Improving the generic range for agro ecological innovation adoption. An application to improved fallows in Martinique

(1)

Improving the generic range for agro ecological innovation

adoption. An application to improved fallows in Martinique

Laurent Parrot

a

_{*, Laurent Hennig}

b

_{, François Ratye}

b

_{, Eric Roux}

c

_{, Lucile Vantard}

c

_{, Paula Fernandès}

d

a_{UPR HORTSYS, Cirad, 34398 cedex 5, Montpellier, France —}b_{Istom, 95000, Cergy, France}

c_{SISEP, Ministère de l’agriculture de l’agroalimentaire et de la forêt , BP 642 – 97262 Fort-De-France cedex, Martinique}

d_{UPR HORTSYS, Cirad, BP 214 - 97285 Le Lamentin Cedex 2, Martinique}

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 4 67 61 49 67; fax : +33 4 67 61 56 88. Email addresses: [email protected] (L. Parrot), [email protected] (L. Hennig), [email protected] (F. Ratye), [email protected] (E. Roux), [email protected] (L. Vantard), [email protected] (P. Fernandès)

The problem of the generic range

k

Agro-ecological innovations face the problem of their generic range which results in small adoption rates at

large scales. The generic range can be improved with a stratified sampling procedure and an assessment of the capacity of an agro ecological innovation to adapt to the local agro ecological and social constraints.

Promoting adaptability and the number

of agro ecological packages

k

We tested this approach in Martinique, a tropical island of the French West Indies. The case study involved

improved fallows for vegetable production.

Figure 1. The agricultural transformation of agriculture in Martinique

Source : Saﬀache et al., (2005), Service de la

sta9s9que agricole, DAF ; (AGRESTE,

2011).

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A participatory approach identified several potential adoption determinants.

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Based on the national agricultural census database (RGA 2010), we

divided the total 1382 population of vegetable farmers in Martinique into 6 homogeneous subgroups involved completely or partially in vegetable

production. Field interviews were performed to test the results of the participatory approach.

Figure 2. We focused on the adaptability capacities of improved fallows to adapt to the farmer’s current practices and different agro ecological zones in Martinique.

International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition from 18 to 19 September 2014 at FAO Headquarters in Rome. Acknowledgements

This work was ﬁnancially supported by the Comité Interministériel pour l’Outre Mer (CIOM) and the Fonds européen agricole pour le développement rural (FEADER).

The authors would like to thank the farmers and the other parDcipants of the following insDtuDons: the Chambre d’Agriculture; the InsDtut Technique Tropical (IT2); and the farmer groups. This work is part of

the Réseau d’innova=on et de transfert agricole dans les Dom (Agricultural innovaDon and transfert network, RITA) dedicated to promote endogenous growth through the diversiﬁcaDon of the animal and vegetal food producDon. Selected references

Agreste. 2011. Données Martinique premières tendances. Direction de l’alimentation de l’agriculture et de la forêt de la Martinique. Service de l’information statistique économique et prospective. 16 pages.

Geniaux G., Latruffe L., Lepoutre J., Mzoughi N., Napoléone C., Nauges C., Sainte- Beuve J., Sauterau N., 2010. Les déterminants de la conversion à l’AB : une revue de la littérature économique. Projets INRA AgriBio3. Livrable 1. 20p.

Saffache, P., Blanchart, É., Cabidoche, Y., Josien, É., Michalon, T., Saudubray, F., Scherer, C., 2005. Contexte de l’agriculture martiniquaise : atouts et contraintes pour l’agriculture biologique In : Agriculture biologique en Martinique : Quelles perspectives de développement ? Montpellier : IRD Éditions.

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The risks of exclusion can be reduced by improving the generic range of agro ecological innovations

through adaptability and larger portfolios of innovation packages.

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Some agro ecological innovations may not be fitted for every type of farms. There are risks of diminishing

returns in research and diffusion in this case. A farming system approach could overcome conservative postures, promote trust, and improve diffusion.

