SEMESTER 1 Lessons 21-24

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DARI

BASIC COURSE

SEMESTER 1 Lessons 21-24

With an Introductory Note

TEACHER COPY

VALIDATION EDITION 2005

DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER

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SEMESTER 1 Lessons 21-24

June 2005

DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER

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Permission to use text and/or graphic images in this Dari language course has been received from the following copyright holders:

Luke Powell (photographs from www.lukepowell.com) Rahmatullah Omid (photographs from personal collection) Homayoun Seddiq (photographs from personal collection) Wida Ahmad (photographs from personal collection) Najib Rezai (photographs from personal collection) Kiyoshi Inoue (photographs from www.flyingkong.com)

AGSL American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries (photographs from the Harrison Forman collection)

ASC (photographs from www.photoarchive.saudiaramcoworld.com,

courtesy of Saudi Aramco World / PADIA / Aramco Services Corporation) UNESCO (photographs from www.unesco.org/photobank)

UNEP (photographs from http://postconflict.unep.ch/afg_new.htm.) Robert W. Kranz (photographs from www.war-correspondent.com) Keith Cook (photographs from www.themenupage.com.)

Mustafa Rasuli (photographs from www.rasuli.com) John Patton (photographs from

http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/ekawasa/JohnPattenGraphics/index.html) Dominic Medley/Jude Barrand (photos from Kabul: The Bradt Mini Guide - The Survival

Guide to Kabul www.kabulguide.net.)

Gary W. Bowersox “The Gem Hunter,” President GeoVision, Inc., PO Box 89646, Honolulu, HI 96830, 808 277-2543, MrGary77@aol.com (photos from http://www.gems-afghan.com)

Shahab Azim (photographs from www.aghansite.com)

Ellyn Cavanaugh, Ph.D. (photographs from personal collection and from www.afghan.smugmug.com)

Rosemary Stasek (photos from www.stasek.com/afghanistan)

Kerry Saner (photographs from http://www.irss-usa.org/pages/KabulPhotos/Page1.html) Farhad Darya (photograph from www.farhaddarya.info)

Christina Manuel (photographs from personal collection) Crown Copyright/MOD (photographs from

http://www.operations.mod.uk/fingal/fimages) John Pike (photographs and maps from

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/index.html)

Moumina Dorgabekova: “Pharmacy in Afghanistan” Boston: Management Sciences for Health Aseem Koshan (excerpts from Omaid Weekly newspaper)

Ryan Azimi (excerpts from Afghan-Iranian Yellow Pages of Northern California) Nick Noori (excerpts from Afghan Yellow Pages by N&N Express)

Shahbaz Taheri (excerpts from Northern California Iranian Yellow Pages by Pezhvac Corp.) Ali Parvin (excerpts from TASVIR Persian American Yellow Pages)

Assad Manely (excerpts from Afghan Yellow Pages of California by Ariana Advertising)

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License was obtained from Nova Development Corporation (Nova) to reproduce digital images of clipart and photos from Art Explosion CD ROMs.

Photos from www.savethechildren.org.uk are used in accordance with the copyright owner’s specified restrictions, as posted on the website.

Photos from www.usinfo.state.gov and www.usaid.gov are used in accordance with guidelines provided by FirstGov@mail.fedinfo.gov on “public domain.” Additional photos were obtained from:

www.defenselink.mil www.usmc.mil www.navy.mil

www.dodmedia.osd.mil www.defendamerica.mil

Other images are courtesy of royalty-free Stock Exchange (www.sxc.hu), MorgueFile (www.morguefile.com) and Pixelquelle (www.pixelquelle.de); no permission or photo credits are required.

Permission to use copyrighted material was granted on the condition that it be used exclusively for nonprofit educational purposes. Further reproduction is unauthorized.

Cover photograph by Luke Powell.

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Lesson 21: In the Afghan Army...1 Demonstratives; plurals with ﺎه/haa/ and نا /aan/; verb ‘to wear’

Lesson 22: At the Information Desk...19 More on transitive and intransitive verbs; compound nouns with

ﻪﻧﺎﺧ /khaa-na/; alternative usage of ﻦﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ ; subjunctive form of ﻦﺘﺷاد

Lesson 23: Various Businesses in Town...37 Nouns with /ee/; expressing ﻪﮑﻧﺁزا ﺶﻴﭘ ‘Before…’and ﻪﮑﻧﺁزا ﺪﻌﺑ ‘After…’;

expressions ... ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨیﻮﮕﻴﻣ ‘They say…’ /...ﻪﮐ مﺪﻴﻨﺷ ‘I heard …’; suggestions with ...ﺖﺱاﺮﺘﻬﺑ ‘should… / had better…’

Lesson 24: A Cancellation...57 Past subjunctive mood (with auxiliary verbs ‘was able to,’ ‘had to,’

‘wanted to’); verbs with prepositions; plural compound nouns

Review 21-24...77 Glossary...79

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Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Homework

checked at 0755

Lesson 21 In the Afghan Army

Lesson 22 At the Information Desk

Lesson 23 Various Businesses in Town

Lesson 24

A Cancellation Turn in review assignment for grade

0755-0845 Narrative 21 (model)

Focus on formal grammar

Narrative 22 (model)

Weekly Review Quiz (written) 0855-0945 Narrative 21

(variations)

Practice with related vocabulary

Narrative 22 (variations)

Weekly Review Quiz (oral) 1000-1050 Exchange 21

(models)

Focus on conversational forms

Exchange 22 (models)

1100-1150 Exchange 21 (variations)

Exchange 22 (variations)

Friday activity

Lunch break 1300-1330 Special

assistance

Special assistance

Special assistance 1340-1430 Extended

practice 21

Extended practice 22

Culture hour

1440-1530 Authentic material 21

Authentic material 22

Quiz feedback

Homework: Preview Lesson 22

Grammar + Vocabulary + Homework tasks

Preview Lesson 23

Preview Lesson 24

Review Lessons 21-24

Transcription + Writing task

Preview Lesson 25

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Transliteration

Capturing Dari speech in English transliteration is useful for beginning students. It helps the learner associate sounds with the written symbols. Lessons 1-20 emphasized such practice in listening and transliteration. Starting with Lesson 21, students are no longer required to transliterate in English. Rather, they are expected to write more in Dari.

Homework

As before, students preview each lesson by reading the grammar and cultural notes in English, by familiarizing themselves with the lesson vocabulary (no transliteration

required), and by completing a couple of application tasks (focusing on new grammar and vocabulary). The homework is checked in class, first thing in the morning.

The weekly review task continues, with longer dialogs and more complex structures. As before, this task is best started early and done nightly, in increments over 4 days. As students become more proficient, they are expected to transcribe accurately what has been recorded, and rewrite the information in formal Dari. Students will demonstrate their developing skills by writing longer, more interesting sentences according to the Dari grammar rules they are learning. Top grades can only be earned with work that shows comprehension of conversational forms, attention to correct spelling, and ability to render spoken into formal language.

Narratives and Exchanges

Narratives continue to be the vehicle for Dari grammar structures. Students will discover the important structures and list them in the grid, along with their English meanings.

When working through the exchanges, conversational forms must be identified and highlighted (rather than copied, as in previous lessons.) Much time will be devoted to practicing the exchanges along with the native speakers’ voices. Emphasize good pronunciation and fluency! A set of Dari comprehension questions now accompany the exchanges in Lessons 21-40.

Drills

A number of listening-based drills and activities are scheduled for the 4^th hour of the lesson cycle (exchange variations.) Teachers are given a choice of drills, each

emphasizing a different performance task. These drills, and the recorded dialog variation for gisting (summary of main idea), focus on conversational language.

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carefully, perhaps repeatedly, to the teacher’s prompts. These drills are neither projected in class, nor should they be copied for students. They are provided to the teachers only.

Some of the drills require a personal response, others require taking notes. Some

activities drill a grammar pattern, others drill conjugation. This is the time and the place to emphasize shortened sentences (dropped pronouns) and conversational forms.

Role-plays

The situations, outlined in English, can and should be acted out in a simple way. There is no need to introduce additional vocabulary. Students have what it takes to accomplish each task. There is a simple way of doing it, using the words and structures already learned. DO NOT TRANSLATE the English vocabulary.

Example:

Your soldier friend complains about tedious duties that he/she is required to perform.

Find out details.

Æ A: “I have to clean the barracks every day.”

B: “In the morning or in the evening?”

A: “In the evening. In the morning, I have to do training.”

B: “On the weekend, too?”

A: “No, not on Friday.”

Authentic texts

At the time of printing, suitable lower-level texts were still hard to find. As a result, the authentic clippings contained in Semester 1 volumes may continue to

• contain occasional spelling errors or non-standard constructions

• contain some English or Persian (rather than Dari) words

• contain sophisticated terminology and complex structures

• be too difficult to understand for beginning students.

