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Progressive and Random Accessible Mesh Compression

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Submitted on 26 Mar 2014

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Progressive and Random Accessible Mesh Compression

Adrien, Enam Maglo

To cite this version:

Adrien, Enam Maglo. Progressive and Random Accessible Mesh Compression. Other. Ecole Centrale Paris, 2013. English. �NNT : 2013ECAP0043�. �tel-00966180�

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❆❧❧ %✐❣❤)8 %❡8❡%✈❡❞✳

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❆❜"#$❛❝#

✸❉ ✈✐$%✉❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧- ❛$❡ %♦❞❛② ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✉-❛❣❡ ✐♥ ✈❛$✐♦✉- ❞♦♠❛✐♥- -✉❝❤ ❛- ❝♦♠♣✉%❛%✐♦♥❛❧ -✐♠✉❧❛%✐♦♥✱ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧

✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✱ ❝♦♠♣✉%❡$✲❛✐❞❡❞ ❞❡-✐❣♥✱ ❡♥%❡$%❛✐♥♠❡♥%✱ ❞✐❣✐%❛❧ ❤❡$✐%❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✲❝♦♠♠❡$❝❡✳ ❖♥❡ ✇❛② %♦ $❡♣$❡-❡♥%

✸❉ ✈✐$%✉❛❧ ♦❜❥❡❝% ✐- %♦ ✉-❡ ♠❡-❤❡-✳ ❆ -✉$❢❛❝❡ ✭♦$ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✮ ♠❡-❤ ✐- ❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥% ❡❧❡♠❡♥%❛$②

♣♦❧②❣♦♥- ✭♦$ ❝❡❧❧-✮ %❤❛% %♦❣❡%❤❡$ ❝♦♥-%✐%✉%❡ ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡✇✐-❡ ❛♣♣$♦①✐♠❛%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ $❡♣$❡-❡♥%❡❞ -✉$❢❛❝❡ ✭♦$ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✮✳

❚❤✐- $❡♣$❡-❡♥%❛%✐♦♥ ✐- %♦❞❛② ✉❜✐A✉✐%♦✉-✳ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝❤✐♣- ❞❡❞✐❝❛%❡❞ %♦ %❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥% $❡♥❞❡$✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✐♠❛❣❡- ✇✐%❤

-✉❝❤ $❡♣$❡-❡♥%❛%✐♦♥- ❛$❡ %♦❞❛② ✐♥%❡❣$❛%❡❞ ✐♥%♦ ♠❛♥② ❞❡✈✐❝❡-✱ ❢$♦♠ %❤❡ -♠❛$%♣❤♦♥❡ %♦ %❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ♣❡$❢♦$♠❛♥❝❡

❝♦♠♣✉%❡$ ❝❧✉-%❡$✳

■♥ ❛❧❧ %❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥- %❤❛% ✉-❡ ♠❡-❤❡-✱ %❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦$ ♣$❡❝✐-✐♦♥ ❤❛- ♥❡✈❡$ ❝❡❛-❡❞ %♦ $✐-❡✱ %❤✉- ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣

%♦ %❤❡ ❣❡♥❡$❛%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❡$② ❧❛$❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧-✳ ❋♦$ ✐♥-%❛♥❝❡ %♦❞❛②✱ ♥✉♠❡$✐❝❛❧ -✐♠✉❧❛%✐♦♥- ❝❛♥ ✉-❡ ♠❡-❤❡- %❤❛% ❝♦♥%❛✐♥

-❡✈❡$❛❧ ❜✐❧❧✐♦♥- ♦❢ ❝❡❧❧-✳ ❚❤❡ -%♦$❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❧❛$❣❡ ♠♦❞❡❧- ❝♦♥-✉♠❡- ❛ ❧♦% ♦❢ ❞✐-❦ -♣❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ %❤❡✐$ %$❛♥-♠✐--✐♦♥ ♦✈❡$

%❤❡ ♥❡%✇♦$❦ ❝❛♥ %❛❦❡ ❛ ❧♦% ♦❢ %✐♠❡ ✐♥ ❧✐♠✐%❡❞ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞%❤ ❝♦♥❞✐%✐♦♥-✳ ❇❡-✐❞❡-✱ %❤❡ ✈✐-✉❛❧✐③❛%✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦$❡

❣❡♥❡$❛❧❧② %❤❡ ♣$♦❝❡--✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❧❛$❣❡ ♠❡-❤❡- ❛$❡ ❛❧-♦ ♣$♦❜❧❡♠❛%✐❝ ❜❡❝❛✉-❡ %❤❡② ❝♦♥-✉♠❡ ❛ ❧♦% ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉%❛%✐♦♥ %✐♠❡

❛♥❞ ♠❡♠♦$②✳ ❆❝❝❡--✐♥❣ %♦ ❧❛$❣❡ ♠❡-❤❡- ♦♥ ❛ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✇✐%❤ ❧♦✇ $❡-♦✉$❝❡ ♥❡❡❞ -♦♠❡ ✸❉ ❛❞❛♣%❛%✐♦♥ -%$❛%❡❣✐❡-✳

