Discours urbains et modes de dénomination des nouveaux territoires dans deux villes de Mauritanie

Texte intégral

(1)Discours urbains et modes de dénomination des nouveaux territoires dans deux villes de Mauritanie Jocelyne Streiff-Fénart, Philippe Poutignat. To cite this version: Jocelyne Streiff-Fénart, Philippe Poutignat. Discours urbains et modes de dénomination des nouveaux territoires dans deux villes de Mauritanie. Nommer les nouveaux territoires urbains, Ed. Unesco, Ed. de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, pp.211-234, 2001. �halshs-00114111�. HAL Id: halshs-00114111 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00114111 Submitted on 17 Nov 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2)

(3) !#"%$'&("*),+-./"10-.2435"%$6$8793(7$:";)<.$8=!0 7(+)?>5)@A.!)<&(0CB-7D$8EFBG HIEKJL7/*7M*$6" BGN$POQSRATUB EWVU+ "@)@O;!RATUB E B "X&D0LY'0 75)Z!+[B-"@)\)ZO*7"1+]O%"@)\B-"X&!G ^ #"@R`_U0 $67D)8R-acb bd;R;eE addfga hAiE jlk

(4) m!n o-prqcmKprq srtkvurmxwcyLzr{uro|'k

(5) urty6k

(6) ourm[z\w m#uro}p~w tWpy6w qcqky6ockgq w-m#zUturm[z\wpr~kv

(7)

(8) wcm[zrw tprqky:tukw W A55 U ! !@Z}@ %;ÀS 6*vv }¡1A*

(9) ¢ --55£6 ¤#

(10) ¥[5£8¦ §©¨ª«¤#A¬]*g£8

(11) ¡X ®¨x%;:- A¯±°X%- 5£:² *¬]* 5³15xc´5µ¶£:;· !L¸x¯; *` ¢ ¤#A¬]*£P ¡±A¹¨x%·]1]!vv² º¶**A@6@ l1,;»Ag£I %X £# g¡%£6*%A£[5;r*@

(12) ¯A£K6¡;£¶-

(13) @£K £g #%£K%;¥K- £6 5A£ ¼*%

(14) %¯%£¯¥# ¼¯½]¡*%£±A%X¯£¡Z¬» ¯! 5 £±Ag³``]*£L%*¡%¡*¡%;£±½ x* `!¾¯£8£:;¾¿¼*£A1À¯A%¯5;£ ¬»¯¼5*£Á¥[ A*]*£ÂÃÃÄ%¶

(15) ; ÆÅÇ¨x· @ !v

(16) ¦<¯È**]

(17) 5*¦<PÉ¨x A¯³AÊË±@%]v`¼ ¡*]¥[5½` LÌ`¦]¬]5¼¯#]!]£¶v¶5*¼¯%¦ v¥x¯A¡*

(18) `5*rP1`v6X¹-Í;@ %ÎAÏSx£6±;*%

(19) g*

(20) ± ; 51-5Ð*@¥I1% `%A£%Ñ½]¹£6 Ò£g I5%£I g-;*£8£¶-£AÑv ¥#*

(21) ¼'£Ó½!A%v51¶£F ¡@6¯AA¡*g¼½!-;£ÓPx5%£I*@¡1-5%£[Ô

(22)

(23) *¬]@6£\¼*£8½! 5¯£\£6 ¾¯%1gA6¡P¡*£r%;£©]!¬-@;ÀI;£:A%%;£1Î µ:\;»%¬]5@!X

(24) !#-´D;³ ¶Ç lAA1x½ %½ ;£I¯A ¯;1»A£I£:A[l£P 1»Õ£P ¯-¼¯`-£¶

(25) ¼½!- Ä,; g

(26) *A5;¦\PL]¯ £ *

(27)

(28) 5@-¯¼Ð*g;¥[@%X£:A±F]¯%I!lv%AÖ@`£P¦A-¯£8½!-[A!

(29) gI¡1-[I ¡I£g X;£ A5£P; £©1A £U;I*Pv%`-%Î Ï[ @£6»¥#¥K¯*¥x1%1`P¡@6¯£81%Pv

(30) ±£8v @»#; A¹-

(31) `¯

(32) ¡ AI¯%`-;£±¥K@@gA%¯¼%£Z¿±F] £P 5l;»A@ 6@! 5;55II;!Àl*` ;£¡;16

(33) %£6¦W9´(*g;³A[5¡1%¯ @9g;AÖ*%¼£ZÎAºr%5;1 S;³±A%£8£g*]%`#%£¯#¯;A I¶ ¥#×6

(34) ¯%¦c¼ *£g ;6¡± *]£ 1`À½]c£8%¿¡;£P¯A¡£¹P£P±1¬]*A5½`-1%©*¥#¥[±Ë@Ä,*A6;£\Ì%¦-%Pv

