GENERATION OF SHOCK WAVES IN DEUTERIUM IN THE EXPLOSIVE VOITENKO GENERATOR

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GENERATION OF SHOCK WAVES IN DEUTERIUM IN THE EXPLOSIVE VOITENKO GENERATOR

H. Derentowicz, W. Dybek, J. Wróbel, Z. Ziólkowski, J. Zygmund

To cite this version:

H. Derentowicz, W. Dybek, J. Wróbel, Z. Ziólkowski, J. Zygmund. GENERATION OF SHOCK

WAVES IN DEUTERIUM IN THE EXPLOSIVE VOITENKO GENERATOR. Journal de Physique

Colloques, 1984, 45 (C8), pp.C8-291-C8-296. �10.1051/jphyscol:1984853�. �jpa-00224355�

JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Colloque C8, supplément

au n O l 1,

GENERATION OF SHOCK WAVES I N DEUTERIUM I N THE EXPLOSIVE VOITENKO GENERATOR

H. Derentowicz, W. Dybek, J. Wrobel, Z. Ziokkowski and J. Zygmund

S . KaLiski I n s t i t u t e o f PLasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warscw, PoZand

~ 6 s u m 6 - Dans c e t t e c o n f é r e n c e o n p r é s e n t e l e s r é s u l t a t s d e s

etudes s u r l a c r é a t i o n de f o r t e s ondes de choc dans l e d e u t é r - ium, p a r u n g é n & r a t e y r V o i t e n k o . Pour des v i t e s s e s maximales d i f f é r e n t e s /de 4.7 a 6.5 mm/ps/ des p l a q u e s m é t a l l i q u e s / e n d u r a l u m i n i u m / e n t r a i n é e s p a r e x p l o s i o n , on a o b t e n u u n c a r a c - t é r e v a r i a b l e de 1 - a l l u r e de l ' o n d e de choc en f o n c t i o n de l a d i s t a n c e . On a o b t e n u d e s v a l e u r s maximales de c e t t e v i t e s s e dans l e s l i m i t e s e n t r e 58 e t 63 mm/ps dans des d i s t a n c e s d i f - f é r e n t e s de l a coupe d'embouchure de l a chambre de c o m p r e s s i o n s p h é r i q u e .

A b s t r a c t - R e s u l t s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n r e c e i v i n g o f s t r o n g s h o c k waves i n d e u t e r i u m , g e n e r a t e d i n t h e eo c a l l e d V o i t e n k o g e n e r a t o r h a v e been p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s paper.

v a r i a b l e c h a r a - c t e r o f shock wave v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e v e r s u s p a t h h a s been ob- t a i n e d f o r d i f f e r e n t maximum v e l o c i t i e s /4,7 + ^6,5 mm/ps/ o f e x p l o s i v e l y d r i v e n l i n e r s / d u r a l u m i n p l a t e s / , Maximum o b t a i n e d v a l u e s o f t h i s v e l o c i t y w e r e w i t h i n 5 8 + 63 mm/ps a t d i f f e r e n t d i s t a n c e s f r o m t h e o u t p u t c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f t h e s p h e r i c a l com- p r e s s i o n chamber.

1 - INTRODUCTION

I n Ref. [l] was g i v e n a n i d e a o f e n e x p l o s i v e g e n e r a t o r / t h e s o c a l - l e d V o i t e n k o cornpressor/ i n w h i c h a p l a n a r l i n e r , d r i v e n w i t h u s e o f a n e x p l o s i v e m a t e r i a l t o a h i g h v e l o c i t y , p e r c u s s i v e l y compresses t h e gas i n t h e s p h e r i c a l c o m p r e s s i o n chamber, The compressed gas f l o w s o u t w i t h a h i g h v e l o c i t y t h r o u g h e h o l e p r o v i d e d a t t h e cham- b e r top. I n Refs. [2 + 71 t h e a u t o r s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n d e t a i l t h e i n - f l u e n c e o f g e o m e t r i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e g e n e r a t o r as w e l l a s t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e k i n d and t h e i n i t i a l s t a t e o f gases upon k i n e - m a t i c p a r a m e t e r s and p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f gas f l u x e s b e i n b t a i - ned. F o r d i f f e r e n t i i n d s o f gases o f i n i t i a l d e n s i t y y 0 *

