Spinosad : a new chemistry to solve the pyrethroid resistance of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in West Africa

(1)

(2)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CO PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD COPROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CO PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CO

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD COTTTTTTTTTTON RESEARCH CONFERENCEON RESEARCH CONFERENCEON RESEARCH CONFERENCEON RESEARCH CONFERENCEON RESEARCH CONFERENCE-3-3-3-3-3 Cotton production for the new millennium

Cotton production for the new millennium Cotton production for the new millennium Cotton production for the new millennium Cotton production for the new millennium

(3)

Chief editor

A Swanepoel A SwanepoelA Swanepoel A Swanepoel A Swanepoel

Managing editor

A Swanepoel A SwanepoelA Swanepoel A Swanepoel A Swanepoel Dr Samuel Alabi

Dr Samuel AlabiDr Samuel Alabi Dr Samuel Alabi Dr Samuel Alabi Dr Sarel Broodryk Dr Sarel BroodrykDr Sarel Broodryk Dr Sarel Broodryk Dr Sarel Broodryk Dr Roy Cantrell Dr Roy CantrellDr Roy Cantrell Dr Roy Cantrell Dr Roy Cantrell Dr Greg Constable Dr Greg ConstableDr Greg Constable Dr Greg Constable Dr Greg Constable Dr John Gorham Dr John GorhamDr John Gorham Dr John Gorham Dr John Gorham Dr K

Dr KDr K Dr K

Dr Kater Hakeater Hakeater Hakeater Hakeater Hake Dr Rory Hillocks Dr Rory HillocksDr Rory Hillocks Dr Rory Hillocks Dr Rory Hillocks Dr L

Dr LDr L Dr L

Dr Lawrance Hunterawrance Hunterawrance Hunterawrance Hunterawrance Hunter Dr Geoff McIntyre Dr Geoff McIntyreDr Geoff McIntyre Dr Geoff McIntyre Dr Geoff McIntyre Dr Jodi McL Dr Jodi McLDr Jodi McL Dr Jodi McL Dr Jodi McLeaneaneaneanean Dr Mustafa Dr MustafaDr Mustafa Dr Mustafa Dr Mustafa Dr Bruce Pyke Dr Bruce PykeDr Bruce Pyke Dr Bruce Pyke Dr Bruce Pyke Dr Derek Russell Dr Derek RussellDr Derek Russell Dr Derek Russell Dr Derek Russell Dr Shuki Saranga Dr Shuki SarangaDr Shuki Saranga Dr Shuki Saranga Dr Shuki Saranga Ms Jeannie V Ms Jeannie VMs Jeannie V Ms Jeannie V

Ms Jeannie Van Biljonan Biljonan Biljonan Biljonan Biljon

Nigeria South Africa USA Australia UK USA UK South Africa Australia Australia Sudan USA UK Israel South Africa Breeding Entomology Breeding Breeding Physiology/Biochemistry Biotechnology Plant pathology Fiber quality Irrigation/Water stress Agronomy Breeding Extension Entomology Agronomy Nematology

Scientific editors

(4)

Cataloging in Publication Entry Cataloging in Publication Entry Cataloging in Publication Entry Cataloging in Publication Entry Cataloging in Publication Entry

World Cotton Research Conference (3rd_{: 2003: Cape Town, South Africa)}

Proceedings of the World Cotton Research Conference-3:

Cotton production for the new millennium: Submitted papers. Cape Town, South Africa, 9-13 March, 2003.

Chief editor: A. Swanepoel

1. Cotton – Research – Conference I. Swanepoel, A. (Annette)

Printed in Pretoria, South Africa, May 2004.

Publisher: Agricultural Research Council - Institute for Industrial Crops Layout and design: D.Comm

Print: D.Comm

In preparing the proceedings of the World Cotton Research Conference-3, the editors have made a good faith effort to avoid any errors, omissions or other editing mistakes in the process of converting presentations and papers into these proceedings. However, the editors cannot ensure against all such errors.

