• Aucun résultat trouvé

A soft k-segments algorithm for principal curves

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "A soft k-segments algorithm for principal curves"

Copied!
8
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: inria-00321506

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00321506

Submitted on 16 Feb 2011

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

A soft k-segments algorithm for principal curves

Jakob Verbeek, Nikos Vlassis, Ben Krose

To cite this version:

Jakob Verbeek, Nikos Vlassis, Ben Krose. A soft k-segments algorithm for principal curves. Interna-

tional Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Aug 2001, Vienna, Austria. pp.450-456, �10.1007/3-

540-44668-0_63�. �inria-00321506�

(2)

,.- /'

0210214365798:55;=<">@?BA+143CD<FEGEGHIEJ<">@?&KL14MN7PO

Q

ER5

STPUWVFXFY[Z9\^]"_`aZbc_ZJdebcfgY[`hY[XFY[Z)iFj^bc`akZ9\[fl`hYemTnpo^UWfgY[Z9\RqFr)U

s

\[XF`tflutr)r)bvw)xyi2z{wP|)}+]F~WoUWfgY[Z9\RqcrU€iy ‚cZJƒ„ZGY[‚cZ9\[utr)bcqFf

…+†ˆ‡‰ŠŒ‹Ž)‰PL

ZVy\[TPV‘T)flZLrNbFZ9’“UWZ9Y[‚FT"qY[TW”ŽbcqVF\[`abc_9`tVcr)u•_9XF\[kZfnIT\JqFrYRr

flZ9Y[f–— ‚cZUWZ9Y[‚cT"q\[ZV‘Z{rY[fpY[‚F\[ZZfgY[ZVFf˜XFb—Y[`tucr™fgY[TPVFVc`abcšJ_9\[`hY[Z9\[`aT)b`af˜UWZ9Y{–Pdeb

Y[‚FZ„”c\[fgY6fgY[Z9V2ic›œXFbc_T)bcbcZ9_9Y[Z{qŽžua`tbFZJflZšPUWZ9b"Y[f r\[Z™”cYlY[ZqT)bY[‚FZJqcrŒYRry–F ‚cZ

flZ_9TPbŽq'fgY[ZV'_T)bcbcZ9_9Y[f2Y[‚FZ˜flZš)UWZb—Y[f2Y[T6nIT\[U“r6V‘TPuhmyšPT)bŽruyua`abcZ)iŒr)bcq'Z9kPrutXcrY[Zf

Y[‚FZŸ—Xcr)ua`hY mT)nY[‚cZ™\[ZflXFuhY[`tbFšWV‘TPuhmyšPT)bŽr)u:ut`abFZP–4 ‚cZJY[‚F`a\RqfgY[ZV`abcflZ9\lY[f^rNbcZ9’

ua`abcZ˜flZšPUWZb—Y{–  Z˜_T)UWVŽrŒ\[ZpY[‚FZ˜V‘Z9\lnDT)\[U+rbc_Z˜T)nŽT)XF\:bcZ9’!UWZGY[‚cT"q™’`hY[‚TY[‚cZ9\

Z9¡y`afgY[`abcšNUWZGY[‚cT"qFf Y[T”ŽbŽqVF\[`abc_9`tVcr)u@_XF\[kPZf–

¢ £c¤¥‘¦4§J¨©ª:¥4«[§¤

¬79H­>@®H­¯2<"Cp®°47G±F5)E„²

Q

7G³µ´G¶45>@<—´9°479<yC·y5)>457<"CDHD¸)<—´9H

Q > Q

²¬79H­>@®H­¯2<"C¹

Q

³¯

Q

>@5>c´º'>@<yCt»

¼

EGHIE½¾¬™¹„º¿ÀÁy 1cÙ¶45'Ä@7ER´¯479H­>@®H­¯2<"C•®

Q

³€¯

Q

>45)>c´^®<y>825´G¶

Q

°4·y¶c´

Q

²<yE6´9¶45+Å

Q

¯4´GHD³€<yCeÆ

C­HD>45)<y7Wnj»l?&ER°4³€³<"79HD¸)<—´9H

Q > Q

²˜´9¶45+?4<"´9<412ºÈ¯47GHD>@®H­¯@<yC6É)ÊyË)̗Í+·F5>45)79<yC­HD¸5PE^´G¶4HIEJHI?‘5)<´

Q

nj»l?ÏΕÐÎ2ѾҭÓDÎ:ÍԗËEG°4³€³<"79H­¸P<—´GH

Q

>2E

Q

²„´G¶45?@<—´9<@1˜ÕŽHD>@®Œ5Ö²

Q

7WÄ@>@Ht´95?4<—´<—»lER5´9EL´9¶45795Ö<"795

<"CDׄ<

¼

EN®Œ°479±y5PEL¯@<yE9ERHD>4·&5ŒØ4<F®{´GC

¼

´9¶47

Q

°4·y¶Ù<"CDC ´G¶@5Ö?4<—´<4ÚpE

Q

³€5€7G5)·y°4CI<"79HD¸)<—´9H

Q > Q

²„´G¶@5

® Q

³€¯4CD5ŒØ‘H­´

¼ Q

²™´G¶45B®Œ°479±y5HIE+HD>45±ŽH­´9<y84C­5F1˜¬

Q

EGEGH­8@C­5Ö<y¯4¯4CDHD®)<—´GH

Q

>2E

Q

²J¯479H­>2®ŒHD¯@<"C„®Œ°479±y5PE

H­>@®C­°2?‘5+?‘HD³5)>@EGH

Q

>B795)?4°@®{´9H

Q

Q

7™²Û5)<—´9°4795L5؎´G7<y®{´9H

Q > Q

7™±cHIEG°@<"CDH­¸P<—´9H

Q > Q

²?4<"´9<41

Վ5±F57<"C?‘5Ä@>4H­´GH

Q

>@E

Q

²'¯@7GHD>@®ŒHD¯@<yC„®°47G±F5)E¶@<±y5Ö8:55)>ܯ47

Q ¯ Q

EG5)?ÝÀÞ4ÚßÂg1˜àl>áÀß„´G¶@5

¬ Q C¼ · Q

>@<yCLâpH­>@5ܺ'CD·

Q

79H­´G¶4³ã½e¬☺¿BHIE!¯47

Q

±cHI?‘5P?á<yE!<“³€5´G¶

Q

?ä´

Q

Ä@>@?å¯479HD>@®ŒHD¯@<"C

®Œ°479±y5PE1càl>=<¯47

Q

8@<"8@H­CDHDER´GHI®EG5Œ´G´GHD>4·&ÀtÇPæ—•¯47GHD>@®H­¯@<yC:®°479±y5)E„<"795?45ŒÄ@>45P?<FE^®°47G±F5)E^³€H­>‘»

H­³€HD¸HD>4·=<¯25)>@<"CDH­¸)5)?çC

Q

·"»gC­HD;y5)C­HD¶

QŽQ

?=³€5P<yEG°47G5F12âp5Œ´NèêéëàìJíÝ<">2?ç<yE9EG°4³€5<Ö³€H­Øc´9°4795

?‘5>@EGH­´

¼ î

½Ûèp¿^ïáðÜñ

ò î

½ÛèóôR¿

î

½ÛôR¿R?4ô ½[Ç¿

×J¶45795Wô^HIE'<CI<—´G5)>c´'±<y7GHI<"8@C­5W?‘HIE[´97GHD84°‘´95)?

Q

>&<y>!<"7®{»gC­5)>4·"´9¶¯@<y79<y³5´G5)7GHD¸5P?=®°47G±F5

Q ²

C­5)>4·"´9¶BõR1

î

½ÛèóôR¿„HDE)ڎ²

Q

7™5ؑ<y³€¯4C­5Fڑ<EG¯4¶45)7GHI®<yC•öN<y°@E9ERHI<">=³

Q

?‘5)C­HD>4·´G¶@5L>

Q

HIER5LC

Q

®)<—´G5P?

Q

>B¯

Q

H­>c´'ô

Q

²p´9¶45+®Œ°@7G±F5y1

Վ5±F57<"C

Q

´G¶45)7³€5Œ´9¶

Q

?4E²Û7

Q

³÷´9¶45=Ä@5CI?

