HAL Id: tel-01985705
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01985705
Submitted on 18 Jan 2019
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
To drink or not to drink? : the influence of resource availability on elephant foraging and habitat selection in
a semi-arid savanna
Hugo Valls Fox
To cite this version:
Hugo Valls Fox. To drink or not to drink? : the influence of resource availability on elephant foraging and habitat selection in a semi-arid savanna. Biodiversity and Ecology. Université Montpellier, 2015.
English. �NNT : 2015MONTS130�. �tel-01985705�
! !
!
!
!
"#$%&'#!()'!l’"#$%&'($)*!+&!,-#).&//$&'
!!
!
!
*'#()'#+! au sein de l’école ,-./-')$+!0121!
+/!,0!Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive!
!
!
1(#.%)$%/#!2!!
34-/-5$&6!3%-/7)$-#6!8&((-7'4&(!0*#*)$97&6!:;/*-<$-/-5$&!
!
!
*'#3+4/#+!()'!!=75-!>;//(!?-@!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
1-0/+40+!$+!56!,#.+78'+!9:5;!,+&)4/!$+!<0'=!.-7(-3#!,+!
!
!
>'!A$B-#!C=1,12DDEFG1,,EA?!@A?!@BA1! "%'+./+0'!,+!CDE3+!
>7+!1##&!DH2AHI?!"A?!@BA1! A)((-'/+0'!
>'!J;%$+!C",,2I0?!*A?!F4%&+'3%/=!-G!@)(+!C-H4!A)((-'/+0'!
>'!A$B-#!KEI=1,H"?!"A?!@BA1! IJ)7%4)/+0'!
>'!I$4-/;(!012JELFJ81:2E8?!@A?!@KAL"! IJ)7%4)/+0'!
>',;'M =EN2AHI?!"A?!KBAL IJ)7%4)/+0'
>7+!,;'$-#!>1DE2O?!@A?!@BA1! IJ)7%4)/+0'!
>'!,$4P&/!+&!0182IEFN2C=1L2LAQR?!@A?!@KAL"?!K4&%/#!M.-N+4.),')4/O!
!
!
!
L-!+'$#M!-'!#-)!)-!+'$#MS !!
"#$!%&'()$&*$!+'!,$-+),*$!./.%(.0%(%12!+&!$($3#.&1!
'+,.4%&4!.&5!#.0%1.1!-$($*1%+&!%&!.!-$6%7.,%5!-./.&&.!
K-$'&!-7!#&!.;(!<-$'&S
!!De l’ %&'()$&*$!5$!(.!5%-3+&%0%(%18!$&!,$--+),*$-!-),!
l’ .33,+/%-%+&&$6$&1!$1!(.!-8($*1%+&!5$!(9#.0%1.1!5$-!
8(83#.&1-!5.&-!)&$!-./.&$!-$6%7.,%5$ !
!
!
!
!
!
!"##$%&'
!"#$%&"'(&)*%"+$&"%$&,$-&'*'./01/#2#0#"13$&%$/*0%4$/&)*%&5$%126*%$/&2'&"%2(&"'(&/$72."%2(&$4*/-/#$7/8&
95$&(2/#%210#2*'&*)&/0%)"4$&:"#$%&($#$%72'$/$&(2/#%210#2*'&"'(&"10'("'4$&*)&:"#$%&($;$'($'#&"'27"3&
/;$42$/<&-$#&32##3$&2/&,'*:'&"1*0#$&;%*4$//$/&2'6*36$(&"#$&2'(262(0"3&3$6$38&952%#$$'&=)%24"'&/"6"''"&
$3$;5"'#&)"723-&+%*0;/&"'(&#$'&1033/&>?*@*(*'#"&=)%24"'"A&:$%$&#%"4,$(&:2#5&BCD&4*33"%/&:2#52'&"'(&*'&
#5$&*0#/,2%#/&*)&E:"'+$&F"#2*'"3&C"%,G&H271"1:$8&I3$;5"'#/&1$5"6$&"/&703#2;3$&4$'#%"3&;3"4$&)*%"+$%/<&
95$-&62/2#&:"#$%5*3$/&;$%2*(24"33-&$6$%-&J5G&KL5G&LM5&*%&NK5&"'(&#%"6$3&)0%#5$%&)%*7&:"#$%&(0%2'+&3*'+$%&
#%2;/8& O0%2'+& #5$& (%-& /$"/*'G& #$7;$%"#0%$/& 2'4%$"/$& "'(& )*%"+$& 1$4*7$/& ($;3$#$(& 43*/$%& #*& :"#$%8&