(35) ±%A%v@; ;5A]5£¶ 5½!-¡P

(36) *% A6¡;%5£6¡1¥x*%l%Ø

(37) @¥x*%ÕÙ¯Ú%`£6£P¯5@*

(38) 5Û* ¥#¥KAÚ%£ =!7DBAÜ+ ¢ ËX5*£ÝX*A%£ÌÙ@?**³A `£6£8¯½]1²@ÕÙ*¶£Þ¯*A£*vg*]1]¯£ ^0-$gÜß357D+ ¢ *-£6£8[¡;£P¯AA¡%£à;¥K¥xáÄ,; g%£¨xc6£g²Ñ;A£ ´(*A£P@¥K³A5âZ

(39) ` ½ IËUÄà; ¹ÌÎº©%£SAg ]%£¥[¯A6

(40) ¯6;£K% ¼¯%P ¬-@¥[*%XA¡%£6¯]¡*£#;»¥#¥[[¨x¡1A6 °Xvg¼1`£ ¢ »Ùã;ä Ü]$ 1Ø*ÙA%£6£6*] ``%²Õ£6!å'%` à -%¦K£8A¯`·-¡'Zâæ# 5gÎLºr'£

(41) @

(42) ! v

(43) %AÖ@`5£6¦±¯;A 9´5¾!¥x¯A5£

(44) g1 '1Ò9´(*A£6%¯AA*¥[@%[ A³ 5Ñ*<¥x¥[*%Ò9´(¯A ¡@-1A;A%*¦ ¶*%À ;»¥#¥[±AA *£U @!ÀF¯*A-;£Uv

(45) %¯¯5£U!; £r¯; £

(46) !5x[çèéç¦¡1 ¡¹

(47) *¥[@%¥[£ 1.

(48) ; ?*; £P';C; g££Þ¡*»

(49) ¥[£Ñ£:]%*;£P£6¬»*£½` 5¦[A*-£ç;è éAé ¬]5£6*%Ô<¥[Pvv¶'1 `¬A6àA ]c½ âc´(*g;³ £:@5lv @¥x*%X%%*£g

(50) ¡%I;5£S] ¯@¯ A£SA¡*A6 v%96¼1¯ ;£v; ;»AA»A;£P¦; !

(51) ¼ Õ5A 5£g

(52) 5½`-

(53) !¬A%%Õ£PÛ¯5@Ác´PÀ ¶*£8£:¼ ¶ ¬»¯5¡@-¡Ù!%A£,5;!¥KÛ£P; ¯`6¾ÎX¸#%A£Ç Ä,; g

(54) *A5K1-*5¼*¦c]!

(55) #§±Î %#§UA*¯·A ¢ ç;è è ²6¦cËX5;£Ug; £¹¡@

(56) *³A55£L@!6K(´(*g;³ #Pr5vÖ@`£ ¶Z@%5£6£P@!#A¯%Z@¥x1`#£g [%£[

(57) %]»v£I`

(58) *1vAA5½!]%£PÎ \Sl*- ¯%#A¬] ;¦©#; ; vÔ v¯½´(**³A¡â1X*g;³ A A5£@´ £P@!XÔA¡@ g- 96*; ¡ZXv

(59) %A%]¼¹Ì`Î r¡@- XÑ9¾ ½`W´(5[-´9;£¶Õ ¯]£'¯;! ]?vv5;5;55;¦Ó5v*AÖ*5£à;6AÉA%£Ç-£g%]*£'£g

(60)

(61) `¯ À%¯£,¯¥#

(62) ;%£Å[ A ³A55@15lA%£¹

(63) @À!;£v

(64) %¯¯£ @¥[;6K³A5¯` xZ®¯ß%£LK--£±£6¬]*%¿¯I%` K`¯5¼£:¡K L ¶¡*``Z¼l;£KA *¥x1`

(65) £±``¥[¼£

(66)

(67) * ¯

(68) £PÎc*¿`¯¼51A6£6¦W*£gr1¬]%[¼K`%£8£¶%AIZ¿¼Kæ# 5

(69) ¦][;£

(70) -¯£I¯;A %£[½` r%± AÓ

(71) A1 5¬]¡*A5@-`6`%A£[5;£[¯%1%P5A£[*Ñ¥x55@ÇAg³`` ¢ Ï± ¼ ©*¦ ç1è è ²PÎ!º¿;£U£8

(72) A*

(73) 5]£U

(74) â5±9*]Ö15£\`£6£6SAL

(75) P¯ #¶1¥x*%¬-¡@A5@-`g ¢ !´;£¶WÔ¯±g¡@-AKÔ A?³ ;£:- £6 ¡;%

(76) 5½!] '%¥#¥# *@¯ ?*%

(77) á¾¯5-9;£:²Õ£:`l;1-@ `*`l(´9PÀ-;@

(78) 5]¦[1£*´5 ¾

(79) -! r5±]¯ £U£8¬]1À[v1

(80) *Ar%£¯ ¼¯¡±Ô#£8[¥[--´D%½` 5£6»Ò£: ¯%g1;À[¬A%¼*£ ËL¥xcA1£©Ìâ½!ß´9¼;£¶®£g ]c£6¡I¯A*;gA1PÎß§U#¥[Í*¥xK`Z@X;£¶rÔI(´ *!¬A6[`%A£±£8*£L £:;-;£¹A»â£ ¾@6;¥K¥x`%!