❚❤❡ %❤❡-✐- ♣$❡-❡♥%❡❞ ✐♥ %❤✐- ♠❛♥✉-❝$✐♣% ✐- %❤❛% ✸❉ ♠❡-❤ ❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ ✐- ❛♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥% ♠❡%❤♦❞ ❢♦$ ✸❉ ❞❛%❛

❛❞❛♣%❛%✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✜$-% ❛✐♠ ♦❢ ✸❉ ♠❡-❤ ❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ ✐- %♦ $❡❞✉❝❡ %❤❡ -✐③❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥♣✉% ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❆- ❛ ❝♦♥-❡A✉❡♥❝❡

%❤❡ ❞❛%❛ ❝❛♥ ❜❡%%❡$ ✜% -%♦$❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ♥❡%✇♦$❦ ❝♦♥-%$❛✐♥%-✳ ❙✐♥❣❧❡✲$❛%❡ ❛❧❣♦$✐%❤♠- -✐♠♣❧② $❡-%♦$❡ ❞✉$✐♥❣ %❤❡

❞❡❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ %❤❡ ✐♥✐%✐❛❧ ♠❡-❤✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡$✱ ❛❧%❡$♥❛%✐✈❡ %②♣❡- ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦$✐%❤♠- ❡♥❛❜❧❡ %❤❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ ♦❢ -❡✈❡$❛❧

✈❡$-✐♦♥- ♦❢ %❤❡ ✐♥♣✉% ♠❡-❤ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ %❤❡ ❞❡❝♦❞❡❞ ♣❛$%- ♦❢ %❤❡ ❝♦♠♣$❡--❡❞ ❞❛%❛✳ ❚❤✉-✱ ♣$♦❣$❡--✐✈❡ ❝♦♠✲

♣$❡--✐♦♥ %❡❝❤♥✐A✉❡- ❡♠❜❡❞ ❛ ♠✉❧%✐$❡-♦❧✉%✐♦♥ -%$✉❝%✉$❡ ✐♥-✐❞❡ %❤❡ ❝♦♠♣$❡--❡❞ ❞❛%❛✳ ❉✉$✐♥❣ %❤❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥✱

❛ ❝♦❛$-❡ ✈❡$-✐♦♥ ♦❢ %❤❡ ✐♥♣✉% ♠❡-❤ ✐- ♣$♦❣$❡--✐✈❡❧② $❡✜♥❡❞ ❛- ♠♦$❡ ❞❛%❛ ✐- ❞❡❝♦♠♣$❡--❡❞✳ ❘❛♥❞♦♠✲❛❝❝❡--✐❜❧❡

%❡❝❤♥✐A✉❡- ❛❧❧♦✇ %♦ ❞❡❝♦♠♣$❡-- ♦♥❧② $❡A✉❡-%❡❞ ♣❛$%- ♦❢ %❤❡ ♠❡-❤✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧② ♣$♦❣$❡--✐✈❡ $❛♥❞♦♠ ❛❝❝❡--✐❜❧❡

%❡❝❤♥✐A✉❡- ❛❧❧♦✇ %♦ ❞❡❝♦♠♣$❡-- ❛♥② ♣❛$% ♦❢ %❤❡ ♠❡-❤ ❛% ❛♥② ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❞❡%❛✐❧✳ ❲✐%❤ %❤❡-❡ ❞✐✛❡$❡♥% %②♣❡- ♦❢

❛❧❣♦$✐%❤♠-✱ ♠❡-❤ ❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❛❞❛♣% ✸❉ ♠❡-❤ ❞❛%❛ %♦ -❛✈❡ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞%❤✱ ♠❡♠♦$②✱ ❝♦♠♣✉%❛%✐♦♥ %✐♠❡ ❛♥❞

✐♥❝$❡❛-❡ %❤❡ ✉-❡$ ✐♥%❡$❛❝%✐✈✐%②✳

N$❡✈✐♦✉- ✇♦$❦ ♦♥ ♣$♦❣$❡--✐✈❡ ♠❡-❤ ❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ ❢♦❝✉-❡❞ ♦♥ %$✐❛♥❣❧❡ ♠❡-❤❡- ❜✉% ♠❡-❤❡- ❝♦♥%❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♦%❤❡$

%②♣❡- ♦❢ ❢❛❝❡- ❛$❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥❧② ✉-❡❞✳ ❚❤❡$❡❢♦$❡✱ ✇❡ ✜$-% ♣$♦♣♦-❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣$♦❣$❡--✐✈❡ ♠❡-❤ ❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ ♠❡%❤♦❞

%❤❛% ❝❛♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥%❧② ❝♦♠♣$❡-- ♠❡-❤❡- ✇✐%❤ ❛$❜✐%$❛$② ❢❛❝❡ ❞❡❣$❡❡-✳ ■%- ❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ ♣❡$❢♦$♠❛♥❝❡ ✐- ❝♦♠♣❡%✐%✐✈❡

