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A Stereovision-based navigation system for a mobile robot

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HAL Id: inria-00074776

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074776

Submitted on 24 May 2006

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A Stereovision-based navigation system for a mobile robot

Michel Buffa, Olivier Faugeras, Zhengyou Zhang

To cite this version:

Michel Buffa, Olivier Faugeras, Zhengyou Zhang. A Stereovision-based navigation system for a mobile

robot. [Research Report] RR-1895, INRIA. 1993. �inria-00074776�

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(9)

Stereo Vision

Local Mapper Motion

Estimator

Path Planning

Supervisor

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(10)

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(11)

Project the 3D segments on the ground

Merge the new 2D segments with the previous ones.

Constrain the set of 2D Segments for the Delaunay Triangulation Update the Previous

Delaunay triangulation of the 2D constrained segments

Mark the empty triangles, compute the free space

Locate obstacles as convex polygons 3D Line segments from the stereo, estimate of the last movement

Map of the free space, locations of the obstacles

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(17)

44 Segments

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(18)

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(19)

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(21)

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#†#

(22)

Some segments (bold) are not edges

of triangles (thin) All Segments are edges of triangles.

Some points have been added

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Seen by R1 and R3 Seen by R3

R1 R2

R3

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Seen by R2

= constrained points

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(23)

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+@(!.BUGJ(Q#

Update the 2D map

Constrain the updated map

Delaunay Triangulation Remove segments fused

Add new segments constrained, update segments constrained differently than before.

Updated map

F[GBU!>@10%B% 2WYXZ,*+@F&3G\+T(1:,$1hs*_U3*uO+T>@Fs*_3GJUh‚*+@F[.J3

(24)

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(25)

P

R1

S Segments

Delaunay edges

S1

Optical Ray

R2

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(26)

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