(81) ¯%£ ¥#`£ `

(82) *¯A ¬- ;5£P¦Ù½]Ù@ Æ5;£É×¶1A ;£Ãc´(A ¥xÍ@¥[Æ;¥#¥K `%`

(83) ¡ ¼¯`-£¶

(84) ¼½!- ` @!â5@Ô,£ÓA¡*A¥[Ð;£Ó´5%A6 ¯@5 ÎL§U*`À-

(85) %¦±½ L;»

(86) 6;£:] @!xÔ,;£ Ag@5½!]%£Ù%`%]5Ð1¶*£¥#;6½!]¡%*£<%<É¥x¡**A %¦â9´D *A*A%;¦1ÕË(´D; ;FÔÛ%£à]¡* ¼-¯£6¥[;£

(87) A1 5`%%å* ¥K¥x' ;£Þ;g]] £©Ì ¢

(88) ¯£½!-<áËLv

(89) %`· ¡¹Ì?ÅXv%AÖ@`£¶«

(90) £6]A· ¡*²¦KA¡%@6

(91) £å ;Ñ-gÏ ¸x* ;` ¢ ç;è è %²6¦*A 1%L- £8£6¯³A5*¦-A%PL%`1A6¦´(5A*%

(92) ¯

(93) *±Av

(94) %AÖ@`5£Ë¹A6;£:½]¹Ì£PA¯`·-¯£8¡*¦ æ#-

(95) 5£6¡%¦-%g¼£:¡x»;g;³¼£:¡`Î§¿19K] £P£6¯³]¯5

(96) ¡[%£¿*;gZ¡@65£½ #c´(I6;%¶£®;Óv

(97) %AÖ*5£UA»£L £8I@;¥Kâ¯A£¶

(98) ! 5A% ¢ ` ¦ç;è è ²6¦ 1}* 65£6±£6*A£UA

(99) ±;»A%-£65A¦»»

(100) ¥K]5¡%L;¸x%A*A%¦ £8*¼Ñ¯½!-;5FËL¥[¯¡Ó¼%£SAg¼£P;£[- £6¯ A£±Ac£5%£±;v

(101) %AÖ1¾¯£*ÓÄ,;6v%A5;¦%IA1gA5@Ul%£ %A!¥[½ LÌ Î ¿5K¾

(102) ¶³A #1[r@`£6¦cÔ#¥[

(103) ¬ ;U5@×g1©c´(]K¡P

(104) AK%¥#¥xK;%5%

(105) %¯¦ß1;U c´5 I£P@ £±Ôâ¡P

(106) A51XËX¯%£±¥x!£I¯[¬]55¹Ìâ`%A£5*£ £P; £¹1A £*g*AÖ*5£@ÓÄ,%

(107) ; %¦½` `%A£\±¥x%£g6X

(108) I9´[;£¶W

(109) A ¡LÔ± ;£6*½!-XD´(* A6¶¯1 [A±¯L¬ ¼¯5L%5;£©¥x] £\£;g¡%;

(110) ¬» A±c;%£6£:]£\-´D; ¶6*

(111) ¼[ X¯%`-X¥#-

(112) ¡¾Î µ: * %¬ ¼*% £6£P ±Ag¡%;5£6*

(113) Ð%£\³`6Ð1¬]1¥Ò1%r½` %½ ;£U*;g1

(114) ¡;g5£5½` %£¿£¶-¡;%

(115) ¯½]%£r±´5 ³A*A5£61» ;Ä,%

(116) ;¼!Î[-¦[´5 Aá`Ö;»Ù-¡@A¡*

(117) `¯<!£¯ ¾ '£:; ¡;5*À'»]*£g

(118) ;v6*%;¦[A*£å

(119) ;!ÀÉ ;g 5£8£g%A*g³`` v¶Ð*£¯¥#

(120)

(121) *%£@%¾Z¡@6£P@!#

(122) -£%£*;¾6;£Ó ³A%¯A£½`-¹£6£P%Ò%A£¶

(123) ¡;£ 2.

(124)

(125) ! #"$ %& (')

(126) "$*,+" ('

(127) - .$"

(128) (/0'12 $ 3"$41- "056

(129) 7"$- % 89:/;,*, "< / =3"$

(130) ' "$ "$ / 0 > ?'$# "@A/*=, B12 ?'