✇✐%❤ ❛♣♣$♦❛❝❤❡- ❞❡❞✐❝❛%❡❞ %♦ ♣$♦❣$❡--✐✈❡ %$✐❛♥❣❧❡ ♠❡-❤ ❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥✳

N$♦❣$❡--✐✈❡ ♠❡-❤ ❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ ✐- ❧✐♥❦❡❞ %♦ ♠❡-❤ ❞❡❝✐♠❛%✐♦♥ ❜❡❝❛✉-❡ ❜♦%❤ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛%✐♦♥- ❣❡♥❡$❛%❡ ❧❡✈❡❧- ♦❢

❞❡%❛✐❧✳ ❈♦♥-❡A✉❡♥%❧②✱ ✇❡ ♣$♦♣♦-❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ -✐♠♣❧❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♠❡%$✐❝ %♦ ❞$✐✈❡ %❤❡ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ♠❡-❤ ❞❡❝✐♠❛%✐♦♥✳ ❲❡

❛♣♣❧② %❤✐- ♠❡%$✐❝ %♦ %❤❡ ♣$♦❣$❡--✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ %❤❡ -✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ♠❡-❤❡-✳

❲❡ %❤❡♥ -❤♦✇ %❤❛% %❤❡ ❢❡❛%✉$❡- ♦✛❡$❡❞ ❜② ♣$♦❣$❡--✐✈❡ ♠❡-❤ ❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦$✐%❤♠- ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣❧♦✐%❡❞ ❢♦$

✸❉ ❛❞❛♣%❛%✐♦♥ ❜② %❤❡ ♣$♦♣♦-✐%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❢$❛♠❡✇♦$❦ ❢♦$ $❡♠♦%❡ -❝✐❡♥%✐✜❝ ✈✐-✉❛❧✐③❛%✐♦♥✳

N$♦❣$❡--✐✈❡ $❛♥❞♦♠ ❛❝❝❡--✐❜❧❡ ♠❡-❤ ❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ -❝❤❡♠❡- ❝❛♥ ❜❡%%❡$ ❛❞❛♣% ✸❉ ♠❡-❤ ❞❛%❛ %♦ %❤❡ ✈❛$✐♦✉-

❝♦♥-%$❛✐♥%- ❜② %❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥%♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥% $❡❣✐♦♥- ♦❢ ✐♥%❡$❡-%✳ ❙♦✱ ✇❡ ♣$♦♣♦-❡ %✇♦ ♥❡✇ ♣$♦❣$❡--✐✈❡ $❛♥❞♦♠✲❛❝❝❡--✐❜❧❡

❛❧❣♦$✐%❤♠-✳ ❚❤❡ ✜$-% ♦♥❡ ✐- ❜❛-❡❞ ♦♥ %❤❡ ✐♥✐%✐❛❧ -❡❣♠❡♥%❛%✐♦♥ ♦❢ %❤❡ ✐♥♣✉% ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❊❛❝❤ ❣❡♥❡$❛%❡❞ ❝❧✉-%❡$ ✐-

❝♦♠♣$❡--❡❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥%❧② ✇✐%❤ ❛ ♣$♦❣$❡--✐✈❡ ❛❧❣♦$✐%❤♠✳ ❚❤❡ -❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ✐- ❜❛-❡❞ ♦♥ %❤❡ ❤✐❡$❛$❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❣$♦✉♣✐♥❣

♦❢ ✈❡$%✐❝❡- ♦❜%❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② %❤❡ ❞❡❝✐♠❛%✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥%❛❣❡ ♦❢ %❤✐- -❡❝♦♥❞ ♠❡%❤♦❞ ✐- %❤❛% ✐% ♦✛❡$- ❛ ❤✐❣❤ $❛♥❞♦♠

❛❝❝❡--✐❜✐❧✐%② ❣$❛♥✉❧❛$✐%② ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡$❛%❡- ♦♥❡✲♣✐❡❝❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣$❡--❡❞ ♠❡-❤❡- ✇✐%❤ -♠♦♦%❤ %$❛♥-✐%✐♦♥- ❜❡%✇❡❡♥

♣❛$%- ❞❡❝♦♠♣$❡--❡❞ ❛% ❧♦✇ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❡✈❡❧- ♦❢ ❞❡%❛✐❧✳ ❊①♣❡$✐♠❡♥%❛❧ $❡-✉❧%- ❞❡♠♦♥-%$❛%❡ %❤❡ ❝♦♠♣$❡--✐♦♥ ❛♥❞

❛❞❛♣%❛%✐♦♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❜♦%❤ ❛♣♣$♦❛❝❤❡-✳

✐✐✐

(5)

❘!"✉♠!