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The stakeholders involved in agricultural policies need to put agro ecological innovations into the

perspective of the agricultural transformation and consider the risks of exclusion.

−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Variables factor map (PCA)

Dim 1 (53.98%) Dim 2 (46.02%) Total.Farm.Land.Area Stable.Land.Tenure −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Variables factor map (PCA)

Dim 1 (32.94%) Dim 2 (24.96%) Banana.and.Sugarcane.Land.Ratio Permanent.Grassland.Land.Ratio Orchards.Land.Ratio Fallows.Land.Ratio Vegetables.Land.Ratio −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −1 0 1 2 3 4 Factor map Dim 1 (32.94%) Dim 2 (24.96%) 8 10 22 32 34 37 41 62 64 72 84 97 103 104 123 125 127 137 138 139 142 143 144 151 153 158 189 203 204 207 209 213 219 220 228 231 240 263 266 271 281 283 285 308 310 314 315 316 318 322 323 355 357 358 368 370 373 376 379 385 392 399 403 404 405 411 413 415 424 425 442 449 454 461 462 467 474 483 486 493 495 498 499 500 511 513 520 522 530 544 549 553 571 576 577 578 594 596 602 613 619 620 628 631 637 643 645 652 656 658 661 669 670 671 675 676 680 681 683 685 688 694 699 702 705 710 711 712 717 719 722 725 732 733 736 737 738 739 740 746 748 856 858 860 861 862 863 867 869 870 874 876 878 882 883 888 889 890 891 894 896 897 898 900 901 903 905 906 910 914 918 921 922 923 926 930 932 933 935 941 945 946 947 948 950 952 953 954 956 957 959 961 962 1040 1045 1047 1052 1053 1060 1064 1069 1070 1072 1073 1074 1075 1089 1096 1097 1100 1101 1107 1109 1111 1114 1117 1118 1120 1122 1130 1135 1137 1139 1140 1148 1162 1165 1166 1173 1180 1187 1190 1197 1201 1202 1203 1210 1211 1219 1220 1228 1239 1250 1257 1258 1259 1264 1266 1268 1269 1280 1283 1285 1287 1306 1312 1313 1316 1324 1328 1332 1335 1338 1339 1345 1350 1356 1361 1368 1372 137611881043727943944630108265113114561141₄₂₈11911446535321864782 884 389 928 1261181463582591881154₁₈₄ 1284 1315 542 108820 1344273875 156 1144 1103 391618501 1199 129 1370 629 441 595 899 939 1099 194 9 612 447 244 39436 38076 269 714 934 1066 1143 1181 1222 1296 1352 136623 223 469 124 916 13531288913 412₂₅₉ 402275 324 895 912 395 1090 492 1058 940 496 1357 859 908 1369 1131₄₅₅ 924 569 942 63 927 880 38 1282 146 568 958 1323 1342 1189 65093 140 1172 1048873 929587 925 865 488 186 485 1116 134 581 603 1164 319290 476 1301990 475 12181240264955960487 13801362₈₈ 128 1365 573 157 171 284 294 540 682 999 1159 1248 1271 589 1156 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71 793 1142 215 243 968 541 1094 625 635 377 1170 364 836 80 12051057190 525 423 551 1056 536 724 831 420 1113 430 963 70 1147 1200289 1184516 241 781 1326 79 102 769 813 847 854 1041 1377 804 69 110 341 607 1291 1092 1151 453 378 135569889 1055 169 830 1378 327 328 35 1168693 850 529 107 329 837 1329 25 771 484 1274₄₃₇774 506 849 754 1246₈₃₅ 112 52 300 416 445 723 728 729 788 824 844 846 1108 1154 1167 1379 4 342 292 1042 828 784 356 811 351 1087₁₂₄₃₈₁₆₇₄₁ 1110 1262 291 563₈₁₂ 1105 303 1260 764 567809 247 86 753 776 1204 383 1349 440783782 1153 1207278 543 1206 295 843 8521963 1364 59 1127750 481 280840245 1337 1106 46 1322 422 407 53 789 814820773191 51 1320₈₃ 1319 552 248 393 439 786 801 406 627 611 1309 761 1125106776076670881856030440983328739 1308 777 599 827 87 815 30254 838514306116305427821759 361 426790834590666644 839 436 470 369418 197 cluster 1 cluster 2 cluster 3 cluster 4 cluster 5 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 Dim 1 (32.94%) Dim 2 (24.96%) height