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HAL Id: jpa-00229311

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Submitted on 1 Jan 1989

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF METASTABLE AND

DISSOCIATIVE STATES OF DOUBLY-CHARGED

MOLECULAR IONS

D. Mathur, C. Badrinathan

To cite this version:

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF METASTABLE AND DISSOCIATIVE STATES OF DOUBLY-CHARGED MOLECULAR IONS

D. MATHUR and C . BADRINATHAN

Tata I n s t i t u t e o f Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Bombay 400 005, India RESUME(: La s p e c t r o m k t r i e h a u t e r Q s o l u t i o n p a r p e r t e d t d n e r g i e t r a n s l a t i o n n e l l e a

6t6

a p p l i q u e e a l ' d t u d e d e s p r o d u i t s d e s c o l l i s i o n s p e r t e d ' k l e c t r o n s e t d e s c o l l i s i o n s

>

d o u b l e c a p t u r e d ' g l e c t r o n s c o n d u i s a n t 3 l a f o r m a t i o n d ' i o n s m o l e c u l a i r e s doublement c h a r g k s . Un c a s d ' e ' t u d e a e'te' r e p o r t 6 s u r l e s Q t a t s e l e c t r o n i q u e s d e s i o n s C o 2 ' m g t a s t a b l e s ?ie ' n e r g i e l a p l u s b a s s e e t i n s t a b l e s . Nos donne'es e x p k r i m e n t a l e s s o n t u t i l i s g e s p o u r v e ' r i f i e r l a v e ' r a c i t e d e s d e r n i e r s c a l c u l s s u r l e s c o u r b e s d ' k n e r g i e p o t e n t i e l l e s d e C o 2 ' , u t i l i s a n t d e s t c h n i q u e s SCF r e l a t i v e m e n t d i r e c t e s , t e l l e s q u e MNDO, comme un nombre de mgthodes d ' a b initio o r b i t a l e s m o l e c u l a i r e s ?i h a u t n i v e a u . ABSTRACT: High r e s o l u t i o n i o n t r a n s l a t i o n a l e n e r g y l o s s s p e c t r o - m e t r y h a s been a p p l i e d t o s t u d y p r o d u c t s o f e l e c t r o n - l o s s c o l l i s i o n s and d o u b l e e l e c t r o n c a p t u r e c o l l i s i o n s l e a d i n g t o f o r m a t i o n of d o u b l y c h a r g e d m o l e c u l a r i o n s . A c a s e s t u d y i s r e p o r t e d on t h e l o w e s t - e n e r g y m e t a s t a b l e ' and u n s t a b l e e l e c t r o n i c s t a t e s of Co2+ i o n s . Our e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a i s u t i l i s e d t o a s s e s s t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of r e c e n t c a l c u l a t i o n s of Co2' p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y c u r v e s u s i n g r e l a t i v e l y s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d SCF t e c h n i q u e s , s u c h a s MNDO, as w e l l a s a number of h i g h - l e v e l ab initio m o l e c u l a r o r b i t a l m e t h o d s . INTRODUCTION Quantum c h e m i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n on d i a b a t i c and a d i a b a t i c p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y s u r f a c e s of a new c l a s s of m o l e c u l a r s p e c i e s

-

m u l t i p l y c h a r g e d m o l e c u l a r i o n s of t h e t y p e ABq'- i s n o t o n l y of i n t r i n s i c , f u n d a m e n t a l i n t e r e s t b u t a l s o p r o v i d e s c r i t i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t i n p u t f o r h i g h - l e v e l q u a n t a l c a l c u l a t i o n s of c r o s s s e c t i o n s f o r e l e c t r o n c a p t u r e by m u l t i p l y c h a r g e d a t o m i c i o n s , A

