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STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF Ir(111) AND (110) SURFACES BY FIELD ION MICROSCOPY

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HAL Id: jpa-00229941

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00229941

Submitted on 1 Jan 1989

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STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF Ir(111) AND (110) SURFACES BY FIELD ION MICROSCOPY

O. Schütz, K. Müller

To cite this version:

O. Schütz, K. Müller. STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF Ir(111) AND (110) SURFACES BY FIELD ION MICROSCOPY. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1989, 50 (C8), pp.C8-253-C8-258.

�10.1051/jphyscol:1989843�. �jpa-00229941�

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COLLOQUE bE PHYSIQUE

Colloque C8, supplbment

au no

11, Tome 50, novembre 1989

STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF

Ir7lll) AND (110)

SURFACES

BY

FIELD ION!

MICROSCOPY

0 . S C H ~ ~ T Z

and K. *LLER

Lehrstuhl

fiir

Festk6rperphysik. Universitat Erlangen-Niirnberg.

Erwin-Ronrmel-Strasse

1, 0-8520

Erlangen, F.R.G.

A b s t r a c t

S i n g l e W - a d a t o m d i f f u s i o n on I r ( l l 1 ) and (110) s u r f a c e s , p r e p a r e d by f i e l d e v a p o r a t i o n , w a s u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s e s u r f a c e s . E a c h a d a t o m c a n b e l o c a l i z e d by a video a n a l y z e r w h i c h a u t o m a t i c a l l y s t o r e s t h e c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e c e n t e r o f i n t e n s i t y . By m a p p i n g t h e a d a t o m s p o t p o s i t i o n a f t e r e v e r y a c t i v a t i o n c y c l e ( T - 2 0 0 K , t = 2 0 s e c ) a p a t t e r n o f a d s o r p t i o n s i t e s was g e n e r a t e d . T h i s m a p i s t a k e n as an i m a g e e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e s u r f a c e o r d e r . I t t u r n e d o u t t h a t b o t h s u r f a c e s r e v e a l t h e (1x1) s t r u c t u r e . W h i l e t h e m i g r a t i o n o n t h e (111) p l a n e was e s s e n t i a l l y i s o t r o p i c , p r e f e r e d d i f f u s i o n a l o n g C1101 w a s o b s e r v e d on (110) s u r f a c e s . U n e x p e c t e d l y t h e s i n g l e a d a t o m s o n l r ( 1 1 0 ) a d s o r b e d a t o n - t o p p o s i t i o n as d e t e r m i n e d by c o m p a r i s o n w i t h edge p o s i t i o n s .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

M o s t o f t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f a s u r f a c e a r e s t r o n g l y r e l a t e d t o t h e s t r u c t u r a l a r r a n g e m e n t o f i t s a t o m s . F o r many m e t a l s and s e m i c o n d u c t o r s . t h e s e s u r f a c e a t o m s have no l o n g e r a b u l k l i k e s t r u c t u r e b u t m o v e t o new e q u i l i b r i u m p o s i t i o n s ( r e l a x a t i o n , r e c o n s t r u c t i o n ) , s o m e t i m e s by t h e r m a l a c t i v a t i o n . S u r f a c e s and p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n s h a v e b e e n m a i n l y s t u d i e d by d i f f r a c t i o n and s c a t t e r i n g t e c h n i q u e s d e s p i t e t h e d i f f i c u l t y i n i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e i r r e s u l t s , s o t h a t s o m e t i m e s d i f f e r e n t s t r u c t u r e m o d e l s w e r e p r o p o s e d f o r t h e s a m e s y s t e m . D i r e c t i m a g i n g t e c h n i q u e s , e . 9 f i e l d i o n m i c r o s c o p y , can p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y l a r g e r c l o s e p a c k e d p l a d e s a r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y r e s o l v e d t o r e v e a l s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e , b u t i t i s p'ossible t o g e t s t r u c t u r a V i n f o r m a t i o n by m a p p i n g t h e o b s e r v e d a d s o r p t i o n s i t e s o f a s i n g l e a d a t o m d u r i n g d i f f u 9 i o n . To o u r k n o w l e d g e only f e w F I M s t u d i e s a r e p u b l i s h e d u p t o now w h i c h a r e r e l a t e d t o s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1989843

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d e t e r m i n a t i o n by m a p p i n g t h e a d s o r p t i o n s i t e s /1, 2 , 3/. T h e p r e s e n t p a p e r r e p o r t s o n F I M e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h i r i d i u m s u r f a c e s .