Given these imperfections, the tasks must be adjusted accordingly. Students should not be asked to read out loud any significant portions of these texts, nor should they have to translate more than an occasional word, phrase or sentence, and only if they have learned the vocabulary or structure. At times, entire sentences will be skipped and no attention paid to them. You may choose to revisit these challenging texts in Semester 2, for review and further analysis.

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GLOSSARY

ﯽﻤﮐ

a little / a bit

ﻩرﺎﺑرد = ]

ء

درﻮﻡرد = ] [

ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟار

[

^about

درد

ache / pain

سردﺁ

^address

نﻼﻋا

advertisement / announcement

زا ﺪﻌﺑ = ] ﺪﻌﺑ = ] [ زا ﺲﭘ

[

^after

ﺮﻬﻇزا ﺪﻌﺑ )

ﺖﺷﺎﭼزا ﺪﻌﺑ ) (

ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘزا ﺪﻌﺑ

(

^afternoon

ﻦﺸیﺪﻨﮐﺮیا

air conditioning

ﻮه ناﺪﻴﻡ

ﯽیا

^airport

ﻪﻤه = ] مﺎﻤﺗ = ] [

ًﺎﻡﺎﻤﺗ

[

all / every

ﻪﺸﻴﻤه )

ماﺪﻡ ) ( ﻢیاد

(

^always

ﺲﻥﻻﻮﺒﻡا

^ambulance

ﯽیﺎﮑیﺮﻡا

American (nationality)

ﺎﮑیﺮﻡا ترﺎﻔﺳ

American Embassy

و

^and

ﺮﮕید ﯽﮑی )

ﻪﮔِد ﯽﮑی

(

^another

شوﺮﻓ ﮏﻴﺘﻥا

antique seller

ﯽﺷوﺮﻓ ﮏﻴﺘﻥا

antique shop

ﺐﻴﺳ

^apple

ء

ﻩﺪﻋو تﺎﻗﻼﻡ = ]

تﺎﻗﻼﻡراﺮﻗ

[

appointment

ًﺎﺒیﺮﻘﺗ

approximately

وزﺎﺑ

^arm

ﻢﺳر

^art

رد ) ﻩد

(

^{at / in}

ﯽیﺎﻴﻟاﺮﺘﺳﺁ

Australian (nationality)

ﻞﻔﻃ ) ﮏُﺘﺷُا

(

^baby

ﺪﺑ

^bad

اﻮﻥﺎﻥ ) ﯼاﻮﻥﺎﻥ

(

^baker

ﯽیاﻮﻥﺎﻥ

^bakery

نﺎﻴﻡﺎﺑ

^Bamyan

ﮏﻥﺎﺑ

^bank

ﮏﻥﺎﺑﺮیﺪﻡ

bank manager

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ﮎَرﺎﺑ

^barracks

ﻪﻠﺸﻗ

base (military)

بﺎﻨﺸﺗ

bathroom / rest room

لﻮﺒﻘﻡ = ] ﮓﻨﺸﻗ = ] [ ﺎﺒیز

[

beautiful / pretty

اﺮیز = ] ﻪﮑﻥﻮﭼ = ] [ ﻪﮐ ﯼﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ [

= ] ﻪﮑﻨیا ﯼاﺮﺑ [

because

باﻮﺧ قﺎﺗا )

ﻮَﺧ قﺎﺗا

(

^bedroom

زا ﺶﻴﭘ = ]

زا ﻞﺒﻗ

[

^before

ﻤیﺮﮐ

ﯽ

^beige

ﻮﺗ

ت

^berry

ﻩوﻼﻋﺮﺑ

= ]

ًﺎﺗوﻼﻋ

[

besides / in addition

ﻞﮑﺴیﺎﺑ

^bicycle

نﻼﮐ

= ] گرﺰﺑ

[

big / large

ﺪﻟﻮﺗ = ] تدﻻو

[

^birth

ﺪﻟﻮﺗزور = ]

ﻩﺮﮕﻟﺎﺳ ﺪﻟﻮﺗ

ء

= ] [ ﻩﺮﮕﻟﺎﺳ

[

^birthday

ﯼﺰیر نﻮﺧ

^bleeding

ﯽﺑﺁ

^blue

نﺪﺑ

= ] ﻢﺴﺟ = ] [ دﻮﺟو ) [ نﺎﺟ

(

^body

بﺎﺘﮐ

^book

ﻞﺗﻮﺑ

^bottle

ﻪﺘﺳد

^bouquet

ﮏﻴﺗﻮﺑ

= ] نﺎﮐد

[

^boutique

ﮏﺸﺧ نﺎﻥ = ]

نﺎﻥ

[

^bread

سوﺮﻋ

^bride

ﻞﭘ

^bridge

باﺮﺧ

broken / out of order

رداﺮﺑ

^brother

راﻮﺼﻥ

ﯼ

^brown

ترﺎﻤﻋ = ]

ﺮﻴﻤﻌﺗ

=] [ نﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ

[

^building

ﺲﺑ = ] ﺲیوﺮﺳ

[

^bus

ترﺎﺠﺗ = ]

ﺲِﻥﺰِﺑ

[

^business

ﻪﻡﺎﻥزاﻮﺟ ﯽﺗرﺎﺠﺗ

ء

] = ﯽﺗرﺎﺠﺗزاﻮﺟ

[

business license

ﺮﺟﺎﺗ

businessperson

ﯽﻟو = ] ﺎﻡا = ] [ ﺮﮕﻡ

[

^but

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بﺎﺼﻗ

^butcher

ﯽﺑﺎﺼﻗ

butcher shop / butchering

غود

buttermilk

ﯼﻮﻠﻬﭘزا

^by

،ﯽﺘﺳار

...

By the way, …

ﯽﻓﺎﮐ

^café

ﺮﺘﺷ

^camel

؟ﻦﻴﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻩر ﻪﻡ ﻦﻴﻥﺎﺗ ﯽﻡ

Can you help me?

ﺮﺗﻮﻡ

^car

ﻦﻴﻟﺎﻗ

carpet / rug

ﻪﻠﮔ

^cattle

ﯽﺒﻴﺟ نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ

cellular phone

داﺮﮔ ﯽﺘﻥﺎﺳ

centigrade

ﻪﻥﺎﺧﺎﻔﺷ

ﯼﺰﮐﺮﻡ

ء central hospital

ﻢﺳاﺮﻡ

ceremony / festivity

ﯽﮐﻮﭼ

^chair

نازرا

^cheap

غﺮﻡ

^chicken

ﻞﻔﻃ

child / baby

ﺖﻴﻠﮐﺎﭼ

^chocolate

تﺮﮕﺳ

cigarettes

ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺳ

cinema / theater

ﺮﻬﺷ

^city

ﻒﻨﺹ

class / grade

ﻒﻨﺼﻤه )

ﯽﻔﻨﺼﻤه

(

^classmate

ﻪﺘﺴﺑ

^closed

ﯼﺮﺑا

= ] دﻮﻟﺁﺮﺑا

[

^cloudy

دﺮﺳ ) ﺦی

(

cold (temperature)

ﮕﻥر

ﻦﻴ

^colorful

ﻦﻴیﺎﻴﺑ نورد

.

^{Come in.}

ناﺪﻥﺎﻡﻮﻗ

commander / leader

ﯽﻟﻮﺗ

^company

ﺮﺗﻮﻴﭙﻤﮐ

^computer

ﺮﺗﻮﻴﭙﻤﮐ قﺎﺗا

computer lab

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ﺖﻴﻠﺴﺗ

condolence

ﻪﺷﺎﺑ ﮎرﺎﺒﻡ = ] !

ﮏیﺮﺒﺗ

[!

Congratulations!