(5)

ORGANISING COMMITTEE

International organizing committee

Dr T

Dr TDr T Dr T

Dr Terry P Terry P Terry P Terry P Terry P Townsend (Chairman)ownsend (Chairman)ownsend (Chairman)ownsend (Chairman)ownsend (Chairman) Dr Jean-Philippe Deguine Dr Jean-Philippe DeguineDr Jean-Philippe Deguine Dr Jean-Philippe Deguine Dr Jean-Philippe Deguine PPPPPeter Griffeeeter Griffeeeter Griffeeeter Griffeeeter Griffee

Dr F Dr FDr F Dr F

Dr Francisco Davila-Ricciardirancisco Davila-Ricciardirancisco Davila-Ricciardirancisco Davila-Ricciardirancisco Davila-Ricciardi Dr Andrew Jordan

Dr Andrew JordanDr Andrew Jordan Dr Andrew Jordan Dr Andrew Jordan Dr Joe CB K Dr Joe CB KDr Joe CB K Dr Joe CB K Dr Joe CB Kablssaablssaablssaablssaablssa

Dr Abdusattor Abdukarimov Dr Abdusattor AbdukarimovDr Abdusattor Abdukarimov Dr Abdusattor Abdukarimov Dr Abdusattor Abdukarimov

Mr Ralph Schulze (Chairman WCRC Mr Ralph Schulze (Chairman WCRCMr Ralph Schulze (Chairman WCRC Mr Ralph Schulze (Chairman WCRC Mr Ralph Schulze (Chairman WCRC-1)-1)-1)-1)-1) Dr Kiratso K

Dr Kiratso KDr Kiratso K Dr Kiratso K

Dr Kiratso Kosmldou-Dlmltropoulouosmldou-Dlmltropoulouosmldou-Dlmltropoulouosmldou-Dlmltropoulouosmldou-Dlmltropoulou (Chairman WCRC

(Chairman WCRC(Chairman WCRC (Chairman WCRC (Chairman WCRC-2)-2)-2)-2)-2)

Dr Deon Joubert (Chairman WCRC Dr Deon Joubert (Chairman WCRCDr Deon Joubert (Chairman WCRC Dr Deon Joubert (Chairman WCRC Dr Deon Joubert (Chairman WCRC-3)-3)-3)-3)-3)

Executive Director of the International Cotton Advisory Committee

Deputy Director, CIRAD-CA, France

Plant Production and Protection Division, FAO, Italy President, CONALGODON, Columbia

Technical Director, National Cotton Council of America, USA

General Manager, Tanzanian Cotton Lint and Seed Board, Tanzania

Director General, Institute of Genetics & Plant Exp. Biology, Uzbekistan

Executive Director, Cotton Research & Development Corporation, Australia

Director, Hellenic Cotton Board, Greece

Director, ARC Institute for Industrial Crops, South Africa

National organizing committee

Chairman ChairmanChairman Chairman Chairman Secretary SecretarySecretary Secretary Secretary Members MembersMembers Members Members

Dr Deon Joubert, Director ARC Institute for Industrial Crops

Ms Jeannie van Biljon, Snr Researcher, ARC Institute for Industrial Crops

Mr Hennie Bruwer, CEO Cotton SA

Mr Hein Schroder, Quality Control Cotton SA Mr Chris Nolte, Clark Cotton

(6)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CO PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CO PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CO PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CO

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD COTTTTTTTTTTON RESEARCH CONFERENCEON RESEARCH CONFERENCEON RESEARCH CONFERENCEON RESEARCH CONFERENCEON RESEARCH CONFERENCE-3-3-3-3-3 Cotton production for the new millennium

Cotton production for the new millenniumCotton production for the new millennium Cotton production for the new millennium Cotton production for the new millennium