1 0 ' ~ g/cm3, a t o p t i m a l l y s e l e c t e d c o n s t r u c t i o n and t e c h n o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e s o f g e n e r a t o r s , was o b t a i n e d v e l o c i t i e s o f gas f l u x e s v a r y i n g w i t h i n

= 50 + 9 0 mm/ps. The maximum v e l o c i t y 90 mm/ps has been o b t a i n e d i n case o f h d r o g e n plasma f l o w i n g o u t f r o m t h e c o m p r e s s i o n chamber i n t o vacuum 711, I n c o n n e x i o n w i t h t h e c o n s i d e r e d i d e a o f t h e e x p l o - s i v e , longitudinally-cylindrical c o m p r e s s i o n o f plasma [8] t o c r e a t e s i d e l o a d i n g s / a l o n g t h e a x i s o f t h e c y l i n d r i c a l c u m m u l a t i v e system/

c o n s i d e r e d w e r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s t o u s e two c o u n t e r - r u n n i n g d e u t e r i u m plasma f l u x e s c r e a t e d i n two e x p l o s i v e V o i t e n k o g e n e r a t o r s . I n t h e a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e , however, t h e r e were no s u i t a b l e d a t a r e l a t e d t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s u c h f l u x e s , w h i c h c o u l d be t h e base t o make d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f t h e d i s c u s s e d problem. T h e r e f o r e we c a r - r i e d o u t e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f s u c h g e n e r a t o r i n w h i c h , f o r d i f f e r e n t v e l o c i t i e s o f e x p l o s i v e l y d r i v e n l i n e r s , d e u t e r i u m plasma

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1984853

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f l u x e s were g e n e r a t e d and shock wave v e l o c i t i e s v e r s u s d i s t a n c e from t h e o u t p u t c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f t h e s p h e r i c a l compression chamber were measu red,

I I - RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS OF PLANAR LINER EXPLOSIVE DRIVING E x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were c a r r i e d o u t w i t h use o f an e x p l o - s i v e system i n w i t h we a p p l i e d a c l a s s i c a l g e n e r a t o r o f t h e p l a n e d e t o n a t i o n wave, o f d i a m e t e r fi 125 mm, made o f two k i n d s o f e x p l o - sives, A s t r o n g e x p l o s i v e m a t e r i a l /RDX -

= 1,76 g/cm3,

D

= 8,7 mm/ps/ was used f o r d i r e c t d r i v i n g o f l i n e r s . D u r a l u m i n l i n e r s o f t h r e e t h i c k n e s s e s :

= 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 mm were d r i v e n . Measurements o f l i n e r v e l o c i t i e s were c a r r i e d o u t v e r s u s t h e i r d i s - placement p a t h , w i t h use e l e c t r o c o n t a c t s e n s o r s and nanosecond

mer, The shape o f d r i v e n l i n e r s a t t h e moment c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e

" e n t r a n c e " t o t h e s p h e r i c a l chamber t h e V o i t e n k o g e n e r a t o r / i n f l a s h , a i r gaps p l a c e d between p l e x i g l a s s p l a t e s /was e s t i m a t e d w i t h t h e o p t i c a l method u s i n g t h e e l e c t r o n o - o p t i c a l camera FENIICS I I

A d d i t i o n a l l y t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e m o t i o n o f t h e l i n e r c e n t r a f 9 l p ~ r t was s t u d i e d w i t h use o f an o p t i c a l system w i t h a photodiode, A d i a - gram o f t h e measuring system i s shown i n Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 - The scheme o f t h e measuring s e t u p a p p l i e d i n e x p e r i m e n t s o f e x p l o s i v e d r i v i n g o f l i n e r s .