",

from n e u t r a l s p e c i e s , B. T h e o r e t i c a l e v i d e n c e i n d i c a t e s t h a t s u c h c r o s s s e c t i o n s a r e e x t ~ e m e l y s e n s i t i v e t o t h e e l e c t r o n i c e n e r g y l e v e l s t r u c t u r e of ABq i o n s . The p r e d i c t i o n of s u c h e n e r g y l e v e l s w i t h i n s i n g l e - c h a n n e l d e s c r i p t i o n s a f f o r d e d by t h e Born a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y i n a d e q u a t e due t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e o r e t i c a l g e n e r a t i o n o f q u a n t i t a t i v e l y - r e l i a b l e p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y f u n c t i o n s f o r s p e c i e s o f t h e t y p e ABq' i s c o n s i d e r a b l y more complex t h a n f o r s i n g l y c h a r g e d ABt o r n e u t r a l AB. The a d d i t i o n a l c o m p l e x i t y a r i s e s from p e r t u r b a t i o n s due t o m u l t i p l e a v o i d e d c u r v e - c r o s s i n g s t h a t c a n o c c u r between a t t r a c t i v e d i a b a t i c ~ t a t e s of t h e t y p e A ~ ' B and r e p u l s i v e , Coulombic s t a t e s B

.

I t i s t h e f o r m a t i o n of p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y b a r r i e r s due t o s u c h a v o i d e d c u r v e - c r o s s i n g s t h a t l e a d s t o t h e m e t a s t a b i l i t y of m u l t i p l y c h a r g e d m o l e c u l a r s p e c i e s s u c h a s A B ~ ' . O f c o u r s e , n o t e v e r y a v o i d e d c r o s s i n g g i v e s r i s e t o a s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e e p p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r . C o n s i d e r , i l l u s t r a t i o n , t h e c a s e of a doubly c h a r g e d d i a t o m i c s u c h a s C?' . a i h e t h e r o r n o t a m e t a s t a b l e e l e c t r o n i c s t a t e a r i s e s o u t of t h e a v o i d e d c r o s s i n g between t h e a t t r a c t i v e C2'-H p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y c u r v e and t h e s t r o n g l y r e p u l s i v e C+-H' c u r v e d e p e n d s on t h e o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e pa o r b i t a l i n c ' ( ~ P ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e C'-H' i n t e r n u c l e a r a x i s . I n f a c t , i t i s t h e o v e r l a p of t h e pn e l e c t r o n w i t h t h e I s o r b i t a l of H' t h a t d e t e r m i n e s t h e s t a b i l i t y of t h e CH2' bond; an o r i e n t a t i o n a l o n g t h e C'-H'

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Cl-138 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE a x i s r e s u l t s i n f o r m a t i o n of m e t a s t a b l e C' s t a t e s w h e r e a s an o r i e n - t a t i o n p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e i n t e r n u c l e a r a x i s g i v e s r i s e t o p u r e l y d i s s o c i a t i v e 211 s t a t e s . I t i s c l e a r t h a t e x p e r i m e n t a l i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e e n e r g e t i c s of m u l t i p l y c h a r g e d m o l e c u l a r i o n f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s e s i s of c o n s i - d e r a b l e i m p o r t a n c e i n a s s e s s i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of v a r i o u s contem- p o r a r y q u a n t a l t e c h n i q u e s o f c a l c u l a t i n g p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y f u n c t i o n s of s u c h m o l e c u l a r s p e c i e s . I n t h i s p a p e r we f o c u s a t t e n t i o n on i o n t r a n s l a t i o n a l e n e r g y s p e c t r o m e t r y experiments t h a t y i e l d q u a n t i - t a t i v e e n e r g e t i c s i n f o r m a t i o n on p r o c e s s e s g o v e r n i n g t h e f o r m a t i o n of m e t a s t a b l e a s w e l l a s d i s s o c i a t i v e e l e t r o n i c s t a t e s of d o u b l y c h a r g e d m o l e c u l e s . A c a s e s t u d y of l o w - l y i n g s t a t e s o f

co2'

i o n s i s p r e s e n t e d . EXPERIMENTAL METHOD A s c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m of an a p p a r a t u s which e n a b l e s two d i s t i n c t t y p e s of i o n t r a n s l a t i o n a l e n e r g y s p e c t r o m e t r y e x p e ~ i m e n t s t o be c o n d u c t e d

i s

shown i n f i g . 1. I n t h e c a s e of i o n - n e u t r a l c o l l i s i o n s l e a d i n g t o e l e c t r o n - l o s s ( c h a r g e s t r i p p i n g ) '

