n a t u r a l h a n d i c a p o f f e r e d by t h e w i d e s p r e a d g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of s o i l m e c h a n i c s w o r k i n Canada. The R e p o r t i n c l u d e s a l i s t of p u b l i c a t i o n s by m e m b e r s of t h e C a n a d i a n S e c t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n , i t i n c l u d e s a l i s t of known t h e s i s t o p i c s p r e s e n t l y u n d e r s t u d y and a l i s t of s u g g e s t e d r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s . I t is hoped t h a t t h e s e l i s t s w i l l d e v e l o p i n t o u s e f u l s o u r c e s of i n f o r m a t i o n . A s p e c i a l e f f o r t has b e e n m a d e t o r e d u c e r e p o r t s on r o u t i n e work. I t i s p r o b a b l e , h o w e v e r , t h a t s o m e of t h e w o r k noted w a s of a r o u t i n e n a t u r e b u t w a s c o n s i d e r e d w o r t h including b e c a u s e of p o s s i b l e g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t . B r e v i t y i n r e p o r t i n g t h e w o r k h a s been a t t e m p t e d .
( i i ) T A B L E O F CONTENTS P a g e 1. G e n e r a l S o i l P r o p e r t i e s 2 . M e c h a n i c a l P r o p e r t i e s I n c l u d i n g P e r m e a b i l i t y 3. Shallow F o u n d a t i o n s I n c l u d i n g P a v e m e n t s 4. D e e p F o u n d a t i o n s 5. E a r t h and R o c k P r e s s u r e s
6.
E a r t h a n d R o c k D a m s , S l o p e s and Open E x c a v a t i o n s A P P E N D I X "Af1-
A l p h a b e t i c a l L i s t of M e m b e r s of the C a n a d i a n S e c t i o n of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o c i e t y f o r S o i l M e c h a n i c s and F o u n d a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g . A P P E N D I X "Btl-
L i s t of M e m b e r s A s s o c i a t e d with O r g a n i z a t i o n s . A P P E N D I X "Clt-
M e m b e r s I P u b l i c a t i o n s S i n c e J u n e 1967. APPENDIX l t D q t-
A c t i v e G r a d u a t e T h e s i s W o r k Known to M e m b e r s.
A P P E N D I X l l E 1 l-
S u g g e s t i o n s of Needed R e s e a r c h .1. GENERAL SOIL PROPERTIES
Brown. J . D.
R e s e a r c h i s being c a r r i e d out into the effect of m i n e r a l g r a i n s t r u c t u r e on the tlndrained s h e a r s t r e n g t h of n o r m a l l y consc)lidated m a r i n e c l a y s using t r i a x i a l and d i r e c t s i m p l e s h e a r equipment in the l a b o r a t o r y .
Canadian National Railways
( a ) Continuing t e s t s on the u s e of c h e m i c a l s to c o n t r o l f r o s t heaving of r a i l w a y t r a c k .
( b ) Field t e s t s to c o m p a r e the l o n g - t e r m field p e r f o r m a n c e of c r u s h e d r o c k b a l l a s t with the r e s u l t s of s t a n d a r d a c c e p t a n c e t e s t s on b a l l a s t .
Chapman, L. J.
Revising the D e p a r t m e n t ' s physiographic m a p of s o u t h e r n O n t a r i o f o r r e p r i n t i n g . I t i s o u r intention to extend the m a p to N o r t h Bay a t t h i s t i m e , the old m a p s having c o v e r e d only the a r e a underlain by P a l e o z o i c r o c k s .
D e p a r t m e n t of P u b l i c Works of C a n a d a , Testing L a b o r a t o r i e s
Development of a s q u a r e thin -walled tube s a m p l e r capable of p e r f o r m i n g field vane t e s t s while obtaining a s a m p l e .
Division of Building R e s e a r c h , National Re s e a r c h Council
Soil T e m p e r a t u r e s and Soil M o i s t u r e
Field c a l i b r a t i o n of n u c l e a r m o i s t u r e and d e n s i t y m e t e r s i n c l a y s o i l s a t Winnipeg, R e g i n a , Saskatoon and Eston w e r e continued. A
study was concluded of ground t e m p e r a t u r e s under the insulated p e r i m e t e r of a heated s l a b - o n - g r o u n d and in a n undisturbed s o i l p r o f i l e c o v e r e d with s t r a w b a l e s .
F r o s t Action
Studies w e r e continued in the l a b o r a t o r y on the heaving p r e s s u r e s g e n e r a t e d by the g r o w t h of i c e c r y s t a l s i n m e d i a of known p o r e s i z e . A t h e r m o - e l e c t r i c cooling s y s t e m i s under development with which
a t r i a x i a l s p e c i m e n of f r o z e n s o i l c a n b e t e s t e d u n d e r a c o n s t a n t c o n t r ~ l l e d t e m p e r a t u r e . F u r t h e r w o r k w a s c o n d u c t e d o n t h e a s s e s s m e n t of t h e a i r i n t r u s i o n t e s t a s a c r i t e r i o n f o r f r o s t s u s c e p t i b i l i t y . P e r m a f r o s t D i s t r i b u t i o n O b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e c o n t i n u e d i n t h e d i s c o n t i n u o u s p e r m a f r o s t z o n e o n t e r r a i n f e a t u r e s w h i c h m i g h t i n d i c a t e t h e p r e s e n c e of p e r m a f r o s t . In t h e c u r r e n t y e a r , a n e x t e n s i v e a r e a of n o r t h e r n Q u e b e c , e a s t of H u d s o n B a y , w a s s u r v e y e d . G r o u n d t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e c o n t i n u e d a t I n u v i k , N . W . T . , T h o m p s o n and G i l l a m , M a n i t o b a . M u s k e g H a n d b o o k E d i t o r i a l s e r v i c e s w e r e p r o v i d e d f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of a M u s k e g E n g i n e e r i n g H a n d b o o k w h i c h w i l l b e p u b l i s h e d l a t e i n 1968. E l s o n ,
J .
A . ( i ) S t u d y i n g t h e d e p o s i t s a n d h i s t o r y ofglacial
L a k e A g a s s i z . ( i i ) S t u d y i n g t h e e f f e c t s of f r e e z e t h a w a n d n e e d l e i c e o n s o i l m o v e m e n t s and of f r e e z e t h a w o n r o c k f a l l s . ( i ) I n d e x p r o p e r t i e s a n d c o n s o l i d a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s i l t s i z e s u l p h u r b e a r i n g o r e f r o m G u a t e m a l a . ( i i ) D e v e l o p m e n t of l a b o r a t o r y e q u i p m e n t f o r c y c l i c l o a d s t r e n g t h t e s t s ; a p p l i c a t i o n of e q u i p m e n t t o r e p e t i t i v e l o a d i n g of s e n s i t i v e c l a y t o s i m u l a t e e a r t h q u a k e and b l a s t i n g e f f e c t s . H v d r o - Q u k b e c L i m i t a t i o n d e la p k n k t r a t i o n d u g e l d a n s l e s s o l s p a r l a c r k a t i o n d ' u n t a p i s i s o l a n t d e n e i g e a r t i f i c i e l l e : a p p l i c a t i o n a u x n o y a u x en t i l l c o m p a c t 6 d e s b a r r a g e s d t O u t a r d e s 4 e t d t O u t a r d e s 3 ( c o n t i n u a t i o n d e s o b s e r v a t i o n s d e l f a n d e r n i e r ) . C a r a c t k r i s t i q u e s g k o t e c h n i q u e s d e s a r g i l e s p r o - g l a c i a r e s d e la r k g i o n d u l a c O j i b w a y - B a r l o w . K a r r o w , P. F. I n t h e s u m m e r of 1967 t h e m a p p i n g of t h e P l e i s t o c e n e g e o l o g y of t h e S t r a t f o r d - C o n e s t o g o a r e a w a s c o n t i n u e d f o r t h e G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y of C a n a d a . M a p p i n g w a s c o m p l e t e d e a r l y i n t h e s u m m e r of 1 9 6 8 . F i e l d m a p p i n g of t h e 8 5 0 - s q u a r e - m i l e a r e a h a s b e e n s u p p l e m e n t e d b y m e c h a n i c a l a n a l y s i s a n d c a r b o n a t e a n a l y s i s ( C h i t t i c k m e t h o d ) o f 5 0 0 t i l l s a m p l e s . A t m a n y l o c a l i t i e s t i l l f a b r i c h a s b e e n s t u d i e d ; h e a v y m i n e r a l s a n d c l a y m i n e r a l sa r e b e i n g studied on s e l e c t e d s a m p l e s . P e b b l e c o u n t s have b e e n done a t m a n y t i l l and g r a v e l l o c a l i t i e s .