Q

²°4>@EG°4¯25)7G±ŽHIER5P?øCD5)<"79>4HD>4·ç®)<">Ü<"CIE

Q

8:5

5³€¯4C

Q ¼ 5)?´

Q

Ä@>@?Ö¯47GHD>@®H­¯@<yC2®°47G±F5)E)ùFöL5>@57<—´GHD±y5'Ã

Q ¯ Q

·F79<y¯4¶4HI®Júû<"¯@¯4H­>@·½eöNÃJúç¿ÀtÇ Ú

Վ5C­²ü79·F<y>4HD¸HD>4·Lúç<"¯@E'½ Õ@üLú翙Àý—ÂgÚyöL7

Q

×JHD>4·¹^5CDC2Õc´97G°2®{´G°@7G5PEJ½eö+¹™Õ4¿JÀþÂ@<y>@?à[E

Q

³<"¯

Àÿ" 1FՑHt´9°@<—´9H

Q

>@E6HD>×J¶4HD®¶´9¶45'?4<—´<—»lER5´Ó™®

Q

>@®5>c´G7<—´95)?<"C

Q

>4·W<N>

Q

>‘» CDHD>45)<y7®Œ°479±y5™84°‘´

´G¶45<"²

Q

795³€5>c´9H

Q

>45)?³€5Œ´G¶

Q

?@E¯:57G²

Q

79³á¯

QcQ 7GC

¼ Q 7•²¾<"HDCF®

Q

³€¯4CD5Œ´G5)C

¼ ´ ¼

¯4HD®)<"CDC

¼ ® Q

>@ERHIER´

Q ²

?4<—´<—»lER5´9E ´9¶@<—´™<"795'® >2®Œ5>c´979<"´G5)?<yC >4·+<W¶4HD·y¶@C ®Œ°479±y5P? 7^EG5C­²»gH­>c´G5)79EG5)®Œ´GHD>4·+®Œ°@7G±F5)E)Ú

(3)

QŽQ Q Q ¼ Q Q

ER5P<"7®¶ER´G7<—´95·yHD5)E 5)³€¯4C

Q ¼ 5)?8

¼

´G¶@5)EG5J³5´G¶

Q

?4E)1™K

¼ CQ

®)<"C­»gEG5)<y79®¶×^5J³€5P<">´G¶@<"´´G¶@5

³5´G¶

Q

?4E^E[´<"7G´×JHt´9¶E

Q

³€5JH­>@Ht´9HD<yC2®Œ°@7G±F5'<">@?·y7<y?4°@<"CDC

¼

H­³€¯47

Q

±y5™°4¯

Q

>H­´)1cÙ¶45'795)EG°4C­´

HDE™´9¶@<—´™´9¶45W³€5Œ´G¶

Q

?@EJ5>@?B°4¯&HD>&79<"´G¶45)7„¯

QŽQ 7JC

Q

®<"C

Q

¯‘´GHD³<€H­>B´9¶45+ER¯2<y®Œ5

Q

²6®Œ°@7G±F5)E)1

 Ž ZflXcuhY[fTPbfgmyb"Y[‚FZ9Y[`a_JqcrŒYRrnIT\LœuaZ9n­YY[TL\[`ašP‚—YGž™=i4]=iJS6]rbŽq:o'–

Ï5=¯47

Q ¯ Q

ER5B<"> <yCt´9579>@<—´9H­±F5Ö³€5Œ´9¶

Q

?ø´

Q

Ä@>@? ¯47GHD>@®H­¯@<yC„®°479±y5)E+´G¶@<"´HIE<"84CD5Ö´

Q

Q

±y57®

Q

³€5E

Q

³€5

Q

²^´G¶45PER5C

Q

®<"C

Q

¯‘´GHD³<41pÙ¶@5;F5

¼

²Û5P<—´9°47G5HIEL´G¶2<—´

Q

°@7W³5´G¶

Q

?Ù®<y>

³€<y;y5PÊ HD>!´G¶@5EG¯@<y®5

Q

²®°479±y5)E)12Ù¶@HDEHDEL<y®¶@H­5)±y5)?&8

¼

EG¯4C­H­´R´9H­>@·Ö´G¶@5EG5)<y79®¶&²

Q 7

®Œ°479±y5PE'HD>û´[×

Q

¯@<"7G´9E)1˜HD7E[´PÚ&°@>@®

Q

>4>45)®Œ´G5P?ûCDH­>45ER5)·y³€5>c´E

"!$#%#$#%!

"&<y7G5+Ä4´R´95)?

Q >

´G¶45N?4<—´<+8

¼

³€5)<">2E

Q

²pC

Q

®)<"C­»gEG5)<y79®¶1FA

Q

´95'´9¶@<—´™×^5L®<y>ÖH­>2ER5)7R´W½' (ÙÇP¿C­HD>45NER5)·y³€5>c´E

´

Q*)[Q H­>+

!%#%#$#%!

& ´ Q ²Q 7G³ <!¯

Q C¼ · Q

>@<yCCDH­>45Fژׄ5®)<">Ü?

Q E Q HD>êþ

&",

-/.˜×™<

¼

E1pÙ¶@5

ER5P®

Q

>2?çEG5)<"7®¶ç®

Q

>@EGHDER´9E

Q

²„<C

Q

®<"C6EG5)<y79®¶ç<y³

Q

>4·´G¶45Öþ

&",

-/.•®)<">@?4HD?4<"´G5¯

Q C¼ · Q

>@<yC

C­HD>45)E)1càl>Ö´G¶@5>45Øc´™ER5P®{´9H

Q

>Ö×^5L?‘HIEG®°@EGE^5ŒØ4<F®{´GC

¼

×J¶@<—´™®Œ°479±y5PEׄ5<"795'C

QŽQ

;ŽH­>@·W²

Q

7P1cÙ¶@5

ER°482ER510F°@5>c´€EG5)®Œ´GH

Q

>@E€?‘HIE9®Œ°@E9E´G¶45!<"CD·

Q

7GH­´G¶@³ H­>“?‘5Œ´<"HDCe1Վ5P®{´9H

Q > ýÏ5>@?@E´9¶45&¯@<"¯:57

×JHt´9¶&<€?‘HIE9®Œ°@E9ERH

Q

>&<">2?B®

Q

>@®C­°2ERH

Q

>@E)1

2 3Ϧ@«R¤ªˆ«547698*:ë©'¦<;=>

àl>Ï´9¶4HIEW¯@<"¯:57Pڈׄ5°@ER5<&¯47

Q

82<"84HDC­HIER´GHI®EG5Œ´G´GHD>4·B´

Q

Ä@>2?ϯ@7GHD>@®ŒHD¯@<yC®Œ°479±y5PEN8

¼

³5P<">@E

Q

²˜³<"؎HD³€H­¸)H­>@·C

Q

·y» CDH­;F5CDH­¶

QcQ

?ˆÚŽ795)EG5³84C­HD>4·´G¶45W³€5Œ´9¶

Q

?8

¼

ÙHD8@EG¶4HD79<y>4H6ÀtÇPæ—Âg1ë5N°@EG5

´G¶45Ö³

Q

?‘5)C½[Ç¿{Ú×J¶@5795

î

½ÛôR¿WHDE°4>4H­²

Q

79³÷<"C

Q

>@·=´9¶45®°47G±F5Ö<">@?

î

½@?óôR¿WHIE+<!EG¯4¶45)7GHI®<yC

öN<"°@E9ERHI<">ÏC

Q

®)<—´G5P?

Q

>ç¯

Q

HD>F´Wô

Q

²´G¶@5€®°479±y5yڕ×JH­´G¶Ù®

Q

>@E[´<">c´N±<y7GHI<">2®Œ5BA/C

D Q

±F57N<"CDCô{1

Ù¶45Ö±—<"79HD<y>@®Œ5EA

CD

HDE<ûEG³

QŽQ

´G¶4HD>4·û¯@<y79<y³€5Œ´G5)7)Ú´

Q

8:5=EG5Ϋ8

¼

´G¶45°@ER5)7)1˜àg²7A

C

D

´95>@?4E

´ Q

¸57

Q

ÚF´G¶@5¯4795Œ²Û5)7G5)>@®Œ5

Q

²´9¶45N<"CD·

Q

79H­´G¶4³.HIE^?‘7<×J>´

Q

ׄ<y79?4E^®Œ°479±y5PE¯2<yE9ERHD>4·5Ø4<y®{´9C

¼

´G¶47

Q

°4·F¶B<yC­C?@<—´9<@1<Ï5W795)ER´G79HI®{´™´G¶45+®

Q

>@EGHI?‘5795)?B®Œ°479±y5PE^´

Q ¬ Q C¼ · Q

>@<"C•âHD>45)EW½e¬â˜E9¿Œ1

Վ°4¯4¯

Q

EG5

Q

°47W?4<—´<—»lER5´LCDHD±y5)ELHD>ÏàìJíJ1â5´F8:5Ö<=C­HD>45ER5)·y³€5>c´Pڕ?45ŒÄ@>45P?Ï<FEùGï

H1I

½ÛôR¿óôéåÀJ(K

!

KFÂ'LcÚ×JH­´G¶

I

½¾ôR¿ïNMPORQpô{ÚSQ

!