ﺰﭙﺷﺁ

^cook

ﻪﭽﻠﮐ

^cookies

راﻮﺟ

ﯼ ﻪﻥاد

ﻩﺪﺸﻥ

corn on the cob

سرﻮﮐ

course / class

رﺎﮑﻤه

^coworker

ﻢﺣدﺰﻡ

) رﺎﺑوﺮﻴﺑ

(

crowded / busy

ﯽﮕﻨهﺮﻓﺰﮐﺮﻡ

Cultural Center

ﮎﺎﻥﺮﻄﺧ

^dangerous

ﯼرد

^Dari

ﺦیرﺎﺗ

^date

زور

^day

تﻮﻓ = ] تﺎﻓو = ] [ گﺮﻡ

[

^death

ًﺎﻤﺘﺣ ) ﯽﻤﺘﺣ

(

definitely / by all means

ﻪﺟرد

^degree(s)

ﻩﺰﻡ شﻮﺧ

) راد ﻩﺰﻡ

(

delicious

ناﺪﻥدﺮﺘﮐاد

^dentist

ﺖﺷد

^desert

لﺰید

^diesel

ﻞﮑﺸﻡ

= ] راﻮﺷد = ] [ ﺖﺨﺳ

[

difficult / hard

ﯼرﻮﺨﻥﺎﻥ قﺎﺗا = ]

ﯼرﻮﺧ مﺎﻌﻃ قﺎﺗا ) [

نﺎﻥ قﺎﺗا

(

dining room

تﺎﻡﻮﻠﭙید

^diplomat

ﺮیﺪﻡ

director / manager

ﻪﻡﺎﺧ ﻩار

^{dirt road}

خﺮﭼﺮﺳ

^dizzy

ﺮﺘﮐاد

^doctor

ﮓﺳ

^dog

ﺮﻟاد

^dollar

ﺮﺧ

= ] ﺐﮐﺮﻡ

[

^donkey

ﯼﺮﻔﻥود

double (occupancy)

ﺰﻴﻠهدﺮﺧﺁرد

down the hallway

ء

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻦﻴیﺎﭘ = ] ﻦﻴیﺎﭘ لﺰﻨﻡ ) [

نﺎیﺎﭘ لﺰﻨﻡ

(

downstairs

مﺎﻈﻥ ﻊﻤﺟ = ]

ﻖﺸﻡ

[

^drill

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ﺮه

each / every

شﻮﮔ

^ear

دوز ) ﺖﺧو

(

^early

نﺎﺳﺁ = ] ﻞﻬﺳ

[

^easy

ﺪﻴﻋ

^Eid

ﻞﻔیا جﺮﺑ

Eiffel Tower

ترﺎﻔﺳ

^embassy

ﯽﻟﺎﺧ

empty / vacant

ﯼدﺰﻡﺎﻥ )

ﯼداﺰﻡﺎﻥ

(

engagement

ﻦﻴﺷﺎﻡ = ]

ﻦﺠﻥا

[

^engine

نﺎﺘﺴﻠﮕﻥا = ]

ﺎﻴﻥﺎﺘیﺮﺑ

[

England / U. K.

ﯽﺴﻴﻠﮕﻥا

^English

ﯽﻓﺎﮐ

) ﺲﺑ

(

^enough

مﺎﺷ

^evening

ﺐﺷ نﺎﻥ

= ] ﺐﺷ مﺎﻌﻃ ) [

ﻮَﺷ نﺎﻥ

(

evening meal (dinner)

ﺪﻴﺸﺨﺒﺑ )

ﻦﻴﺸﺨﺒﺑ

(

Excuse me.

ﺖﻤﻴﻗ = ] ناﺮﮔ

[

^expensive

ﻢﺸﭼ

^eye

ناﺰﺧ

fall / autumn

ﻞﻴﻡﺎﻓ = ] ﻩداﻮﻥﺎﺧ

[

^family

فوﺮﻌﻡ = ]

رﻮﻬﺸﻡ

[

^famous

رود

^far

نﺎﻘهد

^farmer

ﻊیﺮﺳ

= ] ﺪﻨﺗ ) [ ﺰﻴﺗ

(

fast (adjective)

ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ )

ﺰﻴﺗ

(

fast (adverb)

رﺪﭘ

^father

ﺖﺸﮕﻥا

) ﮏﻠﮐ

(

^finger

ًﻻوا ) لوا

(

first / firstly

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ) لﺰﻨﻡ

(

^floor

شوﺮﻓ ﻞﮔ

^florist

ﻞﮔ

^flower

ﯽﺷوﺮﻓ ﻞﮔ

flower shop

اﺬﻏ ) نﺎﻥ

(

^food

ﺎﭘ ) ﯼﺎﭘ

(

^foot

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ﯼاﺮﺑ ) ﺑ ﯼﺮ

(

^for

ﻪﺠﻨﭘ

^fork

ﻪﺴﻥاﺮﻓ

^France

ﯼﻮﺴﻥاﺮﻓ

French (nationality / language)

ﻩزﺎﺗ

^fresh

ﻪﻌﻤﺟ

^Friday

نﺎیﺮﺑ غﺮﻡ

fried chicken

ﺖﺳود = ]

ﻖﻴﻓر

[

^friend

زا

^from

ﻩﻮﻴﻡ

^fruit

ﻩزﺎﻨﺟ

^funeral

ﺮﭽﻴﻥﺮﻓو ﻞﺒﻡ ﺎﺑ

furnished

ﺮﭽﻴﻥﺮﻓ = ]

ﺮﭽﻴﻥﺮﻓو ﻞﺒﻡ

[

^furniture

جاﺮﮔ

^garage

ﺰیدﺮﮔ

^Gardez

ﻪﻨﻠﻴﮔ

^{gas can}

ﻞﻴﺗ ﮏﻥﺎﺗ

gas station

لوﺮﺘﭘ = ]

ﻞﻴﺗ

[

^gasoline

ﻪﻴﻓاﺮﻐﺟ

^geography

ﯽﻥﺎﻤﻟﺁ

^German

نﺎﻤﻟﺁ

= ] ﯽﻨﻡﺮﺟ

[

^Germany

ﻮﺷرﺎﻴﺗ

!

Get ready!

سﻼﻴﮔ

^glass

ﺶﮑﺘﺳد

^glove

بﻮﺧ

good / fine / nice

ﻆﻓﺎﺣ اﺪﺧ ) .

اﺪﺧ نﺎﻡا ﻪﺑ

(.

^Good-bye.

ﯽﮕﻨﺗ

^gorge

رﻮﻡﺎﻡ

government employee

نﻼﮐرﺪﭘ

grandfather

نﻼﮐردﺎﻡ

grandmother

رﻮﮕﻥا

^grape

ﺰﺒﺳ

^green

دﺎﻡاد

^groom

نﺎﻤﻬﻡ

^guest

(16)

ﻢﻴﻥ

^half

ﺰﻴﻠهد

hallway / corridor

ﺪﻴﻤﺣ

Hamid (male name)

ﺖﺳَد ) ﺖﺳِد

(

^hand

لﺎﺤﺷﻮﺧ = ]

شﻮﺧ

[

^happy

وا

he / she / it

ﺮﺳ

^head

ﯽﺤﺹ ﮏﻴﻨﻴﻠﮐ

health clinic

ﯽﻠﺑ = ] ﻮﻟا

[

Hello! (telephone call)

ﮏﻤﮐ

^help

ﻦﻴﻨﮐ نﺎﺟ شﻮﻥ

.

Help yourself. / Eat heartily.

تاﺮه

^Herat

ﺎﺠﻨیا

) ﻪﺠﻨیا

(

^here

ﺪﻨﻠﺑ

^high

ﺦیرﺎﺗ

^history

ﯽﺘﺼﺧر

= ] ﻞﻴﻄﻌﺗ

[

holiday / vacation / leave

ﭗﺳا

^horse

ﻪﻥﺎﺧﺎﻔﺷ

^hospital

غاد = ] نازﻮﺳ

[

hot / burning (temperature)

ﺪﻨُﺗ

hot / spicy (taste)

ﺖﻋﺎﺳ

^hour

ﯽﺳرد ﺖﻋﺎﺳ

= ] ﺖﻋﺎﺳ

[

hour / period

ﻪﻥﺎﺧ

house / home

ﻪﻥﺎﺨﻤه

^housemate

رﻮَﻄﭼ

؟ ) رﻮﻄﭼ ؟ / ﻮﻄﭼ

؟

(

^How?

...

؟رﻮﻄﭼ

How about…?

؟ﯽﺘﺳارﻮﻄِﭼ

How are you?

لﻮﺒﻘﻡ ﯽﭼ

!

How beautiful!

؟تﺪﻡ ﻪﭼ = ]

؟ﺖﻗورﺪﻘﭼ ) [

ﻪﻘﭼ و ﺧ

؟ﺖ

(

^{How long?}

ﺪﻨﭼ

؟ = ] ﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﻥاد

؟ ) [ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﭼ

؟

(

How many?/ How many pieces?

رﺪﻘﭼ

؟ ) ﭼ ﻪﻘ

؟

(

^{How much?}

ﻪﻨﺳﺮﮔ )

ﻪﻨﺸُﮔ

(

^hungry

ﺮهﻮﺷ )

ﯼﻮﺷ

(

^husband

ﻦﻡ ) ﻪﻡ

(

^I

(17)

ﻢﺘﺳا فوﺮﺼﻡ = ] .

ﻢﺘﺳا لﻮﻐﺸﻡ ) [.

مرادرﺎﮐ

(

I am busy.

ﻢﺘﺳا بﻮﺧ

.

I am fine.