E x p e r i m e n t a l

The e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t i n an a l l - m e t a l F I M , p r o v i d i n g a r e s i d u a l gas p r e s s u r e o f 1*10-'Ombar a i d a s a m p l e t e m p e r a t u r e o f l o w e r t h a n 3 0 K . The I r - t i p s w e r e d e g a s s e d t h e r m a l l y a t 5 0 0 K f o r m o r e t h a n 10 h o u r s f o l l o w e d by s h o r t t e m p e r a t u r e f l a s h e s u p t o 9 0 0 K t o r e m o v e r e m a i n i n g c o n t a m i n a t i o n s . D u r i n g t h e d i f f u s i o n e x p e r i m e n t s n o e v i d e n c e o f i m p u r i t y m i g r a t i o n i n t o t h e i m a g e d r e g i o n was f o u n d . T u n g s t e n and i r i d i u m a d a t o m s w e r e d e p o s i t e d o n t o t h e c l e a n e d t i p by e v a p o r a t i o n f r o m a h e a t e d f i l a m e n t . The t u n g s t e n and i r i d i u m e v a p o r a t o r w e r e e x t e n s i v e l y o u t g a s s e d u n t i l t h e o b s e r v e d p r e s s u r e r i s e i n t h e s y s t e m w a s l e s s t h a n 1 * 1 0 - ' ~ m b a r d u r i n g a c t u a l a d a t o m d e p o s i t i o n . The a d a t o m s w e r e i m a g e d a t v o l t a g e s f a r b e l o w t h a t f o r t h e b e s t s u b s t r a t e i m a g e ( U m 7 0 % U B l v ) p r e v e n t i n g f i e l d e v a p o r a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n a b o u t 1% n e o n w a s added t o t h e h e l i u m i m a g i n g gas f o r b e t t e r c o n t r a s t . D u r i n g h e a t i n g c y c l e s n o f i e l d w a s a p p l i e d , t h e d i f f u s i o n e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e i m a g i n g g a s .

S i n g l e a d a t o m d i f f u s i o n w a s s t u d i e d by m e a s u r i n g t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e a t o m t h a t o c u r r e d d u r i n g an a c t i v a t i o n c y c l e ( t = 2 O s e c . ) by m e a n s o f a c o m p u t e r c o n t r o l l e d s y s t e m . A v i d e o c a m e r a i s u s e d t o o b s e r v e t h e ' F I M p i c t u r e i m a g e d on t h e f l u o r e s c e n t s c r e e n a f t e r e v e r y a c t i v a t i o n c y c l e . The analog v i d e o s i g n a l i s c o n v e r t e d i n t o d i g i t a l f o r m f o r r e a l - t i m e e v a l u a t i o n by a p r o c e s s i n g u n i t (AUTOLEED) / 4 / i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h an ATARl 1 0 4 0 S T m i c r o c o m p u t e r . The w h o l e i m a g e o r p a r t s o f it c a n b e d i s p l a y e d and s t o r e d , w i t h o p t i o n a l c o n t r a s t e n h a n c e m e n t v i a a l o o k - u p t a b l e a n d i m a g e p r o c e s s i n g . To e n h a n c e t h e s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o e v e r y i m a g e w a s a v e r a g e d 2 0 0 t i m e s . A r o u n d t h e a d a t o m i n t e n s i t y s p o t a s o f t w a r e g e n e r a t e d f r a m e i s c r e a t e d i n s i d e w h i c h t h e c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e c e n t e r o f i n t e n s i t y a r e c a l c u l a t e d and a u t o m a t i c a l l y s t o r e d on h a r d d i s k . P r o v i d e d a s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e n u m b e r o f o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e g i v e n t h e p o s i t i o n s o f t h e a d a t o m s c a n b e u s e d t o p l o t a m a p o f a l l a d s o r p t i o n s i t e s w h i c h r e n d e r s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t n e i g h b o u r s p a c i n g s and h e n c e t h e s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e .