▲❡" ♠♦❞&❧❡" ✸❉ ✈✐,-✉❡❧" "♦♥- ❛✉❥♦✉,❞✬❤✉✐ ❝♦✉,❛♠♠❡♥- ✉-✐❧✐"5" ❞❛♥" ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜,❡✉① ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡" ❞✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥

-❡❧" 9✉❡ ❧❛ "✐♠✉❧❛-✐♦♥ ♥✉♠5,✐9✉❡✱ ❧✬✐♠❛❣❡,✐❡ ♠5❞✐❝❛❧❡✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣-✐♦♥ ❛""✐"-5❡ ♣❛, ♦,❞✐♥❛-❡✉,✱ ❧✬✐♥❞✉"-,✐❡ ❞✉

❞✐✈❡,-✐""❡♠❡♥-✱ ❧❛ "❛✉✈❡❣❛,❞❡ ♥✉♠5,✐9✉❡ ❞✉ ♣❛-,✐♠♦✐♥❡ ❛✐♥"✐ 9✉❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♠♠❡,❝❡ 5❧❡❝-,♦♥✐9✉❡✳ ▲❡" ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡"

"♦♥- "♦✉✈❡♥- ✉-✐❧✐"5" ♣♦✉, ,❡♣,5"❡♥-❡, ❞❡" ♦❜❥❡-" ✸❉ ✈✐,-✉❡❧"✳ ❯♥ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡ "✉,❢❛❝✐9✉❡ ✭♦✉ ✈♦❧✉♠✐9✉❡✮ ❡"- ✉♥

❡♥"❡♠❜❧❡ ❞❡ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥❡" ✭♦✉ ❞❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡"✮ 5❧5♠❡♥-❛✐,❡" ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥-" 9✉✐✱ ❡♥"❡♠❜❧❡✱ ❝♦♥"-✐-✉❡♥- ✉♥❡ ❛♣♣,♦①✐♠❛-✐♦♥

♣❛, ♣❛,-✐❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ "✉,❢❛❝❡ ✭♦✉ ❞✉ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✮ ,❡♣,5"❡♥-5❡✳ ▲❡" ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" "♦♥- ❛✉❥♦✉,❞✬❤✉✐ ♦♠♥✐♣,5"❡♥-" ❞❛♥"

-♦✉-❡" ❧❡" ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥" 9✉✐ ♥5❝❡""✐-❡♥- ❧❡ ,❡♥❞✉ ❞✬♦❜❥❡-" ✸❉✳ ❉❡" ❝♦♠♣♦"❛♥-" 5❧❡❝-,♦♥✐9✉❡" ❞5❞✐5" ❛✉ ,❡♥❞✉

❞✬✐♠❛❣❡" B ♣❛,-✐, ❞❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" "♦♥- ✐♥-5❣,5" ❞❛♥" ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜,❡✉① -❡,♠✐♥❛✉①✱ ❞❡ ❧✬♦,❞✐♣❤♦♥❡ ❛✉ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛-❡✉,

❤❛✉-❡ ♣❡,❢♦,♠❛♥❝❡✳

❉❛♥" -♦✉- ❧❡" ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡" ❞✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥" 9✉✐ ✉-✐❧✐"❡♥- ❞❡" ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡"✱ ❧❡" ❜❡"♦✐♥" ❞❡ ♣,5❝✐"✐♦♥ ♥❡ ❝❡""❡♥-

❞✬❛✉❣♠❡♥-❡,✳ ❈❡❧❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❞,❡ ❧❛ ❣5♥5,❛-✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♠♦❞&❧❡" ❞❡ ♣❧✉" ❡♥ ♣❧✉" ✐♠♣♦,-❛♥-"✳ D❛, ❡①❡♠♣❧❡ ❛✉❥♦✉,❞✬❤✉✐✱

❞❡" ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥" ❞❡ "✐♠✉❧❛-✐♦♥ ♥✉♠5,✐9✉❡ ♣❡✉✈❡♥- ✉-✐❧✐"❡, ❞❡" ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" 9✉✐ ❝♦♥-✐❡♥♥❡♥- ♣❧✉"✐❡✉," ♠✐❧❧✐❛,❞"

❞❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❡"✳ ❖, ❧❡ "-♦❝❦❛❣❡ ❞❡ ❣,♦" ♠♦❞&❧❡" ❝♦♥"♦♠♠❡ ❜❡❛✉❝♦✉♣ ❞✬❡"♣❛❝❡ ❞✐"9✉❡✳ ▲❡✉, -,❛♥"♠✐""✐♦♥ "✉, ✉♥

,5"❡❛✉ B ❢❛✐❜❧❡ ❜❛♥❞❡ ♣❛""❛♥-❡ ♣❡✉- ♣,❡♥❞,❡ ❜❡❛✉❝♦✉♣ ❞❡ -❡♠♣"✳ ❉❡ ♣❧✉"✱ ❧❛ ✈✐"✉❛❧✐"❛-✐♦♥ ✐♥-❡,❛❝-✐✈❡ ❡- ♣❧✉"

