,QIOXHQFHRIDILHOGOHVVHOHFWURVWDWLFSRWHQWLDORQWKHLQHU WLDOHOHFWURQPDVV
9)0,.+$,/29
$OPDW\6DGRYD\D5HS.D]DNKVWDQ HPDLOYIPLNKDLORY#PDLON]
$%675$&7 7KH H[SHULPHQW KHUHZLWK GHVFULEHG FRQILUPV WKH HIIHFW RE WDLQHGE\XVHDUOLHU>@WKHHIIHFWLYHHOHFWURQ¶VPDVVLVFKDQJHGZKHQLWLV SODFHGDQ\ZKHUHLQVLGHDFKDUJHGVSKHULFDOVKHOODWDFRQVWDQWDQGXQLIRUP
&RXORPESRWHQWLDO9
,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVH[SHULPHQWLVWRFKHFNWKHFRQVHTXHQFHZKLFKIROORZV IURP:HEHU¶VHOHFWURG\QDPLFVDGHSHQGHQFHRIWKHHIIHFWLYHLQHUWLDOPDVVRI D FKDUJHG SDUWLFOH RQ WKH HOHFWULF SRWHQWLDO H[LVWLQJ DW WKH ORFDWLRQ RI WKH FKDUJH>@
%\ $VVLV >@ WKH HIIHFWLYH LQHUWLDO PDVV P RI VXFK SDUWLFOH ZKHQ LW LV SODFHG LQVLGH D FKDUJHG VSKHULFDO VKHOO DW FRQVWDQW DQG XQLIRUP &RXORPE SRWHQWLDO9FKRRVLQJWKHYDOXH]HURDWLQILQLW\LV
» »
¼ º
« «
¬ ª
F P P T9
P
ZKHUH
F
P
ZT9
LV:HEHU¶VPDVVFLVOLJKWYHORFLW\LQYDFXXPPLVWKHUHVWPDVVRIWKH WHVWSDUWLFOHDQGTLWV FKDUJH
)RUPXOD PD\ EH WHVWHG H[SHULPHQWDOO\ 2EYLRXVO\ WKH PRVW VXLWDEOH SDUWLFOHIRUWKLVSXUSRVHZLOOEHWKHOLJKWHVWFKDUJHGSDUWLFOH± WKHHOHFWURQ,Q WKLVFDVHWKHHIIHFWPD\EHREVHUYHGHYHQIRUSRWHQWLDOV9ZKLFKDUHQRWVR KLJK:KHQT HFKDUJHRIHOHFWURQ
P F
H9 P
P
Z
/HW H9 NH9 DQG PF NH9
7KHQ
P
P
Z7KLVTXDQWLW\PD\EHPHDVXUHGH[SHULPHQWDOO\)RUWKHH[SHULPHQWDOWHVW ZHVKDOOSD\DWWHQWLRQWRWKHLPSRUWDQWSURSHUWLHVRIH[SUHVVLRQ
:HEHU¶VPDVV GHSHQGVOLQHDUO\RQWKHSRWHQWLDORIWKHVSKHUH :KHQT9!PP
:KHQT9P!P
7KHEDVLVRIWKHSUHVHQWH[SHULPHQWLVWKHLGHD UHDOL]HGLQRXUILUVWZRUN
>@:HPHDVXUHWKHRVFLOODWLRQIUHTXHQF\RIDQHRQJORZODPS5&RVFLOODWRU SODFHG LQVLGH WKH VSKHULFDO VKHOO 7KLV IUHTXHQF\ RWKHU FRQGLWLRQV EHLQJ HTXDOGHSHQGVRQWKHHOHFWULFFXUUHQWLQWKHJORZGLVFKDUJHZKLFKGHSHQGV RQ WKH PDVV RI WKH FKDUJH FDUULHUV 7KXV WKH FKDQJH LQ WKH HOHFWURQ¶V PDVV FDXVHVDFKDQJHLQWKHIUHTXHQF\RIRVFLOODWLRQV
,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHJHQHUDWRUFLUFXLW)LJUHVXOWVLQDVLPSOHFRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH SHULRG RIWKHRVFLOODWLRQV7DQGWKHHIIHFWLYHHOHFWURQ¶VPDVV P$VDILUVWDSSUR[LPDWLRQ
7 NP ZKHUHNLVVRPHFRQVWDQW
7KXV
'7 N'P NPZ
RU '77 PZP ZKHUH 7 LV WKH SHULRG RI RVFLOODWLRQV ZKHQ 9 '7 77 7 EHLQJ WKH SHULRGZKHQ9z
([SHULPHQW