D i f f u s l o n o f W o n I r ( l l 1 )

The p o s i t i o n s o f s i n g l e a d s o r b e d W - a d a t o m s on t h e c l o s e p a c k e d I r ( l l 1 ) ( f i g . l a ) w e r e r e c o r d e d a f t e r m o r e t h a n 6 0 0 h e a t i n g p e r i o d s i n 7 d i f f e r e n t e x p e r i m e n t s . No e v i d e n c e f o r d i f f u s i o n i n a p r e f e r r e d d i r e c t i o n w a s f o u n d . T h i s is, o f c o u r s e , w h a t i s e x p e c t e d f r o m t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s p l a n e .

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F i j J : S i n g l e W - a d a t o m d i f f u s i o n o n I r ( l l 1 )

a ) F I M i m a g e o f s i n g l e W - a d a t o m t a k e n b y v i d e o - c a m e r a b ) m a p o f t h e o b s e r v e d l o c a t i o n s o f W - a d a t o m

c ) c o r r e s p o n d i n g h a r d s p h e r e m o d e l . F i g u r e s i n d i c a t e t h e o c c u p a t i o n n u m b e r o f t h e a d a t o m a t t h i s p o s i t i o n , l i n e s t h e d i f f u s i o n p a t h d ) p o s s i b l e a d s o r p t i o n s i t e s f o r a n a d a t o m o n t h e f c c (111) p l a n e

( A ) a l l h o l l o w s i t e s ( h c p

+fee

h o l l o w s i t e s )

( B ) l a t t i c e s i t e s ( f c c h o l l o w s i t e s ) ( C ) o n - t o p s i t e s

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A d a t o m m o b i l i t y c a n f i r s t b e d e t e c t e d a t a b o u t 190K. A s I s e v i d e n t f r o m f i g . l b , a l l a d s o r p t i o n s i t e s c o r r e s p o n d v e r y ' w e l l t o t h e ( 1 x 1 ) - s t r u c t u r e ( f i g . l c ) . A s s u m i n g t h e a d a t o m a d s o r b s c o n s e c u t i v e l y a t a l l p o s s i b l e h o l l o w s i t e s , t h e d i f f u s i o n m a p w o u l d s h o w a h o n e y c o m b p a t t e r n ( f i g . I d ) w i t h n e a r e s t n e i g h b o u r s p a c i n g o f a b o u t 1.4

8.

S i n c e s p o t p o s i t i o n s a r e d e t e r m i n e d t o b e t t e r t h a n i 0 . 3 8 , t h e o c c u p a t i o n o f b o t h f c c W h c p h o l l o w s i t e s m u s t b e e x c l u d e d f r o m o u r e x p e r i m e n t s : w e a l w a y s o b s e r v e a h e x a g o n a l a d s o r p t i o n p a t t e r n . T h e c o n c i u s i o n i s t h a t t h e a d a t o m s a d s o r b on e i t h e r l a t t i c e o r o n - t o p s i t e s only. Changes i n p o s i t i o n o f t h e a d a t o m due t o t h e a p p l i c a t i o n and r e m o v a l o f t h e i m a g i n g f i e l d a r e n o t f o u n d , a l s o l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o c a u s e a m e a s u r e a b l e d i s p l a c e m e n t ( T < 1 6 0 K ) . A d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e a d s o r p t i o n s i t e by c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e edge a t o m p o s i t i o n s i s n o t p o s s i b l e b e c a u s e a d s o r p t i o n a t o r n e a r t h e edge w a s n o t o b s e r v e d .

The s u r f a c e d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t D was o b t g i n e d f r o m t h e m e a n s q u a r e d i s p l a c e m e n t f o r 6 0 0 d i f f u s i o n c y c l e s i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e C190K, 2 4 0 K 1 . T h e c a l c u l a t e d a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y f o r t h e d i f f u s i o n o f a s i n g l e W - a d a t o m on i r ( 1 l l f i s 0.36 e V .

D l f f u s l o n o f W o n lr(110)

T h e - ( 1 1 0 ) n e t p l a n e o f i r i d i u m c o n s i s t s o f c l o s e p a c k e d r o w s , s e p a r a t e d f r o m e a c h o t h e r by r = @ a i n t h e (1x1) c o n f i g u r a t i o n . A l t h o u g h t h i s i s a r e l a t i v e l y " o p e n " s t r u c t u r e , i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e e x a c t l y t h e g e o m e t r i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n i n t h e F I M , e s p e c i a l l y t o r e s o l v e s i n g l e a t o m s w i t h i n a r o w o f a l a r g e r c l u s t e r . F r o m p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s / 5 , 6 , 7/ w e k n o w t h a t s m a l l (110) c l u s t e r s o f a b o u t 10 t o 15 a t o m s , p r e p a r e d by f i e l d e v a p o r a t i o n a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e , show a b u l k l i k e (1x1) s t r u c t u r e .