❣5♥5,❛❧❡♠❡♥- ❧❡ -,❛✐-❡♠❡♥- ❞❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" ❞❡ ❣,❛♥❞❡ -❛✐❧❧❡ "♦♥- ♣,♦❜❧5♠❛-✐9✉❡" ❝❛, ✐❧" ,❡9✉✐&,❡♥- ❜❡❛✉❝♦✉♣

❞❡ -❡♠♣" ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧ ❡- ❞❡ ♠5♠♦✐,❡✳ ❉❡" "-,❛-5❣✐❡" ❞✬❛❞❛♣-❛-✐♦♥ ✸❉ "♦♥- ❞♦♥❝ ♥5❝❡""❛✐,❡" ♣♦✉, ❛❝❝5❞❡, B ✉♥

✐♠♣♦,-❛♥- ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡ B ♣❛,-✐, ❞✬✉♥ ♣5,✐♣❤5,✐9✉❡ B ❢❛✐❜❧❡ ,❡""♦✉,❝❡"✳

▲❛ -❤&"❡ ♣,5"❡♥-5❡ ❞❛♥" ❝❡ ♠❛♥✉"❝,✐- ✈♦✐- ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" ❝♦♠♠❡ ✉♥❡ ♠5-❤♦❞❡ ❡✣❝❛❝❡ ♣♦✉,

❧✬❛❞❛♣-❛-✐♦♥ ❞❡" ❞♦♥♥5❡" ✸❉✳ ▲❡ ♣,❡♠✐❡, ❜✉- ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" ❡"- ❡♥ ❡✛❡- ❞❡ ,5❞✉✐,❡ ❧❛ -❛✐❧❧❡

❞❡" ❞♦♥♥5❡" ❞✉ ♠♦❞&❧❡ ❞✬❡♥-,5❡✳ ▲❡" ❞♦♥♥5❡" ♣❡✉✈❡♥- ❛✐♥"✐ I-,❡ "-♦❝❦5❡" ❡- -,❛♥"♠✐"❡" ♣❧✉" ❛✐"5♠❡♥-✳ ▲❡" ❛❧✲

❣♦,✐-❤♠❡" ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ B "✐♠♣❧❡ -❛✉① ,❡"-❛✉,❡♥- ✉♥✐9✉❡♠❡♥-✱ ❛✉ ♠♦♠❡♥- ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞5❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥✱ ❧❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡

✐♥✐-✐❛❧✳ ❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥- ❞✬❛✉-,❡" -②♣❡" ❞✬❛❧❣♦,✐-❤♠❡" ♣❡,♠❡--❡♥- ❞❡ ❞5❝♦♠♣,❡""❡, ♣❧✉"✐❡✉," ✈❡,"✐♦♥" ❞✉ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡

✐♥✐-✐❛❧ ❡♥ ❢♦♥❝-✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛,-✐❡ ❞❡" ❞♦♥♥5❡" 9✉✐ ❡"- ❞5❝♦❞5❡✳

❆✐♥"✐✱ ❧❡" ❛❧❣♦,✐-❤♠❡" ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ♣,♦❣,❡""✐✈❡ ❡♠❜❛,9✉❡♥- ❞❛♥" ❧❡" ❞♦♥♥5❡" ❝♦♠♣,❡""5❡" ✉♥❡ "-,✉❝-✉,❡

❞❡ ❞♦♥♥5❡ ♠✉❧-✐,5"♦❧✉-✐♦♥✳ ❉✉,❛♥- ❧❛ ❞5❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥✱ ✉♥❡ ✈❡,"✐♦♥ ❣,♦""✐&,❡ ❞✉ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡ ✐♥✐-✐❛❧ ❡"- ♣,♦❣,❡"✲

"✐✈❡♠❡♥- ,❛✣♥5❡ ❛✉ ❢✉, ❡- B ♠❡"✉,❡ 9✉❡ ❞❡" ❞♦♥♥5❡" "✉♣♣❧5♠❡♥-❛✐,❡" "♦♥- ❞5❝♦♠♣,❡""5❡"✳

▲❡" -❡❝❤♥✐9✉❡" ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ❛✈❡❝ ❛❝❝&" ❛❧5❛-♦✐,❡ ♣❡,♠❡--❡♥- ❞❡ ❞5❝♦♠♣,❡""❡, ❥✉"-❡ ❧❡" ♣❛,-✐❡" ❞✉ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡

,❡9✉✐"❡" ♣❛, ❧✬✉-✐❧✐"❛-❡✉,✳

❊♥✜♥✱ ❧❡" -❡❝❤♥✐9✉❡" ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ♣,♦❣,❡""✐✈❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❛❝❝&" ❛❧5❛-♦✐,❡ ♣❡,♠❡--❡♥- ❞❡ ❞5❝♦♠♣,❡""❡, ❞✐✛5,❡♥-❡"

♣❛,-✐❡" ❞✉ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡ B ❞✐✛5,❡♥-" ♥✐✈❡❛✉① ❞❡ ❞5-❛✐❧✳