I3$;5"'#& )"723-& +%*0;/& 62/2#& :"#$%5*3$/& 7*%$& *)#$'& 1-& 2'4%$"/2'+& #5$& ;%*;*%#2*'& *)& 1%2$)$%& #%2;/& "'(&
"1"'(*'2'+& NK5& #%2;/8& E*:$6$%G& #5$-& )*%"+$& )0%#5$%& (0%2'+& KL5& #%2;/& 1-& 2'4%$"/2'+& #%"6$332'+& /;$$(8&
I3$;5"'#& 7*6$7$'#& ;"##$%'/& %$6$"3& #5"#& 3*4*7*#2*'"3& "'(& '"62+"#2*'"3& "1232#2$/& "%$& "#& #5$& 4*%$& *)& #5$2%&
4*;2'+&/#%"#$+2$/&"3#5*0+5$/$&"1232#2$/&"%$&/$3(*7&"33*:$(&#*&6"%-&2'&7*/#&)*%"+2'+&7*($3/&*)&"'27"3P/&
0/$&*)&5$#$%*+$'$*0/3-&(2/#%210#$(&%$/*0%4$/8&O0%2'+$/$&)*%"+2'+&#%2;/G&)"723-&5$%(/&/$3$4#&"%$"/&:2#5&
3*:& :"#$%5*3$& ($'/2#-& "#& 703#2;3$& /4"3$/8& D$3$4#2*'& /#%$'+#5& )*%& 3*:& ($'/2#-& "%$"/& 2'4%$"/$/& :2#5& 1*#5&
(2/#"'4$&#*&:"#$%&"'($&"(6"'4$7$'#&*)$&(%-&/$"/*'8& !523$&/4"32'+&$))$4#/&"%$&:2($3-&%$4*+'2Q$(G&
#5$&$))$4#/&*)$&/;"#2"3&(2/#%210#2*'&*)&703#2;3$&4$'#%"3&;3"4$/&4*'/#%"2'2'+&)*%"+2'+&5"6$&1$$'&2+'*%$(&
"3#5*0+5& #5$-& ($#$%72'$& ($;3$#2*'& $))$4#/& "'(& #5$2%& )$$(1"4,/& *'& 5"12#"#& /$3$4#2*'8& R& "3/*& /5*:$(& #5"#&
$3$;5"'#&"'(&10))"3*&/#%*'+3-&"6*2(&326$/#*4,&"'(&;$*;3$"#&5$%($7&"#$&1*0'("%-&*)&"&;%*#$4#$(&
"%$"&(0%2'+$&%"2'-&/$"/*'8&F$6$%#5$3$//G&"6*2("'4$&($4%$"/$/&(0%2'+$&(%-&/$"/*'&:5$'&)*%"+2'+&
"'(& (%2',2'+& %$/*0%4$/& 1$4*7$& /4"%4$8& I3$;5"'#/& "%$& 2'4%$"/2'+3-& 4*'/#%"2'$(& 1-& /0%)"4$& :"#$%&
"6"23"1232#-&(0%2'+$&(%-&/$"/*'&"/$2%&(%2',2'+&%$S02%$7$'#/&2'4%$"/$&:523$$-&/#%26$&#*&7"2'#"2'&
#5$2%&)*%"+$&2'#",$8&952/&/#0(-&;%*62($/&S0"'#2#"#26$&"//$//7$'#&*)&2'(262(0"3&:"#$%&($;$'($'4$&"'(&*)&
3"'(/4";$& $))$4#/& *)& /0%)"4$& :"#$%& (2/#%210#2*'& *'& "& 3"%+$& 5$%126*%$8& 95$/$& )2'(2'+/& 4"'& 2')*%7& /0%)"4$&
:"#$%&7"'"+$7$'#&2'&4*'#$@#/&*)&"%2(2)24"#2*'&%$/03#2'+&)%*7&4327"#$&45"'+$8&
%(!"#('
L’eau et le fou%%"+$& /*'#& ($0@& %$//*0%4$/& '*'& /01/#2#0"13$/& ;*0%& 3$/& 5$%126*%$/& ("'/& 3$/& T4*/-/#U7$/&
"%2($/& $#& /$72.arides. La distribution spatiale de l’eau de surface détermine la distribution et l’abondance des espèces dépendantes de l’eau. Cependant les processus impliqués à l’échelle individuelle demeurent méconnus. Treize groupes familiaux d’éléphants d’Afrique (Loxodonta africana)
$#& (2@& 7V3$/& *'#& T#T& TS02;T/& ($& 4*332$%/& BCD& ("'/& 3$& ;"%4& F"#2*'"3& ($& E:"'+$G& "0& H271"1:$G& $#& W& /"&
;T%2;5T%2$8& ?$/& T3T;5"'#/& )*0%%"+$'#& "0#*0%& ($& 703#2;3$/& ;*2'#/& 4$'#%"0@&: ils visitent un point d’eau périodiquement toutes les 5h, 24h, 48h ou 72h et s’éloignent plus de l’eau lorsque ils font des trajets de
;30/& 3*'+0$& (0%T$8& C$'("'#& 3"& /"2/*'& /U45$G& 3"& #$7;T%"#0%$& "0+7$'#$& $#& 3$/& %$//*0%4$/& )*0%%"+U%$/&