cluster 1 cluster 2 cluster 3 cluster 4 cluster 5 8 10 22 32 34 37 41 62 64 72 84 97 103 104 123 125 127 137 138 139 142 143 144 151 153 158 189 203 204 207 209 213 219 220 228 231 240 263 266 271 281 283 285 308 310 314 315 316 318 322 323 355 357 358 368 370 373 376 379 385 392 399 403 404 405 411 413 415 424 425 442 449 454 461 462 467 474 483 486 493 495 498 499 500 511 513 520 522 530 544 549 553 571 576 577 578 594 596 602 613 619 620 628 631 637 643 645 652 656 658 661 669 670 671 675 676 680 681 683 685 688 694 699 702 705 710 711 712 717 719 722 725 732 733 736 737 738 739 740 746 748 856 858 860 861 862 863 867 869 870 874 876 878 882 883 888 889 890 891 894 896 897 898 900 901 903 905 906 910 914 918 921 922 923 926 930 932 933 935 941 945 946 947 948 950 952 953 954 956 957 959 961 962 1040 1045 1047 1052 1053 1060 1064 1069 1070 1072 1073 1074 1075 1089 1096 1097 1100 1101 1107 1109 1111 1114 1117 1118 1120 1122 1130 1135 1137 1139 1140 1148 1162 1165 1166 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320 735993 249 1303 10131008 1233 130564 160 1077335 1036 1183 164 468 82 585 1333 1217 1234 633967 981 1235610 113 205 600 697 701 779 1152 1227 12775 982 758 350 608 1051 976 588222 444 1063 792 1196172 346 1360519 431 1367 597 562 202 254 57573 1078 505 29 507 503 1341 979 272 5321321 949 803 969 268 606 165 170 28 177 253 614 1194 372 1003 1325 642 24 78518 68 10291028 996 77238 1276 7871182 105 410 99 848 583 279 387 1318 1299 798 262 1025 984 796 331 713 1225 226 106816 297 1252 92 791 299 534 182 4331034 1026 1021 58 60 95 98 100 114 185 359 460 559 626 657 691 703 721 752 756 806 807 829 851 1050 1079 1093 1216 1279 1371129296 10164341382 1245684819 401 966 615 366 43 1020742 653 1298 1212 2171027 970 192 687 337 1128 528 1278 298 992 1251518 1024 706 547 326452 229 1033 1336 348 159 707 1343 1374 30 221 65 12 390 646227 574 5501134 689 709 772 109277 162 74 965 1348 161345 1294 362 1254 465 1346 800 5021178 1031 108 609 751 972964 1224 1263 1133 1286 115 808 810 49 755 1192 212 743 325 1242 201 21 363 489 1351 478 371 2111095715 1317 31 17 360448 388 13075791327 343 12441290106118119120250482765822841853855 660510367 1044 398662 1169 459 7621295 1037 572 438 1273 330512 374 1359 47 757 1241 601 301 296 435 508 56 45 832 11791354494261 1223770 654 466 193 218 1098 1238 749 561 802716 1237 780 775 1126 539 515471 332 665 640 1049 524 1019 1080 307 700214 352 396 408 686 794 42 1991124 533122 531 111 239 472 795 799 823 825 1081 1123 1161 1226 1255 1330 1375 354 538 3471286 517805 1253 1112 632 333971 61 187 767 624 198 639 655 55349 11785 826 768 778450 636 1023 121 1293 188 1331 195 232 673 8171039616 554 718 1175 842580 429 57 81 763 84513581381 598 797 634 491 71 793 1142 215 243 968 541 10943771170625635 364 83680 12051057190 525 423 551 1056 536 724 831 420 1113 430 963 70 1147 1200₁₀₄₁₇₈₁₁₀₂₇₆₉₈₁₃₈₄₇₈₅₄₇₉24128911841326516 1377 804 69 110 341 607 1291 1092 1151 453 378 135569889 1055 169 830 1378 327 328 35 1168693850 529 107 329 837 1329 25 771484 1274437774 506 849754 1246835 112 52300 416 445 723 728 729 788 824 844 846 1108 1154 116741379 342 292 1042 828 784356 811 351 1087816741 12431110 1262291 563 8121105 303 1260 764 567 809 247 86 753 776 1204 383 1349 440 783782 11531207 278543 12068438521963295 1364 59 1127750 481 2808401337245 1106 46 1322 42253 407 789 814 820 773 191 51 1320831319248552 393 439 786 801 406627 611 1309 761 11257607667085603044098337771067599398182871308 827 87 81530254 838306305427821514759426590666116790834361369644418839436197470