▲❛ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" ♣❡,♠❡- ❞♦♥❝✱ ❣,N❝❡ B ❝❡" ❞✐✛5,❡♥-" -②♣❡" ❞✬❛❧❣♦,✐-❤♠❡"✱ ❞✬❛❞❛♣-❡, ❧❡" ♠❛✐❧✲

❧❛❣❡" ✸❉ ♣♦✉, 5❝♦♥♦♠✐"❡, ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛♥❞❡ ♣❛""❛♥-❡✱ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠5♠♦✐,❡ ❡- ❞✉ -❡♠♣" ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧✳ ❊❧❧❡ ♣❡,♠❡- ❛✉""✐

❞✬❛✉❣♠❡♥-❡, ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐-5 ❞❡ ❧✬✉-✐❧✐"❛-❡✉, ❞✬✐♥-❡,❛❣✐, ❛✈❡❝ ❧❡" ❞♦♥♥5❡"✳

▲❡" -,❛✈❛✉① ❞❡ ❧✬5-❛- ❞❡ ❧✬❛,- ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ♣,♦❣,❡""✐✈❡ ❞❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" "❡ "♦♥- ❝♦♥❝❡♥-,5" "✉, ❧❡" ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡"

-,✐❛♥❣✉❧❛✐,❡"✳ ▼❛✐" ❧❡" ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" ❝♦♥-❡♥❛♥- ❞✬❛✉-,❡" -②♣❡" ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡" "♦♥- ❛✉""✐ ❝♦✉,❛♠♠❡♥- ✉-✐❧✐"5"✳ D❛,

❝♦♥"59✉❡♥-✱ ♥♦✉" ♣,♦♣♦"♦♥" ❡♥ ♣,❡♠✐❡, ❧✐❡✉ ✉♥❡ ♥♦✉✈❡❧❧❡ ♠5-❤♦❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ♣,♦❣,❡""✐✈❡ 9✉✐ ♣❡✉- ❡✣✲

❝❛❝❡♠❡♥- ❡♥❝♦❞❡, ❞❡" ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" ❛✈❡❝ ❞❡" ❢❛❝❡" ❞❡ ❞❡❣,5" ❛,❜✐-,❛✐,❡"✳ ❈❡ ♥♦✉✈❡❧ ❛❧❣♦,✐-❤♠❡ ❛--❡✐♥- ✉♥ ♥✐✈❡❛✉

❞❡ ♣❡,❢♦,♠❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♣❛,❛❜❧❡ ❛✉① ❛❧❣♦,✐-❤♠❡" ♣,♦❣,❡""✐❢" ❞5❞✐5" B ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" -,✐❛♥❣✉❧❛✐,❡"✳

▲❛ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ♣,♦❣,❡""✐✈❡ ❡"- ❧✐5❡ B ❧❛ ❞5❝✐♠❛-✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" ❝❛, ❝❡" ❞❡✉① ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐♦♥" ❣5♥&,❡♥- ❞❡"

♥✐✈❡❛✉① ❞❡ ❞5-❛✐❧✳ D❛, ❝♦♥"59✉❡♥-✱ ♥♦✉" ♣,♦♣♦"♦♥" ✉♥❡ ♥♦✉✈❡❧❧❡ ♠5-,✐9✉❡ ✈♦❧✉♠✐9✉❡ "✐♠♣❧❡ ♣♦✉, ❣✉✐❞❡,

❧❛ ❞5❝✐♠❛-✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" ♣♦❧②❣♦♥❛✉①✳ ◆♦✉" ❛♣♣❧✐9✉♦♥" ❝❡--❡ ♠5-,✐9✉❡ B ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ♣,♦❣,❡""✐✈❡ ❡- ❧❛

"✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛-✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡" ♣♦❧②❣♦♥❛✉①✳

◆♦✉" ♠♦♥-,♦♥" ❡♥"✉✐-❡ 9✉❡ ❧❡" ♣♦""✐❜✐❧✐-5" ♦✛❡,-❡" ♣❛, ❧❡" ❛❧❣♦,✐-❤♠❡" ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ♣,♦❣,❡""✐✈❡ ♣❡✉✈❡♥- I-,❡ ❡①♣❧♦✐-5❡" ♣♦✉, ❛❞❛♣-❡, ❧❡" ❞♦♥♥5❡" ✸❉ ❡♥ ♣,♦♣♦"❛♥- ✉♥ ♥♦✉✈❡❛✉ ❝❛❞,❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛-✐❢ ♣♦✉, ❧❛ ✈✐"✉❛❧✐"❛-✐♦♥

"❝✐❡♥-✐✜9✉❡ ❞✐"-❛♥-❡✳

▲❡" ❛❧❣♦,✐-❤♠❡" ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ♣,♦❣,❡""✐✈❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❛❝❝&" ❛❧5❛-♦✐,❡ ♣❡✉✈❡♥- ♠✐❡✉① ❛❞❛♣-❡, ❧❡" ❞♦♥♥5❡" ✸❉ ❛✉①