s’épuisent à proximité de l’eau. Les groupes familiaux d’éléphants visitent les points d’eau plus souvent
$'& "0+7$'#"'#& 3"& )%TS0$'4$& ($/& #%"X$#/& 4*0%#/& $#& $'& "1"'(*''"'#& 3$/& #%"X$#/& ($& NK58& FT"'7*2'/G& 23/&
;"%62$''$'#& W& /$& %$'(%$& ;30/& 3*2'& ($&l’eau pendant les trajets de 24h en augmentant la vitesse de (T;3"4$7$'#8& =2'/2& 3$/& ;"#%*'/& ($& (T;3"4$7$'#& %T6U3$'#& S0$& 3$/& 4";"42#T/& ($& 3*4*7*#2*'& $#& ($&
navigation des éléphants sont au cœur de leur stratégie d’adaptation à la saison sèche. Malgré cela, 4$/&
capacités sont rarement incluses dans les modèles d’approvisionnement dans des environnements 5T#T%*+U'$/8& C$'("'#& 4$/& #%"X$#/G& 3$/& +%*0;$/& )"7232"0@& /T3$4#2*''$'#& 3$/& Q*'$/& ($& )"213$& ($'/2#T& ($&
points d’eau à des échelles multiples. La force de la sél$4#2*'&;*0%&4$/&Q*'$/&($&)"213$&($'/2#T&"0+7$'#$&
"6$4&3"&3*'+0$0%&(0&#%"X$#&$#&"0&4*0%/&($&3"&/"2/*'8&Y2$'&que l’importance des échelles spatiales soit bien établie dans la littérature, les contraintes associées à l’utilisation de multiples points centraux&(2/#%210T/&
($& 7"'2U%$& 5T#T%*+U'$& ("'/& 3$& ;"-/"+$& *'#& T#T& 'T+32+T$/& "3*%/& S0$& 4$##$& (2/#%210#2*'& (T#$%72'$& 3$&
degré d’épuisement des ressources fourragères et les rétroactions sur la sélection de l’habitat. J’ai T+"3$7$'#& 7*'#%T& S0$& 3$/& T3T;5"'#/& $#& 3$/& 10))3$/& T62#$'#& )*%#$7$'#& 3$& 1T#"23& $#& 3$/& 507"2'/& S02& 3$/&
conduisent en périphérie d’une zone protégée pendant la saison des pluies. Cependant cet évitement décline au cours de la saison sèche en raison de l’assèchement des points d’eau et de la raréfaction&($/&
ressources fourragères. Les éléphants sont de plus en plus contraints par la distribution de l’eau de surface en saison sèche en raison de l’augmentation de leur besoins en eau tandis qu’ils tentent de 7"2'#$'2%& 3$0%& ";;%*62/2*''$7$'#& $'& )*0%%"+$8& Z$##$& T#0($& (*''$& 0'$& T6"30"#2*'& S0"'#2#"#26$& ($& 3"&
contrainte en eau à l’échelle individuelle ainsi que les effets de la distribution en eau dans le paysage sur un grand herbivore. Ces résultats peuvent guider les politiques de gestion de l’eau dans un conte@#$&
d’aridification dû au changement climatique. !
!"#$%&'(#"%#'")#)"#$%&'(* !
!
!"#$%&'()#&*#$+'$,#-+),*#$./.%(.0%(%12$+&$#(#3".&1$
'+,.4%&4$.&5$".0%1.1$-#(#*1%+&$%&$.$-#6%7.,%5$-./.&&.8$
!
!"#$%"&'('$
!"#$%&'(()%*$+%
)*+,$-$./(0&1'(23$4&$56/27&88(&1
$ $)$
$ $
9$
$
"#$%&!'(!)'*+&*+,!