ﺖیﻮه ترﺎﮐ

^{ID card}

ﯽﻀیﺮﻡ

^illness

ﻢﻬﻡ

^important

رد

) ﻩد

(

^{in / at}

ﯼور ﺶﻴﭘ = ]

ﯼوﺮﺑور

[

in front of

ﯼاﺮﺑ = ] ﻪﮑﻥﺁ ﯼاﺮﺑ

[

in order to

ﻞﻡﺎﺷ

^included

نﺎﺘﺳوﺪﻨه

= ] ﺪﻨه

[

^India

ﯽﻤﺧز = ]

حوﺮﺠﻡ

[

^injured

ﻪﻥﺎﺧ نﺎﻤﻬﻡ

inn / guest house

ﻞﺧاد ) نورد

(

^inside

ﻪﺑ ضﻮﻋ )

ﯼﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ

(

instead of

ﻞﺘﻨﻥ ﯽﺘﻥﺎﮐﺮﺘﻥا ﻞﺗﻮه

Intercontinental Hotel

ﺐﻟﺎﺟ = ] ﭗﺴﭽﻟد

[

interesting

ﺖﻥﺮﺘﻥا

^internet

ﺖﻥﺮﺘﻥا ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﻦﻴﻟ

internet connection

ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻡ

^interview

ناﺮیا

^Iran

ﯽﻥاﺮیا

Iranian (nationality)

؟ﻦﺘﺳا بﻮﺧ ﯽﮕﻤه

Is everybody fine?

ﺖﺴﻴﻥ ) ﺲﻴﻥ

(

^{is not}

دﺎﺑﺁ مﻼﺳا

^Islamabad

ﺪﻨﮑﻴﻤﻥ قﺮﻓ

) . ﻪﻨﮑﻴﻤﻥ قﺮﻓ =

ﻩراﺪﻥ اوﺮﭘ

(

It does not matter.

ﻩراﺪﻥ نﺎﮑﻡا

.

It is not possible.

ﻪﻨﻴﺑ ﯽﻡ لﻮﺒﻘﻡ ﺎﻤﺷ ﯼﺎﻬﻤﺸﭼ

.

It seems beautiful in your eyes.

ﺖﺳﺎﻤﺷ ﻒﻄﻟ = ] .

ﯽﻥﺎﺑﺮﻬﻡ ﺖﺳﺎﻤﺷ

[.

) -- سﺎﻤﺷ (

It’s kind of you. / It is nice of you.

ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺘیا

^Italy

دﺎﺑﺁ لﻼﺟ

^Jalalabad

ﯽﻥﺎﭘﺎﺟ

Japanese (nationality/language)

ﺖﺴﻟﺎﻥروژ

journalist

ﺖﺑﺮﺷ

^juice

(18)

بﺎﺒﮐ

^kabob

ﻞﺑﺎﮐ

^Kabul

ﻪﺗرﺎﮐ

ﻪﺳ

ء Karta-e-Sey (a district)

ﺪﻟﺎﺧ

Khaled (male name)

ﻮﻠﻴﮐ = ] ماﺮﮔﻮﻠﻴﮐ [

^kilogram

ﻪﻥﺎﺧﺰﭙﺷﺁ )

ﻪﻥﺎﺧرﺎﮐ

(

^kitchen

درﺎﮐ

^knife

ﺮﮔرﺎﮐ

laborer / worker

نﺎﺑَز = ] نﺎﺴﻟ ) [ نﺎﺑُز

(

^language

ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ

last / past

ﺐﺸید = ] ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺐﺷ ) [

ﻮَﺸید

(

last night

ﺮید ) ﺖﺧوﺎﻥ

(

^late

ًاﺪﻌﺑ =]

ﺮﺗ ﺪﻌﺑ =][

نﺁزا ﺪﻌﺑ =][

نﺁزا ﺲﭘ )[

نﺎﺴﭘ /

ﺮﺘﻥﺎﺴﭘ (

later / afterwards

ﻦﻤﭼ

^lawn

ﭼ فﺮﻃ

ﭗ ) ﭗﭼ ﺖﺳد

(

^{left side}

ﺎﭘ ) ﯼﺎﭘ

(

^leg

سرد

^lesson

ﻢیﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻴﺑ

!

^{Let’s go!}

ﻪﻥﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﮐ

^library

ﯽﮔﺪﻥز

^life

ﻢﮐ

little (amount)

نﻮﻟﺎﺳ = ]

ﻦﻤﻴﺸﻥ قﺎﺗا

[

living room

نﺪﻨﻟ

^London

زارد

^long

دﺮﻡ

^man

رازﺎﺑ

^market

ﯽﺽﺎیر

mathematics

ﺪیﺎﺷ = ] ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻡ

[

may / might / maybe / perhaps

ﻪﻨﮐ ﺖﻤﺣر اﺪﺧ = ] !

ﻩزﺮﻡﺂﻴﺑ اﺪﺧ

[!

May God forgive (the deceased)!

ﷲاﺎﺷﺎﻡ = ]!

ﻪﺸﻥﺮﻈﻥ [!

=]

ﻪﻨﮐ ﻩﺎﮕﻥﺪﺑﺮﻈﻥ زااﺪﺧ ) [!

اﺪﺧ مﺎﻥ (

May God protect (…) from the evil eye!

اﺪﺧ ...

ﻪﻨﮐ ﻩﺎﮕﻥ ﻩر

!

May God save (…)!

ﻪﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﻤﺷﺮﺳ ﯽﮔﺪﻥز

!

May you continue to live!

(19)

ﻦﻴﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﻥز

!

May you live long! / Thank you!

ﻒیﺮﺷراﺰﻡ

Mazar-e-Sharif

ﺖﺷﻮﮔ

^meat

ﯼﺮﺘﺴﻡ

= ] ﮏﻴﻥﺎﺨﻴﻡ

[

^mechanic

اود

medicine / medication

تﺎﻗﻼﻡ

^meeting

ﻩزﻮﺑﺮﺧ

^melon

ﻮﻀﻋ

^member

ﺖیﻮﻀﻋ

membership

ﺖیﻮﻀﻋ ترﺎﮐ

membership card

ﻮﻨﻴﻡ = ] اﺬﻏ ﺖﺴﻟ

[

^menu

ﻪﻥﺎﺨﻡﺎﻌﻃ

^{mess hall}

ﺮﻬﻇ

) ﺖﺷﺎﭼ

(

midday / noon

لﺪﺘﻌﻡ

^mild

ﯼﺮﮑﺴﻋ

= ] ﯽﻡﺎﻈﻥ

[

^military

ﻪﻘﻴﻗد

^minute

ﻪﺒﻨﺷود

^Monday

لﻮﭘ ) ﻪﺴﻴﭘ

(

^money

ﻩﺎﻡ

^month

ﺢﺒﺹ

^morning

ﺢﺒﺹ ﯼﺎﭼ

= ] ﺎﺘﺷﺎﻥ

[

morning meal (breakfast)

ﻮﮑﺳﺎﻡ

^Moscow

ﺪﺠﺴﻡ

^mosque

ردﺎﻡ

^mother

ﻞﮑﻴﺳﺮﺗﻮﻡ

motorcycle

ﻩﻮﮐ

^mountain

ﻞﺗﻮﮐ

mountain pass

ﻢﻠﻓ

^movie

دﺎیز

= ] رﺎﻴﺴﺑ

[

much / many / a lot

ء

ﻪﻥﺎﺧ

ﯽﻠﮔ

^{mud house}

ﻼﻡ

Muslim clergyman

ﺪیﺎﺑ = ] ﺖﺴیﺎﺑ

[

must / should / ought to

ﺪﻴهﺎﻥ

Nahid (female name)

ﯼﺬﻏﺎﮐ لﺎﻤﺘﺳد

^napkin

(20)

ﮏیرﺎﺑ = ]

ﮓﻨﺗ = ] [ ضﺮﻌﻤﮐ [

) ﺮﺒﻤﮐ

(

^narrow

ﻪﻤﻴﺴﻥ

Nasima (female name)

ﯼزﺎﻥ

Nazi (female name)

ﮏیدﺰَﻥ )

ﮏیدﺰِﻥ

(

near / close

ﻪیﺎﺴﻤه

^neighbor

ﺖﻗو ﭻﻴه

= ] ﺰﮔﺮه

[

^never

ﻮﻥ

^new

ﺪیﺪﺟ ﯽﻠهد

= ] ﻮﻥ ﯽﻠهد

[

^{New Delhi}

زورﻮﻥ = ]

ﻮﻥ لﺎﺳ

[

New Year’s Day

دازﻮﻥ

^newborn

ﻪﻡﺎﻥزور

) رﺎﺒﺧا

(

^newspaper

ﻩﺪﻨیﺁ = ] ﯼﺪﻌﺑ

[

next / future / the following

ﻮﻠﻬﭘ قﺎﺗا

^{next door}

ﯼﻮﻠﻬﭘ

= ]