L a b a .
J .
T.(a) Magnitude of " f r o s t g r i p " a s a function of w a t e r content, p o r o s i t y , t e m p e r a t u r e and p a r t i c l e s h a p e .
( b ) L a t e r a l t h r u s t of f r o z e n s o i l s a s a function of w a t e r c o n t e n t , t e m p e r a t u r e , p o r o s i t y and p a r t i c l e s h a p e . L o c k e r , J . G.
A study of the p e t r o g r a p h i c and e n g i n e e r i n g p r o p e r t i e s of f i n e - g r a i n e d 'Isoft s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s " of c e n t r a l A l b e r t a .
Manitoba Hydro
By m e a n s of t h e r m o c o u p l e s the t e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n l i m e s t o n e and i n g n e i s s w e r e o b s e r v e d d u r i n g the w i n t e r m o n t h s . The
t h e r m o c o u p l e s w e r e i n s t a l l e d a t 2 f t i n t e r v a l s to 20 f t below t h e s u r f a c e . T h e l o c a t i o n s s e l e c t e d had 0 , 2 f t o r 4 ft of o v e r b u r d e n a t e a c h of t h e two s i t e s i n s o u t h e r n Manitoba.
Mathew s
.
W. H.Continuation of a study of p o r e w a t e r c o m p o s i t i o n of m a r i n e s i l t s and c l a y s and c h a n g e s with d e p t h a n d t i m e of b u r i a l .
M i l o v i c .
D.
A c o m p l e t e t h e o r e t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e s t r e s s e s and d i s p l a c e m e n t s i n function of 5 e l a s t i c c o n s t a n t s h a s b e e n m a d e both f o r a r o u g h and s m o o t h rigid b a s e .
McGill U n i v e r s i t y , Soil M e c h a n i c s L a b o r a t o r y ,
D e p a r t m e n t o f Civil Enginee r i n g and Applied M e c h a n i c s
Continuation of b a s i c s t u d i e s of c l a y - w a t e r s y s t e m s ; p h y s i c s of s o i l w a t e r m o v e m e n t , w a t e r r e t e n t i o n , s e p a r a t i o n of c a p i l l a r y and o s m o t i c f o r c e s i n c l a y - w a t e r s y s t e m s , o p t i c a l s t u d i e s of t h e f a b r i c of c l a y - w a t e r s y s t e m s and t h e c h a n g e s o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g s h e a r i n g . S o i l f r e e z i n g , f r o s t heaving p r e s s u r e s , i c e - w a t e r i n t e r f a c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s , m o d i f i c a t i o n of f r o s t heaving e f f e c t s u s i n g a d d i t i v e s .
O n t a r i o H y d r o , R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n S t u d i e s of t h e r m a l p r o p e r t i e s of s o i l w e r e continued i n r e g a r d to t h e b e h a v i o u r of s o i l backfilled a r o u n d high v o l t a g e u n d e r g r o u n d c a b l e s . T h e t h e r m a l r e s i s t i v i t y of i d e a l l y g r a d e d m a t e r i a l s m a d e of p u r e s i l i c a , b a s a l t and i l l e m i n i t e w e r e m a d e . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e t h e r m a l r e s i s t i v i t y of i d e a l l y g r a d e d l i m e s t o n e s c r e e n i n g s i m p r e g n a t e d w i t h v a r y i n g p r o p o r t i o n s of a s p h a l t w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d . P. F. R. A. ( S a s k a t o o n ) An i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s c a r r i e d o u t to d e t e r m i n e the m a x i m u m and m i n i m u m d e n s i t i e s of s i l t y s a n d s a n d g r a v e l s and t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n field d e n s i t i e s a n d l a b o r a t o r y r e l a t i v e d e n s i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . A m e t h o d i s b e i n g d e v e l o p e d to d e t e r m i n e t h e g r a i n s i z e of c e m e n t e d c l a y s h a l e s . Q u e e n ' s U n i v e r s i t y Continued to w o r k o n t h e d u r a b i l i t y of l i m e s t a b i l i z e d s o i l s u n d e r f r e e z i n g c o n d i t i o n s . T h e r m o - e l e c t r i c cooling units a r e used to c o n t r o l the uni - d i r e c t i o n a l f r e e z i n g with heaving p r e s s u r e s m e a s u r e d by t r a n s d u c e r s . A p p l i c a t i o n of c e m e n t t e c h n o l o g y t o t h e f r e e z i n g of l i m e s t a b i l i z e d s o i l s s h o w s p r o m i s e , but p r e d i c t a b i l i t y of t h e s oil b e h a v i o u r i s not e x a c t . N. W . R a d f o r t h C o n t r i b u t i o n w a s m a d e t o the u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e evolution of ground p a t t e r n s a s t h e s e e x i s t i n m u s k e g i n d i f f e r e n t c o n f o r m a t i o n s . T h i s w o r k f o r m e d p a r t of t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n on the a e r i a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of m u s k e g and t h i s p a r t of t h e s t u d y involving c o m p a r i s o n of ground conditions in m u s k e g on the n o r t h - s o u t h a x i s i n n o r t h e r n N o r t h A m e r i c a . T e r r a t e c h Ltd. A i r a n d p a v e m e n t s u r f a c e f r e e z i n g i n d i c e s w e r e m e a s u r e d d u r i n g 1 9 6 7 - 6 8 f r e e z i n g s e a s o n on a n i n s t r u m e n t e d highway s e c t i o n n e a r M o n t r e a l . F r o s t p e n e t r a t i o n and p a v e m e n t h e a v e w e r e a l s o m e a s u r e d . T h e f r o s t p e n e t r a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e being c o r r e l a t e d t o computed p r e d i c t i o n s .
R. C. T h u r b e r & A s s o c s . Ltd.
F i e l d and l a b o r a t o r y o b s e r v a t i o n s c o l l e c t e d o v e r a t e n - y e a r p e r i o d on foundation s t u d i e s i n t h e C i t y of V i c t o r i a h a v e b e e n c o m p i l e d a s a b a s i s f o r a r e p o r t on t h e Foundation and E n g i n e e r i n g Geology of t h e G r e a t e r V i c t o r i a a r e a . U n i v e r s i t v of A l b e r t a ( a ) S h e a r s t r e n g t h o f o v e r consolidated c l a y s h a l e s o i l s ; ( b ) I o n exchange phenomena a s a f f e c t i n g s t r e n g t h , c o n s o l i - d a t i o n and p h y s i c a l l i m i t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; ( c ) I n f l u e n c e of Geology on G e o t e c h n i c a l P r o p e r t i e s of U p p e r C r e t a c e o u s c l a y s h a l e s ; ( d ) F i e l d and l a b o r a t o r y m e a s u r e m e n t s of v o l u m e c h a n g e s i n c o m p a c t e d s o i l s ; ( e ) F a b r i c s t u d i e s of c l a y s o i l s ; ( f ) Continuing s t u d i e s o n f r o s t a c t i o n p h e n o m e n a i n both open and c l o s e d s y s t e m s . U n i v e r s i t v of T o r o n t o ( a ) P r e d i c t i o n of d e p t h s and u n d e r l y i n g m a t e r i a l s i n m u s k e g d e p o s i t s using a i r p h o t o s ; ( b ) E r o s i o n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o n t h e S c a r b o r o u g h Bluffs u s i n g a i r p h o t o i n t e r p r e t a t i o n ; ( c ) Application of i n f r a - r e d s c a n n i n g i m a g e r y t o t h e e a r t h s c i e n c e s ; ( d ) E n g i n e e r i n g
-
geology i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of v a r v e d c l a y s and c l a y t i l l s ; MECHANICAL P R O P E R T I E S INCLUDING P E R M E A B I L I T Y H. G. A c r e s & Co. Ltd. ( a ) Continuation of l a b o r a t o r y r e s e a r c h on t h e s h e a r s t r e n g t ha n d s t r e s s d e f o r m a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of l a c u s t r i n e a n d m a r i n e c l a y s a n d n o n p l a s t i c g l a c i a l t i l l s . T h e s e s t u d i e s i n c l u d e : ( i ) T h e m e a s u r e m e n t of t h e a n i s o t r o p i c s h e a r s t r e n g t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s t r a t i f i e d and v a r v e d c l a y s , i n c l u d i n g t h e n a t u r a l u n d r a i n e d s h e a r s t r e n g t h a n d t h e d r a i n e d s t r e n g t h . T h e s e t e s t s a r e b e i n g p e r f o r m e d o n b l o c k s a m p l e s o b t a i n e d f r o m a d e e p t e s t s h a f t a n d a l s o o n 5 - i n c h d i a m e t e r t u b e s a m p l e s . S a m p l e s a r e b e i n g t e s t e d a t v a r i o u s o r i e n t a t i o n s of t h e f a i l u r e p l a n e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p l a n e of s t r a t i f i c a t i o n i n b o t h t r i a x i a l a n d d i r e c t s h e a r e q u i p m e n t . T h e d r a i n e d d i r e c t s h e a r t e s t s i n c l u d e t h e m e a s u r e m e n t of b o t h t h e p e a k a n d r e s i d u a l s h e a r s t r e n g t h . ( i i ) M e a s u r e m e n t of the s h e a r s t r e n g t h a n d d e f o r m a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a n o n p l a s t i c w e l l - g r a d e d g l a c i a l t i l l . ( b ) C o n t i n u e d l a b o r a t o r y t e s t i n g t o a s s e s s t h e s h e a r s t r e n g t h p r o p e r t i e s o n c l a y s e a m s i n s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s . ( c ) S t u d y of t h e h o r i z o n t a l p e r m e a b i l i t y of c o m p a c t e d n o n p l a s t i c w e l l - g r a d e d g l a c i a l t i l l . D i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l G r o u n d w a t e r S t u d i e s A s t u d y of t h e e f f e c t s of l a w n w a t e r i n g o n t h e g r o u n d w a t e r t a b l e i n u r b a n a r e a s w a s c o n t i n u e d i n w e s t e r n C a n a d a . O b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e m a d e o n t h e m o v e m e n t a n d a c c u m u l a t i o n of s a l t s i n s o i l s w h i c h a r e a g g r e s s i v e t o c o n c r e t e . M e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e c o n t i n u e d o n t h e g r o u n d w a t e r flow i n a c l a y t e r r a c e s y s t e m a l o n g t h e O t t a w a R i v e r . G. W . H o l l i n e s h e a d T h e l o a d - d e f o r m a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of p e a t a r e t ~ n j n ~ s t l ~ r l i c . ( l . M o s t a p p r o p r i a t e a p p a r a t u s and t e c h n i q u e s f o r s a m p l i n g a n d t e s t i n g s11 c h m a t e r i a l s a r e u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
E t u d e s u r la c a p a c i t 6 p o r t a n t e d e s a r g i l e s p r o - g l a c i a i r e s d e la r 6 g i o n d u l a c O j i b w a y - B a r l o w e n v u e d e la c o n s t r u c t i o n d e d i g u e s e n t e r r e .