%:;8&$6<$=6/2&/2'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$9$
?('2$6<$@(AB1&'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$C$
?('2$6<$%:;8&'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$D$
E3'BF3$&/$@1:/G:('$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+9$
+$ H/2164B=2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+I$
)$ !13=(7(2:2(6/'J$':('6//:8(23J$:77160('(6//&F&/2$&/$&:B$&2$4378:=&F&/2$4&'$3837":/2'$
4:/'$8K3=6'L'2MF&$4&$NO:/A&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+C$
9$ P21:23A(&'$ 4&$ 4378:=&F&/2$ 4&'$ 3837":/2'$ 4KQ<1(RB&$ &/$ 1376/'&$ :BS$ =6/21:(/2&'$
2&F761&88&'$(F76'3&'$7:1$8K:0:/=&F&/2$4&$8:$':('6/$'M="&>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+D$
I$ P38&=2(6/$ 4&'$ '(2&'$ 4K:8(F&/2:2(6/$ 7:1$ 8&'$ 3837":/2'$ 4&$ ':0:/&$ &/$ <6/=2(6/$ 4&$
8K37B('&F&/2$4B$<6B11:A&$&2$4&$8:$=6F783F&/2:1(23$4B$7:L':A&>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$)*$
,$ ?:$4('76/(;(8(23$&/$&:B$4&$'B1<:=&$&2$8:$=6/4B(2&$4B$;32:(8$4&''(/&/2$8K(/2&1<:=&$NBF:(/-
<:B/&$&/$;614B1&$4KB/&$:(1&$71623A3&>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$)+$
T$ #('=B''(6/$A3/31:8&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$)9$
U&/&1:8$(/2164B=2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$)C$
+$ PB1<:=&$O:2&1$:/4$1&'6B1=&$B'&$(/$'&F(-:1(4$&=6'L'2&F'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$)C$
+>+$ V:2&1W$:$X&L$8(F(2(/A$1&'6B1=&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$)C$
+>)$ %"&$&<<&=2'$6<$O:2&1W$<16F$<61:A(/A$4&=('(6/'$26$8:/4'=:7&$B'&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$)Y$
+>9$ %"&$&<<&=2'$6<$'&:'6/:8$=":/A&'$(/$O:2&1$:0:(8:;(8(2L$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$9)$
+>I$ #6&'$1('X$:<<&=2$O:2&1"68&$B'&$61$O:2&1$4('21(;B2(6/$:82&1$2"&$7&1=&72(6/$6<$1('XZ
$ 99$
+>,$ NO:/A&$[:2(6/:8$!:1XW$:$O:2&1$4&7&/4&/2$&=6'L'2&F>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$9I$
)$ %"&$(F7612:/=&$6<$1&'6B1=&'$(/$&8&7":/2$/:2B1:8$"('261L$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$9C$
)>+$ V:2&1$4&7&/4&/=&$:/4$2"&1F61&AB8:2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$9C$
)>)$ V:2&1$4&7&/4&/=&$:/4$<61:A(/A$;&":0(6B1$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$9C$
)>9$ %"&$(F7612:/=&$6<$&8&7":/2$'6=(:8(2L$:/4$=6A/(2(6/$6/$1&'6B1=&$B'&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$9Y$
9$ %"&$21(7W$2"&$1(A"2$'=:8&$26$(/0&'2(A:2&$1&'6B1=&$B'&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$9D$
I$ %"&'('$6B28(/&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$I+$
\":72&1$+W$]0&/$2"&$1:(/$E:(/<:88J$'&:'6/:8(2LJ$A:F&$O:2&1$'B778L$$:/4$&8&7":/2$F60&F&/2$(/$
2"&$NO:/A&$&=6'L'2&F>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$I9$
H/2164B=2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$I,$
I$
%"&$6/'&2$6<$2"&$1:(/'$:/4$6<$2"&$7:12(:8$&8&7":/2$F(A1:2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$IY$
%"&$41L$'&:'6/W$1&:''&12(6/$6<$O:2&1$4&7&/4&/=L$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$,9$
\6/=8B'(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$,Y$
\":72&1$)W$%"&$/&&4$<61$'7&&4$$#6$Q<1(=:/$&8&7":/2'$F(2(A:2&$21:0&8$2(F&$$=6/'21:(/2'$:'$2"&$
41L$'&:'6/$716A1&''&'Z$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$,D$
Q;'21:=2$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$T+$
+$ H/2164B=2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$T9$
)$ 5&2"64'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$T,$
)>+$ P2B4L$'(2&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$T,$
)>)$ #:2:$=688&=2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$TT$
)>9$ #:2:$:/:8L'&'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$TY$