ِرﺎﻨﮐ

[

^{next to}

ﺐﺷ

^night

ﻪﻥ

) ﯽﻥ

(

^no

ﺖﺷﺎﭼ نﺎﻥ = ]

ﺖﺷﺎﭼ مﺎﻌﻃ

[

noon meal (lunch)

ﯽﻨﻴﺑ

^nose

ﻪﭽﺑﺎﺘﮐ

^notebook

ﻻﺎﺣ = ] نﻮﻨﮐا ) [ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ

(

^now

ﺲﺣ ﯽﺑ )

ﺖﺧﺮﮐ

(

^numb

ﻩﺮﻤﻥ

= ] ﻩرﺎﻤﺷ

[

^number

ﺖﻋﺎﺳ )

ﻪﺠﺑ

(

o’clock / hour

ﺮﺘﻓد = ] ﻩرادا

[

^office

ﺮﺴﻓا = ] ﺐﺼﻨﻤﺒﺣﺎﺹ ) [

راﺪﺒﺼﻨﻡ

(

^officer

ًاﺮﺜﮐا = ] تﺎﻗواﺮﺜﮐا ) [

ﺎه ﺖﺧو ﯼرﺎﻴﺴﺑ

(

^often

ﻪﻨﻬﮐ

^old

ﯼﻻﺎﺑ = ] ﯼور ) [

ِﺮﺳ

(

^on

زا ﯽﮑی

^{one of}

زﺎﺑ

) زاو

(

^open

ﺎی

^or

ﻪﻥﺎﺧ ﻢﻴﺘی

^orphanage

ﺎﺧ ﻢﻴﺘیﺮیﺪﻡ

ﻪﻥ

orphanage director

ﺮﮕید ) ﻪﮔِد

(

^other

(21)

جرﺎﺧ ) نوﺮﻴﺑ

(

^outside

ﻩﺪﺷ ﮓﻥر

^painted

ﺬﻏﺎﮐ

^paper

ﺲیرﺎﭘ

^Paris

ﮎرﺎﭘ

^park

ﯼﺎﺟ

ﮓﻨﮐرﺎﭘ

parking space / parking lot

ﻮﺘﺸﭘ

^Pashto

شوﺮﻓ ﻪﭽﻠﮐ

pastry seller

ﯽﺷوﺮﻓ ﻪﭽﻠﮐ

pastry shop

ﻢﻠﻗ

^pen

ﻞﺴﻨﭘ

^pencil

مدﺮﻡ

^people

چﺮﻡ

^pepper

ﺐﺷ ﯽﻓ

= ] ﯽﺒﺷ ) [

ِﻮَﺷ

(

^{per night}

تﺪﻡ

period / duration

ﺺﺨﺷ = ]

ﺮﻔﻥ ) [ مدﺁ

(

^person

ﻪﻥﺎﺨﺳﺎﮑﻋ = ]

ﯽﺳﺎﮑﻋ ﯼﻮیﺪﺘﺳ

[

photo studio / photo lab

ﯽﭘﺎﮐﻮﺗﻮﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻡ

photocopy center

سﺎﮑﻋ

photographer

ﻪﻠﻴﻡ

^picnic

ﺲﮑﻋ

picture / photograph

ﻪﻥاد ) ﺎﺗ

(

piece (counter)

ﺖﺸﻟﺎﺑ

^pillow

ﺎﺟ

) ﯼﺎﺟ

(

^place

بﺎﻘﺸﺑ

^plate

ﮎﻮﻠﺑ

^platoon

ﺪﻴیﺎﻡﺮﻔﺑ

= ]

ًﺎﻔﻄﻟ [ ) ﻦﻴیﺎﻡﺮﻔﺑ

(

^Please.

رﺎﻥا

pomegranate

ﺮﻴﻘﻓ = ] رادﺎﻥ ) [ ﺐیﺮﻏ

(

^poor

قﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ

^{power dam}

زﺎﻤﻥ

^prayer

ﻪﻠﻡﺎﺣ

) راﺪﻤﮑﺷ

(

^pregnant

ﻪﺨﺴﻥ

prescription

نﻮیﺰیﻮﻠﺗوﻮیدار ﺲﻴﺋر

president of radio & TV station

(22)

رﻮﺴﻴﻓوﺮﭘ = ]

دﺎﺘﺳا ) [ ﺮﺴﻴﻓوﺮﭘ

(

^professor

دﺮﮔﺎﺷ

pupil / student

ﺶﻔﻨﺑ

^purple

لﻮﮑﺘﺳد

^purse

رﺎهﺪﻨﻗ

^Qandahar

ﻮیدار

^radio

ﯽﻥارﺎﺑ

^rainy

تﻼﻡﺎﻌﻡ ﯼﺎﻤﻨهر ﺮﺘﻓد

real estate office

ﺮﺧاوا ﻦیارد = ]

ًاﺮﻴﺧا ) [ ﺎه ﺖﺧو ﯼا ﻩد

(

^recently

ﺮﺳ خ

^red

تﺎﻴﻨید

^religion

ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩداد نﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ

= ] ﻩﺪﺷ حﻼﺹا

[

^remodeled

ﻪیاﺮﮐ )

ﻩاﺮﮐ

(

^rent

ﯽیاﺮﮐ

rental / for rent

پﺎﺸﮐرو

repair shop / garage

ﻩﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﻡﺮﺗ

^repaired

رﺎﮕﻥﺮﺒﺧ

^reporter

نارﻮﺘﺳر

restaurant

ﺞﻥﺮﺑ

^rice

ﻮﻠﭘَ

rice pilaf

ﺞﻥﺮﺑﺮﻴﺷ

rice pudding

راﺪﻟﻮﭘ = ] ﯽﻨﻏ

[

^rich

ﺖﺳار فﺮﻃ )

سار ﺖﺳد

(

right side

ﺎیرد

^river

قﺎﺗا

^room

قﺎﺗا ﻢه

) ﯽﻗﺎﺗا ﻢه

(

^roommate

نﺎﻤﺴیر )

نﺎﭙﺴیر

(

^rope

ﻩﺪﻴﺳﻮﭘ

^rotten

ﻪﻴﺳور

^Russia

ﺢﻟﺎﺹ

Saleh (male name)

ﮏﻤﻥ

^salt

رﻮﺷ

^salty

ﻪﺒﻨﺷ

^Saturday

نﺎﺠﻥدﺎﺑ ﯽﻥاﺮُﺑ

) نﺎﺠﻥﺎﺑ ﯽﻥاﺮﺑ

(

sauteed eggplant

(23)

ﻥﻻﻮﺑ

ﯽ

savory pastry with delicious filling

ﺐﺘﮑﻡ

^school

ﺐﺘﮑﻡﺮیﺪﻡ

school principal

ﻞﺼﻓ = ] ﻢﺳﻮﻡ

[

^season

ﺮﺗﺮﮑﺳ

^secretary

ﻩﺪﻨﺷوﺮﻓ

seller / street vendor

ﻂﺑﺎﺽ درﻮﺧ = ]

ﯽﮔﺪیﺮﺑ

[

^sergeant

ﻮﻥﺮﻬﺷ

Shahr-e-Nau (a district)

ﻒیﺮﺷ

Sharif (male name)

لﺎﺷ

^shawl

نﺎﮐد

= ] ﻩزﺎﻐﻡ

[

shop / store

ﺪیﺮﺧ

^shopping

ﻩﺎﺗﻮﮐ

^short

روﺎﺷ

^shower

ترﺎیز

= ] ﻩﺮﺒﻘﻡ

[

^shrine

ﺾیﺮﻡ

sick (adjective) / patient (noun)

ﻪﺣﻮﻟ

^sign

زا

...

فﺮﻄﻨیا ﻪﺑ = ]

زا ...

ﻮﺴﻨیا ﻪﺑ ) [

زا ...