Y .
D. K i m ( a ) T h e e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p of T i l b u r y c l a y till u n d e r c y c l i c l o a d i n g is s t u d i e d u s i n g l a b o r a t o r y c y c l i c triaxial c o m p r e s s i o n a p p a r a t u s a n d i n s i t u p l a t e l o a d t e s t s w h e r e p o r e p r e s s u r e s w e r e m e a s u r e d . ( b ) T h e e f f e c t s of s a m p l e d i s t u r b a n c e o n s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p a n d e - l o g p c u r v e s o f T i l b u r y c l a y till a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e m e t h o d of c o r r e c t i o n t o o b t a i n t h e f i e l d v a l u e s a r e b e i n g s t u d i e d . ( c ) T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e r a t e of s e c o n d a r y c o m p r e s s i o n a n d t h e p r e c o n s o l i d a t i o n p r e s s u r e a r e s t u d i e d u s i n g T i l b u r y c l a y till. B . L a d a n v i ( a ) I n f l u e n c e o f g r a i n m a t e r i a l o n t h e s h e a r s t r e n g t h o f s a n d . ( b ) P e r f o r a t e d b e a m t e s t f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of r o c k . ( c ) E f f e c t of p o r o s i t y o n t h e f a i l u r e c r i t e r i o n f o r r o c k m a t e r i a l . E. Z. L a j t a i S t r e n g t h o f D i s c o n t i n u o u s R o c k s A l m o s t all t h e w o r k , s o f a r , h a s c e n t r e d a r o u n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of t h e i n f l u e n c e of s i m u l a t e d p l a n e s of w e a k n e s s i n p l a s t e r a n d k a o l i n - p l a s t e r m o d e l s s t r e s s e d u n d e r d i r e c t s h e a r l o a d i n g . J . G . L o c k e r T h e e f f e c t s of d i a g e n e s i s o n t h e s h e a r s t r e n g t h of f i n e - g r a i n e d " s o f t s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s " of c e n t r a l A l b e r t a .M a n i t o b a H y d r o ( a ) S p e c i a l t r i a x i a l t e s t s i n w h i c h f a i l u r e i s c a u s e d b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e a r e p r e s e n t l y b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t o n s i l t y s a n d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t of s a t u r a t i o n b y t h e r i s i n g f o r e b a y l e v e l a f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n of a n e a r t h e m b a n k m e n t . I n i t i a l m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s a t , a b o v e , a n d b e l o w o p t i m u m a r e b e i n g u s e d . ( b ) M o d e l t e s t s t o s t u d y t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f v a r i o u s t h i c k n e s s e s o f a s a n d l a y e r b e n e a t h a 4" s q u a r e f o o t i n g w e r e p e r f > r m e d . T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t o n l o w a s w e l l a s h i g h l y p l a s t i c s o i l s . L o a d b e h a v i o u r 3f t h e s e s o i l s w a s s t u d i e d a t m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s c l o s e t o o p t i m u m , l i q u i d l i m i t a n d m i d w a y b e t w e e n o p t i m u m a n d l i q u i d l i m i t . T h e l o a d s e t t l e m e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p w a s u s e d a s t h e c r i t e r i o n f o r t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e s a n d l a y e r s . E. L . M a t y a s
A
s t u d y of t h e d y n a m i c r e s p o n s e of a m a s s o f c l a y s u b j e c t e d t o s h o c k w a v e s i s c o n t i n u i n g . M c G i l l U n i v e r s i t y , S o i l M e c h a n i c s L a b o r a t o r y , D e p a r t m e n t o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g a n d A p p l i e d M e c h a n i c s C o n s t i t u t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s : c o n t i n u a t i o n of s t u d i e s of y i e l d i n g a n d c o n c e p t s of f a i l u r e i n s o i l s u s i n g t r u e t r i a x i a l t e s t s , s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p s , c r e e p a n d r e l a x a t i o n . C o m p r e s s i b i l i t y a n d c o n s o l i d a t i o n ; o p t i c a l s t u d i e s of f a b r i c c h a n g e s o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g c o n s o l i d a t i o n , c o n t i n u a t i o n of s t u d y of i n f l u e n c e of t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t s o n c o n s o l i d a t i o n . H y d r a u l i c c o n d u c t i v i t y of p a r t i a l l y s a t u r a t e d s o i l s , i n f i l t r a t i o n s t u d i e s of s w e l l i n g a n d n o n -s w e l l i n g c l a y s o i l s . S o i l d y n a m i c s , c o n s t i t u t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r s o i l i n a d y a n m i c r e g i m e , a n e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e c o n c e p t of c r i t i c a l l o a d i n g v e l o c i t i e s f o r s o i l s , s t r e s s w a v e p r o p a g a t i o n i n s o i l s , s o i l - s t r u c t u r e i n t e r a c t i o n , b u l k f l o w of g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l s . T r a f f i c a b i l i t y a n d M o b i l i t y : s t u d i e s of s o i l d e f o r m a t i o n a n d e n e r g y d i s s i p a t i o n u n d e r m o v i n g r i g i d a n d p n e u m a t i c w h e e l s , v e l o c i t y a n d s t r a i n - r a t e f i e l d s u n d e r g r o u s e r a c t i o n , s o i l c u t t i n g .O n t a r i o H y d r o , R e s e a r c h Division
The 10s s o f s t r e n g t h a s s o c i a t e d with s a m p l i n g a t l a r g e d e p t h s w a s continued on s o i l s f r o m the L a m b t o n GS ( S a r n i a ) . KO c o n s o l i d a t e d
s p e c i m e n s f r o m block s a m p l e s w e r e t e s t e d and c o m p a r e d with conventionally t e s t e d s a m p l e s . In a d d i t i o n , KO c o n s o l i d a t e d s l u r r y s a m p l e s w e r e t e s t e d to d e t e r m i n e v i r g i n s t r e n g t h and c o n s o l i d a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s . A method of c o r r e c t i o n f o r t h e l o s s of undrained s t r e n g t h was developed which m a k e s u s e of t h e e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s and p o r e p r e s s u r e p a r a m e t e r s of t h e s o i l . L a b o r a t o r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e b e i n g c o n d u c t e d , o n a continuing b a s i s , t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r e s i d u a l s t r e n g t h of o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d c l a y s and c l a y s h a l e s , i n a n a t t e m p t to d e v e l o p b e t t e r t e c h n i q u e s f o r p r e d i c t i n g field b e h a v i o u r . D i r e c t s h e a r m a c h i n e s a r e b e i n g u s e d f o r t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s although a l i m i t e d a m o u n t of d e v e l o p m e n t w o r k has b e e n c a r r i e d o u t to u s e t r i a x i a l e q u i p m e n t f o r r e s i d u a l s t r e n g t h t e s t i n g . Q u e e n ' s U n i v e r s i t y Continued to s t u d y t h e b r i t t l e b e h a v i o u r of n a t u r a l l y c e m e n t e d s o i l s . T e s t s a r e being conducted on s a m p l e s of v a r v e d c l a y , L e d a c l a y and a L a b r a d o r clay t o m e a s u r e t h e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h s and unconfined c o m p r e s s i o n s t r e n g t h under w a t e r . J u s t i f i c a t i o n a p p e a r s to e x i s t f o r the u s e of t h e Modified G r i f f i t h C r a c k T h e o r y f o r conditions of i n i t i a l yielding.