(131) C$ 01D ?,

(132) 3"$ E

(133) @F/"$- G IH

(134) /)

(135) /1:/

(136) J9K. ! !'

(137) '

(138) 132

(139) "L /"

(140) A13 M-1-12 NPOAQ$ &R)9

(141) S =!T! @UV &R#F9/"

(142) 2 W-"B

(143) - 3"$ ?XZY K %S . "8['

(144) 3" ./B

(145) / # \ $ 13,C$ "9"$ 01D12 \'*$]1- / ]'

(146) C$ G # ! 9BH

(147) )9@N^, / `_a ]'b' / I'

(148) C$ %c1- d_e9fF

(149) 12 g@/U6 P-

(150) @F/"D b/@-"63"$f912%\1fh'a-

(151) 1--+ Lb3

(152) d 9i/1-3=%j1e3='

(153) k@/"$ d $ d1f '*'$

(154) 13/@-"l"$=9 /%m U$'

(155) 1--89

(156) "n1Ro24

(157) 3"91-@p q'

(158) )$"

(159) ,+" r &RF/"

(160) 2 W-"s8to21uv"$" "a=, "9w "$ x13y/' @1D ZNhz "{'a3/

(161) 1-2 %I / q!9 ! /"Z | }'

(162)

(163) '13-"$ %I $

(164) "wT~@ '$'k@ %S"

(165) "h

(166) 1D , "U _a_a 0 9k=-8 / ('b3 / ! )$ /%,- c9Uh

(167) 139-"$ 89 B/""992 "A

(168) G1-"$4

(169) 1g

(170) *3 >-" d7#D1 "ab BR

(171) $b*R6c_e_ak"/)D `/A c1f )3/k)$- ! $ #/'

(172) '

(173) @@ ( k@@@3 c =13! D~0/b .\"Z %`/$%L93"$ P8t/Ug~1-"

(174) c89

(175) ""$D W > "4$1- /! "i1D D~/ $ i!f"

(176) / "$

(177) "x0$# 9S12 9 N!z]

(178) 1f@-" i8

(179) q1f >/) / 0!'

(180) /3'

(181) f@ / ( c89

(182) S ! "]@# / %S

(183) =F2" c* !

(184) / ()/"4 , " c ="Q"

(185) @b "!-89

(186) A S'

(187) 1238 % /"

(188) 7#" #_@#02*"$ ]#'2

(189) / . 9!0#)$c

(190) kF993", =@k

(191) -1N h Uw B@F3"$ B "$

(192) B '/ " "9!6 Uw $ Uw1oR /" =F$1- / B_@ " L8c a "Z, " #a#3 13xb '

(193) "a-"p &R" x- " /79 3"$ qc,

(194) @"

(195) cx"9a# b ! x $ ¡D @@9 $@-"$"$ 1¢e%£e / bjB $3 ! /"

(196) 12 G" ~U$@ !

(197) ,1G >

(198) D@0=$# %P"$

(199) "L

(200) 1D , "9j 13

(201) P $ \"$

(202) 0 W% =92 c4912 , "j/ 12

(203) P $" =- $ " =f@ $3"$ 0#g /

(204) "@3 "@ 0 #

(205) j13,1@ 0D 1f!28

(206) = *" /" 24"$ , "%=1- I=, # I g1R/4

(207) #D1 @ i@ W/"$ ; P-921-1- 8 I 1-12 ¤@ o'

(208) '

(209) '

(210) ! /"Z? ~ >='12 ! "w13m" /1-1- m7¥,D1313Z b/"

(211) u\ $- %B$¦WNA5IZ3 =/

(212) U-1-12 ;/"

(213) k7 " /)$" ;

(214) "6'

(215) # 24, u

(216) 13!

(217)

(218) #"$@/@ 3"$ %A 1-1D L $3_a_a+ ",_@k@ , "Z,'

(219) /B1e-)

(220) 2 b@f 1- $#F9"$- #@D"

(221) %.'$!12 $!3"$ >f'@D"I 9"$ G1oR "3"9"

(222) ! /"Z<#/4

(223) -"$1-% "/@-"$1 ~,f" @"3

(224) "91-% A'/ 1D

(225) . #a#a

(226) a"£

(227) ,4

(228) k'$)$-8 / .8 \_@"$-""$ /1-1- / N §ë©Pª«P¬P®e¯¬

(229) °@®o±²P³\´,±©t¬

(230) µS¶·P±

(231) °a° ¸

(232) ¯¹Sº¶/©P»R¬

(233) °@®o±G¼#±t¶9®R½ª/³(³/°®-P°@º9¾

(234) ª/¬*°@®e±G©Pª«t¬

(235) ®t³ ¿ /@-"LÀÁBÂRÃeÄ

(236) %@1- µt¯¬

(237) ª EÅ,

(238) /Æ)oj0'79 J XZYB)9F$a" A "/

(239) ¦L @

(240) Q$ \/a"j " &XÇ%13'

(241) fa912 !B""$d$"$ ?/#3 > #"$ G

(242) !4

(243) @')$-89 0

(244) /f4" !89P1o-!_a '$9 c

(245) ?XÇZY

(246) Y )$F$@/" c ";¦9È%&='+/

(247) ?YGY

(248) YYG "hÉ*XGÊ #''$1-"!'1f 8 8

(249) 3"@$'

(250) 1- "7 o /@. 1. On trouvera un exemple d’une telle construction, certes savante mais indexée sur les discours et représentations locales, dans l’article de T. Koita (1996).. 3.