❞✐✛5,❡♥-❡" ❝♦♥-,❛✐♥-❡" ❡♥ ♣,❡♥❛♥- ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣-❡ ❧❡" ,5❣✐♦♥" ❞✬✐♥-5,I- ❞❡ ❧✬✉-✐❧✐"❛-❡✉,✳ ◆♦✉" ♣,♦♣♦"♦♥" ❞♦♥❝ ❞❡✉①

♥♦✉✈❡❛✉① ❛❧❣♦,✐-❤♠❡" ♣,♦❣,❡""✐❢" ❛✈❡❝ ❛❝❝&" ❛❧5❛-♦✐,❡✳ ▲❡ ♣,❡♠✐❡, ❛❧❣♦,✐-❤♠❡ ❡"- ❜❛"5 "✉, ✉♥❡ "❡❣♠❡♥-❛-✐♦♥

♣,5❧✐♠✐♥❛✐,❡ ❞✉ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡ ❞✬❡♥-,5❡✳ ❈❤❛9✉❡ ❣,❛♣♣❡ ❡"- ❡♥"✉✐-❡ ❝♦♠♣,❡""5❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐&,❡ ✐♥❞5♣❡♥❞❛♥-❡ ♣❛,

✉♥ ❛❧❣♦,✐-❤♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ♣,♦❣,❡""✐❢✳ ▲❡ "❡❝♦♥❞ ❛❧❣♦,✐-❤♠❡ ❡"- ❜❛"5 "✉, ❧❡ ❣,♦✉♣❡♠❡♥- ❤✐5,❛,❝❤✐9✉❡ ❞❡"

✐✈

(6)

♦♠♠❡$ ♦❜$❡♥✉ ♣❛* ❧❛ ❞-❝✐♠❛$✐♦♥✳ ▲✬❛✈❛♥$❛❣❡ ❞❡ ❝❡$$❡ ❡❝♦♥❞❡ ♠-$❤♦❞❡ ❡ $ 6✉✬❡❧❧❡ ♦✛*❡ ✉♥❡ ❢♦*$❡ ❣*❛♥✉❧❛*✐$-

❞✬❛❝❝9 ❛❧-❛$♦✐*❡ ❡$ ❣-♥9*❡ ❞❡ ♠❛✐❧❧❛❣❡ ❞-❝♦♠♣*❡ - ❡♥ ✉♥❡ ♣✐9❝❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❞❡ $*❛♥ ✐$✐♦♥ ❧✐ ❡ ❡♥$*❡ ❧❡ ♣❛*$✐❡

❞-❝♦♠♣*❡ -❡ : ✉♥ ❢❛✐❜❧❡ ❡$ ✉♥ ❤❛✉$ ♥✐✈❡❛✉ ❞❡ ❞-$❛✐❧✳ ❉❡ *- ✉❧$❛$ ❡①♣-*✐♠❡♥$❛✉① ❞-♠♦♥$*❡♥$ ❧✬❡✣❝❛❝✐$-

❞❡ ❞❡✉① ❛♣♣*♦❝❤❡ ❡♥ $❡*♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣*❡ ✐♦♥ ❡$ ❞✬❛❞❛♣$❛$✐♦♥✳

(7)

❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥+,

❚❤❡#❡ ❛#❡ ♦❢ ❝♦✉#)❡ ♠❛♥② ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ■ )❤♦✉❧❞ 1❤❛♥❦ ❢♦# ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ♠❛❞❡ ♣♦))✐❜❧❡ 1❤✐) ✇♦#❦✳ ■ ✇✐❧❧ 1#② ❤❡#❡ 1♦ ♥♦1

❢♦#❣❡1 )♦♠❡ ♦❢ 1❤❡♠✳

❚❤❡ ✜#)1 ♣❡#)♦♥ 1♦ 1❤❛♥❦ ✐) ♦❢ ❝♦✉#)❡ ♠② ❛❞✈✐)♦# ❈;❧✐♥❡ ❍✉❞❡❧♦1 ✇❤♦ 1#✉)1❡❞ ♠❡ 1♦ )1❛#1 1❤✐) 1❤❡)✐)✳ ❙❤❡

❣❛✈❡ ♠❡ ❛ ❧♦1 ♦❢ ❛✉1♦♥♦♠②✱ ❣✉✐❞❡❞ ♠❡ ❡①❝❡❧❧❡♥1 ❛❞✈✐)❡) ❛♥❞ ✐♥1#♦❞✉❝❡❞ ♠❡ 1♦ ❣#❡❛1 ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ❚❤✉)✱ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞

❧✐❦❡ ❛❧)♦ 1♦ 1❤❛♥❦ ■❛♥ ●#✐♠)1❡❛❞ ❢♦# ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ♦✛❡#❡❞ ♠❡ 1❤❡ ♦♣♣♦#1✉♥✐1② 1♦ ✇♦#❦ ❛1 ❈❛#❞✐✛ ✉♥✐✈❡#)✐1② ✉♥❞❡#