R e s u l t s o f measurements o f v e l o c i t i e s o f t h e d r i v e n l i n e r s a r e shown i n Fig, 2, 3 and 4, accompanied by r e s u l t s o f t h e o r e t i c a l e s t i m a t -

i o n s c a r r i e d o u t f o r i n c o m p r e s s i b l e [IO] and c o m p r e s s i b l e l i n e r s [ l l ] .

A s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n f o r m i t y o f measurement r e s u l t s w i t h e s t i m a t e d ones,

c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n measurement e r r s r s /+ 5 * ^{6/ %} vjas o b t a i n e d i n t h e

above i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ,

i s w o r t h y t o n o t e t h a t , thanks t o t h e ap-

p l i c a t i o n o f a s t r o n g e x p l o s i v e m a t e r i a l a s w e l l as a s p e c i a l techno-

l o g y o f a t t a c h i n g o f t h e l i n e r 0.45 mm t h i c k /q / t o t h e e x p l o s i v e

charge, we o b t a i n e d a h i g h maximum v e l o c i t y o f b l i g h t , amounting t o

-6.5 mrn/ps /Fig. 4/, w i t h t h e cohesion and t h e s t a b i l i t y o f t h i s

l i n e r m a i n t a i n e d i n t h e d r i v i n g process, The çhape o f d r i v e n l i n e r s

i n t h e d r i v i n g p r o c e s s was e v a l u a t e d on t h e base o f p h o t o r e c o r d s

made w i t h use o f an e l e c t r o n o - o p t i c a l camera /see Fig. 5/. L i n e r

Fig, 2 - L i n e r v e l o c i t y v a r i a t i o n Fig. 3 - L i n e r v e l o c i t y v a r i a - v e r s u s d r i v i n g p a t h f o r t i o n v e r s u s d r i v i n g

qL = 1,49 mm. p a t h f o r qL = 0,94 mm.

a/ i n c o m p r e s s i b l e l i n e r , b/ c o m p r e s s i b l e l i n e r , c/ measurement r e s u l t s ,

p - e x p l o s i v e m a s s / l i n e r mass r a t i o , qL- l i n e r thickness.

c u r v a t u r e r a d i u s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e moment o f " e n t r a n c e " i n t o t h e s p h e r i c a l chamber was r = 1 + ² m f o r l i n e r s 1.49, 0.94 and 0.45 mm t h i c k . A d d i t i o n a l l y , average v e l o - c i t i e s o f d r i v e n l i n e r s were e v a l u - a t e d from o s c i l o s c o p i c r e c o r d s made w i t h use a p h o t o d i o d e /Fig. 6/. A s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n f o r m i t y o f v a l u e s o f these v e l o c i t i e s was o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d on t h e ba- s e o f measurements c a r r i e d o u t w i t h use o f a nanosecond t i m e r /see Figs.

2, 3 ang

T h i s c o n f o r m i t y i s w i t h i n - ^{5 %.}

t h e same t i m e an u n d u l a t o r y c h a r a c t e r o f l i n e r d r i v - i n g p r o c e s s / p o i n t s "A" i n Fig. 6/

c o u l d be observed on t h e base o f r e c o r d s o b t a i n e d w i t h use o f a pho- t o d i o d e c o n t a i n e d system,

Fig, 4 - L i n e r v e l o c i t y v a r i a t i o n v e r s u s

d r i v i n g p a t h f o r qL = 0.45 mm,

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F i g , 5 - S h a p e o f t h e d r i v e n l i n e r /q = 1.42 mm/ r e c o r - d e s w i t h t h e e l e c t r o n o - 0 p t i c a l c a m e r a

FENII<S

O s c i l o g r a m m e o f t h e - y o f s h o c k wave f r o n t i o n p r o p a g a t i n g i n

t h e l i n e r i n t h e o f i t s d r i v i n g .