,

t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l method i n v o l v e s t h e f o r m a t i o n of s i n g l y c h a r g e d C O ' i o n s i n t h e low v o l t a g e a r c t y p e of i o n s o u r c e . Such i o n s a r e e x t r a c t e d a t an a c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l i n t h e 3-5 k V r a n g e , and a r e f o c u s s e d on t h e e n t r a n c e p l a n e of a Wien f i l t e r which c a r r i e s o u t c h a r g e / m a s s a n a l y s i s by means of c r o s s e d e l e c t r i c and m a g n e t i c f i e l d s . The m a s s - s e l e c t e d i o n s p a s s t h r o u g h a c o l l i s i o n c e l l c o n t a i n i n g a low p r e s s u r e g a s , s u c h as He o r A r , and t h e n c e t o a h i g h r e s o l u t i o n e l e c t r o s t a t i c e n e r g y a n a l y s e r which d e t e r m i n e s t h e e n e r g y d e f e c t , AE, i n t h e k i n e t i c e n e r g y s p e c t r u m of p r o d u c t

co2'

i o n s r e s u l t i n g from a c h a r g e s t r i p p i n g c o l l i s i o n of t h e t y p e A c c u r a t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e minimum e n e r g y d e f e c t

,

A Emin

,

f o r p r o c e s s ( 1 ) y i e l d s t h e i o n i s a t i o n e n e r g y of CO' i o n s a n d , h e n c e , t h e d o u b l e i o n i s a t i o n e n e r g y of CO. I n t h e c a s e o f i o n - n e u t r a l c o l l i s i o n s l e a d i n g t o d o u b l e e l e c ' t r o n c a p t u r e 2 , t h e p r o j S S ' ,

Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of ionic collisions apparatus. IS-low voltage ion source, L-lens, D-def lectors, WF-Wien Filter, CC-collision cell, CM- Capaci- tance manometer, IP-ion pum.p, PP-parallel plate electrostatic energy analyser, CEM- channel electron m u l t ~ p l ~ e r

.

s u c h a s H', and t h e c o l l i s i o n i n v e s t i g a t e d i s of t h e t y p e

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m o l e c u l e whose l i f e t i m e must h a v e a l o w e r l i m i t which i s a t l e a s t e q u a l t o t h e t r a n s i t t i m e f o r t h e i o n t o t r a v e r s e t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e c o l l i s i o n c e l l and t h e i o n d e t e c t o r . I n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n shown i n f i g . 1, f o r c o l l i s i o n e n e r g i e s of t h e o r d e r o f 3 keV, t h i s t r a n s i t t i m e i s ca 3 ~ s . The m e t a s t a b l e s t a t e a c c e s s e d i n s u c h c h a r g e s t r i p p i n g e x p e r i m e n t s n e e d n o t be t h e l o w e s t e n e r g y s t a t e . I n c o n s t r a s t , t h e d o u b l e e l e c t r o n c a p t u r e t e c h n i q u e d o e s n o t impose any l i f e t i m e c o n s t a n t on t h e C a t s t a t e b e i n g a c c e s s e d . A s i t i s t h e p r o d u c t n e g a t i v e i o n t h a t i s a c t u a l l y d e t e c t e d , and n o t t h e d o u b l y c h a r g e d i o n , t h i s t e c h n i q u e y i e l d s d o u b l e i o n i s a t i o n e n e r g i e s o f m o l e c u l a r s p e c i e s i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f t h e s t a b i l i t y o f t h e i o n i c s p e c i e s t o w a r d s d i s s o c i a t i o n . I n t h i s r e s p e c t , d a t a o b t a i n e d by t h i s method complements t h a t a v a i l a b l e from Auger g p e c t r o s c o p y e x p e r i m e n t s . C r o s s s e c t i o n s f o r d o u b l e e l e c t r o n c a p t u r e c o l l i s i o n s c a n be s u r p r i s i n g l y l a r g e 3 . V a r i o u s c o n s t r a i n t s imposed by symmetry a n d s p i n s e l e c t i o n r u l e s c a n , u s u a l l y , be overcome by s u i t a b l e c h o i c e of p r o j e c t i l e s p e c i e s w h i c h must p o s s e s s r e a s o n a b l y l a r g e , p o s i t i v e v a l u e s of e l e c t r o n a f f i n i t y . F', C 1