Continued to w o r k on t h e b e h a v i o u r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s e n s i t i v e s o i l s u n d e r the a p p l i c a t i o n of r e p e a t e d loading. P r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t the r e s p o n s e p a t t e r n s of t h e s e s o i l s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m the r e s p o n s e of i n s e n s i t i v e s o i l s . The c r i t i c a l l e v e l of r e p e a t e d loading f o r t h e s o i l s m a y c o r r e s p o n d to the s a f e d e s i g n l i m i t u n d e r s t a t i c l o a d i n g conditions.
Studying the s t r e s s - s t r a i n b e h a v i o u r and yielding of n a t u r a l l y c e m e n t e d s o i l s . P a r t i c u l a r e m p h a s i s i s being p l a c e d on s t a t e s of low l e v e l c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e s s , i. e . , s t a t e s of s t r e s s a p p r o p r i a t e to field loading p r o b l e m s . T h e r e s p o n s e of t h e s e s o i l s a p p e a r s to b e v e r y i n s e n s i t i v e to c h a n g e s in e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s within the working r a n g e of s t r e s s .
Continued to w o r k o n the m e a s u r e m e n t of t h e s t r e n g t h of o r g a n i c s o i l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y p e a t , a s m e a s u r e d u s i n g the f i e l d vane a p p a r a t u s . A l a r g e v a r i e t y of s o i l t y p e s have b e e n t e s t e d which i n d i c a t e a s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n i n t h e s t r e n g t h m e a s u r e m e n t depending upon t h e v a n e s i z e . T h e r e a p p e a r s to be a n o p t i m u m vane s i z e . A n i s o t r o p i c s t r e n g t h a l s o a p p e a r s to be a g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c .
Q u e e n ' s U n i v e r s i t y ( C o n t l d ) Influence of c e m e n t a t i o n on r a t e s of c o n s o l i d a t i o n in s e n s i t i v e c l a y s . S i g n i f i c a n c e of s e c o n d a r y d e f o r m a t i o n i n s e n s i t i v e c l a y s . F . A . T a v e n a s E t u d e s d e s p r o p r i e t g s m g c a n i q u e s d Iun s a b l e f i n u n i f o r m e p e u d e n s e s u b m e r g 6 p a r p r 6 l b v e m e n t d 1 6 c h a n t i l l o n s non r e m a n i 6 s e t d k t e r m i n a t i o n du poids volumique e n p l a c e , d e s c a r a c t k r i s t i q u e s m 6 c a n i q u e s s u r 6 c h a n t i l l o n s r e c o n s t i t u 6 s . T e r r a t e c h L t d . C o m p l e t e l a b o r a t o r y t e s t i n g including e l a b o r a t e t r i a x i a l t e s t i n g to d e t e r m i n e p r o p e r t i e s and s h e a r s t r e n g t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a s i l t y g l a c i a l t i l l c o m p a c t e d a b o v e o p t i m u m m o i s t u r e content. U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a F i e l d s a m p l i n g and l a b o r a t o r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o the p r o p e r t i e s of till. U n i v e r s i t v of B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ( a ) T e s t i n g of s a n d s and c l a y s u n d e r s i m u l a t e d e a r t h q u a k e l o a d i n g f o r both d y n a m i c s i m p l e s h e a r and t r i a x i a l c o n d i t i o n s . ( b ) M e a s u r e m e n t and a n a l y s e s of r e s p o n s e of c l a y and s a n d m o d e l s u s i n g p r o g r a m m a b l e v i b r a t i o n t a b l e . ( c ) L i q u e f a c t i o n of s a n d s . ( d ) C r e e p r u p t u r e s t u d i e s on s e n s i t i v e c l a y s . ( e ) S t r e n g t h and d e f o r m a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s o i l s in s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d p l a n e s t r a i n d e v i c e . ( f ) F a i l u r e c r i t e r i o n f o r s o i l s .
U n i v e r s i t v of T o r o n t o
I n v e s t i g a t i o n of c o h e s i o n i n t e r m s of effective s t r e s s e s f o r t h e Welland clay.
I n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e coefficient of e a r t h p r e s s u r e a t r e s t and t h e p o r e p r e s s u r e changes under conditions of r e d u c i n g l a t e r a l s t r e s s f o r Welland clay.
I n t e r p a r t i c l e bonds in n a t u r a l c l a y s and t h e i r i n f l u e n c e on s t r e s s - s t r a i n behaviour.
S h e a r s t r e n g t h s a s obtained by f i e l d v a n e s of d i f f e r e n t s h a p e and r u n a t d i f f e r e n t a n g l e s with the v e r t i c a l one being c o m p a r e d with the r e s u l t s of conventional l a b o r a t o r y c o m p r e s s i o n t e s t s f o r homogeneous and v a r v e d c l a y s . U n i v e r s i t v of W e s t e r n O n t a r i o ( a ) I n f l u e n c e of s a l i n e p o r e fluid on t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y and c o e f f i c i e n t of consolidation of a s o i l f r o m a b r i d g e s i t e i n B r i t i s h Columbia. ( b ) E f f e c t of s o d i u m c i t r a t e e x t r a c t i o n of a l u m i n u m and i r o n on p e r m e a b i l i t y of L e d a c l a y by falling head t e s t s . ( c ) E f f e c t i v e s t r e s s p a r a m e t e r s and p o r e p r e s s u r e d e v e l o p m e n t a s a function of s a m p l e o r i e n t a t i o n and f a b r i c (Welland c l a y s ) .
3. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS INCLUDING PAVEMENTS
J . V. Danvs
Design and e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n of a n a r t i f i c i a l e a r t h and r o c k i s l a n d f o r a lighthouse p i e r i n L a k e St. P e t e r o n a v e r y d e e p l a y e r of t h e unconsolidated l o w - b e a r i n g clay.
D e p a r t m e n t of P u b l i c W o r k s of C a n a d a , T e s t i n g L a b o r a t o r i e s
( a ) In v e s t i g a t i o n of e f f e c t i v e n e s s of s t y r o f o a m i n s u l a t i o n to p r e v e n t f r o s t heave of s p r e a d footings of a building founded on f r o s t s u s c e p t i b l e s o i l s in a r e g i o n of d e e p f r o s t p e n e t r a t i o n . ( b ) I n v e s t i g a t i o n into s e a s o n a l v e r t i c a l m o v e m e n t s of a building
founded on heavily loaded s p r e a d f o o t i n g s o n a d e e p s t r a t u m of L e d a clay.
Division of Building R e s e a r c h , National R e s e a r c h Council Swelling and S h r i n k i n g S o i l s
O b s e r v a t i o n s of the v o l u m e c h a n g e s of heavy c l a y s i n n a t u r a l s o i l p r o f i l e s and i n the v i c i n i t y of s t r u c t u r e s w e r e continued a t v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s i n w e s t e r n Canada. P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n w a s given t o t h e e f f e c t s of v a r i o u s v e g e t a t i o n t y p e s and p a v e m e n t c o v e r . Swelling S l a a A building which s u f f e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l e d a m a g e d u e t o s w e l l i n g of open h e a r t h s l a g b a c k f i l l w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n s o m e d e t a i l . I n s u l a t e d R o a d s L o n g - t e r m o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e continued on the p e r f o r m a n c e of e x p e r i m e n t a l r o a d s e c t i o n s i n s u l a t e d w i t h s e m i - r i g i d f o a m p l a s t i c s , s o p l a c e d t o a t t e n u a t e f r o s t p e n e t r a t i o n . T e s t s e c t i o n s h a v e b e e n i n s t a l l e d a t Ottawa and S u d b u r y , O n t a r i o , and have b e e n o b s e r v e d f o r f o u r y e a r s .