MÙéêàì'íå<y>@?UT-QVT€ï Çy1˜â5Œ´+èWïXMFO

½R½ÛèY(ZMc¿\[9Q ¿5Q<y>@?Lè]Üï“èY(ëèW)1àg²c´9¶45¬^â€HDE<™CDHD>45EG5·y³€5)>F´p<y>@?

î

½¾ôR¿ˆ<">@?

î

½ÛèóôR¿ˆ<"795

<yE'?‘5Ä@>45P?!<"8

Q

±y5yڎ´9¶45>ܽRÇP¿J®)<">&8:5+×J7GH­´R´95>û<FE™´G¶45¯47

Q

?‘°2®{´)ù

î

WP½ÛèW{¿

î

]J½Ûè]¿{Ú:×J¶45795

î

]“HIEN<ç½_^»ÇP¿?‘H­³€5)>@ERH

Q

>2<"C ER¯4¶@579HD®)<"CöN<y°@E9ERHI<">û×JH­´G¶Ï¸5)7

Q

³€5P<">Ï<y>@?!±—<"79HI<">@®5PA/C

D 1

Ï5<y¯4¯47

Q

ؑH­³<—´95

î

W×JH­´G¶Ö<L²Û°4>2®{´GH

Q

>´9¶@<—´HIE®

Q

>@ER´9<y>F´'Ç`‘½ þaK‘¿

Q

>´G¶45H­>c´G5)7G±—<yCpÀb(KO

c

 ‚c`af+qFT—Z9fWbcT)Y+‚FTPutq!nIT)\deflTPU+r)V@–Gd„T{’ Z9kZ9\{ipd flT)U+r)Vç`tfWbFT)Y+r%ecuaZY[T”ŽbŽqûflZuhnf¾_9\[T)flfl`abcš

_XF\[kPZf– ‚c`afW`afLbFT)YWflXy\[VF\[`afl`abcšfl`abc_Zd flTPU+rVû`tfgeŽrflZ{qçT)bûULXcuhY[`6qy`aUWZbcfl`aTPbcr)u fl_r)ua`abcš

(4)

D ! D Q Q Q'Q

D

¶45>@®5 (BC

Q · î W)½¾èW{¿

CQ

·^þKGO³<—ØW½\T{èW"T (ZK O A D ! æc¿

C

`4½eþA/C

D

¿"O€®

Q

>@E[´P1C'¹

Q

³84HD>4HD>4·

´G¶4HIE<"¯4¯@7

Q

ؑHD³€<"´GH

Q

>ø×JH­´G¶

î ] <">@? C­5´R´GHD>4· Cc½Ûè

!

I¿ï ³<—ØL½ T{èW"T ( KO A D !

æF¿

C O

T{è ] T C ?‘5)>

Q

´95´9¶45™E\0c°@<y7G5P?+?‘HIE[´<">@®58:5Œ´[ׄ55>è=<y>@?N´G¶@5„CDHD>45„EG5·F³€5>c´ ï H1I

½ÛôR¿)óô™é

Àb(K O A D ! KF(ZA

D

Â'L+ׄ5N¶@<±y5Fù

(&C

Q · î

½Ûèp¿

C

½Ûè

!

¿\`4½eþA

CD

¿GOÜC

Q

·^þaK OÜ®

Q

>@ER´ ½eþF¿

Ï5°@ER5=½eþy¿J´

Q

³€5P<yEG°47G5N´9¶45>@5·F<"´GHD±y5WC

Q

·y» CDH­;F5CDH­¶

QcQ

? Q

² ´9¶45?4<"´9<·FH­±F5>!<¯479HD>@®ŒHD¯@<"C

®Œ°479±y5F1<Ï5W>45)·yCD5)®Œ´™5:5P®{´E

Q

²¶4H­·F¶457'?45>@EGHt´

¼ Q

®®Œ°@7G79H­>@·HD>&825)>@?4E

Q

²p´G¶@5+®Œ°479±y5F1

A Q

´95Ö´9¶@<—´Pژ°@EGHD>4·

Q

°47?‘5)>@EGHt´

¼ ³ Q

?‘5C Ú®

Q

³€¯4°‘´9H­>@·û´G¶@5=>45)·F<"´GHD±y5ÖC

Q

·y» CDH­;F5CDH­¶

QcQ

?

H­>Ž±

Q

C­±F5)E„³€5)<FER°479HD>4·´9¶45 'Ê4ÉGÒDӎÍԗÎyÓgԗΈɌ͎Í6Í)ÍÎ!ÔcÔgÔ ÐÓDÎԗÎÖÔÒ­ÓDÎ:Í {͑Ñ

ÖÍ{ÎRڑ×J¶45)7G5P<yE°2ERHD>4·€<³°4Ct´9H­±—<y7GHI<—´95NöN<y°@EGEGHI<">ÚcC­HD;y5LHD>ÏÀ­ÇyڌÇPæ4ڌÇFnjÂgÚcׄ5L³5P<yEG°4795çÔFÑ

ԗҝԗÎ:ЗÓFÓ Ô"ΈÉ{ÍlÐ ÍÉ{Í{ξˌÐÓ!@1

" #§™ª698%$ =6¦2ª'& £'()ݧ™§™¨+*ᤪ•§¤¤=pª:¥<=p¨,$V=.-0/ =p¤^¥>

Ù¶45´<yEG;

Q

²´9¶45Ä279ER´^¯@<y7R´

Q

²ˆ´9¶45N<"CD·

Q

79H­´G¶4³.HIE´

Q

Ä4´CDHD>45LEG5·F³€5>c´9E´

Q

<?4<"´9<"»gEG5Œ´P1

àl><">Ö<F®®

Q

³€¯@<">

¼

H­>@·W¯@<"¯:57LÀtÇþÂgÚ"×^5L?‘HIEG®°@EGEG5)?€¶

Q

×êׄ5®)<">5ŒØŽ´95>@?´9¶45ׄ5CDCt»g;Ž>

Q

×J>

c» ³€5P<">@E

Q

7öL5>45)79<yC­HD¸5P?ÏâpC

Q ¼

?ë<"CD·

Q

79H­´G¶4³ ´

Q < c» CDHD>45)E

Q

7Pc»lER5)·y³€5>c´9EN<yC­·

Q

79Ht´9¶4³&1

1'5795yڈׄ5´9<";F5<y>

Q

´9¶457W<y¯4¯47

Q

<y®¶ç×J¶45795ׄ5€7G5)¯4CI<y®Œ5´G¶45¶2<"7?û¯@<y7R´9Ht´9H

Q

>4H­>@·

Q

²´G¶@5

?4<—´<—»lER5´™×JH­´G¶!<=ÅhE

Q

²´)Æ4ׄ5HD·y¶c´GHD>4·€EG®¶@5³€5L´G¶@<"´?‘5Œ´9579³HD>45PE™¶

Q

×á³°@®¶!<?@<—´9<¯

Q

HD>c´

® Q

>c´97GHD84°‘´95)E„´

Q

´9¶45+®

Q

>‘Ä@·y°@79<"´GH

Q > Q

² <CDH­>@5+ER5)·y³€5>c´)1

Ï5LH­>c´9579¯47G5´^´9¶45Ä4´R´9H­>4·

Q

²´G¶45LCDH­>45WEG5·F³5)>c´9E„<yE„<³€H­Øc´9°4795L?‘5)>@EGHt´

¼

5PE[´9H­³<—´9H

Q >

¯47

Q

84CD5³ ×J¶4HI®¶çׄ5E

Q

CD±y5HD>Ï<">2ú E[´

¼

CD5y12<F®¶çEG5·y³€5)>F´W?‘5Ä@>45)EN<=³€Ht؎´G°@7G5®

Q

³»

¯ Q

>45>c´

Q

²´G¶@5+²

Q

79³ ½[Ç¿{1ˆâ5´354^8:5´9¶45³€H­Ø‘H­>4·=×^5)H­·F¶c´

Q

²®

Q

³€¯

Q

>45>c´76™<y>@?!CD5Œ´98

?‘5>

Q

´G5´9¶45?‘HD³€5>@EGH

Q

>@<yC­H­´

¼ Q

²™´9¶45?4<"´9<!EG¯@<y®5y1àg´HIEW5P<yE

¼ ´ Q

?4579H­±F5€´G¶45²

Q

C­C

Q

×JHD>4·

°4¯:?@<—´G5L5$0c°@<"´GH

Q

>@E²

Q

7VA/C½Û795)®<yC­C2´G¶2<—´A!HDE„<yE9EG°4³€5)?Ö®

Q

>@ER´9<y>F´™<"C

Q

>4·+´G¶45N®Œ°479±y5¿<y>@?