',

OH' a n d 0 ' a r e e x a m p l e s o f p r o j e c t i l e i o n s u s e d i n r e c e n t e x p e r i m e n t s .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

T y p i c a l h i g h r e s o l u t i o n t r a n s l a t i o n a l e n e r g y s p e c t r a o f p r o d u c t i o n s from e l e c t r o n l o s s c o l l i s i o n s ( e q n . 1) a n d d o u b l e e l e c t r o n c a p t u r e c o l l i s i o n s ( e q n . 2 ) a r e shown i n f i g s . 2 and 3 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . E x p e r i m e n t a l d e t a i l s o f e n e r g y c a l i b r a t i o n and i o n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s h a v e been p r e s e n t e d i n a n e a r l i e r r e p o r t 2 . I n t h e c a s e o f e l e c t r o n l o s s c o l l i s i o n s , t h e mean minimum e n e r g y d e f e c t f o r reaction ( 1 ) has been m e a s u r e d t o be 2 6 . 2 0 ? 0 . 3 5 eV.

T h i s v a l u e r e p r e s e n t s t h e v e r t i c a l s i n g l e i o n i s a t i o n e n e r g y o f CO' i o n s . Adding t o i t t h e i o n i s a t i o n e n e r g y o f CO d e t e r m i n e d by uv s p e c t r o s c o p y ( 1 4 . 0 1 3 eV) y i e l d s a v a l u e of 4 0 . 2 1

+

0 . 3 5 eV f o r t h e d o u b l e i o n i s a t i o n e n e r g y p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e l o w e s t m e t a s t a b l e s t a t e of

c o 2 + .

ANALYSER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

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Cl-140 JOURNAL DE

PHYSIQUE

F i g . 3 shows t h e H - , t r a n s l a t i o n a l e n e r g y s p e c t r u m r e s u l t i n g from d o u b l e e l e c t r o n c a p t u r e r e a c t i o n s . Two r e l a t i v e l y s h a r p p e a k s , marked A and B , a r e c l e a r l y o b s e r v e d . The f o r m e r r e s u l t s from a s i n g l e c o l l i s i o n between H' and CO o f t h e t y p e i n d i c a t e d i n r e a c t i o n ( 2 ) . B , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , o n l y m a n i f e s t s i t s e l f a t h i g h c o l l i s i o n c e l l g a s p r e s s u r e , when d o u b l e c o l l i s i o n s o f t h e t y p e

o c c u r t o y i e l d a n e g a t i v e i o n p r o d u c t . A s h a s been shown p r e v i o u s l y

',

ANALYSER VOLTAGE ( V )

Fig. 3: H- product ion spectra following double electron capture b y H' in 6 keV collisions with CO. Peaks A and B are described in the text.

measurement o f t h e e n e r g y s e p a r a t i o n between p e a k s A a n d z g e n a b l e s d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e o n s e t e n e r g y f o r f o r m a t i o n o f CO i n i t s l o w e s t e n e r g y s t a t e . The p r e s e n t d a t a y i e l d s a v a l u e o f 3 9 . 4 5 2 0 . 2 0 eV

f o r t h i s e n e r g y .