F r o s t A c t i o n on S m a l l F o o t i n g s
O b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e continued on t h e e f f e c t s of f r o s t a c t i o n on s e v e r a l t y p e s of s m a l l footings of the type u s e d f o r unheated s t r u c t u r e s and t r a n s m i s s i o n t o w e r foundations. O b s e r v a t i o n s i n c l u d e t h e a m o u n t of h e a v e and heaving p r e s s u r e s e x e r t e d by adf r e e z i n g .
A n c h o r a g e i n P e r m a f r o s t
F u l l - s c a l e long-and s h o r t - t e r m field t e s t s of g r o u t e d and p o w e r i n s t a l l e d s c r e w a n c h o r s i n p e r m a f r o s t a r e being conducted a t two s i t e s i n n o r t h e r n Manitoba. F o u n d a t i o n s i n P e r m a f r o s t O b s e r v a t i o n s of the p e r f o r m a n c e of foundations a t I n u v i k , N. W.
T.
w e r e continued. T y p e s of foundations u n d e r s t u d y a r e d u c t - v e n t i l a t e d , p i l e , a i r s t r i p and w h a r f . C o n s o l i d a t i o n of S e n s i t i v e C l a v s O b s e r v a t i o n s of s e t t l e m e n t s d u e to t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n of s e n s i t i v e c l a y w e r e continued a t s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s i n e a s t e r n Canada. S i t e s i n c l u d eD i v i s i o n of B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l ( C o n t ' d ) i n s t r u m e n t e d f i l l s a n d b u i l d i n g s w i t h h e a r i n g p r e s s u r e s e x t e n d i n g f r o m w e l l b e l o w t o w e l l a b o v e t h e p r e c o n s o l i d a t i o n p r e s s u r e o f t h e c l a y . A l a b ~ r a t o r y t e s t p r o g r a m m e i s b e i n g c o n t i n u e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s . A s p e c i a l t e s t e m b a n k m e n t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h e b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e well i n e x c e s s of t h e p r e c o n s o l i d a t i o n p r e s s u r e f o r d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s o n t h e c o m p r e s s i v e p r o p e r t i e s o f s e n s i t i v e c l a y . F e d e r a l D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t , C o n s t r u c t i o n B r a n c h ( a ) M e a s u r e m e n t of f r o s t and t h a w p e n e t r a t i o n s a t s e v e r a l a i r p o r t s a c r o s s C a n a d a . ( b ) M e a s u r e m e n t of p a v e m e n t r o u g h n e s s a t s e v e r a l a i r p o r t s a c r o s s C a n a d a . ( c ) E f f e c t of c r u s h e d a g g r e g a t e s o n t h e s t r e s s - s t r a i n a n d s t r e n g t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of b a s e c o u r s e m a t e r i a l s . ( a ) T e m p e r a t u r e a n d s e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s of a f u r n a c e s t r u c t u r e f o u n d e d o n m a r i n e c l a y . ( b ) C o n t i n u i n g s e t t l e m e n t and p i e z o m e t r i c o b s e r v a t i o n s 3 f a n a l u m i n a s t o r a g e b i n f o u n d e d o n . s e n s i t i v e m a r i n e c l a y ( c ) A n a l y s i s of s e t t l e m e n t r e a d i n g s of a m a j o r h i g h l e v e l h i g h w a y b r i d g e l o c a t e d o n a b a y m o u t h b a r d e p o s i t . ( d ) H e a v e m e a s u r e m e n t s o f a b a s e m e n t s l a b c a r r i e d o n s h a l e . R. C . G . H a a s ( a ) C o n t i n u i n g d e v e l o p m e n t of a s y s t e m s f r a m e w o r k f o r t h e p a v e m e n t d e s i g n a n d m a n a g e m e n t p r o c e s s . ( b ) C o n t i n u i n g d e v e l o p m e n t of p r e d i c t i v e t e c h n i q u e s f o r l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e f r a c t u r e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of f l e x i b l e p a v e m e n t s . ( c ) D e v e l o p m e n t of i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m s a n d d a t a b a n k s f o r p a v e m e n t d e s i g n a n d m a n a g e m e n t .
G. W. Hollings head T h e b e h a v i o u r of a m u s k e g f o u n d a t i o n f o r s h a l l o w e m b a n k m e n t s i s b e i n g s t u d i e d by m e a n s of m o d e l t e s t s . L . E. H u r w i t z L a b o r a t o r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of c o n s o l i d a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f t h a w e d p e r m a f r o s t . C o m p u t a t i o n s of f o u n d a t i o n s e t t l e m e n t s i n d i s c o n t i n u o u s p e r m a f r o s t z o n e . G. C-S. Kwei P r o g r a m m e s a r e b e i n g d e v e l o p e d t o s t u d y s e t t l e m e n t p r o b l e m s r e l a t e d t o b r i d g e a b u t m e n t s , p r e c a s t c o n c r e t e c o l u m n f o o t i n g s , e t c . , u s i n g I B M D i s k M o n i t o r C o m p u t e r S y s t e m . P. L a R o c h e l l e P a v e m e n t i n s u l a t i o n t e s t s e c t i o n - m e a s u r e m e n t of f r o s t d e p t h s b y t h e r m o c o u p l e s a n d f r o s t - d e p t h m e t e r , m e a s u r e m e n t of s u r f a c e a n d a i r f r e e z i n g i n d e x . W. L a w C o n t i n u i n g s t u d i e s o n l o c a t i n g S T O L p a r t s f o r S T O L a i r c r a f t o n u n p r e p a r e d a n d s e m i - p r e p a r e d t e r r a i n . E. L . M a t y a s M o d e l t e s t s o n b u r i e d f l e x i b l e c u l v e r t s i s c o n t i n u i n g . G . G , M e y e r h o f M o d e l t e s t s o n s h a l l o w f o u n d a t i o n s o n l a y e r e d c l a y s t r a t a h a v e b e e n m a d e t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e i r b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y . A p a p e r s u m m a r i z i n g t h i s w o r k is b e i n g p r e p a r e d f o r t h e S e v e n t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l S o i l M e c h a n i c s C o n f e r e n c e . D. M i l o v i c T h e p r o b l e m of t h e h i d i m e n s i o n a l s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i n a n a n i s o t r o p i c l a y e r of f i n i t e t h i c k n e s s h a s b e e n s t u d i e d .
McGill U n i v e r s i t y , Soil M e c h a n i c s L a b o r a t o r y ,
D e p a r t m e n t o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g and Applied M e c h a n i c s C o r r u g a t i o n of g r a v e l r o a d s .
T h e r e s i s t a n c e a g a i n s t uplift of foundations on s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s w a s s t u d i e d b y a n a l y z i n g p r e s t r e s s e d tendon a n c h o r s d r i l l e d and grouted i n two s t a g e s i n t o r o c k . T h e f a i l u r e s u r f a c e w a s f e l t t o b e shaped l i k e a t r u m p e t r a t h e r t h a n a 45O c o n e s i n c e the l a y e r e d r o c k s c a n n o t h e a s s u m e d t o have t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h .
O n t a r i o D e ~ a r t m e n t of Hiehwavs
In 1965 we c o n s t r u c t e d a f u l l - s c a l e e x p e r i m e n t on Highway No. 1 0 , n o r t h of B r a m p t o n . T h i r t y - f o u r t e s t s e c t i o n s a r e included and t h e m a i n o b j e c t i v e i s t o d e t e r m i n e the load b e a r i n g e q u i v a l e n c i e s of five
d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f r o a d b a s e s when laid i n c o m b i n a t i o n with a s p h a l t i c c o n c r e t e s u r f a c i n g s and a s a n d y s u b - b a s e m a t e r i a l on a l i g h t c l a y s o i l .
O n t a r i o H y d r o , R e s e a r c h Division
A c o m p r e h e n s i v e f i e l d t e s t w a s c a r r i e d out t o i n v e s t i g a t e the uplift c a p a c i t y of f u l l - s c a l e a u g e r e d f o o t i n g s in stiff f i s s u r e d c l a y . The s t r e n g t h mobilized under uplifting l o a d s w a s c o m p a r e d w i t h s o i l s t r e n g t h d e t e r m i n e d by conventional l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s a s well a s by v a n e , p l a t e and s h e a r box t e s t s . The p r o g r a m m e included t e s t s t o m e a s u r e s o i l m a s s s t r a i n , p o r e p r e s s u r e changes and t h e e f f e c t of c y c l i c and s u s t a i n e d l o a d s .