SPONSORS

ABSA

Agricultural Research Council CIRAD-CA Clark Cotton Cotton SA CTA D&PL International Danida deNim FAO Frame Textiles GTZ ICAC Monsanto Rockefeller Foundation SA Cotton Trust SACTMA SBH Cotton Mills

(7)

Scientific Committee

PPPPProf Lrof Lrof Lrof Lrof Lawrence Hunterawrence Hunterawrence Hunterawrence Hunterawrence Hunter

PPPPProf Sakkie Prof Sakkie Prof Sakkie Prof Sakkie Prof Sakkie Pretoriusretoriusretoriusretoriusretorius Ms Annette Swanepoel Ms Annette SwanepoelMs Annette Swanepoel Ms Annette Swanepoel Ms Annette Swanepoel Dr Martie Botha Dr Martie BothaDr Martie Botha Dr Martie Botha Dr Martie Botha Dr F

Dr FDr F Dr F

Dr Frans Wrans Wrans Wrans Wrans Weitzeitzeitzeitzeitz Dr Deon Joubert Dr Deon JoubertDr Deon Joubert Dr Deon Joubert Dr Deon Joubert Dr Chris Steenkamp Dr Chris SteenkampDr Chris Steenkamp Dr Chris Steenkamp Dr Chris Steenkamp Dr Sarel Broodryk Dr Sarel BroodrykDr Sarel Broodryk Dr Sarel Broodryk Dr Sarel Broodryk

PPPPProf Maryke Lrof Maryke Lrof Maryke Lrof Maryke Lrof Maryke Labuschagneabuschagneabuschagneabuschagneabuschagne Dr Graham Thompson Dr Graham ThompsonDr Graham Thompson Dr Graham Thompson Dr Graham Thompson Mr Jean-L

Mr Jean-LMr Jean-L Mr Jean-L Mr Jean-Luc Hofsuc Hofsuc Hofsuc Hofsuc Hofs PPPPProf Charles Reinhardtrof Charles Reinhardtrof Charles Reinhardtrof Charles Reinhardtrof Charles Reinhardt

Divisional Fellow and Leader: Scientific and Technical Excellence, Division of Manufacturing and Materials Technology of the CSIR and Professor Extraordinary and Head of the post-graduate Department of Textile Science , University of Port Elizabeth

Professor and chairperson – Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State

Senior researcher – ARC-Institute for Industrial Crops Senior researcher – ARC-Institute for Industrial Crops

Plant systematist – Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biol-ogy, University of Western Cape

Director – ARC-Institute for Industrial Crops Consultant

IPM Advisor

Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State Assistant Director, ARC-Vegetable and Ornamental Plants Institute Researcher – Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, Univer-sity of Pretoria

Professor and Head of the Department – Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria

(8)

Spinosad: a new chemistry to

solve the pyrethroid resistance of

Helicoverpa armigera

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in

(Hübner) in

W

West Africa

est Africa

Thibaud Martin

1,2

_{and Germain O. Ochou}

2 1

_{CIRAD-CA, Montpellier FRANCE}

2

_{CNRA Bouaké COTE d’IVOIRE}

(9)

throids via the overproduction of oxidases, lead-ing to control failures in the field. One way to overcome this problem is restriction in pyrethroid use. Tested for six years in cotton, spinosad (La-ser®) proved to be efficient for the control of H.

armigera. Furthermore, no cross-resistance has

been detected in a selected pyrethroid-resistant strain. Spinosad can be recommended to manage bollworm resistant populations in West Africa.

Introduction

Pyrethroid resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) from West Africa is due to greater degrada-tion of pyrethroids involving oxidases from the P450 family (Martin et al., 2002). Following the failure of treatments to control H. armigera in cotton, an insecti-cide resistance management strategy (IRM) was imple-mented with success in 1999 (Figure 1). IRM was based on the limitation of pyrethroid use and their replace-ment with endosulfan and profenofos (Ochou and Martin, 2001). Because spinosad (Laser®) is a new insecticide with a novel mode of action, it could be an alternative to these older products.