The two v a l u e s of d o u b l e i o n i s a t i o n e n e r g y may be c o r r e l a t e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t e l e c t r o n i c s t a t e s o f CO'+. The f a c t t h a t m e t a s t a b l e CO" s t a t e s d o e x i s t c a n r e a d i l y be e s t a b l i s h e d by s i m p l e m o l e c u l a r o r b i t a l c a l c u l a t i o n s . F i g . 4 shows t h e r e s u l t o f one s u c h c a l c u l a t i o n , u s i n g t h e r e l a t i v e l y s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d SCF t e c h n i q u e MNDO, o f p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y c u r v e s f o r C O , CO' a n d CO2'. The v e r t i c a l i o n i s a t i o n e n e r g y

of

co2'is

deduced t o be 1 3 . 9 0 eV, which compares r e a s o n a b l y w e l l

w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l v a l u e o f 1 4 . 0 1 eV e s t a b l i s h e d by p h o t o e l e c t r o n s p e c t r o s c o p y . The p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y f u n c t i o n f o r C O " shows a w e l l d e e p enough t o m a i n t a i n s e v e r a l v i b r a t i o n a l l e v e l s ; t h e d o u b l e i o n i s a t i o n e n e r g y i s d e d u c e d from f i g . 4 t o be 39 eV. U n d e r e s t i m a t i o n of t h e s e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s i s a c o n s e q u e n c e of+ t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e number o f v a l e n c e e l e c t r o n s b e t w e e n C O , CO and CO'+; t h i s d i f f e r e n c e r e s u l t s i n s u c c e s s i v e l y s m a l l e r c o n t r i b u t i o n o f e l e c t r o n c o r r e l a t i o n f o r t h e e l e c t r o n - d e f t c i e n t s p e c i e s . The v a l u e o f t h e e q u i l i b r i u m i n t e r n u c l e a r d i s t a n c e o b t a i n e d f o r t h e computed m e t a s t a b l e

co2'

s t a t e i s 1,2A, i n good a c c o r d w i t h t h e v a l u e o b t a i n e d i n much more s o p h i s t i c a t e d c a l c u l a t i o n s ( s e e b e l o w ) .

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The CO" i o n h a s a t t r a c t e d c o n s i d e r a b l e quantum c h e m i c a l i n t e r e s t r e c e n t l y . I n f i g . 6 we d e p i c t t h e p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y c u r v e s f o r l o w - l y i n g e l e c t r o n i c s t a t e s o f t h e d o u b l y c h a r g e d m o l e c u l e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g v a r i o u s s o p h i s t i c a t e d , s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t a b initio '* 'l5 q u a n t a l t e c h n i q u e s . The c a l c u l a t e d c u r v e s o f Wetmore e t a 1 i n d i c a t e s u r p r i s i n g l y d e e p p o t e n t i a l minima ( d e p t h s o f t h e o r d e r of 2 eV) f o r a l l t h e l o w - l y i n g s i n g l e t and t r i p l e t s t a t e s . T h e s e l a r g e d e p t h s a r e n o t r e p r o d u c e d i n t h e o t h e r c a l c u l a t e d c u r v e s ( f i g . 6 b , c ) . Moreover, w h e r e a s r a p i d p r e d i s s o c i a t i o n of t h e l y 3 n s t a t e s -480 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 C - 0 Distance (Angstroms)

P i g .

4:

MNDO p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y c u r v e s f o r C O , CO+ and ~ 0 ~ ' .

I I I I

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C-0 Distance (Angstroms)

F i g .

5:

a b i n i t i o p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y c u r v e s f o r C O , CO' and

co2+

u s i n g a STO-3G b a s i s s e t .

by t h e C ' s t a t e would be e x p e c t e d from t h e c u r v e s shown i n f i g .