A n u m b e r of foundation i n s t r u m e n t s w e r e i n s t a l l e d a t t h e L a m b t o n GS i n o r d e r t o m o n i t o r t h e b e h a v i o u r of the s o i l s u p p o r t i n g a m a s s i v e c o a l p i l e and a g i a n t t r a v e l l i n g b u c k e t - w h e e l r e c l a i m e r . T h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n included s e t t l e m e n t g a u g e s t o m e a s u r e both t h e i m m e d i a t e and l o n g - t e r m m o v e m e n t s u n d e r t h e r e c l a i m e r a s w e l l a s p o r e p r e s s u r e c h a n g e s . R e m o t e r e a d i n g fluid l e v e l l i n g d e v i c e s and p o r e p r e s s u r e p i e z o m e t e r s w e r e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e s o i l intended t o s u p p o r t the c o a l pile. N . W. R a d f o r t h
W o r k h a s continued on the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of p h y s i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s in m u s k e g t y p e s . T o r e f l e c t t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s e m p h a s i s was placed t h i s y e a r on the a p p l i c a t i o n of a type v e h i c l e t o d i f f e r e n t wooded e x a m p l e s of
m u s k e g . T r a f f i c a b i l i t y d i f f e r e n c e a m o n g m u s k e g types w a s d i s c l o s e d a s a r e s u l t of t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n . The d i f f e r e n c e s e x p o s e d d a t a enabling the o b s e r v e r t o s e l e c t a n o p t i m u m d e s i g n f o r t i r e s i z e and t i r e p r e s s u r e f o r the v e h i c l e involved.
T e r r a t e c h Ltd.
( a ) S e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e continued on s e v e r a l s i t e s including highway f i l l s and h e a v y i n d u s t r i a l buildings. The foundation s t r a t a a t t h e s e s i t e s a r e m a r i n e c l a y , p e a t o r s h a l e b e d r o c k . ( b ) I n i t i a t e d p r e c i s e v e r t i c a l and l a t e r a l m o v e m e n t s u r v e y s on an a r c h b r i d g e r e c e n t l y c o n s t r u c t e d o n floating foundations i n a n a r e a of n o r m a l l y c o n s o l i d a t e d m a r i n e clay. R . C . T h u r b e r & A s s o c s . Ltd. F i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s have b e e n m a d e of the e l o n g a t i o n of c o r r u g a t e d s t e e l pipe c u l v e r t s u n d e r f i l l s o n s o f t foundations and t h e r e s u l t s c o m p a r e d with a t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s u s i n g t h e technique of f i n i t e e l e m e n t s . U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a ( a ) E v a l u a t i o n of l o a d - d e f l e c t i o n phenomena in l a y e r e d p a v e m e n t s y s t e m s . ( b ) S t a b i l i z a t i o n of v a r i o u s types of s o i l with p o r t l a n d c e m e n t , a s p h a l t o r l i m e . ( c ) C y c l i c l o a d i n g of s t a b i l i z e d s o i l m i x t u r e s . I J n i v e r s i h r of W e s t e r n O n t a r i o B l a c k s h a l e e x p a n s i o n and h e a v e of l i g h t l y loaded s t r u c t u r e s i n Ottawa. 4. D E E P FOUNDATIONS H. G. A c r e s & Co. Ltd. ( a ) The s t u d y of t h e l a t e r a l s t a b i l i t y of l a r g e b r i d g e p i e r c a i s s o n s founded on h o r i z o n t a l l y bedded s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s containing c l a y s e a m s .
H.G. A c r e s & Co. Ltd. ( C o n t ' d )
( b ) Study of l a t e r a l l y l o a d e d p i l e s developing t h e i r l a t e r a l r e s i s t a n c e i n h o r i z o n t a l l y bedded s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s containing c l a y s e a m s , including t h e planning of l a r g e
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s c a l e i n s i t u t e s t s .( c ) Study of t h e m e c h a n i c s of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of s h e a r i n g r e s i s t a n c e a l o n g the s o c k e t of b o r e d p i l e s i n b e d r o c k , including t h e influence of s o c k e t r o u g h n e s s and s p e c i f i c c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s s u c h a s s t e p t a p e r i n g to i m p r o v e t h e load c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y . I n conjunction with t h i s w o r k , l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s t o d e t e r m i n e r o c k p r o p e r t i e s , including the s t r e n g t h - d e f o r m a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of g y p s u m , a r e being u n d e r t a k e n . F i e l d t e s t s i n c l u d e b o r e h o l e p h o t o g r a p h y a n d joint m e a s u r e m e n t s o n v e r t i c a l and i n c l i n e d h o l e s . D e ~ a r t m e n t of P u b l i c W o r k s of C a n a d a . T e s t i n g L a b o r a t o r i e s L a b o r a t o r y and field t e s t i n g t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e u l t i m a t e and working s t r e s s conditions of r o c k s o c k e t e d p i l e s .
Division of Building R e s e a r c h . National R e s e a r c h Council
I n c o - o p e r a t i o n with t h e A u t o r o u t e du QuCbec, d e f o r m a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s continued o n v e r y long end - b e a r i n g p i l e s n e a r B e r t h i e r v i l l e ,
P.Q. M o s t of t h e load on t h e p i l e s i s d u e t o d o w n d r a g o r n e g a t i v e s k i n f r i c t i o n c a u s e d b y a s u b s i d i n g c l a y l a y e r . Two 12" d i a m e t e r s t e e l t e s t p i l e s a r e a l s o being o b s e r v e d . ( a ) S e t t l e m e n t o b s e r v a t i o n s of a n O v e r p a s s c a r r i e d on f r i c t i o n p i l e s i n clay. ( b ) Loading t e s t s t o s e p a r a t e s k i n . f r i c t i o n f r o m end b e a r i n g on long high c a p a c i t y end b e a r i n g p i l e s t e r m i n a t e d i n g l a c i a l t i l l .
B.
L a d a n v i( a ) Study of d e e p p e n e t r a t i o n t e s t s i n s e n s i t i v e c l a y s .
( b ) E f f e c t of t h e d e p t h of e m b e d m e n t o n the b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y of r o c k .
I. P. L i e s z o w s z k y P u l l i n g r e s i s t a n c e of d r i v e n p i l e s ( t i m b e r , s t e e l and c o n c r e t e ) and c a i s s o n s e m b e d d e d i n s a n d . E. L. M a t v a s A j o i n t r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e w i t h O n t a r i o H y d r o i s u n d e r w a y in o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e t h e f i e l d u p l i f t c a p a c i t y of b o r e d p i l e s founded i n a f i s s u r e d c l a y . G . G. M e y e r h o f T h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a n d b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y o f p i l e p o i n t s o n P e r m i a n s a n d s t o n e a r e b e i n g i n v e s t i g a t e d . T h e b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y of m o d e l b a t t e r p i l e f o u n d a t i o n s u n d e r e c c e n t r i c l o a d s i n s a n d s i s b e i n g d e t e r m i n e d a n d c o m p a r e d w i t h v a r i ~ u s t h e o r e t i c a l e s t i m a t e s . T h e u p l i f t c a p a c i t y of m o d e l p i l e g r o u p s i n s a n d s a n d c l a y s h a s b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d . A p a p e r s u m m a r i z i n g t h i s w o r k h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n . A n a l y s i s of p o s s i b l e s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i a n i n r o c k s o c k e t s a t b a s e of d r i l l e d - i n p i l e s s h o w e d t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e m o d u l u s of p i l e a n d r o c k w a s i m p o r t a n t , a s w a s t h e p r e s e n c e o f s o f t s e a m s i n s i d e s of s o c k e t s . T h e e f f e c t of s e a m s w a s e x p e c t e d t o p r ~ d u c e h i g h end b e a r i n g s t r e s s e s i n t h e s o c k e t . O n t a r i o D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a v s I n v e s t i g a t i o n of d e g r e e of s h e a r s t r e n g t h m o b i l i z a t i o n a s a d h e s i o n o n v a r i 3 u s t y p e s of p i l e s d r i v e n i n t o v e r y h a r d a n d s t i f f c l a y s . I n v e s t i g a t i o n o n b e a r i n g l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n of v a r i o u s t y p e s of p i l e s d r i v e n i n t o c o h e s i o n l e s s d e p o s i t s . M e a s u r e m e n t of l o n g - t e r m s e t t l e m e n t s of e m b a n k m e n t s on c o m p r e s s i b l e s o i l s u s i n g l i g h t w e i g h t a g g r e g a t e s a n d d i f f e r e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s .