In the present study, bioassays with spinosad were done with a deltamethrin selected resistant strain of H. armigera and compared with a susceptible one to show any cross-resistance. At the same time, spinosad was tested in cotton fields to prove its efficacy in the IRM strategy recommended in West Africa.

Experimental procedure

The pyrethroid resistant H. armigera strain was collected from cotton in Côte d’Ivoire and selected with deltamethrin for ten generations. It was compared with the susceptible H. armigera strain BK77. Standard cot-ton leaf-dip bioassay (IRAC N°7) and feeding bioas-says on artificial diet were used to determine spinosad toxicity according to Young et al. (2000).

The field trial was conducted in a Fisher block

Spinosad is a new molecule efficient to control Jacobiella facialis, H. armigera and Earias spp., which are the major cotton pest in the first stage of the Insec-ticide Resistance Management strategy (Figure 2). This molecule gives the same cotton yield as endosulfan and profenofos when used in the first stage of IRM (Fig-ure 3).

Spinosad shows no cross-resistance with deltamethrin. LD₅₀s for the pyrethroid resistant strain BK99R10 and susceptible strain BK77 were not statisti-cally different with leaf-dip bioassay and ingestion as-say respectively (Table 1). Furthermore, dose-mortality data showed a similar response for the deltamethrin selected strain and a field strain BK01 collected from cotton in October 2001 (Figure 4). Moreover, this mol-ecule appears to be a good alternative to endosulfan and profenofos since it is less toxic to mammals and beneficials insects (Borth et al., 1996).

Conclusion

The IRM strategy proved successful during the first three years of its widespread use at a regional scale as there was no longer any field infestation problem due to the bollworm H. armigera. To keep this advantage we recommended the implementation of mosaic strat-egy with spinosad, endosulfan and profenofos. There-fore, the overall toxicity level of cotton insecticides and the risk of resistance will be reduced.

References

• Borth, P.W., McCall, P. J., Bischoff, R.R. and Thomp-son, G.D. (1996). The environmental and mamalian safety profile of Naturalyte insect con-trol. Proceedings Beltwide Cotton conferences, 22222: 690-692.

• Martin, T., Chandre, F., Ochou, O.G., Vaissayre, M. and Fournier, D. (2002). Pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from West Af-rica. Pest. Biochem. Physiol., 74747474: 17-26.74

• Ochou, O.G. and Martin, T. (2001). Impact of Re-sistance Management Strategies on Cotton Field

(10)

World Cotton Research Conference-3 2003 Cape Town - South Africa

TTTTTable 1.able 1.able 1.able 1.able 1. Toxicity of insecticides to the susceptible (BK77), and the resistant strain (BK99R10) of H.

armigera with leaf-dip assay (LD) and ingestion assay (Ing.)

Figure 1. Figure 1.Figure 1. Figure 1. Figure 1. Insecticide Resistance Management strategy recom-mended in Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa. Pyre-throid alterna-tives are used in the first stage.

Figure 2. Figure 2.Figure 2. Figure 2. Figure 2. Mean of cotton pests during the first stage of the Insect Resis-tance Manage-ment strategy with endosulfan (700 g/ha), profenofos (700 g/ha) or spinosad (48 g/ ha) compared with control (no treatment).

(11)

Figure 3. Figure 3. Figure 3. Figure 3. Figure 3. Cotton yield with endosulfan (700 g/ha), profenofos (700 g/ha) and spinosad + chlorpyriphos (48+300 g/ha) used in the first stage of the Insecticide Resistance Management strategy and compared with the untreated control. Figure 4. Figure 4. Figure 4. Figure 4. Figure 4. Ingestion toxicity of spinosad for H. armigera field strain BK01 (•), and deltamethrin-selected strain BK99R10 (o).