III - INVESTIGATIONS OF STRONG SHOCK W E S

DEUTERIUM CREATED

I N

VOITENKO GENERATOR,

I n t h e c o u r s e o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n t h e e x p l o s i v e d r i v i n g o f p l a n e l i n e r s

p r o v e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t o o b t a i n i n t h e e x p l o s i v e s y s t e m maximum v e l o c i t i e s o f d u r a l u m i n l i n e r s c o n s i d e r a b l y v a r y i n g / 4.7 +

6.5 mm/ps/. I n t h i s connexion

d e c i d e d t o c o n d u c t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h i s v e l o c i t y upon t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e s h o c k wave g e n e r a t e d i n t h e o u t p u t c h a n n e l of t h e V o i t e n k o

g e n e r a t o r , T h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e s y s t e m s c h e m a t i c a l l y shown i n F i g . 7. G e n e r a t o r s o f t h e p l a - n e d e t o n a t i o n wave /1/ /GPDW/, c h a r g e s o f a s t r o n g e x p l o s i v e m a t e r i a l /2/ a n d l i n e r s /3/ s a m e a s u s e d f o r t h e i n - v e s t i g a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n

a b - o v e w e r e a p p l i e d ,

c o m p r e s s i o n c h a m b e r s h a p e d l i k e a s p h e r e s e c t i o n /4/ a n d a g l a s s t u b e

c l o s e d w i t h a n o p t i c a l p r i s m

w e r e f i l l e d w i t h g a s e o u s D2 o f a h i g h p u r i t y . M e a s u r e m e n t s o f v e l o - c i t i e s o f s h o c k w a v e s , p r o p a g a t i n g i n g a s e o u s d e u t e r i u m f i l l i n g u p t h e t u b e , w e r e c a r r i e d o u t w i t h u s e o f "SFR" a n d t h e "FENIKS II" c a m e r a s . Two s e r i e s o f e x a m i n a t i o n s w e r e c o n d u c e d , T h e f i r s t o n e i n d u c e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e v a r i a - t i o n o f s h o c k wave v e l i c i t y f o r l i n e r s

cameras F i g . 7 - Scheme o f t h e V o i t e n k o g e n e r a -

t o r u s e d f o r e x a m i n a t i o n o f d e u t e r i u m

p l a s m a f l u x : 1 - g e n e r a t o r o f p l a n a r

d e t o n a t i o n w a v e ,

- ^{RDX, 3} - d u r a l u m i -

nium l i n e r , 4 - s p h e r i c a l c o m p r e s s i o n

c h a m b e r , 5 - g l a s s t u b e , 6 - p r i s m .

Fig. 8 - Exemplary r e c o r d s o f shock wave p r o p a g a t i o n s i n gaseous Dg a/ f o r l i n e r q~ = 0,5 mm

b/ f o r l i n e r q~ = 0,94 mm c/ f o r l i n e r q~ = 1,5 mm

0.45, 0,94 and 1.5 mm t h i c k a t i n i t i a l d e u t e r i u m p r e s s u r e po= 3.100 hPa. The second one i n d u c e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w i t h use o f a l i n e r 0.4 mm t h i c k f o r two d i f f e r e n t i n i t i a l d e u t e r i u m p r e s s u r e s po= 1100 hPa and po 7 100 hPa. Exemplary r e c o r d s o f t h e shock wave f r o n t propa- g a t i o n i n D2 a l o n g t h e g l a s s tube as w e l l as wave f r o n t i r r a d i a - t i o n s r a i s e d by t h e l i n e r m o t i o n i n s i d e t h e compression chamber, r e l a t e d t o t h e f i r s t s e r i e s , a r e shown i n Fig. 8. A s t a t e m e n t of messurement r e s u l t s is p r e s e n t e d in Figs, 9

10 where t h e

t i o n o f shock wave v e l o c i t y i n d e u t e r i u m v e r s u s p a t h i s shown i n t h e course o f t h e t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f t h i s wave i n t h e g l a s s tube,

Fig, 9 - V a r i a t i o n o f .shock Fig, 1 0 - V a r i a t i o n o f shock v e l o c i t y i n De f o r wave v e l o c i t y i n D2 d i f f e r e n t t h i c k n e s s f o r d i f fe r e n t i n i -

/ v e l o c i t i e s / o f t i a l p r e s s u r e s o f

l i n e r s .