F . A . T a v e n a s ( a ) Etud.e d e p i e u x f l o t t a n t s d a n s du s a b l e fin u n i f o r m e p e u d e n s e . D e s i g n d l u n p i e u c a i s s o n e x p k r i m e n t a l 6quip6 p o u r l a m e s u r e d e s c o n t r a i n t e s , e t d e s d k f o r m a t i o n s d a n s un e s s a i d e c h a n g e m e n t e n c o u r s
-
une p u b l i c a t i o n e s t e n p r b p a r a t i o n . ( b ) E s s a i s d e c h a n g e m e n t s c o m p a r a t i f s s u r 4 p i e u x f l o t t a n t s d a n s un s a b l e m o y e n p e u d e n s e-
p i e u 4 , b o i s , c a i s s o n a c i e r e t p i e u J o h n s o n . T o u s c e s p i e u x s o n t 6 q u i p k s d e m e s u r e d e d k f o r m a t i o n s . U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a ( a ) P i l e l o a d d i s t r i b u t i o n i n m u l t i - l a y e r e d s o i l s y s t e m s . ( b ) P i l e l o a d t e s t s of f u l l s i z e f i e l d p i l e s . 5. E A R T H AND ROCK P R E S S U R E SH.
G . A c r e s & C o . L t d . ( a ) C o n t i n u e d s t u d y i n c l u d i n g l a b o r a t o r y and u n d e r g r o u n d i n s i t u t e s t i n g t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d b e h a v i o u r of r o c k m a s s e s . ( b ) U t i l i z i n g i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n t o m o n i t o r t h e b e h a v i o u r a n d s t a b i l i t y of r o c k , t o g e t h e r w i t h a s s o c i a t e d c i v i l e n g i n e e r i n g s t r u c t u r e s . ( c ) C o n t i n u e d d e v e l o p m e n t of f i n i t e e l e m e n t c o m p u t e r t e c h n i q u e s t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of i n s i t u r o c k t e s t i n g ; t o s i m u l a t e a n d p r e d i c t u n d e r g r o u n d and s u r f i c i a l r o c k b e h a v i o u r u n d e r v a r i a b l e s t r e s s e n v i r o n m e n t s ; t o a s s e s s i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n r o c k and c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e s a n d t o o p t i m i z e e x i s t i n g d e s i g n t e c h n i q u e s . ( d ) C o n t i n u i n g s t u d i e s of c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n e n g i n e e r i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of r o c k , a s d e t e r m i n e d b y s u r f a c e a n d u n d e r - g r o u n d m a p p i n g , d r i l l c o r e l o g g i n g a n d b o r e h o l e p h o t ~ g r a p h y . D e p a r t m e n t of P u b l i c W o r k s o f C a n a d a , T e s t i n g L a b o r a t o r i e s ( a ) P a r t i c i p a t i n g i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e l o n g - t e r m e a r t h p r e s s u r e s o n s t e e l s h e e t p i l e b u l k h e a d s f o r v a r y i n g f o u n d a t i ~ n c o n d i t i o n s a n d c o m p a r i s d n s of t h e s e w i t h p r e v i ) u s d e t e r m i n a t i o n s of s h o r t - t e r m p r e s s u r e s .D e p a r t m e n t of P u b l i c W o r k s of C a n a d a , T e s t i n g L a b o r a t o r i e s ( C o n t ' d ) ( b ) F i e l d t e s t i n g t o d e t e r m i n e b i n a c t i o n i n s i d e , t h e b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e o n t h e b a s e , and t h e t ) t a l s e t t l e m e n t of l a r g e c o n c r e t e c r i b s t r u c t u r e s . M e a s u r e m e n t of r i b a n d l i n e r p l a t e s t r a i n s a n d d i a m e t e r c h a n g e s of a s e w e r t u n n e l i n c l a y . H y d r o - Q u h b e c M e s u r e d e d 6 f o r m a t i o n d u m o y a u c e n t r a l e n b g t o n d f u n e d i g u e e n e n r o c h e m e n t a u p r o j e t d e R a p i d e s - d e s -1les ( c o n t i n u a t i o n d e s o b s e r v a t i o n s d e l f a n d e r n i e r ). M e s u r e d e s d h p l a c e m e n t s d l u n m u r d e s o u t & n e m e n t e n c a g e s 3 c l a i r e - v o i e a u p r o j e t d e R a p i d e s - d e s -1les. B. L a d a n y i E a r t h p r e s s u r e o n b u r i e d s t r u c t u r e s . G . G . M e y e r h o f M o d e l t e s t s h a v e b e e n m a d e o n s h a l l o w - b u r i e d s t e e l a r c h e s i n s a n d s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e a r t h p r e s s u r e , d e f l e c t i o n a n d s t r e n g t h of t h e s t r u c t u r e s . A p a p e r s u m m a r i z i n g t h i s r e s e a r c h h a s b e e n p r e s e n t e d a t t h e C a n . S t r u c t u r a l E n g i n e e r i n g C o n f e r e n c e , T o r o n t o , 1968. M c G i l l U n i v e r s i t y , S o i l M e c h a n i c s L a b o r a t o r y , D e p a r t m e n t of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g a n d Applied M e c h a n i c s S t u d i e s of d i s c o n t i n u i t y s u r f a c e s c a u s i n g a b r u p t c h a n g e s in s t r e s s e s a n d v e l o c i t i e s a d j a c e n t t o a m o v i n g r e t a i n i n g s t r u c t u r e . T J n i v e r s i t v of B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a L a b o r a t o r y m e a s u r e m e n t s of l a t e r a l e a r t h p r e s s u r e c o e f f i c i e n t s d u r i n g o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l c o n s o l i d a t i o n a n d p l a n e s t r a i n . U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o B e h a v i o u r of b r a c e d c u t s i n w e a k c l a y s .
6.
E A R T H AND ROCK DAMS, S L O P E S AND O P E N EXCAVATIONSH.G.