6 a , t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s of O l s s o n a n d c o w o r k e r s ( f i g . 6 c ) i n d i c a t e t h a t s e v e r a l v i b r a t i o n a l l e v e l s of t h e l o w e s t ll s t a t e would be s t a b l e . T h i s

i s

a l s o i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e e x p e c t i o n s from t h e p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y c u r v e s o f Mazumdar e t a 1 ( f i g . 6 b ) . The l a t t e r s e t o f c u r v e s i n d i c a t e s a m e t a s t a b l e 311 s t a t e ( a t l e a s t f o r t h e l o w e s t v i b r a t i o n a l l e v e l ) and an u n s t a b l e 'II s t a t e whose v = 0

(7)
(8)

t o t h e l o w e s t 31i s t a t e of CO" whose p o t e n t i a l c u r v e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s o f Mazumdar e t a1

,

h a s an e q u i l i b r i u m C-0 d i s t a n c e of 1.2A and a p o t e n t i a l w e l l which i s d e e p enough ( 0 . 9 eV) t o s u p p o r t a number of v i b r a t i o n a l l e v e l s . The o t h e r measured v a l u e of 39.45 eV i s a s c r i b a b l e t o t h e l o w e s t 'Ii s t a t e whose p o t e n t i a l c u r v e i s u n l i k e l y t o s u p p o r t e v e n a s i n g l e v i b r a t i o n a l l e v e l due t o a c u r v e c r o s s i n g w i t h t h e C

-

s t a t e . The e n e r g y d i f f e r e n c e of 0.64 eV between t h e two measured v a l u e s may be a m e a s u r e of s i n g l e t - t r i p l e t s p l i t t i n g . I n t h e l i g h t o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a and i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e o r e t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o s e e k e x p l a n a t i o n s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n v a r i o u s c a l c u l a t i o n s . For i n s t a n c e , i t becomes p o s s i b l e t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e o r b i t a l s u s e d i n t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n i n t e r a c t i o n c a l c u l a t i o n s of Wetmore e t a1

,

which w e r e o b t a i n e d from r e s t r i c t e d H a r t r e e - F o c k (HF) c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r t h e '1

'

s t a t e , may d e v i a t e c o n s i d e r a b l y from t h o s e o b t a i n e d u s i n g ' u n r e s t r i c t e d HF p r o c e d u r e s i n which s p i n p o l a r i s a t i o n e f f e c t s on t h e s h a p e s of t h e o r b i t a l s a r e more a p p r o p r i a t e l y c o n s i d e r e d . Such p o l a r i s a t i o n e f f e c t s s h o u l d be p a r t i c u l a r l y s i g n i f i c a n t f o r i n t e r n u c l e a r d i s t a n c e s re l a r g e r t h a n 1.13A ( r e f o r n e u t r a l C O ) . T h i s may a l s o p a r t i a l l y e x p l a i n t h e r a t h e r l a r g e v a l u e s o f p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r s i n f i g . 6 a . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We a r e g r a t e f u l t o F.A. R a j g a r a , V . R . M a r a t h e and S . Mazumdar f o r a s s i s t a n c e and h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n s , a n d t o B . J . O l s s o n of t h e Manne S i e g b a h n I n s t i t u t e t , Stockholm f o r s e n d i n g u s t h e C O 2 + p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y c u r v e s shown i n f i g . 6c p r i o r t o p u b l i c a t i o n .

REFERENCES

1. Mathur D . , B a d r i n a t h a n C . , R a j g a r a F.A. and R a h e j a U.T., Chem.Phys.

103

( 1 9 8 6 ) 447

2 . Mazumdar S . , R a j g a r a ' F.A., Marathe V . R . , B a d r i n a t h a n C . , and Mathur D . , J . Phys.B.

2

( 1 9 8 8 )

3. Mathur D . , I n t . J . Mass S p e c t r o m . I o n ' P r o c .

Q

( 1 9 8 8 ) 203 4 . Wetmore R . W . , LeRoy R . J . and Boyd R . K . ,

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