ﻩﺮﺘﻓ

(

since … (time)

ناﻮﺧزاوﺁ )

ﻩﺪﻨﻥﺎﺧ

(

^singer

ﻔﻨﮑی

ﯼﺮ

single (occupancy)

ﺮهاﻮﺧ

^sister

ﺮهﺎﻡ

) ﻖیﻻ

(

^skillful

ﻪﺘﺴهﺁ ) ﺎﺘﺳﺁ

(

^slow

ﯽﮕﺘﺴهﺁ ﻪﺑ )

ﺎﺘﺳﺁ

(

^slowly

درﻮﺧ = ] ﮏﭼﻮﮐ

[

^small

ﻪﭽﻨﻴﻟﺎﻗ

^{small rug}

ﻦﻴﺘﻥﺎﮐ

^{snack bar}

ﯽﻓﺮﺑ

^snowy

رﺪﻘﻥﺁ

= ] رﺪﻘﻨیا ) [ ﻪﻗوا / ﻪﻘیا

(

so / so much / that much / this much

زﺎﺑﺮﺳ ) ﺮﮑﺴﻋ

(

^soldier

ﯽﻀﻌﺑ

^some

ﯽﺴﮐ

^someone

ًﺎﻀﻌﺑ

= ] تﺎﻗوا ﯽﻀﻌﺑ = ] [

ﻩﺎﮕهﺎﮔ [

) ﺎﻬﺘﺧو ﯽﻀﻌﺑ (

sometimes

(24)

ﯼدوز ﻪﺑ = ]

ﺐیﺮﻘﻨﻋ ) [

دوز

(

^soon

ﺎﺑرﻮﺷ )

اورﻮﺷ

(

^soup

تﺎﻏﻮﺳ

^souvenir

ﯽﻨﺒﺘﺷاﺮﻴﺗ

= ] ﻮﺘﻟﺎﻓﺮﻴﺗ

[

spare tire

دﻮﺨﻥرﻮﺷ

ﻮﻟﺎﭽﮐو

spicy chickpea and potato salad

ﻩرﻮﮑﭘ

spicy fried potatoes

ﻖﺷﺎﻗ

^spoon

رﺎﻬﺑ

^spring

ﯽﮕﻟد

^squad

ﺎه ﻪﻨیز

^stairs

ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻡ

= ] ور ﻪﺑور

[

^straight

ﮎﺮﺳ = ]

ﻩدﺎﺟ = ] [ ﻪﭼﻮﮐ

[

^street

ﯼﻮﻗ

^strong

نﻮﻤﻀﻡ

^subject

ﻩرﻮﺑ = ] ﺮﮑﺷ

[

^sugar

نﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗ

^summer

ﻪﺒﻨﺸﮑی

^Sunday

ﯽﺑﺎﺘﻓﺁ ) ﯼﻮﺘﻓا

(

^sunny

ﯽﻥ اﺮﭼ

.

Sure. / With pleasure.

ﻦیﺮﻴﺷ

^sweet

ﯼزﺎﺒﺑﺁ ضﻮﺣ

) ﯼزﺎﺑوَا ضﻮﺣ

(

swimming pool

ﺰﻴﻡ

^table

ﻞﺤﻡ جﺎﺗ

^{Taj Mahal}

ﯽﺴﮑﺗ

^taxi

ﯼﺎﭼ

^tea

ﻪﻥﺎﺧ ﯼﺎﭼ

^teahouse

ﻢﻠﻌﻡ

^teacher

نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ

^telephone

نﻮیﺰیﻮﻠﺗ

television

تراﺮﺣ )

ﯽﻡﺮﮔ

(

temperature

ﺮﮑﺸﺗ

.

Thank you.

نﺁ ) وا

(

^that

ﻪﮐ

that / who / which

نﺎﻤه ) ﻮﻤه

(

that same / that very same

(25)

ﺲﭘ = ] ترﻮﺼﻥﺁرد ) [

ﯽﺧ

(

then / in that case

ﺎﺠﻥﺁ ) ﻪﺠﻥوا

(

^there

نﺁﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ = ]

ًءﺎﻨﺑ

[

^therefore

ﺎﻬﻨیا ) ﺎﻨیا

(

^these

ﺎﻬﻥﺁ ) ﺎﻬﻥوا / ﺎﻥوا

(

^they

ﻪﻨﺸﺗ ) ﻪﻨﺸُﺗ

(

^thirsty

ﻦیا ) ﯼا

(

^this

ﻦﻴﻤه ) ﯽﻤه

(

this same / this very same

ﺎﻬﻥﺁ ) ﺎﻬﻥوا ) ( ﺎﻥوا

(

^those

ﻪﺒﻨﺸﺠﻨﭘ

^Thursday

ﺖﻗو

) ﺖﺧو

(

^time

ﺮﻴﺗ

^tire

ﺮﻴﺗ ﮏﺟ

^{tire jack}

ﻪﺑ

^to

ِﺶﻴﭘ = ]

ِدﺰﻥ

[

to / before / near

ﻦﺘﺳاﻮﺧ ترﺬﻌﻡ = ]

ﻦﺘﺳاﻮﺧرﺬﻋ / [

ﻩاﻮﺧ /

ﺖﺳاﻮﺧ

to apologize

نداد ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ /

ﻩد /

داد

to arrange

نﺪﻴﺳر /

سر /

ﺪﻴﺳر

^{to arrive}

ندﺮﮐ بﺎﺒﮐ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to barbeque

ندﻮﺑ / شﺎﺑ /

دﻮﺑ

^{to be}

ﻦﺘﺴﻥاﻮﺗ /

ناﻮﺗ /

ﺖﺴﻥاﻮﺗ

to be able to / can (modal verb)

ندﻮﺑ باﻮﺧ /

شﺎﺑ / دﻮﺑ ) ندﻮﺑ ﻮَﺧ

(

to be asleep

نﺪﻡﺁﺮید /

ﺁ / ﺪﻡﺁ = ] نﺪﻴﺳرﺮید /

سر / ﺪﻴﺳر

[

to be late

ندﻮﺑ ﻊﻗاو /

شﺎﺑ / دﻮﺑ

= ] ﻦﺘﺷادراﺮﻗ /

راد / ﺖﺷاد [

to be located / to be situated

نﺪﺷ / ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

^{to become}

ﻦﺘﺷاد ﯼﺰیﺮﻥﻮﺧ /

راد /

ﺖﺷاد

to bleed / to be bleeding

نﺪﺷ باﺮﺧ /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to break down

نﺪﻴﺸﮐ ﺲﻔﻥ /

ﺶﮐ /

ﺪﻴﺸﮐ

to breathe

ندروﺁ / روﺁ /

دروﺁ

^{to bring}

ندﺮﮐ دﺎﺑﺁ ]

= ندﺮﮐرﺎﻤﻋا [

/ ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to build}

نﺪیﺮﺧ /

ﺮﺧ /

ﺪیﺮﺧ

^{to buy}

ندﺮﮐ ﮎﺎﭘ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to clean}

نﺪﻡﺁ / ﺁ /

ﺪﻡﺁ

^{to come}

(26)

ﻦﺘﻔﮔ ﮏیﺮﺒﺗ /

ﻮﮔ / ﺖﻔﮔ ) نداد ﯽﮑیﺮﺒﺗ /

ﻩد / داد

(

to congratulate

ﻦﺘﺨُﭘ / ﺰَﭘ / ﺖﺨُﭘ ) ندﺮﮐ ﻪﺘﺨُﭘ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

(

^{to cook}

ندﺮﮐ بﺎﺴﺣ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to count}

نﺪﻴﺼﻗر /

ﺺﻗر / ﺪﻴﺼﻗر )

نﺪﮐ ﺺﻗر

(

^{to dance}

ندﺮﮐ / ﻦُﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to do}

ندﺮﮐ ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to do training / to undergo training

ندﺮﮐ ﻢﺳر /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

) نﺪﻴﺸﮐ ﻢﺳر /

ﺶﮐ / ﺪﻴﺸﮐ (

to draw

نﺪﻴﺷﻮﻥ /

شﻮﻥ /

ﺪﻴﺷﻮﻥ

^{to drink}

ندرﻮﺧ = ]

ندرﻮﺧ اﺬﻏ ) [

ندرﻮﺧ نﺎﻥ /(

رﻮﺧ /

درﻮﺧ

to eat

ندﺮﮐ ﻪﻨیﺎﻌﻡ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to examine

ﻦﺘﺷاد دﻮﺟو /

راد / ﺖﺷاد = ] ندﻮﺑ دﻮﺟﻮﻡ /

شﺎﺑ /

دﻮﺑ [

to exist / to be present / to be available

نداد ﺖﻴﻠﺴﺗ /

ﻩد / داد = ] ﻦﺘﻔﮔ ﺖﻴﻠﺴﺗ /

ﻮﮔ / ﺖﻔﮔ

[

to express condolences

ندﺮﮐ ﺲﺣ = ]

ندﺮﮐ سﺎﺴﺣا / [

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to feel}

ندﺮﮐ اﺪﻴﭘ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ = ] ﻦﺘﻓﺎی / بﺎی / ﺖﻓﺎی

[

^{to find}

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ / ﺮﻴﮔ /

ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

to get / to take (hold)

نﺪﺷﺮﭽﻨﭘ /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to get punctured / to have a flat (tire)

ﻦﺘﺳﺎﺧﺮﺑ /

ﺰﻴﺧﺮﺑ / ﺖﺳﺎﺧﺮﺑ )

ﻦﺘﺴﻴﺧ / ﺰﻴﺧ / ﺖﺴﻴﺧ

(

to get up / to rise

نﺪﺷ بﻮﺧ )

نﺪﺷرﻮﺟ / (

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to get well / to recover

نداد / ﻩد /

داد

^{to give}

ﻦﺘﻓر / ور / ﺖﻓر

ﺎﺑ ..

...

