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HAL Id: jpa-00219115

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00219115

Submitted on 1 Jan 1979

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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POSITIVE CORONA ONSET IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR- A MULTIPLE AVALANCHE PROCESS

G. Crichton, I. Mcallister, E. Bregnsbo

To cite this version:

G. Crichton, I. Mcallister, E. Bregnsbo. POSITIVE CORONA ONSET IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR- A

MULTIPLE AVALANCHE PROCESS. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1979, 40 (C7), pp.C7-287-C7-

288. �10.1051/jphyscol:19797141�. �jpa-00219115�

(2)

JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE CoZZoque C7, suppzdment au n07, Tome 40, J u i ZZet 1979, page C7- 287

POSITIVE

CORONA ONSET

IN

ATMOSPHERIC

AIR-

A MULTIPLE AVALANCHE PROCESS

G.C. Crichton, I.W. McAllister

and

E.

Bregnsbo.

The TeehnicaZ U n i v e r s i t y , Department o f P h y s i c s , B u i l d i n g 309B, DK 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.

I n t r o d u c t i o n : The b a s i c a s s u m p t i o n i n c o r - p o r a t e d i n t h e m a j o r i t y o f m o d e l s u s e d t o p r e d i c t p o s i t i v e c o r o n a o n s e t c o n d i t i o n s i n a t m o s p h e r i c a i r i s t h a t o f a s i n g l e e l - e c t r o n a v a l a n c h e d e v e l o p i n g t o some c r i t i - c a l m a g n i t u d e , e . g . s e e [ 1 , 2 ] . The p r e s e n t p a p e r d e s c r i b e s a n e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a - t i o n i n t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e d i s c h a r g e p r o - c e s s e s l e a d i n g t o c o r o n a f o r m a t i o n .

The e x p e r i m e n t a l g a p c o n s i s t e d o f a n i n v e r t e d p o s i t i v e p o i n t / p l a n e a r r a n g e m e n t , t h e gap l e n g t h b e i n g f i x e d a t 1 5 0 mm. The p o i n t e l e c t r o d e , o f o v e r a l l l e n g t h 200 mm, was a r o d o f 20-mm d i a m e t e r w i t h a hemi- e l l i p s o i d a l t i p f o r w h i c h t h e minimum r a - d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e was 5 mm. The l i g h t e m i s s i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e d i s c h a r g e d e v e l o p m e n t was r e c o r d e d b y means o f a p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r (PM). To o p t i m i s e t h e de- t e c t i o n s e n s i t i v i t y , q u a r t z o p t i c s w e r e u s e d t o f o c u s t h e h i g h l y s t r e s s e d r e g i o n o f t h e g a p , i . e . t h e g a s volume a d j a c e n t t o t h e p o i n t e l e c t r o d e t i p , on t o t h e PM p h o t o c a t h o d e . With t h i s r e c o r d i n g s y s t e m e l e c t r o n a v a l a n c h e a c t i v i t y c o u l d b e d e - t e c t e d o s c i l l o g r a p h i c a l l y a t

" 2 %

b e l o w t h e c o r o n a o n s e t v o l t a g e l e v e l . M e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d a t a n d b e l o w c o r o n a o n s e t u n d e r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a d i r e c t v o l t a g e . The r e c o r d s o b t a i n e d a r e shown i n F i g . 1 . R e s u l t s a n d D i s c u s s i o n :

A t

a v o l t a g e l e v e l o f

-2% b e l o w t h e o n s e t l e v e l ,

t h e r e c o r d s ( ~ i g . l a ) i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e i o n i s a t i o n a c - t i v i t y o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n t h e a c t i v e volume

( E

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2 . 4 2 kV/mm [3]) i s c o m p r i s e d o f a c h a i n o f i n d i v i d u a l e l e c t r o n a v a l a n c h e s o f some 800 n s t o t a l d u r a t i o n . The a v e r a g e g e n e r a t i o n t i m e b e t w e e n a v a l a n c h e s i s some 40 n s . As t h e d i s c h a r g e gap l e n g t h i s 1 5 0 m m , t h i s v e r y s h o r t g e n e r a t i o n t i m e i n d i c -

a t e s t h a t c a t h o d e a s s o c i a t e d phenomena c a n n o t p l a y a n a c t i v e r 8 1 e d u r i n g t h i s s t a g e of t h e d i s c h a r g e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y g a s - i o n i s i n g r a d i a t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h e mechanism r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s g e n e r a t i o n p r o c e s s .

As t h e v o l t a g e i s r a i s e d t o w a r d s t h e o n s e t l e v e l , t h e r e c o r d s o b t a i n e d ( F i g s . l b

&

c ) i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l a v a l - a n c h e s i n c r e a s e i n m a g n i t u d e l e a d i n g t o a p a r t i a l o v e r l a p o f t h e p u l s e s w i f h i n e a c h c h a i n . The t i m e b e t w e e n c h a i n s i s on a v e r - a g e s e v e r a l 0 r d e r . s o f m a g n i t u d e g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e c h a i n d u r a t i o n .