(251) ;/$

(252) %( /XYmY

(253) YYm)/F

(254) fa" B W !

(255) "I7Uw $ u

(256) - " ;/""9

(257) 121- 1oR

(258) K N / $ 3'-"$ c `1- "91C$ > c B'

(259) '1- ! "`

(260) <Å,$Æ

(261) )

(262) a`8 =1e"G'

(263) 9:@b " j13=1- a#@ >D "9@3_7-8 /%

(264) 3 #@3"94

(265) "9G"$ u'

(266) ,3+/# ;'

(267) /#-

(268)

(269) /%:Q

(270) 89PR61_@f"m

(271) B/""$/ L & U

(272) /" %c/

(273) L 128 1-1D B B/*"$ #@@ B12 ?"

(274) CZ;F3" ~\ e" @1-12 ?

(275) "$ B- G_@"3+ G8

(276) S /" 12?'-

(277)

(278) G b$" % =8/ ('

(279) 1e-_o_@139U \4

(280) j W

(281) / $ (''1f@D"

(282) W2"D bab ]'/ 1f /)$ > %

(283) @!3" @ 12! #'/

(284) 132*"G j1- .@ /k#3"$ c 1D 0 $~

(285) @"$ ! "` kC

(286) k0/@-89 0 $ c! / #

(287) # '$3 > '

(288) 1- / '

(289)

(290) 3 '$

(291) F$1--/ .

(292) ÃeÀ ÀÀ Ä

(293) RÀÃ ÄÀ Ä Â*ÂoÀÀ "! À #

(294) Àt tRRW7$3RÀ À % ÀÃeÃRÀ & ÃRÀ RÀ*'

(295) "/À ÀV-Ä

(296) ÀRÃeÃ)(*ÃRa+*G À ~Z- %]Ã "/oÀ #& À,

(297)

(298) -( >À*& ,./ /

(299) $ oÀ/0 ,e-&À!

(300) 1*/Ä*RÄ2%]Ä%0ÃR

(301) eWÀc"À34À45/Ã/e(À76

(302) )8À 9ia^;:,"%:*Ç$Ç9 ¿ 0'

(303) #

(304) > b %S8

(305) t R k '~/%PG "@@7<-"%P =13G

(306) / #4b4$@-"g

(307) c4

(308) #

(309) ' 89

(310) P"

(311) k @$92 " 1- / '$ !- /# 0' , " %;1oR3"$ #@1-1f-"p r13 $ , =Fb " w / >9 = "$ m P-)/Ff@ m W'*"@/" W% 1D >8

(312) 1- *"h/F@/

(313) /1- / u"$

(314) /U|_a$4

(315) - W%G/ U. 80 /"

(316) d

(317) "w'

(318) # ,2 V ='

(319) ;D "9L@. )F$ @4/ ['$,13 $ !_o,21-1- / ?1-

(320) 0/"$- " !=7<2@# N L'$

(321) / $ L" - b7"(h "7 '

(322) # "$ 9 L / 1D3 > W /! " L "$ L1- ;F9[

(323) ;_o /3"$ G136 $3_a_o -"m $"I)9F$a/='/Z ~,

(324) d,2 U#4/"

(325) 2 G1- / > /

(326) hk /9U. !

(327) #%(6'/#

(328) U$912 , "9G/F

(329) 61fu=

(330) 1f'12-3"m

(331) 8a3 /# B' #D¤k#F93"$. $="

(332) 2 ! PR89

(333) 3' , " #?A A

(334) /1-'' ! "< $ B"

(335) /UU ! &R@F/"

(336) 2 W2*"$% W/"

(337) =8

(338) G'2 . /R U b ""@A@&12 = _o_@-9/ W$ "

(339) /U / #'

(340) / N /

(341) '

(342) @-"$ \ $ (A 4$

(343) @'3 > ! "= ~ $ {1-2 , "n3" @

(344) /" x'r13p' !D+ y_@

(345) - r ". /$Él |86 0F$13- "| nT~@. U

(346) / '93

(347) "9" 131- W%9131293 /"Z /- jT~@ % "G /_o_@ %&1- / > 12

(348) 21- .9U

(349) 8 1D 1- / .'*

(350) 3# '

(351) F$1--/ $ " b4$13-+/# , "Zmb /*$ %; b3=

(352) 13/"6

(353) "$ n7F$1- x"$8

(354) T '*$ # *3 "$ ;1- / d/""$ / uÇ9Y

(355) N /

(356) @-"w b '$ > "9a9 [¦&X K. _7*"$/-+ ZN ¿ !9 ! ". x ".