ﻦﺘﻓر

ﻪﺑ ...

ﻦﺘﻓر

to go

to go by means of...

to go to...

ندﺮﮐ ﯽیﺎﻤﻨهر /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to guide}

ﻦﺘﺷاد / راد /

ﺖﺷاد

^{to have}

ندﺮﮐ ﻪﻠﻴﻡ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to have a picnic

ﻦﺘﺷاد دﺎی /

راد / ﺖﺷاد

to have a skill / to know how to…

نﺪﻴﻨﺷ / ﻮﻨﺷ /

ﺪﻴﻨﺷ

^{to hear}

ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

...

ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ ار

ﻪﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ

to help

to help….

ندﺮﮐ درد /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ = ] ﻦﺘﺷاد درد /

راد / ﺖﺷاد

[

to hurt / to ache

(27)

ندﺮﮐ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻡ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to interview

ندﺮﮐ تﻮﻋد = ]

ندﺮﮐ نﺎﻤﻬﻡ [

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to invite}

ﻦﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ /

سﺎﻨﺷ /

ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ

to know (to be acquainted with / to recognize)

ﻦﺘﺴﻥاد / ناد /

ﺖﺴﻥاد

to know (to be aware of / to have knowledge about)

ﻦﺘﺧﻮﻡﺁ /

زﻮﻡﺁ / ﺖﺧﻮﻡﺁ

= ] ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ دﺎی /

ﺮﻴﮔ / ﺖﻓﺮﮔ [

to learn

نﺪﻴﺸﮐزارد /

ﺶﮐ /

ﺪﻴﺸﮐ

to lie down

ﻦﺘﺷاد شﻮﺧ /

راد / ﺖﺷاد

...

ﻦﺘﺷاد شﻮﺧ ار

to like

to like….

شﻮﮔ ندﺮﮐ / ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ = ] شﻮﮔ نداد / ﻩد / داد [

ﻪﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐ شﻮﮔ

...

ندﺮﮐ شﻮﮔار

ﻪﺑ ...

نداد شﻮﮔ

to listen

to listen to….

ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻥز /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

رد ...

ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻥز

ﺎﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐ ﯽﮔﺪﻥز

to live

to live in...

to live with….

نﺪﺷ مﻮﻠﻌﻡ /

ﻮﺷ / ﺪﺷ

= ] نﺪﻴﺳرﺮﻈﻥ ﻪﺑ /

سر / ﺪﻴﺳر [

to look / to seem

ندﺮﮐ نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

ندﺮﮐ نﻮﻔﻠﻴﺗ ﯽﺴﮐ ﻪﺑ

to make a phone call to call someone

فرﺰیر ندﺮﮐ

/ ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to make a reservation / to reserve

ء

ﻩﺪﻋو ﻦﺘﺷاﺬﮔ تﺎﻗﻼﻡ /

راﺬﮔ / ﺖﺷاﺬﮔ

= ] ﻦﺘﺷاﺬﮔ تﺎﻗﻼﻡراﺮﻗ /

راﺬﮔ / ﺖﺷاﺬﮔ [

) ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺖﺧو ﯽﺴﮐزا /

ﺮﻴﮔ / ﺖﻓﺮﮔ (

to make an appointment

ندﺮﮐ تﺎﻗﻼﻡ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ ) نﺪید / ﻦﻴﺑ / ﺪید (

ﺎﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐ تﺎﻗﻼﻡ

to meet

to meet with….

ندﺮﮐ ﻆﻔﺣ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

) ندﺮﮐﺮﺑزا /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ (

to memorize

ندﺮﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to move}

نداد ﺖﮐﺮﺣ /

ﻩد /

داد

to move (something)

ﻦﺘﺷاد تروﺮﺽ = ]

ﻦﺘﺷاد جﺎﻴﺘﺣا [

) ﻦﺘﺷادرﺎﮐ / (

راد / ﺖﺷاد

to need

ندﺮﮐزﺎﺑ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to open}

(28)

نداد ﺶیﺎﻡﺮﻓ /

ﻩد /

داد

^{to order}

ندﺮﮐ ﮓﻥر /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to paint}

ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ / رﺬﮔ / ﺖﺷﺬﮔ )

نﺪﺷﺮﻴﺗ /

ﻮﺷ / ﺪﺷ (

زا ...

ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ )

نﺪﺷﺮﻴﺗ (

ﯼﻮﻠﻬﭘزا ...

ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ )

نﺪﺷﺮﻴﺗ (

to pass / to cross to pass…..

to pass by…..

نﺪﻥاﻮﺧزﺎﻤﻥ /

ناﻮﺧ /

ﺪﻥاﻮﺧ

^{to pray}

ندﺮﮐ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ )

ندﺮﮐ ﻻﺎﺑ / (

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

= ] ندﺮﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ /

ﺮﺑ / دﺮﺑ [

to raise / to lift

ندﺮﮐ ﯽﺴیﻮﻨﻡﺎﻥ = ]

ندﺮﮐ مﺎﻥ ﺖﺒﺙ /[

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to register

نﺪﻥﺎﻡ / نﺎﻡ /

ﺪﻥﺎﻡ

to remain / to stay / to put / to let

راد ﻦﺘﺷاد دﺎی ﻪﺑ /

ﺖﺷاد = ] دﺎی ﻪﺑ ندروﺁ / روﺁ /

دروﺁ ) [ نﺪﻡﺁ دﺎی ﻪﺑ /

ﺁ / ﺪﻡﺁ (

to remember / to recall

نداد نﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ /

ﻩد / داد

=]

حﻼﺹا ندﺮﮐ

/ ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ [

to remodel

ندﺮﮐ ﻪیاﺮﮐ )

ندﺮﮐ ﻩاﺮﮐ (

/ ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to rent}

نداد ﻪیاﺮﮐ = ]

نداد ﻪیاﺮﮐ ﻪﺑ ) [

نداد ﻩاﺮﮐ / (

ﻩد /

داد

to rent out

ندﺮﮐ ﻢﻴﻡﺮﺗ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to repair}

ﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ /

دﺮﮔﺮﺑ / ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ )

نﺪﻡﺁ ﺲﭘ /

ﺁ / ﺪﻡﺁ (

زا ...

ﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ

ﻪﺑ ...

ﻦﺘﺸﮔﺮﺑ

to return

to return from….

to return to….

نﺪﺷ صﻼﺧ /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to run out

ﻦﺘﻔﮔ / ﻮﮔ /

ﺖﻔﮔ

to say / to tell

نﺪید / ﻦﻴﺑ /

ﺪید

^{to see}

ﻦﺘﺧوﺮﻓ /

شوﺮﻓ /

ﺖﺧوﺮﻓ

^{to sell}

ندﺎﺘﺳﺮﻓ /

ﺖﺳﺮﻓ / دﺎﺘﺳﺮﻓ ) ندﺮﮐ ناور /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

(

^{to send}

ندﺮﮐ ﺲیوﺮﺳ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to serve (food)

ندﺮﮐ ﺪیﺮﺧ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

زا ...

ندﺮﮐ ﺪیﺮﺧ

to shop

to shop at…..

نﺎﺸﻥ نداد / ﻩد / داد

...

نداد نﺎﺸﻥ ار

ﻪﺑ ...

نداد نﺎﺸﻥ

to show

to show…..

to show to…..

ﯽﻧﺪﻳد ﯼﺎهﺎﺟ ندﺮﮐ ﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ

= ] ندﺮﮐ ﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ ار ﯽﻥﺪید ﯼﺎهﺎﺟ /[

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

to sightsee

(29)

نﺪﻥاﻮﺧزاوﺁ = ]

نﺪﻥاﻮﺧ / [

ناﻮﺧ / ﺪﻥاﻮﺧ

) نﺪﻥﺎﺧ ﺖﻴﺑ (

to sing

ﻦﺘﺴﺸﻥ / ﻦﻴﺸﻥ / ﺖﺴﺸﻥ )

ﻦﺘﺸﻴﺷ / ﻦﻴﺷ / ﺖﺸﻴﺷ

(

to sit / to sit down

نﺪﻴﺑاﻮﺧ /

باﻮﺧ / ﺪﻴﺑاﻮﺧ )

نَﺪَﮐﻮَﺧ

(

^{to sleep}

نﺪﻴﺸﮐ تﺮﮕﺳ /

ﺶﮐ /

ﺪﻴﺸﮐ

^{to smoke}

ندﺮﮐ ﺖﺒﺤﺹ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ = ] ندز ﭗﮔ /

نز / دز

[

to speak / to talk

ندﺮﮐ جﺮﺧ = ]

ندﺮﮐ فﺮﺼﻡ / [

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

) نﺪﮐ چﺮﺧ (

to spend (money)

نﺪﺷ دﺎﺘﺴیا /

ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to stall / to stop

دﺎﺘﺴیا نﺪﺷ / ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to stand / to stand up

ندﺮﮐ عوﺮﺷ = ]

ندﺮﮐزﺎﻏﺁ [

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to start / to begin

ندﺮﮐ ﺖﻡﺎﻗا /

دﺮﮐ / ﻦﮐ

= ] ﻦﺘﺷاد ﺖﻡﺎﻗا /

راد / ﺖﺷاد [

to stay / to reside

ندز مﺪﻗ /

نز / دز = ] ندﺮﮐ شدﺮﮔ /

دﺮﮐ ﻦﮐ

[

to stroll / walk around

نﺪﻥاﻮﺧ سرد /

ناﻮﺧ /

ﺪﻥاﻮﺧ

^{to study}

نﺪﻥاﻮﺧ /

ناﻮﺧ /

ﺪﻥاﻮﺧ

to study / to read

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ / ﺮﻴﮔ /

ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

to take (to consume)

ندﺮﺑ / ﺮﺑ /

دﺮﺑ

to take (to escort)

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺲﮑﻋ /

ﺮﻴﮔ / ﺖﻓﺮﮔ

ﺲﮑﻋ ...