9$ E&'B82'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$TD$
9>+$ #1(/X(/A$<1&RB&/=L$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$TD$
9>)$ )I"$21(7'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$TD$
9>9$ IY"$21(7'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$C)$
9>I$ P"612$21(7'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$C)$
I$ #('=B''(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$C)$
I>+$ %"&$:40:/2:A&'$6<$21:0&88(/A$<:'2&1$:/4$'21:(A"2&1$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$C)$
I>)$ %"&$=B11&/=L$6<$<61:A(/A$4&=('(6/'W$2"&1F61&AB8:2(6/$61$&/&1AL$A:(/Z$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$C,$
I>9$ ?:/4'=:7&$=6F78&F&/2:2(6/$:$41(0&1$6<$&8&7":/2$F60&F&/2$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$CT$
,$ \6/=8B'(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$CY$
T$ Q77&/4(S$H$5&2"64$26$4&2&=2$0('(2'$26$O:2&1"68&'>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$CD$
T>+$ ^('(2$4&2&=2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$CD$
T>)$ U!P$=:8(;1:2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$Y*$
T>9$ @(&84$0:8(4:2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$Y,$
C$ Q77&/4(S$HH$@:=261'$&S78:(/(/A$2"&$0:1(:;(8(2L$6<$21(7$4B1:2(6/$2"16BA"6B2$2"&$41L$'&:'6/
$ YC$
C>+$ %1(7$4B1:2(6/$2"16BA"6B2$2"&$41L$'&:'6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$YC$
C>)$ ]8&7":/2$41(/X(/A$2(F&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$YD$
C>9$ ]8&7":/2'$:4_B'2$21(7$4B1:2(6/$26$41(/X(/A$2(F&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$D*$
,$
$
\":72&1$ 9W$ %"&$ <B12"&1$ <16F$ O:2&1$ 2"&$ ;&22&1>$ #6&'$ <61:A&$ 4&78&2(6/$ 60&11(4&$ 8:/4'=:7&$
=6F78&F&/2:2(6/$(/$&8&7":/2K'$'&8&=2(6/$6<$<61:A(/A$86=:2(6/'Z$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$D+$
Q;'21:=2$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$D9$
+$ H/2164B=2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$D,$
)$ 5&2"64'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$DT$
)>+$ P2B4L$:1&:$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$DT$
)>)$ PB1<:=&$O:2&1$:0:(8:;(8(2L$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$DC$
)>9$ ]8&7":/2$F60&F&/2$4:2:$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$DC$
)>I$ E&'6B1=&$'&8&=2(6/$<B/=2(6/$6<$<61:A(/A$&0&/2'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$DY$
9$ E&'B82'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+*)$
I$ #('=B''(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+*,$
I>+$ ]8&7":/2'$<61:A&$:O:L$<16F$O:2&1$4B1(/A$2"&$41L$'&:'6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+*,$
I>)$ %"&$'=:8&$6<$8:/4'=:7&$=6F78&F&/2:2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+*T$
I>9$ @16F$1&'6B1=&$=6F78&F&/2:2(6/$26$1&'6B1=&$4&78&2(6/W$=&/21:8$78:=&$&<<&=2'$:2$2"&$
8:/4'=:7&$'=:8&>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+*C$
,$ Q77&/4(S$H$F64&8$=6F7:1('6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+*D$
,>+$ `/&-'=:8&$F64&8$=6F7:1('6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$++*$
,>)$ %O6-'=:8&$F64&8$=6F7:1('6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+++$
\":72&1$IW$!8&:'&$X&&7$L6B1$4('2:/=&$$#6&'$'B1<:=&$O:2&1$:0:(8:;(8(2L$'":7&$2"&$"BF:/-O(848(<&$
(/2&1<:=&$:2$2"&$&4A&$6<$:$7162&=2&4$:1&:Z$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$++,$
Q;'21:=2$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$++C$
+$ H/2164B=2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$++D$
)$ 5&2"64'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+))$
)>+$ P2B4L$:1&:$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+))$
)>)$ 564&8(/A$=:228&$(/=B1'(6/'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+)I$