(357) L 61e/"$*,3 61--;m"

(358) =9 D b, %89

(359) .

(360) ;12u'*'$

(361) 13-"m "q/

(362) ¦9È d JK. "q*ÇÇ$%c;, " "

(363) D131- h"

(364) h'

(365) '122*". A PR U/13

(366) %] > "< Wfa/ ?/;'1 F9 =

(367) B1Re)$ /1-1- G &/31- G ~M ! ab

(368) /"M #"$ 8

(369) 1-3_7-/@-"h " *31D1- ZN ^=" L /*" U9 =/8d'

(370) /13;'$

(371) 'D b/@-" G' !D+ / B/

(372)

(373) )

(374) / B L@k$921-1- b ?"$*" 89

(375) 1D3_a-/ %"qm'

(376) x ' " /"h'

(377) b13 %G q,&f"

(378) !Q# 89SR "}*ÇÇ$%,

(379) cF

(380)

(381). 13w /)$ > \. H CB/k%E*Ç$9N h $- #'"$3F$-1- L &R"

(382)

(383) ¤a'b

(384) 1-~@/3AF$"

(385) 9"9@% R*34

(386) 2" L > @

(387) D13 %]L'

(388) /k,- !89 /R 2_a- ! /0" ! ~U$aT, 0#/'

(389) - $!12 \"$ /Uh1D- ! " ( _a*- !1oe

(390) /'/@-"g-1-124912 ! j1f. 4.

(391) '

(392) /

(393) 12-"

(394) N$O=" G!

(395) - j ' !F9 ?*ÇÇ$%

(396) 12 - -",

(397) / `'*9

(398) f `'$

(399) F$1-3 W% "E$ ( $ \/ F 1e-)/F

(400) @j '

(401)

(402) "Z@/"$!3"$ W13$F %S !1-4

(403) 1-3 > M1-

(404) /$'-"

(405) A b$4

(406) / #c12 c @ \ $ 0

(407) ,"$4 ! " b ~ "9 W%

(408) $1- "$)$A (89Pe"0A'

(409) G /3 (/=! c

(410) " #f@F13 c\_@

(411) 1D- \_7*"$/-+b \. 1

(412) (

(413) À RÃoÄ 6 -À À9:

(414) À eÃÄ6 À ÃRÀGÃoÄ98( À À3Á Ä$oÀ e $6 À À * %`À/-À0 À 3À AÃoÀ

(415) À & Ä6,6=À À /6 %. (&Ä Ä,%]Ä À 6 ÄÀ9RÀ (&

(416) À Ä$6,6=Àq

(417) À Ä

(418) eÀ . ÃoÃ $= 6 ÀoÀ & À Z

(419) 8

(420) À ÃoeÃR % -eÀ

(421) À À RÀt-À --Ä

(422) 6=À

(423) %.Ä /À *Ã

(424) *ÃRÀ0À VÂ9ÃoÀ" R À .% ReÃÀ À%0$

(425) À ÀC6À & 6tÂRÀ Äo & -Ä1À Ä$ÃoÀÀ 6= * Ät->oRÄ %.Ä$ %]Ä

(426) >À/;Ã|ÃRÄ5P( RÀI ,. À 7W7Â*ÃoÀ /Ä"89-À,

(427) Ä9 À Z#"8À -Ä8ÂÀ %`RÀ )& %]ÃÂ

(428)

(429) À À 6 Ä

(430) / À9 Á & Ä9ÂÀ R " RRÀÃ 9. = 1 #"9" /"Z@ (A

(431) 4$ '

(432) - , "9@ .= 13D W > b¤_a3 Ak

(433) !413b- #-"$ (b " !'

(434) 3F

(435) 12 (8 ( $ 12*'$'

(436) I"w0)$I'

(437) 12

(438) ;. ,

(439) 3"$ ;1f"$ k3"w

(440) #@93"m G$"/=G '#38u4

(441) @"$ . )$ 121- %A "@ "9m =/"$3,d'[ / ?_@-12-+ P-9/ >3

(442) "I13;'$'D~d_7"

(443) /-+ ZN

(444) ="$

(445) 1D4

(446) , "9@ >%?"o / bh'

(447) % /"

(448) 6 ~a w @-"

(449) %1|

(450) 1D /='

(451) b"Z w

(452) F

(453) /

(454) 3"$ I 2U,

(455) " 1e-"32'-"x / k"$ b @ $ / u'

(456) @-8 I #'