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔار

زا ...

ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺲﮑﻋ

to take a picture

to take a picture of…..

ﺖﺒﺤﺹ ندﺮﮐ

/ ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ ] = ندز ﭗﮔ /

نز / دز [

ﻩرﺎﺑرد )

ء

درﻮﻡرد ... (

ﺖﺒﺤﺹ

ندﺮﮐ = ] ندز ﭗﮔ [

ﺎﺑ ...

ندز ﭗﮔ = ]

ندﺮﮐ ﺖﺒﺤﺹ [

to talk / to speak

to talk about….

to talk to….

to talk with….

نداد سرد /

ﻩد / داد ) نداد دﺎی /

ﻩد / داد

(

^{to teach}

ندﺮﮐﺮﮑﺸﺗ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

زا ...

ندﺮﮐﺮﮑﺸﺗ

ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ...

ندﺮﮐﺮﮑﺸﺗ

to thank

to thank….

to thank for….

ندﺮﮐﺮﮑﻓ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to think}

نداد ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ /

ﻩد /

داد

^{to train}

ندرﻮﺧرود /

رﻮﺧ /

درﻮﺧ

^{to turn}

نﺪﻴﻤﻬﻓ /

ﻢﻬﻓ /

ﺪﻴﻤﻬﻓ

to understand

(30)

ندﺮﮐ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳا /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to use / to apply

ندﺮﮐ ﻩدﺎﻔﺘﺳا /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to use / to utilize

ندﺮﮐ ﯽیﻮیﺪیو ﯼﺮﻴﮔ ﻢﻠﻓ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

= ] ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﯽیﻮیﺪیو ﻢﻠﻓ /

ﺮﻴﮔ / ﺖﻓﺮﮔ [

to videotape

ندﺮﮐ ﺪیدزﺎﺑ = ]

ندﺮﮐ نﺪید /[

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

to visit (socially)

ندﺮﮐﺮﺒﺹ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ = ] ﺘﻥا نﺪﻴﺸﮐرﺎﻈ /

ﺶﮐ / ﺪﻴﺸﮐ [

= ] ندﻮﺑﺮﻈﺘﻨﻡ /

شﺎﺑ / دﻮﺑ [

to wait

ﻦﺘﻓر ﻩدﺎﻴﭘ = ]

ﻦﺘﻓر ﯼﺎﭘ ﺎﺑ = ] [

ﻦﺘﻓر ﻩار / [

ور / ﺖﻓر

to walk

ﻦﺘﺳاﻮﺧ /

ﻩاﻮﺧ /

ﺖﺳاﻮﺧ

^{to want}

نﺪید نﻮیﺰیﻮﻠﺗ /

ﻦﻴﺑ /

ﺪید

to watch TV

نﺪﻴﺷﻮﭘ /

شﻮﭘ /

ﺪﻴﺷﻮﭘ

to wear / to put on

ندﺮﮐرﺎﮐ /

ﻦﮐ /

دﺮﮐ

^{to work}

ﺮﺗ ﺪﺑ نﺪﺷ / ﻮﺷ /

ﺪﺷ

to worsen / to get worse

ﻦﺘﺷﻮﻥ / ﺲیﻮﻥ / ﺖﺷﻮﻥ )

ندﺮﮐ ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻥ /

ﻦﮐ / دﺮﮐ

(

^{to write}

زوﺮﻡِا

^today

ﻢهﺎﺑ

= ] ﺎﺠﮑی ﻢهﺎﺑ ) [

ﯽیﺎﺠﮑی

(

^together

ادﺮﻓ ) ﺎﺒﺹ

(

^tomorrow

ﺐﺸﻡا )

ﻮﺸﻡِا

(

^tonight

ﺪﺤﻴﺑ = ] ﻩزاﺪﻥا ﯽﺑ

[

too (excessively)

ﻢه = ] ﺰﻴﻥ = ] [ نﺎﻨﭽﻤه

[

too / also

ﻩﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺶﮐﺮﺗﻮﻡ

^{tow truck}

ﺮﮕﻟﺎﻓاﺮﺗ ناﺪﻴﻡ

Trafalgar Square

ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ = ] ﻪﻴﺑﺮﺗو ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ

[

^training

ﻢﻴﻠﻌﺗ ناﺪﻴﻡ

training field

ﻪﺒﻨﺷ ﻪﺳ

^Tuesday

ﻪﻴﮐﺮﺗ

^Turkey

ﻩﺪﺤﺘﻡ تﻻﺎیا

ﺎﮑیﺮﻡا

ء

= ] ﺎﮑیﺮﻡا

[

^U.S.A.

ﻪﻥﺎﻔﺳﺄﺘﻡ = ]

ﻪﻥﺎﺘﺨﺑﺪﺑ

[

unfortunately

ﺮﭽﻴﻥﺮﻓو ﻞﺒﻡ نوﺪﺑ ]

= ﺮﭽﻴﻥﺮﻓو ﻞﺒﻡ ﯽﺑ

[

unfurnished

مرﻮﻔﻴﻥﻮی

^uniform

ﻪﻌﻄﻗ

= ] مﺎﺗوﺰﺟ

[

^unit

نﻮﺘﻨهﻮﭘ

university

ﺎﺗ

until / to

(31)

ء

ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﻻﺎﺑ = ] ﻻﺎﺑ لﺰﻨﻡ

[

^upstairs

لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳا = ]

ﻩدﺎﻔﺘﺳا

[

use / usage

ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻡ

^usually

ﻩرد

valley / glen

ﯼﺰﺒﺳ )

ﯼرﺎﮐﺮﺗ

(

^vegetable

رﺎﻴﺴﺑ

very / many / much

ﻩﺮﻤﮐ

ﯽیﻮیﺪیو

ء video camera

ﯽیﻮی ﺪیو ﯼرادﺮﺑ ﻢﻠﻓ

video recording

ﻪیﺮﻗ = ] ﻩِد

[

^village

راد ﻪیﺮﻗ = ]

ﮏﻠﻡ

[

village chief / village leader

ﻪیﺮﻗ ناﺪﻴﻡ

village square

ﺖﻡﺪﺨﺸﻴﭘ

^waiter

ﯽﻟو

Wali (male name)

مﺮﮔ

^warm

ﻦﺘﮕﻨﺷاو

Washington

بﺁ ) وَا

(

^water

ﻪﻨﻴﻡ نﺎﺧﺮﺒﮐاﺮیزو

Wazir Akbar Khan Mena (a district)

ﺎﻡ

^we

ﻒﻴﻌﺽ

^weak

حﻼﺳ

^weapon

اﻮه

= ] اﻮهو بﺁ

[

weather / air

ﯽﺳوﺮﻋ

^wedding

ﻪﺒﻨﺷرﺎﻬﭼ

^Wednesday

ﻪﺘﻔه

^week

ﻪﺘﻔهِﺮﺧﺁ

^weekend

ﺪیﺪﻡﺁ شﻮﺧ

) ! ﻦیﺪﻡﺁ شﻮﺧ

(!

^Welcome!

؟ ﻪﭼ )

؟ﯽﭼ

(

^What?

؟ﺪﻨﭼ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ )

ﺠﺑ ﺪﻨﭼ

؟ﻪ

(

What time?

؟ﻩﺪﺷ ﯽﭼ

What’s wrong?

ﻪﮑﻴﺘﻗو )

ﻪﮑﻴﺘﺧو

(

when / at the time when

؟ﺖﻗو ﻪﭼ

= ]

؟ﯽﮐ [ ) ﺖﺧو ﯽﭼ

؟

(

^When?

ﻪﮑﻴیﺎﺟ

where / at the place where

؟ﺎﺠﮐ

^Where?

؟ماﺪﮐ

^Which?