A t

t h e o n s e t v o l t a g e l e v e l t h e o c c u r - r e n c e o f t h e a v a l a n c h e / c o r o n a t r a n s i t i o n i s most e v i d e n t ; e . g . a d i s t i n c t i v e b r e a k o c c u r s i n t h e t r a c e o f t h e p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r o s c i l l o g r a m , s e e F i g . l d . T h e s e t r a n s i t i o n p u l s e s d i s p l a y a c o n s i s t e n t p e a k v a l u e

(f

3 % ) p r i o r t o t h e r a p i d d e v e l o p m e n t w h i c h l e a d s t o t h e c o r o n a d i s c h a r g e .

A l t h o u g h a v a l a n c h e d e v e l o p m e n t c a n o c c u r t h r o u g h o u t t h e a c t i v e v o l u m e , t h e g r e a t e s t d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l b e i n t h e p r o x - i m i t y o f t h e maximum f i e l d s t r e n g t h . Hence t h e r e s u l t i n g s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n - o f pho- t o e l e c t r o n s t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e a d d i t i v e e f f e c t o f t h e i n i t i a l s p a c e - c h a r g e f i e l d w i l l i n d u c e a s e l f - f o c u s s ' i n g o f t h e s u b s e - q u e n t d i s c h a r g e g r o w t h . I n a d d i t i o n , owing t o t h e low v a l u e o f t h e r e l a t i v e c h a r g e d e n s i t y , i . e . t h e r a t i o o f p o s i t i v e i o n s t o n e u t r a l m o l e c u l e s i n t h e h e a d o f t h e i n i t i a l a v a l a n c h e

( <

1 : 1 0 6

) ,

i t i s s u g g e - s t e d t h a t t h e s u b s e q u e n t avalanc.he s p a c e c h a r g e s w i l l f u l l y o v e r l a p t h e p r i m a r y s p a c e c h a r g e d i s t r i b u t i o n . Thus a v a l a n c h e d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l o c c u r i n a f i e l d w h i c h i s b e i n g c o n t i n u o u s l y a u g m e n t e d by t h e a c c u -

20

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19797141

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r ~ 8 . r . rl.1 u s c s s i u e j ~ - a ~ u ~ u r bnr cracbs-UII a v -

a l a n c h e phenomenon p r i o r t o c o r o n a o n s e t . Vo - c o r o n a o n s e t v o l t a g e .

m u l a t i o n o f s p a c e c h a r g e u n t i l t h e g e n e r a - t i o n p r o c e s s e i t h e r t e r m i n a t e s owing t o a v a l a n c h e s t a t i s t i c s [ 4 ] o r becomes un- s t a b ' e p r e c i p i t a t i n g a c o r o n a d i s c h a r g e .

A

c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h i s e l e c t r o s t a t i c f o c u s - s 5 n g o f t h e a v a l a n c h e g e n e r a t i o n p r o c e s s i s t h a t a t o h s e t t h e i n i t i a l c o r o n a d e v e l - opment s h o u l d b e l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e f i e l d l i n e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e maximum f i e l d s t r e n g t h .

A

t y p i c a l image i n t e n s i f i e r r e - c o r d o f t h e c o r o n a d i s c h a r g e i n t h e a n o d e r e g i o n s u p p o r t s t h i s v i e w p o i n t , F i g . 2 . C o n c l u s i o n : The e x p e r i m e n t a l e v i d e n c e p r e - s e n t e d i l l u s t r a t e s t h a t a t o n s e t t h e p o s i - t i v e c o r o n a d i s c h a r g e i n a t m o s p h e r i c a i r d o e s n o t r e s u l t f r o m t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a s i n g l e c r i t i c a l a v a l a n c h e b u t f r o m t h e a c - c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t s o f a n i n t r i n s i c a v a l - a n c h @ g e n e r a t i o n p r o c e s s . Thus t h e s i n g l e a v a l a n c h e c o n c e p t embodied i n t h e m a j o r i t y

LI

-

r e l a ~ ~ v e 1 ~ g n 5

~ n c e n s l - c y .

Time s c a l e : 200 n s

a ) 98%V0,

b )

99%Vo, c ) 99.8%Vo,

d l

vo.

R e f e r e n c e s :

1 ) Les ~ e n a r d i s r e s Group, E l e c t r a No. 2 3 , 5 3 ( 1 9 7 2 ) .

2 )

E. N a s s e r e t a l . , J . A p p l . P h y s . 3, 3396 ( 1 9 7 4 ) .

3 ) H.A.Boyd e t a l . , N a t u r e =,719 ( 1 9 6 6 ) . 4 ) H . R a e t h e r , ' E l e c t r o n A v a l a n c h e s a n d

Breakdown i n

Gases'(Butterworths,1964).

of c o r o n a o n s e t m o d e l s i s a t v a r i a n c e w i t h F i g . 2 . Image i n t e n s i f i e r r e c o r d o f a p o s i -

t i v e c o r o n a d i s c h a r g e i n a t m o s p h e r i c a i r

t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t a l o b s e r v a t i o n s . a t t h e o n s e t l e v e l .

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