(457) 1f@f

(458) W%!=92 u /R3"$ h 121- ¤a!T/! i /"$

(459) " /)/"4 , "[

(460) B 'b > "@-"$ L

(461) f912 L13D B/m_a

(462) "3 N ;

(463) 1- $!=#/)" $ d9

(464) /-/ d

(465) 1 $#F99f"

(466) %3"$ D W >

(467) fF$1- 1 /='

(468) @-"m $ L &12- 9#f L 31- / L [ / B_@#! / L

(469) ,3"9D"% !+"$ 9f"

(470) _e9f 1RR)ZC$'@)+ W m8SR 131- I$ $ '$9fd i1eR! #4 "$ m m4*- / /1-1- / ;89 A1-

(471) /@3 \{ w\'$'

(472) -~@3 cy8

(473) d*9. "s#D "@"¡1- q'$#38 >%I2

(474) "9@3_7- }"$ y

(475) "$ 2*". '

(476) /f_@-8 ! "#F99f"

(477) A ~£12()$-@b)3 > ( /1-", ],

(478)

(479) 3_a_7 "$- . of"4@@D"&N (89

(480) a- \'3')$-8 / (8P , W"9 /

(481) _@D ,13! # 0 $ c'@-"

(482) c =

(483) 4 #'

(484) - > , "9@ A ~` 12;!2 "6'

(485) 13 ; $ d"$

(486) /9Um1-2 , "9@ >%M'$/ "Z "=/Q*$# P-)$

(487) .$"

(488) d)$4"$ d $ 0oC$'

(489) / )9F$7@ G E !"$ U 2_a_a "$D G PR89

(490) 3' ! " %.3"$ 8S-

(491) "$ L)$@4"

(492) /@h 07#kQb &f / ,34$#

(493) 2# j >3

(494) "- /1-1- / G1-

(495) # ()$F @/" NPOAh "g P-

(496) "B,T, !89

(497) k- c1- / - #'#/ \' * " Ta !4"$

(498) / % "7 G /U8 " "A $ [, aa G "?

(499) 1-

(500) "g1-j8SRD1- ( ! >"Z $

(501) co@3F9! j U 89B"$

(502) D W /"Z89S-x' I$". "Z. _a

(503) "$-+ /%B

(504) m1- / 9 m"9@ @! 33 i W /@ i'/. 1e-

(505) /*"$ #a#@-" j1b )$ )$ &R",_@"$" ! /"Z P-'$'

(506) "9 Ê

(507)

(508) 2 W'$f@8

(509) \- /"Z£ "9_@/ 1- (_oZ . En 1983 la population des kebbe était estimée à 40% de la population totale de Nouakchott (D’Hont, op.cit). Selon une autre estimation, jusqu’à 70% des habitants de la capitale auraient logé dans les quartiers spontanés ou organisés en dehors de tout équipement. 2. 3. Urbanisme : la “ Gazra ” du Carrefour ”, in Mauritanie Demain, n°6, 1988.. 5.

(510) 89 !12 \'$'D~@3 ¤kF9@- >

(511) ( /R&@#

(512) D "j1- 0 9

(513) ` &R4f1D3F9 , "]_a/ E,

(514) c

(515) 21-13/4

(516) c1-4

(517) D W12@3_7 S#/4

(518) 1- ! /"Z@3 ]'

(519) G/13/F$* ~£

(520) f_a_@231D ! "£'$'13-F$1- / N »e¬

(521) ¯¯>³d³°#¯]©tª«S¬

(522) ®t¯ ³°£¶¬°#º¾&±

(523) ª/®o¯>¬*°@®e±S¯.¯>±

(524) ¶9®¬

(525) »R³9¯ z " =8P/"

(526) / k"$ =1- .oC$' A &-)/F

(527) @ W%S1f0"! "

(528) /13@ =_a_aD- /1-1- /%* /1-1- =8to"G' j1f0 /1- /"$ 1D !@F13 /U'

(529) F$1--/ B 9i / "$ > , ", &ÇÇ6k5%`53"$- k+ d 9I'13"$%0/$È, - k3"94$. ®»D»o¬ %. ¬

(530) ¹S¹P¬

(531) ª/°@³ h³°²P¬*t¯d©x® d³©t«&»e³ % »e±

(532) ¾

(533) ³

(534) h³&°±ª²t®t¬&®Rª³ % «t¬&ª/¬ P©P³ % ¶9¬

(535) ¯³a·P©°a°#³ % °³P°@³ NH 1(1D @/F

(536) 12 /; $ G13G#'$a -"h "L,-1-2 ; /

(537) "9a9f G / bj'/ "? A/0, "Gc "!-12- L"

(538) =

(539) /%S-1P k > 1- G " '

(540) /- !8

(541) 0A=, !-1&_e913129 j /3Co "

(542) 9 !12 M " A"$ b@f@

(543) "

(544) X K.