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I V - RECAPITULATION

The f o l l o w i n g b a s i c c o n c l u s i o n s r e s u l t f rom t h e conducted experimen- t a 1 i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , r e s u l t s o f w h i c h shown i n Figs. 9 and 1 0 : 1/ a t i n i t i a l d e u t e r i u m p r e s s u r e i n t h e compression chamber and t h e

g l a s s tube amounting t o p = 1100 hPa, f o r d i f f e r e n t maximum v e l o c i t i e s o f l i n e r s / d i f ? e r e n t t h i c k n e s s e s o f l i n e r s / one ob- t a i n s a d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r o f t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e shock wave v e l o c i t y v a r s u s i t s p a t h :

- f o r t h e l i n e r 1.5 mm t h i c k and t h e maximum v e l o c i t y UL= 4.7 mm/ps t h e shock wave v e l o c i t y i n 02 m o n o t o n i c l y decreases e l o n g t h e tube l e n g t h . The maximum v e l o c i t y a t t h e d i s t a n c e o f some 18 mm from t h e o u t p u t c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f t h e compression chamber i s - 63 mm/ps.

- f o r l i n e r s 0.94 and 0.45 mm t h i c k and maximum v e l o c i t i e s UL= 5.4 and 6.5 mm/ps r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e shock wave v e l o c i t y i n c r e a s e s f r o m 40 and 2 0 mm/ps a t t h e s t a r t up t o t h e maximum v a l u e o f 58 and 60 mm/ps a t t h e d i s t a n c e s o f about 70 and 9 5 mm t h e o u t p u t c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f t h e compression chamber.

Consequently, from t h e c o n d u c t e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i s r e s u l t s t h a t t h e change o f l i n e r t h i c k n e s ç and i t s velocity w i t h i n 4.7 + 6.5 mm/ps i s accompanied by an i n c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e maxi- mum v e l o c i t y o f t h e shock wave i n d e u t e r i u m , c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n 58

63 mm/ps. O n l y t h e p l a c e o f t h e appearance o f i t s maximum v a l u e c o n s i d e r a b l y changes.

2/ I n case o f t h i c k l i n e r s o f maximum v e l o c i t y e q u a l t o same 6.5 mm/ps t h e change o f gaseous d e u t e r i u m i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e w i t h i n po = 100 1100 hPa causes no s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n o f t h e maxi- mum v e l o c i t y o f t h e g e n e r a t e d shock wave

= 60 * 62 mm/ps/.

Acknowledqements

The a u t h o r s w i s h t o thank d r eng. J.Bagrowski, Z.Kukla and T.Szewczyk f o r a s s i s t a n c e i n p r e p a r a t i o n and p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n accomplishment o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s paper,

Ref erences

[l] A,E.Voitenko, O.A.N., T 158, Nr 6, 1964

2 A,E,Voitenko, P.M.T.F., Nr 4, 1966

131 A,E.Voitenko, 3.Techn.Phys. Vol, XXXVI, N r 1, 1966

A,E,Voitenko e t a l , 0,A.N.T 169. N r 3, 1966

LS] H.D,Gleen, B.K.Crowley, AIAA V o l 7 , N r 11, 1969 [6] A,E.Voitenko, B.I,Kirko, FGV,

N r 6, 1975

v] J , I , K i s i e l e v a t a l , PMTF, Nr 3, 1981

[a] S,KaLiski, 3.Techn.Phys. Vol. 20, Nr 1, 1979 [91 Z,Zi6lkowski, R e p o r t IFPILM 34/80, 54, 1980 [IO] K.P,Staniukovith, F i z i k a Vzryva, 1975

[ i l ] V,C.Trofimov, FGV, N r 1, 1976