354'À­ÇPþ— ù

A C

:<;=

ï?>

&

@BA

>DC îE

ñGF

½GH•óèp¿I2½¾è

! @

¿5C

J 8

½¾Þc¿

3K4ML

:<;N=

ï

>DC î E

ñOF

½M6Œóèp¿

J

½ÛÁŽ¿

Ï5Ö?

Q > Q

´+¶@<±F5€EG°@®¶ë°4¯•?4<—´95Ö5$0c°@<"´GH

Q

>@EL²

Q

7N´G¶45¯@<y79<y³€5Œ´G5)79E´9¶@<—´?45Œ´G5)7G³€HD>45€´G¶@5

C­5)>4·"´9¶ÚC

Q

®)<—´9H

Q

>ë<y>@?

Q

79H­5)>F´<—´9H

Q > Q

²„´G¶@5ÖER5)·y³€5>c´9E)1.1

Q

ׄ5±F57Pڕ·yHD±y5>Ï´G¶@5¯

Q

E[´9579H

Q 7

?‘HDER´G79HD84°‘´GH

Q > Q

±F57´G¶45'®

Q

³€¯

Q

>45)>F´E6·yHD±y5)><N?4<"´9<N¯

Q

HD>c´)Ú

î

½OH•ó?•¿{ÚF×^5LÉÔ"ή

Q

³€¯4°4´G5™´G¶@5

Q

¯‘´9H­³<"C•®Œ5)>c´G57„<">@?®

Q

±—<"79HD<y>@®Œ5J³<"´G79Ht؀Ht²˜×^5'ׄ5795JÄ4´G´GHD>4·€<W³°4C­´GHD±—<"79HD<"´G5NöN<"°@E9ERHI<">p1

Ï5?

Q EQ

<y>@??‘579HD±y5yڗ¶@5°479HDER´GHI®<yC­C

¼

Úy¯@<"7<"³€5Œ´9576°4¯•?4<"´G5)E²

Q

76´9¶45'CDH­>@5ER5)·y³€5>c´E1yÙ¶@5

®Œ5>c´957

Q

²:´9¶45EG5·F³€5>c´HDE´9<y;y5>510c°@<"C‘´

Q

´G¶@5®Œ5)>F´957

Q

²•´G¶45LöN<"°@E9ERHI<">p1yÙ¶45?‘HD795)®{´9H

Q >

HDE´9<y;y5>Ï<"C

Q

>4·€´9¶455)H­·F5>Ž±y5P®{´

Q

7'×JH­´G¶Ï³€<"ؑH­³<"C˜5HD·y5)>c±—<yC­°45P'QSRUT

Q

²6´9¶45®

Q

±<y7GHI<">2®Œ5

V

„bcZ_{r)brVcVF\[T{¡y`aU+rY[Z.WX˜_uaTPflZ9\6’`hY[‚rJfl`tš)UWTP`tqNnIXFbc_9Y[`aTPbT)nZYI[XY–ad„T{’ZkZ9\{iY[‚FZV™rXcff

fl`tr)bNrVcVy\[TŒ¡y`aU+rY[`aT)bNr)uauaT{’fˆnIT)\pfl`aUWVcua`h”Ž_rY[`aTPbFfˆ`tbY[‚cZ˜_TPUWVFXFYRrY[`aT)bTnŽY[‚cZ˜utT)š$f¾ua`]\Zua`a‚cT—T"q

(5)

Q Q

±<yC­°@5Lי<yE^5ŒØ‘¯:579H­³€5)>F´<"CDC

¼

1EGH­>@·C

Q

>4·F57™ER5)·y³€5>c´E^³<

¼¼

HD5CI?=EG5·F³5)>c´9E^´G¶@<"´'®

Q

±y5)7

ER°482ER510F°@5>c´¯@<y7R´E

Q

²6´G¶45®Œ°479±y5W´

Q

®7

Q

EGE)12Վ¶

Q

7R´957LER5)·y³€5>c´9E?‘5)E9®Œ79HD825´G¶45?4<—´<C­5PEGE

×^5)C­C 1yàl>Ö8

Q

´9¶®<FER5PE ´G¶@5®

Q

>@ER´G79°@®{´9H

Q > Q

²•´G¶45L®Œ°479±y5½¾EG55'>45؎´„EG5)®{´9H

Q

>2¿ HIE³<F?‘5'³

Q

795

?‘HÖ®°4Ct´P1

Ù¶4HDE ³€5´G¶

Q

?€HIE6>

Q

´·F°@<"7<">c´955)?+´

Q

¯47

Q

±ŽHD?‘5J<WEG5$0c°45)>@®Œ5

Q

²•¯•?Ž²ÆE×JH­´G¶€H­>2®Œ795)<yEGHD>4·

CQ

·"»gC­HD;y5)C­HD¶

QŽQ

? Q

>´G¶@5L?4<"´9<+?4°45´

Q

H­´9E^¶45°@7GHIE[´9HD®>@<—´9°4795y1FÙ¶@5795Œ²

Q

795yÚF×^5

Q

>4C

¼

°4¯•?4<—´95

´G¶45N¯@<y79<y³5´G5)79E

Q

²p´9¶45N³€Ht؎´G°@7G5LHt²˜´G¶4HIE„7G5PER°@Ct´E^HD>&<">HD>@®7G5P<yEG5HD>=C

Q

·y» CDH­;F5CDH­¶

QcQ

?ˆ1ë5

E[´

Q

¯B°4¯:?@<—´GHD>4·H­²˜´9¶45WHD>@®Œ795)<FER5NHD>BC

Q

·y» CDHD;y5CDHD¶

QŽQ

??‘7

Q

¯@E™8:5C

Q

×ä<®Œ5)7R´<"HD>´9¶4795)EG¶

Q

CI?ˆ1

#§™ª698%$ =6¦2ª'& £‘£'()ݧ™§™¨ :ë§0/«G¤6¥4«[§¤g>Ù§ $V=.-0/ =p¤^¥>

à Q

<F®¶4H­5)±y5<B²¾<yER´<yC­·

Q

79Ht´9¶4³ ´

Q

Ä2>@?ë´G¶45=¬â ²Û7

Q

³÷<!EG5Œ´

Q

²JER5)·y³€5>c´9E)Úׄ5Ö?

Q > Q ´

® Q

>2ERHI?‘57´G¶45€?4<"´9<ÖHD>û´9¶45®

Q

>@ER´G79°@®Œ´GH

Q > Q

²6´G¶45€¬â1:Ù¶45

Q

>4C

¼

7G510c°4H­795³€5)>F´E

Q

>!´G¶@5

¬â&<"795„´G¶@<"´Ht´HIE 7G5P<yE

Q

>@<y84C

¼

ER¶

Q

7R´<y>@??

Q

5PE6>

Q

´6®

Q

>c´9<yH­>´

QŽQ

EG¶@<"79¯<y>4·yCD5)E 8:5Œ´[ׄ55)>

<y?

)

<F®Œ5>c´™ER5)·y³€5>c´9E)1‘Ã

Q

5)<F®¶¬âÈ×^5N<yE9EGH­·F><®

Q

ER´„õR½+¿ OP K•½+¿{ڑ×J¶@5795'´G¶@5Ä@7ER´

´G579³ HDE+´G¶45ÖCD5>@·"´G¶

Q

²™´G¶45B¬âÝ<">2?ë´G¶45BER5P®

Q

>2?ÏHIEW´9¶45EG°4³

Q

²'<"CDC^<y>4·yCD5)EW8:5Œ´[ׄ55)>

<y?

)

<F®Œ5>c´€ER5)·y³€5>c´9E

Q

²J´G¶45!¬â1Ù¶@5=±—<"CD°45

Q

²7P ?‘5´G5)7G³€HD>45)E´G¶@5=HD³€¯

Q

7R´<">@®5

Q

²<

ÆEG³

QcQ

´G¶Æ ®Œ°@7G±F5y1 Ï5&®

Q

>@E[´97G°2®{´<ûÄ@7E[´€¬â HD> <Ï·y7955P?

¼

²¾<FER¶@H

Q > <yE²

Q

CDC

Q

×'E)ùSHD79ER´)Ú

V V’

V V’

j j

P

P i

i i

α

β

j

@ STPbFbcZ_GY[`tbFšY ’TflX e f'S@f‘Y[‚cZWrbcš)utZLV‘ZbŽruaYem`tf™Y[‚FZLflXFU.T)n Y[‚FZNrbcšPuaZfe‘Z9Ye’ ZZ9b

rb€Z{qyšPZ'r)bcqY[‚FZJrPqlr)_9Zb—Y^ZqFšPZ9fiŽ`–ZP–˜–

×^5ÖER´9<y7R´+×JH­´G¶Ü<yC­C

Q

7GHD·yHD>@<yCER5)·y³€5>c´9E<yEWEG°48‘»l¬âpE)1pÙ¶45)>Ü<—´+5P<y®¶øE[´95¯Ùׄ5Ö®

Q

>@>45)®Œ´

´G¶

Q

ER5=´[×

Q

EG°48‘»l¬âpE 4 <">@?