(545) c1-4 , "9@ ]WN. ¿ (=! /"Z793 %ab+ #2"@%

(546) # 12+ (89 ¹»©t¯!²S³?»e¬h±

(547) ®°@®eºB²P³9¯»R±¾

(548) ³d³°@¯0³L®»e®R³©6¯º²S³°#¬

(549) ®eª³¯±&°M²:³¯E»e±

(550) ¾

(551) ³

(552) d³/&°¯0±

(553) ª²P®-S¬

(554) ®oª/³¯=³Z° &©S³ ¹»©t¯ ²©G°@®e³ª¯ ²P³¯.»R±¾

(555) ³h³&°@¯¯>±P°S²&©G°t¹P³(¹Sª/º¶9¬

(556) ®oª/³@«P¬

(557) ª¬ &©³¯$¶¬

(558) ¯³@·&©°k°³°³P°@³¯ k'NN H

(559) ]/ \F _S"

(560) "$/%

(561) " ]'

(562) " `_e93 M@&2 .

(563) F$ k$D" ]'

(564) 12F13 ¤£1oe ~U13 -", G0, "9a9f /%& $ ®»-»e¬

(565) ¯ ¬

(566) ¹P¹S¬

(567) ª°³h³Z°¯.²P¬¯`©®h³Z©t«&»e³. &. ¤£1- \b 4$

(568) '

(569) ! /"Z: ]"aC9'

(570) ¹:ª/º¶9¬

(571) ®oª/³ %

(572) ¶¬

(573) «S¬t³¯ % ·P©°@°@³¯ °³P°@³9¯ N ¤£1- M@@9 , "£

(574) »R±&¾

(575) ³d³°S±&ª/²P®RP¬

(576) ®eª³ =, MaC9' c!,T, \"$ G A"@kZ A8 ¹Pªº9¶¬®Rª³ O<3"$ G12 0, "9a9f '$ub

(577) 17

(578) '

(579) &/

(580) |1|/*"$ b7#

(581) @-"$%B /"'

(582) /k- aZ %G &R"$ 19 >_@--"p / 1D4

(583) , "9@ ¬

(584) ¹S¹P¬

(585) ª/°@³ h³°. &. 8L0'*a n7

(586) - IaC9' / 1o-" "

(587) "r"

(588) =!/%d8L"12 ®»R»R¬. ~. 12 i /"$

(589) % »R±&¾

(590) ³d³°G±

(591) ª²P®-S¬

(592) ®eª³ %8\_@f4

(593) 4$912 ! "["$ k,3"991A I12. "! "

(594) /13@ /%P ` "$_a3"1- (oC$' ¹Pªº¶¬®ª³ "9 -1

(595) '/2 =1,='

(596) 3

(597) "

(598) N^="$ c a@ ="$ ba

(599) -"

(600) %P1f /4

(601)

(602) #D EA1-4 ! " $3"92 \$"!@

(603) 1- ('Nzj1-1D #@%&F$- "G !

(604) #%t1=4#- 12'

(605) 13 . '

(606) # " % =92 LR k[13;@,7"="Ib

(607) 17,8t$"

(608) L'

(609) #,2 ; I-

(610) "9"

(611) ! "='$#28

(612) 8/"_7+# h @/F

(613) 12 /

(614) %£ ~ G12G12 > W2_@32*"g W ¤3Q/ " %PG12!_@

(615) - ( #=' a3"$ "$/ 0 >

(616) Z13 =

(617) " W /" c $ #2'3_@N ¿ -

(618) "9" /! "G' gT~@ u "$ m'1 L0/"$3_@ / 6 (1oe"- "/*=' I8 I1fi4*- (12

(619) 4

(620) , " b 3"99f \Z%(FD "w8to@"9!'13A@[

(621) 13 %\' [/*='

(622) k G"m/1-! "[

(623) 3'93_!89

(624) c1oe''

(625) >

(626) A ~ Z b' /!c'$9f \ P13G/

(627) " #a#~D"BA "g £N

(628) 5I- Ae #j~*3

(629) =! " P1- ,9 A / *31D13 = f=! $F$1- >%]A-1P"P3CLG4

(630) + G $ ? > "$ >%

(631) /31- ! "%S?b 4$' A

(632) =/ ? 1S#f+ /% L1-4 , " N doC$' u/"

(633) k7dA "m 9U!6#/ 1fc8

(634) " _e9 G1oeFQ G P-

(635) "m/=! "@3 #%. È. 7 1- (_e9 `8to-1

(636) e'

(637) '

(638)

(639) > (=1e " 0F$1- /

(640) 0, "/%P/0, 1oe ~U '@-"$"$ 1bX$%2È K ./G/*=0$"!

(641) % K %c# #'"$ ;L" L 3_e_@ "

(642) /33

(643) "

(644) f912 L bab-~ , "/

(645) k/13 L ;aC9' L P-)Ff@% "91f. 6.

(646) /4