)>9$ 564&8(/A$;B<<:86$":;(2:2$'&8&=2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+),$
)>I$ 564&88(/A$&8&7":/2$":;(2:2$'&8&=2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+)C$
9$ E&'B82'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+)Y$
9>+$ P&:'6/:8$ =":/A&'J$ "&14(/A$ 71:=2(=&'$ :/4$ 'B1<:=&$ O:2&1$ :0:(8:;(8(2L$ 4&2&1F(/&$
=:228&$B'&$6<$2"&$<61&'2$:1&:>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+)Y$
9>)$ \6/'('2&/2$'7:2(:8$:06(4:/=&$6<$=:228&$;L$;B<<:86$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+)D$
T$
9>9$ ]8&7":/2K'$8:1A&$'=:8&$60&18:7$;B2$'F:88$'=:8&$:06(4:/=&>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+9I$
I$ #('=B''(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+9T$
I>+$ %"&$ &<<&=2'$ 6<$ '&:'6/:8(2L$ 6/$ =:228&-O(848(<&$ 4('21(;B2(6/$ :/4$ :06(4:/=&$ 7:22&1/'
$ +9T$
I>)$ Q06(4:/=&$6<$=:228&$61$:06(4:/=&$6<$7&678&Z$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+9Y$
I>9$ ]4A&$&<<&=2'$:2$:/$B/<&/=&4$(/2&1<:=&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+9D$
I>I$ %"&$(F7612:/=&$6<$'B1<:=&$O:2&1$(/$:/$(/=1&:'(/A8L$:1(4$8:/4'=:7&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+9D$
,$ \6/=8B'(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+I*$
U&/&1:8$#('=B''(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+I+$
+$ V:2&1$:/4$2"&$2(F(/A$6<$:$7:12(:8$F(A1:2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+I)$
)$ \&/21:8$78:=&$&<<&=2'$6<$O:2&1$(/$'&F(-:1(4$':0://:'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+II$
)>+$ %"&$4&2&1F(/:/2'$6<$672(F:8$21:0&88(/A$'7&&4$(/$:$2&11&'21(:8$"&1;(061&$>>>>>>>>>>>>$+II$
)>)$ %"&$(F7612:/=&$6<$'B1<:=&$O:2&1$:'$:$=&/21:8$78:=&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+I,$
)>9$ H'$O:8X(/A$<:'2&1$:$A&/&1:8$1&'76/'&$26$=&/21:8$78:=&$21:4&-6<<'Z$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+IT$
9$ #&78&2(6/$:/4$8:/4'=:7&$=6F78&F&/2:2(6/$&<<&=2'$6<$'B1<:=&$O:2&1$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+IC$
I$ %"&$<B2B1&$6<$'B1<:=&$O:2&1$7160('(6/(/A$:'$:$F:/:A&F&/2$2668Z$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+,*$
I>+$ \B11&/2$O:2&1$F:/:A&F&/2$768(=(&'$(/$NO:/A&$[!$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+,*$
I>)$ ?6=:8$:/4$1&A(6/:8$:1(4(<(=:2(6/$21&/4'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+,+$
I>9$ %"&$&<<&=2$6<$:12(<(=(:8$O:2&1$7160('(6/(/A$6/$O(848(<&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+,+$
,$ P2B4L(/A$ :/(F:8$ F60&F&/2$ 26$ (/<61F$ O:2&1$ 7160('(6/(/A$ 768(=(&'$ (/$ :1(4$ 1:/A&8:/4'
$ +,,$
Q=X/6O8&4A&F&/2'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+,C$
E&<&1&/=&'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+T*$
$
$
$
$
#
C$
$
+&,)#"-#.&/0%1,#
@(AB1&$+W$?K&<<&2$7(6'7"M1&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+,$
@(AB1&$)W$aB&8RB&'$06L:A&'$:8(F&/2:(1&'$4KB/$A16B7&$<:F(8(:8J$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+T$
@(AB1&$9W$#('21(;B2(6/$4&$8K&:B$4&$'B1<:=&$4:/'$8&$7:1=$/:2(6/:8$4&$NO:/A&$&2$':$731(7"31(&>+C$
@(AB1&$IW$#6F:(/&'$0(2:BS4KB/$A16B7&$<:F(8(:8$F(A1:2&B1$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+Y$
@(AB1&$,W$#6F:(/&$0(2:8$4KB/$A16B7&$<:F(8(:8$4K3837":/2'$:B$=6B1'$4&$8:$':('6/$'M="&$>>>>>>>>>>$)+$
@(AB1&$TW$\6&S('2&/=&$&/21&$;32:(8$&2$;B<<8&'$6B$3837":/2'$4:/'$8:$<61b2$4&$P(XBF(>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$))$
@(AB1&$CW$]8&7":/2$<:F(8L$A16B7'$:AA1&A:2&$26$41(/X$:2$'B/46O/J$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$)C$
@(AB1&$YW$%"&$&<<&=2'$6<$"&2&16A&/&6B'$1&'6B1=&$4('21(;B2(6/$6/$<61:A(/A$:/4$":;(2:2$'&8&=2(6/>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$9*$
@(AB1&$9W$]8&7":/2$;B88$41(/X(/A$:2$:$/:2B1:8$O:2&1$7:/J$Q71(8$)+'2$)*+9$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$9,$