@

´G¶@<"´Ö®<"> 8:5&®

Q

>4>@5)®{´95)? ×JHt´9¶ ³€HD>4HD³€<yC'®

Q

E[´P1 Ù¶@5

® Q

ER´ÖHIE€·yHD±y5> 8 ¼

´9¶45!C­5)>4·"´9¶

Q

²´G¶45ç®

Q

>4>@5)®{´9H

Q > <y>@?DP ´GHD³€5)EÖ´G¶45&´

Q

´9<yC'HD>@®Œ°479795)?

<">4·FC­5Ö¯:5>2<"C­´

¼

ژEG55 ˜HD·y°@7G5=þ41ë5Ö795¯:5)<—´´G¶4HIE¯@7

Q

®Œ5P?‘°4795°4>c´GHDC

)

°2E[´

Q

>45®

Q

³€¯4CD5Œ´95

¬âÈHIEC­5²´)1„Ù¶45û<">4·FC­5!¯:5>2<"C­´

¼

HIEÖ<Ù¶45°@7GHIE[´9HD®&°2ER5P? ´ Q

¯4795±F5>c´€´G¶45ç®

Q

>@ER´G79°@®Œ´GH

Q >

<"CD·

Q

79H­´G¶4³á²Û7

Q

³å®

Q

>@ER´G79°@®{´9H­>@·J±y57

¼ CQ

>@·®Œ°479±y5PE1PՎ°4¯4¯

Q

EG56´G¶@5<"CD·

Q

7GH­´G¶4³å®<y>+®

Q

>@>45)®Œ´

<EG5·y³€5)>F´´

Q

EG5±F57<"C

Q

´G¶@57™ER5)·y³€5>c´9E^<—´™<"¯4¯47

Q

ؑH­³<"´G5C

¼

´G¶45NEG<y³€5?‘HIE[´<">@®5yÚF´G¶45)>

´G¶45„¶45°@7GHIE[´9HD®„<"7G´GHI®Œ°@CD<"´G5)E<'¯@7G5²Û5795>@®5²

Q

7p´9¶45„EG5·F³€5>c´˜´9¶@<—´ HIEp³

Q

ER´6<"CDC­HD·y>45P?+×JH­´G¶y1

àl>

Q

°475ŒØ‘¯25)7GHD³€5>c´9E×^5'²

Q

°4>@?´G¶4HIE¶@5°479HDER´GHI®™´

Q

H­³€¯47

Q

±y5J¯:57G²

Q

79³<">@®5EGH­·F>4HtÄ:®<">c´9C

¼ Ú

5)EG¯25P®ŒHI<"CDC

¼

×J¶@5>&³

Q

?45CDH­>4·?4<"´9<

Q

79HD·yHD>@<—´9H­>4·²Û7

Q

³µ®7

Q

EGEGHD>4·®°47G±F5)E)1

^°45+´

Q

´9¶45+·y7955P?

¼

>2<—´G°@7G5

Q

²´9¶45®

Q

>@ER´G79°@®Œ´GH

Q

>!?‘HIEG®°@EGEG5)?&<y8

Q

±F5yÚ4H­´³€H­·F¶c´×^5)C­C

¶@<"¯4¯:5>û´G¶@<"´×„5®<y>

Q

8‘´<"HD>ç<Ö¬^âÜ×JH­´G¶ûC

Q

×^5)7®

Q

E[´L8

¼ EQ

³€5EGH­³€¯4CD5³

Q

?‘H­Ä2®<"´GH

Q

>@E

Q

²´G¶45+HD>4H­´GHI<"C¬â14Ã

Q

Ä@>@?!EG°@®¶&HD³¯@7

Q

±F5³€5>c´9E™×„5W°@EG5+<ERHD³€¯4CD5W7G5PER°4C­´J²Û7

Q ³ ·F79<y¯4¶

´G¶45 7 ùŒÄ@>@?‘HD>4·J´9¶45 ¯‘´GHD³<"C@½¾H­>W´9579³E ²4® ER´¿1<y³€H­C­´ >4HD<y>+¬6<—´9¶² 7 ±y5)7R´9HD®5)E)Ú®<y>

(6)

Q Q Q Q

¯47

Q

84CD5³ ½eÃ'Ց¬^¿Œ1ë5°@EG5€´G¶@5=þ

E Ã'Ց¬

Q

¯‘´GHD³€H­¸P<—´9H

Q

>ÜEG®¶45)³€5ûÀ´

Q

HD³€¯47

Q

±y5

Q

°@7

H­>4H­´GHI<"C˜¬â14Ù¶@HDEJ¯@7

Q

®Œ5P?‘°4795HIE'?‘HIE9®Œ°@E9ER5P?HD>&³

Q

795L?‘5´9<yH­CHD>øÀtÇþÂg1

£c¤7>=¦‘¥4«R¤- = $ =.- / =˜¤¥>

ݶ45>Ä4´R´9H­>@·L³€H­ØŽ´G°4795™³

Q

?‘5)CDEׄ5

Q

²´G5)>?

Q > Q

´;Ž>

Q

×Ü´G¶45NÆ

Q

¯‘´9H­³<"C Æ—>Ž°4³8:57

Q

²:®

Q

³»

¯ Q

>45>c´9E)1a4°@7R´9¶4579³

Q

795yÚP´G¶45J³

Q

7G5J®

Q

³€¯

Q

>45>c´9Eׄ5™°@ER5„´9¶45J·y795)<"´G57˜´G¶@5J7GHIER;W8:5)®

Q

³€5)E

Q

²4·y5´R´9H­>4·LE[´9°@®;W<—´6<'C

Q

®<"CF³€H­>4HD³°@³B1—âpHŽ<y>@?+K™<"797

Q

>À"Âc795)®5>c´GC

¼

¯47

Q

±cHI?‘5P?N5±ŽHD?45>@®5

´G¶@<"´W<y>ë<y¯4¯47

Q

<F®¶!´G¶@<"´+H­>c´9579C­5P<±y5)E·y7955P?

¼

EG5)<"7®¶ç<y>@?Ï®

Q

³€¯

Q

>45)>F´WHD>@EG57G´GH

Q

>변<

¼

¯47

Q

±ŽHI?‘5N<€¯47

Q

³€HDEGH­>@·<yCt´9579>@<—´9H­±F5´

Q CQ

®<yCER5P<"7®¶1‘Ù¶45)EG5W795)<yE

Q

>2E³

Q

´9H­±—<"´G5W×J¶

¼

ׄ5

E[´<"7G´

Q

°47J<"CD·

Q

79H­´G¶4³.×JH­´G¶

Q

>45WEG5·y³€5)>F´J<">2?´G¶@5>BH­>@EG57G´J<>@5×áEG5·F³5)>c´™<"²´G57J8

Q

´9¶

<—²

Q

795³€5)>F´9H

Q

>45)?ûC

Q

®<yC6ER5P<"7®¶45)E½Ä4´G´GHD>4·&´G¶@5€EG5·F³€5>c´9EL<">@?ë®

Q

³84HD>4HD>4·=´G¶45)³¿¶@<±F5

Ä@>4HIER¶45P?ˆ1pÃ

Q

<"¯4¯4C

¼

´9¶4HDEE[´979<"´G5·

¼

ڈׄ5€>455P?ë<y>Ï5 Ö®ŒHD5>c´W³5´G¶

Q

?ë´

Q

?45Œ´G5)7G³€HD>45€´G¶@5

¯@<"7<"³€5Œ´957E

Q

²<€>@5×᳀H­ØŽ´G°4795+®

Q

³¯

Q

>@5>c´J·yHD±y5>&<³€Ht؎´G°@7G5+<y>@?=<€?4<"´9<"»gEG5Œ´P1

ՎH­>2®Œ5€×^5®)<">4>

Q

´N®

Q

³€¯4°‘´95Ö?‘HD7G5P®{´GC

¼

´9¶45

Q

¯‘´9H­³<"C6¯2<"7<"³€5Œ´957E²

Q

7L´G¶45>45)× EG5·y»

³5)>c´)ڈׄ5°2ER5<B¶45°@7GHIE[´9HD®´

Q

Ä2>@?ç795)<FE

Q

>@<"8@C­5H­>4H­´GHI<"C±<yC­°@5)E²

Q

7N´9¶45€>45×.ER5)·y³€5>c´P1

Ï5C­HD³€Ht´„´G¶45L¯

Q

E9ERHD84CD5'C

Q

®)<—´GH

Q

>2E

Q

²ˆ´9¶45L>45× EG5·F³5)>c´´

Q ¯ Q

H­>c´9E^HD>Ö´G¶@5?4<"´9<—»lEG5Œ´^<y>@?