,QWKHILUVWH[SHULPHQWLWZDVXWLOL]HGRQO\RQHVSKHULFDOVKHOO>@,QWKH SUHVHQW H[SHULPHQW WZR FRQFHQWULF VSKHULFDO VKHOOV DUH XWLOL]HG 7KH ILUVW LQWHUQDO VFUHHQ LV FRQVWDQWO\ FRQQHFWHG WR WKH FLUFXLW RI WKH JHQHUDWRU 7KH VHFRQGH[WHUQDOVFUHHQLVFRQVWDQWO\FRQQHFWHGWRDVRXUFHRIDKLJKYROWDJH ZKLFK PD\ EH FKDQJHG DW ZLOO 0RUHRYHU WKH LQWHUQDO VFUHHQ PD\ EH FRQ QHFWHGHLWKHUWRWKHHDUWKRUWRWKHVRXUFHRIKLJKYROWDJHE\WKHVZLWFK6:
)LJ
)LJXUH 6FKHPHRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSLLVWKHLQWHUQDOVSKHULFDOHOHFWURVWDWLF VFUHHQHLVWKHH[WHUQDOVSKHULFDOVFUHHQ7KHVFUHHQLLVFRQQHFWHGZLWK WKHQHJDWLYHVLGHRIWKHSRZHUVXSSO\EDWWHU\RIWKH5&JHQHUDWRU6:LV WKH VZLWFK RI D KLJK SRWHQWLDO 97KH RVFLOODWRU IUHTXHQF\ LV I +]
ZKHQ9
7KXVWKHUHDUHWZRYDULDWLRQVRIVXSHUYLVLRQRI WKHHIIHFW
7KHJHQHUDWRUDQGWKHLQWHUQDOVFUHHQDUHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHH[WHUQDOVSKHUH
7KHJHQHUDWRUDQGWKHLQWHUQDOVFUHHQDUHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHHDUWK
5HVXOWVRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVWKDWKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWLQWKHVHWZRYDULD WLRQV DUHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ
9DULDWLRQWKHOLQH xxJLYHVWKHUHVXOWVFRLQFLGLQJZLWKWKHUHVXOWVRI WKHILUVWH[SHULPHQW>@
9DULDWLRQWKHOLQH JLYHVHIIHFWRIWKHVDPHPDJQLWXGH EXW LQWKLV FDVH WKH HIIHFW KDV RSSRVLWH VLJQ LQYHUVLRQ RI D VLJQ RI HIIHFW 6ZLWFKLQJ 6: IURP SRVLWLRQ WR SRVLWLRQ 9 FRQVWDQW UHVXOWV LQ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ VSHFLILHGRQ )LJ E\DQDUURZDQGYLFHYHUVD
)LJXUH 3ORWRI'7DVDIXQFWLRQRI93RLQWVDUHWKHH[SHULPHQWDORQHV3RVLWLRQRI VZLWFKLVx
7KHPDJQLWXGH RIWKHHIIHFWREVHUYHGLQWKLVH[SHULPHQWLVWKHVDPHDVLQ ILUVWZRUN >@7KHSHULRGRIRVFLOODWLRQLZDVGHWHUPLQHGDVDQDYHUDJHIURP WKHWUDQVPLVVLRQWLPHWRIDVHULHVRI1 SXOVHVRIWKHJHQHUDWRU 7 W1 ,Q WKLVFDVH 1 7KHHUURURIWKHIUHTXHQF\PHWHULVHTXDOWR VHF 'LVFXVVLRQ
7KHILUVWYDULDWLRQRIVXSHUYLVLRQRIWKHHIIHFWFRLQFLGHVZLWKRXUILUVWH[
SHULPHQW>@$OOFRQGLWLRQVWKDWIROORZIURP$VVLV¶WKHRU\WDNHSODFHKHUH
WKHSRWHQWLDORIWKHJHQHUDWRULVHTXDOWRSRWHQWLDORIWKHVFUHHQDQGLQVLGHWKH VFUHHQWKHHOHFWULFILHOGGXHWRWKHVSKHULFDOVKHOOLVHTXDOWR]HUR
0HDVXUHPHQWV ZLWK WKLV GHYLFH FRQILUPHG FRPSOHWHO\ WKH SUHGLFWLRQ RI WKH WKHRU\ ERWK IRU WKH PDJQLWXGH DQG IRU WKH SURSHUWLHV RI WKHHIIHFWPHQ WLRQHGDERYHLQ
7KHVHFRQGYDULDWLRQRIWKHH[SHULPHQWGHPDQGVDPRUHGHWDLOHGGLVFXV VLRQ,QWKLVFDVHWKHPDJQLWXGHRIHIIHFWDOVRFRLQFLGHVZLWKWKHWKHRU\KRZ HYHU WKH VLJQ RI WKH HIIHFW LV DW ILUVW VLJKW FRQWUDU\ WR ZKDW VKRXOG EH H[