A c r e s & Co. L t d . ( a ) C o n t i n u i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of e a r t h d y k e s b u i l t o n p e r m a f r o s t f o u n d a t i o n s . (b) C o n t i n u i n g s t u d y of t h e g r o u n d w a t e r flow a n d p r e s s u r e i n a n a r t e s i a n a q u i f e r , i n c l u d i n g i t s p o s t - c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r f o r m a n c e b e n e a t h a n e a r t h - r o c k d a m . ( c ) M o n i t o r i n g g r o u n d w a t e r c o n d i t i o n s a n d t h e c o n d u c t i n g a n d e v a l u a t i o n of p u m p t e s t s i n a d e e p b u r i e d a q u i f e r i n a v a l l e y f i l l a s p a r t of t h e s t u d y of f o u n d a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s f o r a d a m . ( d ) S t u d y of t h e d e w a t e r i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d r a w d o w n of a n a q u i f e r of l a r g e a r e a l e x t e n t i n h o r i z o n t a l l y b e d d e d s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s , i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h a n o p e n e x c a v a t i o n i n 80 f e e t of o v e r l y i n g r e c e n t s e d i m e n t s ; i n c l u d i n g t e m p o r a r y c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s and l o n g - t e r m s t e a d y s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s ; i n c l u d i n g a s t u d y of g r o u n d w a t e r c h e m i s t r y a n d p r e c o n s t r u c t i o n flow p a t t e r n s a s a n i n d i c a t o r of t h e l o n g - t e r m d r a w d o w n p e r f o r m a n c e . ( e ) S t u d y of s t r a t i g r a p h y a n d o t h e r g e o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s o n t h e f a i l u r e m e c h a n i s i n of n a t u r a l o c c u r r i n g s o i l m a s s e s . ( f ) S t u d y of t h e a r c h i n g of a n o n p l a s t i c g l a c i a l till u s e d a s t h e c o r e of a n e a r t h - r o c k d a m i n a d e e p n a r r o w b e d r o c k g o r g e , i n c l u d i n g f i n i t e e l e m e n t s t r e s s a n a l y s e s and p l a n n i n g of i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n t o m o n i t o r t h e a c t u a l p e r f o r m a n c e . ( g ) C o n t i n u e d f i e l d s t u d y of t h e i n f l u e n c e of g r o u t i n g and p r e s s u r e r e l i e f o n t h e s e e p a g e c o n d i t i o n s i n b e d r o c k m a s s e s . D . F . C o a t e s S t u d i e s a r e b e i n g c o n d u c t e d o n s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n s a n d t h e s u p p o r t e f f e c t s i n s l o p e s a n d o p e n e x c a v a t i o n s i n r o c k s . C r i ~ ~ e n A c r e s L i m i t e d ( a ) D y k e s u p t o 30 f e e t h i g h a r e b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d o n p e r m a f r o s t f o u n d a t i o n s w i t h h i g h i c e c o n t e n t s . I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n is b e i n g i n s t a l l e d t o m o n i t o r t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e d y k e s a s t h e r e s e r v o i r isC r i p p e n A c r e s L i m i t e d ( C o n t l d ) i m p o u n d e d a n d t h e p e r m a f r o s t t h a w s . ( b ) Two d a m s w i t h n e t h e a d s of 6 0 and 1 0 0 f e e t a r e b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d o n f o u n d a t i o n s p a r t i a l l y a f f e c t e d b y p e r m a
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f r o s t a n d w i t h a b u t m e n t s c o n t a i n i n g b u r i e d g r a n u l a r s t r a t a . S e e p a g e w i l l b e c o n t r o l l e d b y u p s t r e a m b l a n k e t s a n d d o w n s t r e a m d r a i n a g e . D i v i s i o n o f B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l L o n g - t e r m o b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of s a n d - f i l l d y k e s o v e r p e r m a f r o s t w e r e c o n t i n u e d a t t h e K e l s e y G e n e r a t i n g S t a t i o n i n M a n i t o b a . S t u d i e s of t h e s t a b i l i t y of n a t u r a l s l o p e s i n s e n s i t i v e c l a y i n t h e O t t a w a a r e a w e r e c o n t i n u e d . C u r r e n t l y f o u r e x a m p l e s of f a i l u r e s a r e b e i n g d o c u m e n t e d i n d e t a i l i n c l u d i n g a n e x t e n s i v e l a b o r a t o r y t e s t p r o g r a m m e . ( a ) A n a l y s i s of a p a s t s l i d e i n a n a t u r a l s l o p e , c o m p o s e d of o v e r - c o n s o l i d a t e d m a r i n e c l a y u n d e r l a i n by a r t e s i a n p r e s s u r e s , i n t e r m s of r e s i d u a l s t r e n g t h . ( b ) S t u d y of a low d y k e f a i l u r e o n s e n s i t i v e l a c u s t r i n e c l a y i n c l u d i n g a n a l y s i s o f p i e z o m e t r i c a n d s t r e n g t h d a t a b e f o r e a n d a f t e r f a i l u r e . G . A . G o r m a n I n v e s t i g a t i o n and d e s i g n o f e a r t h - r o c k d a m o n d e e p p e r v i o u s f o u n d a t i o n c o n s i s t i n g of 2 7 0 f e e t o f p e r v i o u s s a n d s a n d s i l t s o v e r l y i n g p r e - g l a c i a l s o i l s . S t u d i e s i n c l u d e d t h e s e l e c t i o n of cutoff m e t h o d r a n g i n g f r o m I C O S s l u r r y t r e n c h and g r o u t e d a l l u v i u m m e t h o d . H v d r o - O u e b e c I n s t a l l a t i o n e t u t i l i s a t i o n d ' i n s t r u m e n t s p o u r l a m e s u r e d e s d e f o r m a t i o n s d l u n b a r r a g e e n t e r r e e t e n r o c h e m e n t d e 4 0 5 pi. d e h a u t e u r ( c o n t i n u a t i o n d u t r a v a i l d e l f a n d e r n i e r ) . U t i l i s a t i o n d l u n o r d i n a t e u r g l e c t r o n i q u e p o u r l e c a l c u l e t t r a q a g e d e s c 3 u r b e s d e d e f o r m a t i o n .Hydro- Qu6bec ( C o n t l d )
Etude d l u n e c o u p u r e gtanche t r a v e r s u n sillon alluvionaire (alluvions c o m p r e s s i b l e s ) d e l ' o r d r e d e 375 pieds d e profondeur s o u s u n b a r r a g e d e 350 pi. d e hauteur.
C r i t k r e s techniques pour l e "design" d e s o u v r a g e s hydrauliques:
( a ) L a s o u s - p r e s s i o n (uplift) d a n s l e s o u v r a g e s hydrauliques.
( b ) L a r e v a n c h e pour l e s b a r r a g e s ( d i m e n s i o n s ) .
B. Ladanyi
S t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n due to g r a v i t y in a v e r t i c a l r o c k bank with s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o the development of t e n s i l e f r a c t u r e regions.
P. LaRoc helle ( a ) S t r e s s e s and s t r a i n s i n slope s e c t i o n d e t e r m i n e d by finite e l e m e n t s method f o r d i f f e r e n t s t r e s s - s t r a i n c u r v e . ( b ) Stability of s l o p e s i n s e n s i t i v e L e d a c l a y f r o m d i f f e r e n t d e p o s i t s i n Quebec, W. H. Mathews
Soil C r e e p i n the Mount G a r i b a l d i Alplands
With P r o f . J. R. Mackay, D e p a r t m e n t of Geography,
U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, continuing study of r a t e s and m e c h a n i s m s of s o i l m o v e m e n t i n an alpine e n v i r o n m e n t .
G. C . McRostie
The f a i l u r e of a n a t u r a l slope i n o v e r c o n s o l i d a t e d , s e n s i t i v e c l a y w a s investigated and p r e v e n t i v e w o r k s f o r adjacent s i m i l a r s l o p e s w e r e designed. Owing t o p r e s e n t l o w l e v e l s of confidence i n the t r a d i t i o n a l methods of a n a l y s i s i n t h e s e c l a y s , the d e s i g n s w e r e c o n s e r v a t i v e and b a s e d on c o m p u t e r s t u d i e s of t h e effect of a wide r a n g e of p o s s i b l e v a l u e s f o r s o i l p a r a m e t e r s and p o r e p r e s s u r e r a t i o s .
O n t a r i o D e ~ a r t m e n t of H i ~ h w a v s I n v e s t i g a t i o n of p o r e p r e s s u r e b u i l d - u p a n d d i s s i p a t i o n w i t h i n a l a y e r of s o f t s e n s i t i v e c l a y s u b j e c t e d t o e m b a n k m e n t l o a d s . R e c o r d i n g a n d e v a l u a t i n g s e t t l e m e n t s a t v a r i o u s e l e v a t i o n s i n t h e c o m p r e s s i b l e l a y e r . A p r o g r a m m e of f i e l d m e a s u r e m e n t s and p e r f o r m a n c e o b s e r v a t i o n s o n r o c k r i p r a p a n d b e d d i n g o n e x i s t i n g e m b a n k m e n t s w a s u n d e r t a k e n t o d e v e l o p i m p r o v e d m e t h o d s of d e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s l o p e p r o t e c t i o n . H e a v e o b s e r v a t i o n s of s t r u c t u r e s a n d s p i l l w a y s l a b s a r e c o n t i n u i n g i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e b e h a v i o u r of s t r u c t u r e s d u e t o f r o s t a c t i o n i n s o i l s a n d s w e l l i n g of c l a y s a n d c l a y s h a l e s . A r e v i e w i s u n d e r w a y o n t h e d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e s f o r s m a l l t o m e d i u m d a m s t o i m p r o v e and s t a n d a r d i z e d e s i g n s a n d d e s i g n m e t h 2 d s . M o v e m e n t a n d pDre p r e s s u r e o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e c 3 n t i n u i n g o n all m a j o r d a m s . A s t u d y i s u n d e r w a y t o a p p r a i s e l i n i n g m a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s f o r c a n a l s and d u g o u t s i n w e s t e r n C a n a d a . U n i v e r s i t y of A l b e r t a S t a b i l i t y of s l o p e s i n C r e t a c e o u s s h a l e s . U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ( a ) T h e o r e t i c a l a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d i e s of t h e b e h a v i o u r 3 f s l o p e s a n d d a m s d u r i n g e a r t h q u a k e s . F i n i t e e l e m e n t m e t h o d s o f a n a l y s e s . S h a k i n g t a b l e t e s t i n g of m o d e l s . ( b ) A n a l y s i s of c r e e p d e f o r m a t i o n s of s l o p e s . ( c ) F i n i t e e l e m e n t a n a l y s i s of s e e p a g e t h r o u g h s l o p e s a n d i n t o e x c a v a t i o n s .
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S t a b i l i t y of L a k e E r i e N o r t h s h o r e b l u f f s a s a f u n c t i o n of s h o r e l i n e e r o s i o n a n d l o n g - t e r m s t r e n g t h r e d u c t i o n .