I n t h e d i f f u s i o n e x p e r i m e n t s , w e o b s e r v e d W - a d a t o m m o t i o n a l w a y s p a r a l l e l t o t h e r o w s as s h o w n i n f i g . 2. The t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e f o r d i f f u s i o n o n i r ( 1 1 0 ) i s b e t w e e n 180K and 2 2 0 K . The c l o s e r t h e a d a t o m m o v e s t o t h e edge, t h e l o w e r i t s m o b i l i t y b e c o m e s . An u n e x p e c t e d r e s u l t i s t h e o n - t o p a d s o r p t i o n o f t h e a d a t o m , c l e a r l y s e e n i n f i g . 2 a . T h e b l a c k d o t s a t t h e l o w e r end o f t h e r o w s a r e a d s o r p t i o n s i t e s o b s e r v e d i n t h i s e x p e r i m e n t . D i f f u s i o n e x p e r i m e n t s u s i n g s i n g l e i r - a d a t o m s r e v e a l t h e same r e s u l t . To d e t e r m i n e t h e l r ( 1 1 0 ) s t r u c t u r e we m e a s u r e d t h e r a t i o o f r o w s e p a r a t i o n ( r ) t o m e a n n e a r e s t - n e i g h b o u r d i s t a n c e ( d l i n e v e r y d i f f u s i o n e x p e r i m e n t ( f i g . 2). T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y d e t e r m i n e d r a t i o o f r / d = 1.4 i 0.1 m a t c h e s t h e e x a c t v a l u e o f 1.41. T h e r e f o r e i n o u r e x p e r i m e n t s t h e l r ( 1 1 0 ) had a l w a y s a (1x1) a r r a n g e m e n t .

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F i g . 2 : S i n g l e W - a d a t o m d i f f u s i o n o n l r ( 1 1 0 )

F o r a b e t t e r p r e s e n t a t i o n , f a i n t l i n e s i n d i c a t e t h e c l o s e p a c k e d r o w s , d o t s t h e d i f f e r e n t a d s o r p t i o n s i t e s , o b s e r v e d i n o n e e x p e r i m e n t . T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y d e t e r m i n e d r a t i o o f r o w s e p a r a t i o n ( r ) t o m e a n n e a r e s t - n e i g h b o u r d i s t a n c e ( d ) i s f o r a : r / d = 1 . 3 4 a n d b : r / d = 1 . 3 8 . T h e e x a c t v a l u e f o r t h e I r ( l l 0 ) (1x1) s t r u c t u r e i s 1.41.

A d i f f u s i o n s t u d y o f J . D . W r i g l e y o n I r ( l l 0 ) r e p o r t s t h a t s i n g l e t u n g s t e n o r i r i d i u m a d a t o m s p r e d o m i n a n t l y m o v e a c r o s s t h e [ 1 1 0 ] c h a n n e l s / 8 , 9 / . F o r t u n g s t e n s i n g l e c r o s s - c h a n n e l m o v e m e n t w a s o b s e r v e d f o r h e a t i n g i n t e r v a l s b e t w e e n 2 7 0 K a n d 3 0 0 K , i n c r e a s i n g i n p r o b a b i l i t y w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e . F r o m t h e o v e r a l l d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e ( 1 1 0 ) p l a n e , a n d t h e n u m b e r o f C I ~ O I r o w s i t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e i r i d i u m s u r f a c e f o r m e d b y f i e l d e v a p o r a t i o n b e l o w 5 0 K h a s a ( 2 x 1 ) s t r u c t u r e .