®¶

QŽQ EG5^´9¶45'C

Q

®<—´9H

Q

>€è.4'´G¶2<—´³€HD>4H­³€HD¸5PE<">€°4¯@¯25)78

Q

°4>@?

Q

>´G¶45J´

Q

´<"C2E 0c°@<"795)??‘HIE[»

´9<">2®Œ5²Û7

Q ³ ?4<—´<¯

Q

HD>c´9E^´

Q

´G¶45N®ŒC

Q

EG5)ER´JER5)·y³€5>c´)1 ë5HD>4H­´GHI<"CDH­¸)5´9¶45N>45×ä®

Q

³€¯

Q

>45)>c´

°@ERHD>4·Ï´G¶45!?4<"´9<ç¯

Q

H­>c´9E²

Q

7×J¶@HD®¶ è.4&HDE€®ŒC

Q

EG57´G¶2<">ê<y>

¼ Q

²'´9¶45 ÜEG5·y³€5)>F´EÚׄ5

?‘5>

Q

´G5´G¶4HIEWEG°48@EG5Œ´N8

¼

D1ˆÃ™¶45®Œ5)>F´957

Q

²´9¶45€>45× ER5)·y³€5>c´ &

HDE´9<y;y5)>ç<yE´G¶@5

®Œ5>c´97

Q

HD?

Q ²

D"1‘Ù¶45L?4H­795)®Œ´GH

Q > Q ² &

HDE^´<";y5)><"C

Q

>@·+´G¶@5N?4H­795)®Œ´GH

Q

>Ö×JH­´G¶B³<—Ø‘H­³<yC

±<y7GHI<">2®Œ5HD>

Dڑ?‘5>

Q

´G5´G¶@HDE„±—<"79HD<y>@®Œ58

¼ P QSRUT

1ŽÃ™¶@5CD5>4·y´G¶

Q

²S"&

HIE´<";F5><y·F<"HD>

Þ P

QSRUT

1@Ù¶45W³€H­ØŽHD>4·×„5HD·y¶c´S3 &

Q

²´G¶45>45×È®

Q

³¯

Q

>@5>c´'HDEJEG5Œ´J´

Q

Ç"`4½'OÝÇ¿{Ú@<yC­C

Q

´G¶@57³H­Ø‘H­>@·çׄ5HD·y¶c´9E<"795Ö795)E9®<"CD5)?ژE

Q

´G¶2<—´

> 3 4 ï ÇF1Ù¶45=>

Q

HIEG5±—<"79HD<y>@®Œ5 AÝHDE

°4¯:?@<—´G5P?Ù<y®®

Q

7?‘HD>4·´

Q

A/C

:<;=

ï ½'<A/C

E

ñOF O A/C

&

¿ `‘½BOåÇ¿{Ú×J¶45)7G5A/C

&

HIEL´G¶45³€5)<y>

E\0c°@<y7G5P??‘HIE[´<">@®5N²Û7

Q ³ ¯ Q

HD>F´EJHD>

DL´

Q

´G¶45W>@5×ÈER5)·y³€5>c´)1

º'C­´G579>@<"´GHD±y5C

¼

ÚF×^5L®

Q

°4CD?€HD>4H­´GHI<"CDH­¸)5'´9¶45>@5× ® Q

³€¯

Q

>45>c´^<FE^<+EG¯4¶45)7GHI®<yC:öN<y°@EGEGHI<">

×JHt´9¶W±<y7GHI<">2®Œ565$0c°@<yC—´

Q

´G¶45±—<y7GHI<">@®5

Q

²Ž´G¶45

Q

´G¶@57pEG5·F³5)>c´9E)1-Ï5^®

Q

°@CD?L´9¶45>+®

Q

³€¯4°‘´95

î

½'O Çcó?:¿™<y>@?&®

Q

³€¯4°4´G5W>45)×á¯@<y79<y³5´G5)79E^²

Q

7™´9¶45W>45)×å®

Q

³€¯

Q

>45>c´'<y®)®

Q

79?‘HD>4·FC

¼ 1

àl><y?@?‘Ht´9H

Q

>+´

Q ® Q

³€¯4°‘´9H­>4··F°45)E9ERHD>4·'HD>4H­´GHI<"C‘±—<"CD°45PE²

Q

7˜´9¶45„>45× ® Q

³€¯

Q

>45)>c´

Q

>2®Œ5yÚ

×^5®

Q

°4CI?€HD>Ö<"> 2ú ER´

¼

C­5

Q

¯‘´9H­³€HD¸5J´9¶45¯@<y79<y³€5Œ´G5)79E

Q

²•´G¶45>45× ® Q

³€¯

Q

>45>c´^<y>@?´G¶@5

³H­Ø‘H­>@·Ö×^5)H­·F¶c´)14àl>

Q

°47'5ŒØ‘¯:579H­³€5)>F´E'ׄ5N²

Q

°4>2?B´G¶@<"´<"¯4¯@C

¼

HD>4·´G¶@HDE5ŒØŽ´G7<

Q

¯‘´9H­³€HD¸)<"»

´GH

Q

>!?

Q

5)E™>

Q

´'±y5)7

¼

³°@®¶=HD³€¯47

Q

±y5W<">@?BE

Q

³€5Œ´9H­³€5)E™5)±y5)>=×

Q

7ER5)>@E„¯25)7R²

Q

7G³<y>@®Œ5F1

ü>@®Œ5L´G¶@5W>45×ÈER5)·y³€5>c´'HIEJHD>4Ht´9HD<yC­HD¸5P?ˆÚ4ׄ5W®<">!<y·F<"HD>&E[´<"7G´„´9¶45WH­´G57<—´9H­±F5W°4¯•?4<—´95

EG®¶45)³€5L?‘HIE9®Œ°@E9ER5P?HD>!Վ5)®Œ´GH

Q

>&Þ414Ù¶45NHD>@ER5)7R´9H

Q > Q

²p´G¶@5L>@5×ä®

Q

³€¯

Q

>45)>F´JHIE™>

Q

´J·F°@<"7G»

<">c´G5)5)?&´

Q

HD>@®Œ795)<FER5´G¶45C­HD;y5)C­HD¶

QŽQ

? Q

²6´9¶45€?4<—´<411'5>2®Œ5yڕׄ5³

Q

>@Ht´

Q

7´G¶45®¶@<">4·F5HD>

CQ

·"»gC­HD;y5)C­HD¶

QŽQ

?ø?‘°45Ö´

Q

´9¶45=HD>@EG57G´GH

Q

>Ü<y>@?

Q

>@C

¼

<y®)®Œ5)¯‘´´9¶45=HD>@EG57G´GH

Q

>øH­²H­´CD5)<F?4EW´

Q

H­>@®7G5P<yEG5)?C

Q

·"»gC­HD;y5)C­HD¶

QŽQ

?ˆ1

U=Z/ §^¤7>F¥‘¦6¥‘«R§¤ 6 ¤¨ «\>cªˆ©g> >c«R§¤

!"$#&%Ã

Q

´95)ER´

Q

°47^<"CD·

Q

79H­´G¶4³&Ú"ׄ5®

Q

>@?‘°@®Œ´G5P?ER5)±y57<"C‘5ؑ¯25)7GHD³€5>c´9E)1aë5®

Q

³»

¯@<"795)?û´G¶45¯:57G² 79³<">@®5 ² °47W<yC­· 79Ht´9¶4³ ×JHt´9¶ë´G¶45€¯:57G² 79³€<y>@®Œ5 ²JöNÃJúøÚpÕ@üLúøÚ

(7)

Q Q Q

¯25P®{´G5P?Öà[E

Q

³<"¯€HIE>

Q

´„<y84CD5'´

Q

Ä@>@?´9¶45®7

Q

EGEGHD>4·+E[´97G°2®{´G°@7G5PE?‘°45´

Q

Ht´E^ú ^NՀ>@<"´G°4795y1

^<"´9<—»lEG5Œ´9E?‘HIE[´97GHD84°‘´95)?!<"C

Q

>@·Ö<>Ž°4³8:57

Q

²?‘HO:5)7G5)>c´®Œ°479±y5PEJ5³825P?4?‘5P?!H­>ç8

Q

´G¶!àìC

<">@?àì'×^5)7G5J°@EG5)?1yú

Q

ER´

Q

²:´G¶@5?4<—´<—»lER5´9E °@EG5)?€×„5795J?4<—´<—»lER5´9E

Q

>×J¶@HD®¶€´9¶45'<—²

Q

7G5»

³5)>c´GH

Q

>45P?³€5´G¶

Q

?4E¯25)7R²

Q

7G³€5)?¯

QŽQ 79C

¼

1H­·F°47G5JÞN¯47

Q

±ŽHD?45)E 795)EG°4Ct´E

Q

84´9<"HD>45P?²

Q 7 Q

°@7

³5´G¶

Q

?ˆÚ@8

Q

´G¶

Q

>B´G¶@5+?4<—´<°2ER5P?²

Q

7™´G¶45

Q

´G¶45)7J³€5Œ´G¶

Q

?@E+½Û79H­·F¶c´¿™<">2?Ö²

Q

7J´[×

Q€Q

´G¶45)7

?4<—´<BEG5Œ´E1˜º'CDC

Q

´9¶457W³€5´G¶

Q

?4EN²¾<yH­CD5)?