@(AB1&$+*W$]8&7":/2$21(7'$;&2O&&/$O:2&1"68&'>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$I*$
@(AB1&$++W$@(1'2$1:(/;6OJ$[AO&'"8:$7:/J$NO:/A&$[:2(6/:8$!:1X$[60&F;&1$++2"$)*+9$>>>>>>>>>>$I9$
@(AB1&$+)W$#('21(;B2(6/$6<$F:_61$O:2&1$'6B1=&'$(/$NO:/A&$[:2(6/:8$!:1X$:/4$P(XBF($@61&'2>$I,$
@(AB1&$+9W$#:(8L$1:(/<:88$1&=614&4$(/$5:(/$\:F7$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$IT$
@(AB1&$+IW$?(0(/A(J$:$7BF7&4$O:2&1$7:/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$IC$
@(AB1&$+,W$^:1(:;(8(2L$6<$2"&$'2:12$6<$2"&$1:(/L$'&:'6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$ID$
@(AB1&$+TW$P&:'6/:8$"6F&-1:/A&'$6<$<&F:8&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$,+$
@(AB1&$+CW$%62:8$4:(8L$4('78:=&F&/2$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$,9$
@(AB1&$+YW$N6B18L$2&F7&1:2B1&'$0:1(:2(6/$(/$NO:/A&$[:2(6/:8$!:1X$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$,I$
@(AB1&$+DW$[:2B1:8$O:2&1$7:/$41L-B7>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$,,$
@(AB1&$)*W$U1:4B:88L$(/=1&:'(/A$4('2:/=&$26$O:2&1$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$,T$
@(AB1&$)+W$#('21(;B2(6/$6<$&8&7":/2$B2(8(c:2(6/$:==614(/A$26$4('2:/=&$26$O:2&1$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$,C$
@(AB1&$))W$V:2&1$:0:(8:;(8(2L$(/$NO:/A&$[!$4B1(/A$2"&$41L$'&:'6/>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$TT$
@(AB1&$)9W$^('(2'$26$O:2&1$:==614(/A$26$:F;(&/2$2&F7&1:2B1&>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$TC$
@(AB1&$)IW$5:S(FBF$4('2:/=&$26$O:2&1$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$C*$
@(AB1&$),$W$Q0&1:A&$'7&&4$6<$'"612$21(7'>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$C+$
@(AB1&$)T>$Q0&1:A&$6B2A6(/A$:/4$1&2B1/(/A$'7&&4$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$C+$
@(AB1&$)CW$$%1(7$'21:(A"2/&''$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$C9$
@(AB1&$)YW$P="&F:2(=$1&71&'&/2:2(6/$6<$2"&$=6/0&1A&/=&$6<$21(7$'21:(A"2/&''$:/4$'7&&4$>>>>>>$CI$
Y$
@(AB1&$)DW$H88B'21:2(6/$6<$2"&$2O6$F&2"64'$B'&4$26$(4&/2(<L$0('(2'>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$CD$
@(AB1&$9*W$N6B18L$'B==&''$1:2&'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$Y*$
@(AB1&$9+W$!&1=&/2:A&$6<$0('(2'$4&2&=2&4$:==614(/A$26$;B<<&1$'(c&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$Y9$
@(AB1&$9)W$!&1=&/2:A&$6<$0('(2'$:==B1:2&8L$4&2&=2&4$:==614(/A$26$':F78(/A$1:2&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$YI$
@(AB1&$99W$%"&$/&&48&$(/$2"&$":L'2:=XJ$\:F&1:$21:7$7"626A1:7"$6<$:$=688:1&4$&8&7":/2$=6O$YT$
@(AB1&$9IW$@61:A(/A$21(7$4B1:2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$YC$
@(AB1&$9,W$%1(7$4B1:2(6/$2"16BA"6B2$2"&$41L$'&:'6/W$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$YY$
@(AB1&$9TW$$#1(/X(/A$2(F&'$6<$Y$=688:1&4$&8&7":/2$A16B7'$4B1(/A$2"&$)*+9$41L$'&:'6/>$>>>>>>>>>>$YD$
@(AB1&$9CW$%1(7$4B1:2(6/$4&=1&:'&'$O(2"$1&8:2(0&$:11(0:8$2(F&$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$D*$
@(AB1&$9YW$#('2:/=&$26$O:2&1$4B1(/A$2"&$41L$'&:'6/>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$DC$
@(AB1&$9DW$N:;(2:2$'&8&=2(6/$:==614(/A$26$O:2&1"68&$4&/'(2LW$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$DD$
@(AB1&$I*W$E&'B82'$6<$2"&$d-<684$=16''-0:8(4:2(6/$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+*)$
@(AB1&$I+W$P&8&=2(6/$'21&/A2"$6<$2"&$8:1A&$'=:8&$O:2&1"68&$4&/'(2L$<B/=2(6/$<16F$2"&$;&'2$2O6- '=:8&$F64&8$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+*I$
@(AB1&$I)W$P&8&=2(6/$'21&/A2"$6<$2"&$'F:88$'=:8&$O:2&1"68&$4&/'(2L$<B/=2(6/$<16F$2"&$;&'2$2O6- '=:8&$F64&8$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+*I$
@(AB1&$I9$aH\$6<$2"&$6/&$'=:8&$F64&8'$O(2"$:$1:/A&$6<$'F662"(/A$<:=261'>$%"&$F(/(FBF$0:8B&$