SHFWHG +RZHYHU WKLV FRQWUDGLFWLRQ LV RQO\ DSSDUHQW ,QWHUQDO DQG H[WHUQDO VFUHHQVIRUPDVSKHULFDOFDSDFLWRU$VLVZHOONQRZQWKHFRQILJXUDWLRQRIWKH HOHFWULFILHOGEHWZHHQWKHWZRVKHOOVRIWKHVSKHULFDOFDSDFLWRULVLGHQWLFDOWR WKHILHOGRIDSRLQWFKDUJHLQYHUVHVTXDUHODZDQGGRHVQRWGHSHQGRQWKH UDGLL RI WKH VSKHUHV ZH PD\ LPDJLQH D GHVLJQ ZLWK WKH H[WHUQDO VSKHULFDO VKHOOKDYLQJDODUJHUDGLXV,I 5of 6XFKGHVLJQZLOOEHFRPSOHWHO\HTXLYD OHQWWRSUHYLRXVH[SHULPHQWZLWKRQO\RQHVSKHULFDOVFUHHQ >@,IWKHVLJQRI WKH SRWHQWLDO RI WKLV VFUHHQ LV FKDQJHG WKHUH LV DQLQYHUVLRQRIVLJQIRUWKH PHDVXUHGHIIHFW
7KHOHJLWLPDF\RIVXFKDVXEVWLWXWLRQLVEDVHGRQWKHIDFWWKDWWKHVLJQRI WKH SRWHQWLDO RI WKH VFUHHQ RI WKHJHQHUDWRUDQGWKHGLUHFWLRQRILWVH[WHUQDO HOHFWULFILHOGLQWKLVFDVHLW LV WKHHOHFWULFILHOGEHWZHHQWKHWZRVKHOOVRIWKH VSKHULFDOFDSDFLWRU KDYHULJLGFRUUHODWLRQIRUH[DPSOHLIWKHILHOGLVGLUHFWHG IURP D VXUIDFH WR LQILQLW\ WKH SRWHQWLDO RI WKLV VXUIDFHLVSRVLWLYHDQGYLFH YHUVD6XFKH[SODQDWLRQVHHPVWRXVVLPSOHDQGORJLFDO
&RQFOXVLRQ
7KH HOHFWURVWDWLF FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WKH HIIHFWLYH HOHFWURQ¶V PDVV KDV EHHQ FRQILUPHG 7KH PDJQLWXGHZLWKLQ WKH PHDVXUHPHQW HUURUV DQG VLJQ RI WKH HIIHFWFRLQFLGHZLWKWKRVHSUHGLFWHGE\$VVLV¶WKHRU\
5HIHUHQFHV
>@ Mikhailov V. F., 1999, Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, vol. 24, pp.
161-164.
>@ Assis A. K. T., 1993, J. Phys. Soc. Japan, vol. 62, pp.1418-22.
>@ Costa de Beauregard O., 1995, in Advanced Electromagnetism, Barrett T. W.
and Grimes D. M. (Eds.), World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 77-104.
>@ Costa de Beauregard O., 1999, Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, vol.
24, pp. 171-173.
>@ Costa de Beauregard O. and Lochak G., 1999, Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, vol. 24, pp. 159-160.
>@ Costa de Beauregard O., 2000, Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, vol.
25, pp. 129-134.
>@ Costa de Beauregard O., 2001, Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, vol.
26, pp. 765-773.
>@ Mourier G., 2001, Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, vol.26, pp. 345- 351.
>@ Vegt J. W., 2002, Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, vol.27, pp. 1-17.
>@ Popovic Z. D. and Popovic B. D., 2002, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 35, pp.
1839-1845.
0DQXVFULWUHoXOHQRYHPEUH