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HAL Id: inria-00000861

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00000861

Submitted on 28 Nov 2005

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A Leader Election Protocol for Eventually Synchronous Shared Memory Systems

Rachid Guerraoui, Michel Raynal

To cite this version:

Rachid Guerraoui, Michel Raynal. A Leader Election Protocol for Eventually Synchronous Shared

Memory Systems. [Research Report] PI 1765, 2005, pp.10. �inria-00000861�

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INSTITUT DERECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ETSYSTÈMESALÉATOIRES

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