('$'"6O/$;L$2"&$0&12(=:8$4:'"&4$1&4$8(/&>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$++*$
@(AB1&$IIW$%O6-'=:8&$F64&8$'&8&=2(6/>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+++$
@(AB1&$I,W$\688:1&4$=:228&$&S(2(/A$P(XBF($@61&'2$4B1(/A$2"&$41L$'&:'6/J$&8&7":/2$;B88$:/4$;B<<:86$
"&14$:;6B2$26$=16''$2"&$16:4$=B22(/A$:=16''$P(XBF(>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$++,$
@(AB1&$ITW$P(XBF($@61&'2$'2B4L$:1&:$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+)*$
@(AB1&$ICW$PB1<:=&$:1&:'$6<$<6B1$0&A&2:2(6/$=8:''&'$:==614(/A$26$4('2:/=&$26$O:2&1>$>>>>>>>>>>>$+)9$
@(AB1&$IYW$N6B18L$'7&&4$:==614(/A$26$2(F&$6<$4:LW$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+)C$
@(AB1&$IDW$\:228&$716;:;(8(2L$6<$'&8&=2(6/$(/$4(<<&1&/2$":;(2:2'$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+9*$
@(AB1&$,*$P&:'6/:8$1:/A&$60&18:7$;&2O&&/$;B<<:86$e8&<2f$61$&8&7":/2$e1(A"2f$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+9+$
@(AB1&$,+W$gB<<:86$PP@$7:1:F&2&1'$eh$'2:/4:14$&1161f$;L$<61:A(/A$;6B2$:/4$'&:'6/>$>>>>>>>>>>>$+99$
@(AB1&$,)W$gB<<:86$1&8:2(0&$716;:;(8(2L$6<$'&8&=2(6/$71&4(=2&4$;L$2"&$PP@$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+9I$
@(AB1&$,9W$]8&7":/2$PP@$7:1:F&2&1'$eh$'2:/4:14$&1161f$<61$4:L$:/4$/(A"2$;6B2'$;L$'&:'6/$>$+9,$
@(AB1&$,IW$]8&7":/2$1&8:2(0&$716;:;(8(2L$6<$'&8&=2(6/$71&4(=2&4$;L$2"&$PP@$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+9T$
@(AB1&$,,W$N&:4(/A$26$O:2&1$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+I+$
D$
$
@(AB1&$,TW$5(A1:/2'$=60&1$86/A&1$4:(8L$4('2:/=&'$2":/$1&'(4&/2'>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+I9$
@(AB1&$,CW$%1:0&88(/A$'7&&4$:==614(/A$26$2"&$F:S(FBF$4('2:/=&$<16F$2"&$O:2&1"68&>$>>>>>>>>$+I,$
@(AB1&$,YW$%"&61&2(=:8$F:1A(/:8$":;(2:2$A:(/>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+IY$
@(AB1&$,DW$#1L$'&:'6/$"6F&-1:/A&$:==614(/A$26$O:2&1"68&$4&/'(2L>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+ID$
@(AB1&$T*W$%"&$=6'2$6<$7BF7(/AW$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+,*$
@(AB1&$T+W$!&1&//(:8$1(0&1'$:16B/4$NO:/A&$[!$:/4$P(XBF($@61&'2>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+,I$
#
+&,)#"-#!2341,#
%:;8&$+$`77612B/('2(=$'(A"2(/A'W$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$Y,$
%:;8&$)$\:F&1:$21:7'$;L$(/4(0(4B:8$:/4$O:2&1$7:/>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$YT$
%:;8&$ 9W$ PF662"(/A$ <:=261'$ e"f$ :/4$ aH\$ 0:8B&'$ 6<$ 2"&$ ;&'2-<(22(/A$ 6/&-'=:8&$ :/4$ 2O6-'=:8&$
F64&8'>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+*+$
%:;8&$I$W$[BF;&1$6<$4:L'$=:228&$&/2&1&4$P(XBF($>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+)Y$
%:;8&$,$5:S(FBF$4('2:/=&$26$2"&$;6B/4:1L$;L$'&:'6/$eXFf$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+)Y$
%:;8&$T$Q0&1:A&$2(F&$'7&/2$(/$2"&$@61&'2$Q1&:$;L$4:L$e"6B1'f$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+)Y$
%:;8&$CW$!&1=&/2:A&$60&18:7$6<$;B<<:86$:/4$&8&7":/2$B2(8(c:2(6/$4('21(;B2(6/$068BF&$O(2"$=:228&$
71&4(=2&4$B2(8(c:2(6/$4('21(;B2(6/$068BF&>$>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>$+9)$
$
$ $
+*$
!
! !
++$
$
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
"#!$%&''()#!*#+!,-,)./01+2!345!"#!$#!'&01#01#!*#!6768#!)/8$7!
#(92!"#!)/++#!*#+!$&7+!#017#8+!:!-#+!+(768#;!:!-#+!,1(*7#82!<!-#+!
/*$78#8;!)-(+!#9/'1#$#012!<!0#!6&(+!87#0!'/'.#8;!=#!*&00#8/7+!
0%7$)&81#!>(&7!)&(8!*#6#078!(0!,-,)./01!$&7?$@$#2!
!
!
A!'/8#!B&8!#-#)./01+2!345!A!/$!'&01#01!C71.!-7670D!/$&0D!1.#$2!
A! +)#0*! #0178#! $&01.+! B&--&C70D! 1.#$;! +1(*E70D! 1.#$2!
<*$7870D!1.#$;!$&8#!#9/'1-E2!F&0#+1-E!+)#/G70D;!A!C&(-*!D76#!
/0E1.70D!1&!H#'&$#!/0!#-#)./01!$E+#-B2!
!
E6F:(/$U:1LJ$?&'$E:=(/&'$4B$=(&8J$+D,T$
$
$
$
$ $