T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e t w o e x p e r i m e n t s c l e a r l y c o n t r a d i c t e a c h o t h e r . I t m u s t b e p o i n t e d o u t , h o w e v e r , t h a t d i f f e r e n t d i f f u s i o n t e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e u s e d . A l s o d i f f e r e n t p r e p a r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s m a y p l a y a r o l e . l r ( 1 1 0 ) u n d e r g o e s a (1x1) - > ( 1 x 2 ) t r a n s i t i o n , i n d u c e d b y t h e r m a l a c t i v a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e a f t e r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e f l a s h e s t o a b o u t 9 0 0 K t o c l e a n t h e t i p , w e a l w a y s f i e l d e v a p o r a t e d a t l e a s t t w o p e r f e c t l y o r d e r e d (110) l a y e r s t o e n s u r e a (1x1) o r d e r e d (110) p l a n e a s s u b s t r a t e f o r t h e d i f f u s i o n e x p e r i m e n t .

C o n c l u s i o n

F o r t h e l r ( l l 1 ) p l a n e , p r e p a r e d b y f i e l d e v a p o r a t i o n a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e b u l k l i k e (1x1) s t r u c t u r e i s o b s e r v e d , t h e a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y f o r s i n g l e W - a d a t o m d i f f u s i o n i s 0 . 3 6 e V , t h e m o t i o n o f t h e a d a t o m i s i s o t r o p i c a n d

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i t a d s o r b s o n e i t h e r f c c h o l l o w s i t e s o r o n - t o p s i t e s o n l y . T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e i n g o o d a g r e e m e n t w i t h a s t u d y j u s t p u b l i s h e d b y S . C . W a n g a n d G. E h r l i c h

/ l o / ,

w h o a l s o f o u n d a (1x1) s t r u c t u r e b y m a p p i n g t h e a d s o r p t i o n s i t e s o f s i n g l e I r o n I r ( l l 1 ) o b s e r v e d i n d i f f u s i o n e x p e r i m e n t s . W h i l e i n 8 5 % o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s t h e a d a t o m t o o k a f c c h o l l o w s i t e , i n a l l o t h e r c a s e s it a d s o r b e d a t h c p h o l l o w s i t e s . T h e a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y f o r a t o m i c m i g r a t i o n o f I r o n I r ( l l 1 ) t u r n e d o u t t o b e 0 . 2 7 e V .

O n t h e l r ( 1 1 0 ) , a l s o p r e p a r e d b y f i e l d e v a p o r a t i o n a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e , W a n d I r - a d a t o m m o t i o n i s o b s e r v e d a l o n g t h e c l o s e p a c k e d r o w s o n l y , t h e a d a t o m a d s o r b s a t o n - t o p s i t e s . D i f f u s i o n i s o b s e r v e d a t a n d a b o v e 1 9 0 K . T h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s p l a n e , d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a n s o f d i f f u s i o n e x p e r i m e n t s , w a s a l w a y s ( 1 x 1 ) .

R e f e r e n c e s

/1/ P. L . C o w a n a n d T . T . T s o n g S u r f . S c i . 6 7 ( 1 9 7 7 ) 1 5 8 / 2 / H . W . F i n k a n d G . E h r l i c h

J . C h e m . P h y s . 81, 4 6 5 7 ( 1 9 8 4 ) / 3 / S . C . W a n g a n d G . E h r l i c h

S u r f . S c i . 2 0 6 ( 1 9 8 8 ) 4 5 1

/ 4 / K . M u l l e r , D . v G m u n d e n a n d K . H e i n z t o b e p u b l i s h e d

/ 5 / E. D. A d a m s a n d W . R . G r a h a m , p r e s e n t e d a t t h e 3 0 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l F i e l d E m i s s i o n S y m p o s i u m , U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y l v a n i a , P h i l a d e l p h i a 1 9 8 3 / 6 / J . W i t t a n d K . M u l l e r

A p p l . P h y s . A 41, 1 0 3 ( 1 9 8 6 ) / 7 / K. M i i l l e r , J . W i t t a n d 0 . S c h i i t z

J . V a c . S c i . T e c h n o l . A 5 ( 4 ) , 7 5 7 ( 1 9 8 6 )

/ 8 / J . D . W r i g l e y : P h . D . T h e s i s . U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s a t U r b a n a - C h a m p a i g n ( 1 9 8 2 )

/ 9 / J . D . W r i g l e y , G . E h r l i c h P h y s . R e v . L e t t . 4 4 , 6 6 1 ( 1 9 8 0 )

/ l o /

S . C . W a n g a n d G . E h r l i c h P h y s . R e f . 6 2 ( 1 9 8 9 ) 2 2 9 7

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