Q

>Ï´9¶45

Q

´9¶457?4<—´<BEG5Œ´EÚp×^5?‘HI?Ù>

Q

´+HD>@®C­°@?45

H­CDC­°2E[´979<"´GH

Q

>@E

Q

²p´G¶@5)EG5W7G5PER°4C­´9E)1

@ ]"TPUWZ6\[ZflXcuhY[f Tn•T)XF\ UWZGY[‚cT"q@–d bNY[‚cZUW`tqcqyutZ^r)bcqN\[`tš)‚—Yfe‚cr)bcqNVc`a_9Y[XF\[ZY[‚cZY[‚c`abWua`abcZ

flZ9šPUWZb—Y[fr\[ZJY[‚FZ™XcbF_TPbFbcZ_9Y[Zq”cYlY[ZqflZš)UWZb—Y[f–

" % "$%Bë5

Q

8@EG579±y5)?W´G¶@<"´

Q

°47 ³€5Œ´9¶

Q

?®)<"><±

Q

HI?+¯

QŽQ 7 C

Q

®)<"C‘³€HD>4H­³<LHD>³<y>

¼

Q

² ´G¶45ERH­´G°@<"´GH

Q

>@E'×J¶45795N´G¶45

Q

´G¶@57³€5´G¶

Q

?4E·F<±y5L¯

QcQ

7795)EG°4C­´9E)1@Ù¶4HIEJHDE?‘°45W´

Q

´G¶@5

® Q

³84HD>@<—´9H

Q > Q

²C

Q

®<yC EG5)<y79®¶&²

Q

7L´G¶45°4>@®

Q

>4>45P®{´95)?çEG5·F³€5>c´9EN<">2?!´G¶@5C

Q

®<"C6EG5)<y79®¶

²Q 7™·

QŽQ

?Ö¯

Q C¼ · Q

>2<"C:C­HD>45)E„84°@H­C­´™²Û7

Q

³.´G¶

Q

ER5NER5)·y³€5>c´E1‘Ù¶45N®

Q

³84HD>@<—´9H

Q > Q

²´G¶45L´[×

Q

CQ

®<yCER5P<"7®¶=ER´G5)¯@E'<"CDC

Q

×'E²

Q

7'<>

Q

>‘»gC

Q

®)<"CEG5)<y79®¶=H­>=´G¶45+EG¯@<F®Œ5

Q

²6®Œ°479±y5PE1

Ù¶45ÖE

Q

²´×„5HD·y¶c´GHD>4·ûE9®¶45³€5Ö°@EG5)?Ï´

Q

Ä4´+´9¶45=®

Q

³€¯

Q

>45>c´E+<yE+®

Q

³€¯@<y7G5P?ç´

Q

´G¶@5

¶@<"7?3

Q 7 Q > Q

H:¯@<"7G´GH­´GH

Q

>@E^°@EG5)?H­>ëÀtÇþ•¯47

Q

±ŽHI?‘5)E³

Q

7957

Q

84°@ER´G>@5)E9E´

Q

´9¶45³€5´G¶

Q

?Ö8

¼

³€<y;ŽH­>4·€H­´'C­5PEGEJEG5>2ERH­´GHD±y5L´

Q

´9¶45+?‘5´9<"HDCIE

Q

²p´9¶45+®

Q

>‘Ä@·F°479<"´GH

Q > Q

²´G¶45+?4<"´9<"»gEG5Œ´P1

Ù¶45Ä279ER´^C

Q

®<"CˆEG5)<y79®¶ÚF´G¶@5Ä4´G´GHD>4·

Q

²´9¶45NC­HD>45NER5)·y³€5>c´9E)Úc7G5PER5)³84CD5)E„<¯@7

Q

®Œ5P?‘°4795

8 ¼

ÙHD¯4¯4HD>4·B5Œ´W<"C 1À­ÇyÇ 1•K

¼

°2ERHD>4·Ö´9¶45€?‘5>@EGH­´

¼ ³ Q

?‘5)C

Q

²´G¶@5²

Q

7G³ ½[Ç¿'ׄ5

Q

8‘´9<yH­>Ï<

³H­ØŽ´G°4795=?45>@EGHt´

¼

´G¶2<—´€7G5PER5)³84CD5)EN´9¶45ÖÄ2>@<"C™?‘5>2ERH­´

¼

·y5>@57<—´G5P?ë8

¼

´9¶45=®°47G±F5Ö³

Q

795

®ŒC

Q

EG5C

¼

´G¶@<y>=×J¶@5>&°@EGH­>4·<EGH­³€¯4CD5N³€Ht؎´G°@7G5

Q

²6öN<y°@EGEGHI<">@E)1 Ï5+<yCDE

Q ²Q

°4>@?

26ؑ¯25)7GHD³€5>c´9<yC­C

¼

ׄ5J²

Q

°@>@?´G¶@<"´H­²:´9¶45'>

Q

HDEG5J5)ER´GHD³<—´9H

Q

>ׄ<FE

Q

=°@¯€´

Q Ç Á

Q

²•´G¶@5

7G5P<"Cˆ>

Q

HDEG5NC­5)±y5C´G¶45+<yC­·

Q

79Ht´9¶4³ ER´GHDC­Cˆ²

Q

°4>@?&®

Q

7G795)®Œ´™®°479±y5)E)14Ù¶45Wׄ5HD·y¶c´GHD>4·²¾<y®Œ´

Q 7 Q ²

´G¶45W<">@·yCD5L¯:5>2<"C­´

¼

HDE„´

¼

¯4HI®<yC­C

¼

EG5Œ´™´

Q

P=ï ÇyÚ4<yCt´9¶

Q

°4·F¶±—<"CD°45PE™H­>=´G¶45W7<">@·y5½RÇ"`yþ

!

þF¿

E[´9H­CDC™·F<±y5·

QŽQ

?ܯ25)7R²

Q

7G³<">2®Œ5y1 Ù¶45ÏÆ® Q

797G5P®{´)ÆER5´R´9H­>4·

Q

²P ?‘5)¯25)>@?4E

Q

>Ü´G¶45&<y®Œ´G°@<yC

?4<ѫ<EG5ΫP1

A Q

´95Ö´9¶@<—´H­> ®<yEG5)E×J¶45795

Q

>45¶2<yE<ç¯4795Œ²Û5795>2®Œ5²

Q

7EG³

QcQ

´G¶ ®°479±y5)E

Q

±y5)7+´G¶@5

¯ Q C¼ · Q

>@<"C:CDH­>45PEÚF´G¶@5N<yC­·

Q

79Ht´9¶4³ HDE™ER´GHDC­C

Q

²˜H­>c´G5)7G5PE[´P1‘ü>@5L®)<">EGH­³€¯4C

¼

°@EG5´9¶45L¯47

Q) 5)®Œ»

´GH

Q

>ûHD>@?‘HI®Œ5PE

Q

²6´9¶45?@<—´9<

Q

>&´G¶@5¯

Q C¼ · Q

>@<yCCDH­>45<yE<">!>45)× ±<y7GHI<"8@C­5FÚ2<">2?B´G¶45)>û°@EG5

E[´<">@?4<y79?=795·y795)E9EGH >´G5P®¶4>4H0F°@5)E„´ Ä2>@?&<EG³ ´G¶&®Œ°@7G±F5² 7™´G¶45+?@<—´9<@1

(8)

Q ) Q Q Q QŽQ

5ΫG5)7A

D ´ Q

825EG5ΫN8

¼

´9¶45€°@EG57LHDEN<BER°48

)

5)®{´

Q

²²Û°47R´9¶457WER´G°@?

¼

1Ï5¶

Q

¯25´

Q

<y®¶4HD5±F5

´G¶4HIEN8

¼

HD³€¯4CD5³€5>c´GHD>4·!<">

Q 8 )

5P®{´9H­±F5+²Û°4>@®Œ´GH

Q

>ë8@<yEG5)?