Hierarchical clustering on the factor map

Figure 3. A two-step classification of the 1382 farms first classified them according to land tenure, and the second step classified only farms with stable land tenure according to land ratios

devoted to different production profiles (2013, Martinique).

Using classification

statistics for stratified sampling

Generic range

and risks of exclusion

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The participatory approach suggested land ownership and land size as the two key pre requisites for an ex ante

assessment of improved fallows diffusion. Therefore, the participatory approach identified 2 promising sub-groups: livestock farms and Banana / sugarcane farms which can be considered as mechanized farms and livestock farms.

Variable Unstable land tenure farms (306 farms) Unstable land tenure farms (306 farms)

Stable land tenure farms: Main produc<on orienta<on (number of farms)

Stable land tenure farms: Main produc<on orienta<on (number of

farms) Total farms (1382)Total farms (1382) Variable Unstable land tenure farms (306 farms) Unstable land tenure farms

(306 farms) Livestock, _vegetable (337) Livestock, vegetable (337) Banana, sugarcane, vegetable (96) Banana, sugarcane, vegetable (96) Pure vegetable (392) Pure vegetable (392) Fallows, vegetable (162) Fallows, vegetable (162) Orchards, vegetable (89) Orchards, vegetable (89) Total farms (1382) Total farms (1382)

Mean sd Mean Sd Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd Mean sd Total cul<vated land

(ha) 3.0 2.5 5.0 5.0 3.7 3.4 2.5 2.2 4.4 5.7 4.0 4.0 3.6 4.0 Stable land tenure

(%) 2 9 99 5 99 5 99 5 99 5 99 5 79 41 Vegetable produc<on (%) 65 32 28 16 27 19 87 14 40 18 34 19 55 32 Permanent grasslands (%) -‐ -‐ 65 17 -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ 22 30 Banana, sugarcane (%) -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ 55 19 -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ 8 17 Fallows (%) -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ 51 15 -‐ -‐ 9 19 Orchards (%) -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ 47 18 5 14

In green, the potential adopters willing to test improved fallows. In red, the potential population excluded from improved fallows.

s.d. = standard deviation - = < 15%

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The field interviews among 27 mechanized farms and livestock farms

revealed that 74% of them expressed a willingness to test the improved fallows. This is about one third of the total population of the 1382 farmers involved in vegetable farming.

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The unstable land tenure farm group and the pure vegetable farm group

were considered as potentially not concerned because of the absence of land titles or insufficient land size. This is about half of the total population of the 1382 farmers involved in vegetable farming. Specific stratified samplings for such groups are required to reduce exclusion.

Conception : Cirad, Mar tine Dupor tal, July 2014 — Photos: © P . Fer nandès 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Land area (ha)/farm Land area (ha)/vegetable farm

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020