Q

>ëìJHDE9E9<">45)>ÆELú!HD>4HD³°4³ ^5Œ»

EG®7GHD¯‘´GH

Q

>êâ5>@·"´G¶ê¯479H­>@®H­¯@C­5F1 º ?‘HO:5)7G5)>c´€<y¯4¯47

Q

<y®¶Ù´

Q

Ä2>@?ø´9¶45ÏÆ79H­·F¶F´PƘ>Ž°4³825)7

Q ²

ER5)·y³€5>c´9E™HIE™´

Q

8@<yEG5N´G¶45

Q 8 )

5P®{´GHD±y5L²Û°4>2®{´GH

Q > Q

>&¯47G5PER5)7G±—<"´GH

Q > Q

²¯2<"HD7G×JHIER5+?4HDER´9<y>@®Œ5PE

825´[×^5)5>ø½¾<€EG°48@EG5Œ´

Q

²¿^´G¶45+?4<"´9<y¯

Q

H­>c´9E

Q

8‘´9<yH­>@5)?=H­>!<>45HD·y¶Ž8

Q

°479¶

QŽQ

?·F79<y¯4¶1

˜HD>@<yC­C

¼

ÚF×^5¶

Q

¯:5'´

Q

7G5)¯4CI<y®Œ5E

Q

³5

Q

²ˆ´G¶@5¶45)°47GHIER´GHI®J°4¯•?4<—´9579°4CD5)E8

¼

®ŒC

Q

EG5)?²

Q

7G³

°4¯:?@<—´G5!510c°@<—´9H

Q

>@E1 2^ER¯:5)®HD<yC­C

¼ ²Q

7´G¶@5û®Œ5>c´957<">@? ?‘HD7G5P®{´9H

Q > Q

²´G¶@5&EG5·F³€5>c´9Eׄ5

ER¯:5)®°4CD<"´G5+®C

Q

ER5P?²

Q

79³ °@¯:?4<"´G5W510F°2<—´GH

Q

>2E™5ŒØ‘HDER´)1

" " #„Ù¶4HIE˜7G5PER5P<"7®¶LHIEER°4¯@¯

Q

7R´95)?W8

¼

´G¶45™Ãp5P®¶4>

Q CQ · ¼ Q

°4>2?4<—´9H

Q

>ՑÃV

½Û¯47

Qa)

5P®{´™>47)14ºà5ÁFÿyÿ "¿<"¯4¯4CDHD5)?BEG®H­5)>@®Œ5N?‘HD±cHIEGH

Q > Q

² A üÈ<">2?Ö´9¶45L´G5)®¶@>

Q CQ · ¼

¯@7

Q »

·y7<"³€³€5

Q

²p´9¶45F^°4´9®¶!ú!HD>4HDER´G7

¼ Q ² 2^®

Q > Q

³€HD®Nº •<yH­7E1

= =p¦=p¤ª=S>

zP–S^–-=–`afl‚cTPV@i$=–)]ykZ9bcfZb@i{r)bcqS^– s –{d  `auaut`trUWf–™  ‚cZpšPZbFZ9\RrY[`akZpY[TPV‘T)š)\Rr)VF‚c`a_

U+rVcVF`tbFšF– "!#!%$&'@i2zw ("z*)*+"(x)vyiˆz{|P|)}y–

("–,–-F\[`hY/. \ZP– ^\[T{’`abcšÖ_Z9utu6fgYl\[XF_9Y[XF\[Z9f7f™r€flZuhnf¾T)\[šPr)bc`0.`abFšBbcZGY ’ T\N\=nDT)\WXFbcflXcV‘ZG\[ky`aflZ{q

rbŽqflXcV‘Z9\[k"`aflZ{quaZ{rŒ\[bc`abcšy–1!32 546i87yœÛ|ž az9vPvFz+Žz9v:9Pw"iz{|P|vF–

xy–'„– d™r)fgY[`aZr)bcq  –4]—Y[XcZ9Y/.uaZP– ˆ\[`abc_`aVcr)uˆ_Xy\[kZf–<;:5'=>?!%@=BACD5$&E'GFH!#!%$06!%$&E

AC656EI$&!%$&'@i‘}vcœvwJ9ž ))w(*+)"z*9"i˜z|P})|y–

vF–JdR–„–Ž~PT)uaut`LK4ZP–M5$N'8EI$OP1'H'=!QAC'=R865$06–]yVF\[`abFšPZ9\fTSpZ9\[utr)šFiFƒ„ZG’VU˜T)\N\‘i4z{|)}9"–

)"–,– s Z9šPui o'– s \/.9m".{r\‘ip„– 2`abŽqyZ9\{i˜r)bŽq s –W4Z9šPZ9\{–Z2Z{rŒ\[bc`abcš!rbŽqçqFZfl`aš)bÙT)n„VF\[`abc_`f

Vcr)u™_9XF\[kZf–YX[ZQZQZ]\^'^6E!%$&'^6_'VM!5!35'VA<'=R=65$06_'H`baGJE/@^$N'=_X#'H!3/N0$Lc"/'=E*Œi

(J(yœÛxPž (}yz+"()|7"i1()w)wPw"–

9y–'„–

s

TP‚FTPbFZb2–dFe0>gf/hP[c'e$0i$0'^cDaG=6–]yVy\[`tbFšPZ9\fTSpZ9\[utr)šyi2z|P|:)—–

7"–,j6–p–2r’utZG\{i@~F–s – 2ZbFfgYl\Rryi4o'–d–– `abFbcT—T{m s r)b@i‘rbŽq*hL–^–@]"‚cUWT{myficZ{qy`hY[T)\[f–k\1@=

\":l0$N'"cmFen65o'pMQ"qJn€–]yZG\[`tZ9f`ab h„`tfl_G\[Z9Y[ZB€rY[‚cZ9U+rY[`a_fr)bcqY„VFY[`aUW`0.{rŒY[`tT)b2–

~)TP‚cb  `auaZ9msrá]"TPbcfi@z{|)}:)—–

}y–'~y– t– 2`r)bŽq=o– –1 rŒ\l\[TPb2–`h¡"Y[XF\[Z+qFZ9bcfl`hY m=ZfgY[`aU+rY[`aTPb@–d buA`=l'=E6B$0'uBJ

X#'e>g5o!%$&'sME*6565$0'^cvFR86!3w6yx*z"–Ž ‚cZ7d  ˆ\[Zflfi=()wPw)wy–

|y–'~y––•:Z9bcZbaeŽrXcU€i=S–@qFZN]y`auakPr"i:rbŽq~F–S^–2r)bFš)nIT\Rq@–Noáš)utT$eŽru˜š)ZTPUWZ9Yl\[`a_Ln­\Rr)UWZ9’T)\N\

nDT)\bcT)bcua`abcZ{rŒ\qF`aUWZbcfl`aT)bŽr)ua`hY m\[Z{qyXc_9Y[`aTPb@–DFeEI$n'8E*Œi{()|)wFœT))wPwPž(xyz|+"(x:(xyi h„Z_ZUge‘Z9\

(wPw)wy–

zwy– –ˆ `eFfl‚c`h\Rr)bF`ۖ ˆ\[`abc_`aVcr)u6_Xy\[kZfJ\[Zk"`afl`aY[Zq@–|FH!#!%$06!%$nE6w'=`}{^!%$0'^cFi( az}Px+cz{|)wyi

z|P|("–

z)zP–7=–Oj6–2 `aVcVc`abFšrbŽq=S^– =–1˜`tfl‚FTPV@– `h¡"Y[XF\[Z9f™T)n˜VF\[T$eŽr$eF`aut`afgY[`a_WVF\[`abF_`aVŽr)uˆ_9TPUWV‘TPbFZb—Y

rbŽruamyflZ9\[f–d ^!#!%$&'2i@zPzPœT(Pž vPvPx+v}:(—iz{|P|)|y–

z*("–'~y–~y–HS˜Z9\5e‘Z9Z \‘iŽƒ–8S„utr)flfl`afi@r)bcq_^– s \~TPflZ)–™oݛf¾flZšPUWZb—Y[f„r)uašPT\[`aY[‚FU Y[TW”ŽbcqVF\[`abF_`aVŽr)u

_9XF\[kZf–ˆ:Z_R‚cbc`a_{ru ZV‘T\lY6dgo„]af¾jySˆofewPw%f[z)zPiFSTPUWVFXFY[Z9\^]"_`aZbc_9Z™d bFfgY[`aY[XyY[ZPiyj„bF`tkPZ9\[fl`hY m

Tno^UWfgY[ZG\Rqcr)U€i^(wPw)wy–

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to