❤✐) )✉♣❡#✈✐)✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ B✐❡##❡ ❆❧❧✐❡③ ❢♦# 1❤❡ ✈❡#② #✐❝❤ ❡①♣❡#✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦✲❛✉1❤♦#✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❛♣❡# ✇✐1❤ ❤✐♠✳ ■ ❛♠ ❛❧)♦

1❤❛♥❦❢✉❧ 1♦ ▼❛#❝ ❆✐❣✉✐❡# ❢♦# ❛❝❝❡♣1✐♥❣ 1♦ ❝♦✲❞✐#❡❝1 ♠② #❡)❡❛#❝❤ ❛♥❞ B❛)❝❛❧❡ ▲❡ ●❛❧❧ ❢♦# ❤❡# ❛❞✈✐❝❡)✳

❚❤❡ ✇♦#❦ ❞❡)❝#✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ 1❤✐) 1❤❡)✐) ✇❛) ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ 1❤❡ ❝♦♥1❡①1 ♦❢ 1❤❡ ❆◆❘ ❈♦❧❧❛✈✐③ ♣#♦❥❡❝1✳ ■1 ❤❛) ❜❡❡♥

❛ ♣❧❡❛)✉#❡ 1♦ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦#❛1❡ ✇✐1❤ ❛❧❧ ✐1) ♠❡♠❜❡#)✱ ❡)♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇✐1❤ 1❤❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♦❢ ▲■❘■❙ ❧❛❜♦#❛1♦#② ✐♥ ▲②♦♥✿ ❍♦

▲❡❡✱ ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ▲❛✈♦✉;✱ ❋❧♦#❡♥1 ❉✉♣♦♥1 ❛♥❞ ➬❛➜❛1❛② ❉✐❦✐❝✐✳

■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ ❛❧)♦ 1♦ 1❤❛♥❦ 1❤❡ ♦1❤❡# ♠❡♠❜❡#) ♦❢ ♠② B❤❉ ❥✉#② 1❤❛1 ■ ❞✐❞ ♥♦1 ♠❡♥1✐♦♥ ✉♥1✐❧ ❤❡#❡✿ ❘❛♣❤❛P❧❧❡

❈❤❛✐♥❡✱ ▼❛#❝ ❆♥1♦♥✐♥✐✱ ❋#❛♥❦ ▲❡❞♦✉① ❛♥❞ ▼♦❤❛♠❡❞ ❉❛♦✉❞✐✳ ■ #❡❛❧❧② ❛♣♣#❡❝✐❛1❡❞ 1❤❡✐# Q✉❡)1✐♦♥) ❛♥❞

#❡♠❛#❦) 1♦ ✐♠♣#♦✈❡ ♠② ✇♦#❦✳

■ 1❤❛♥❦ ❛❧)♦ ❛❧❧ ♠② ❢♦#♠❡# ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡) ❛♥❞ ❢#✐❡♥❞) ❛1 1❤❡ ▼❆❙ ❧❛❜♦#❛1♦#② ♦❢ 1❤❡ ❊❝♦❧❡ ❈❡♥1#❛❧❡ B❛#✐)✿

❑♦♥)1❛♥1✐♥ ❚♦❞♦#♦✈ ❢♦# ♦✉# 1❛❧❦) ❛♥❞ ❤✐) ✇✐❞❡ ❝✉❧1✉#❡✱ ❈❧;♠❡♥1 ❈♦✉#❜❡1 ❢♦# ❤✐) )1#♦♥❣ ✈✐❡✇) ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈✐♥❣

)❤♦✇♥ ♠❡ 1❤❡ ✇❛②✱ ◆✐❝♦❧❛) ❏❛♠❡) ❢♦# ♦✉# ❣❡❡❦ ❞✐)❝✉))✐♦♥)✱ ❇✐❧❛❧ ❑❛♥)♦ ❢♦# 1❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♠❡ ❛❜♦✉1 ▲❡❜❛♥♦♥✱

❆❞✐1❤ B❡#❡③ ❢♦# 1❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♠❡ ❛❜♦✉1 ❈♦❧✉♠❜✐❛ ❛♥❞ ❧❛1✐♥ ❛♠❡#✐❝❛✱ ◆❡)#✐♥❡ ❇❡♥ ▼✉)1❛♣❤❛ ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥❣ ❇✉✐ ❢♦#

♦✉# ❢✉♥♥② 1❛❜❧❡ ❢♦♦1❜❛❧❧ ♣❧❛②)✱ ❙♦✜❛♥❡ ❑❛#❝❤♦✉❞✐ ❛♥❞ ▼❛#❝✲❆♥1♦✐♥❡ ❆#♥❛✉❞ ❢♦# 1❤❡✐# ❤✉♠♦#✱ ❆♠❡❧ ❩♥❛✐❞✐❛

❢♦# ❤❡# ❞❡1❡#♠✐♥❛1✐♦♥✱ ❲❛❧✐❞ ❍❛❝❤✐❝❤❛ ❢♦# ❤✐) ❣♦♦❞ ✇♦#❦✱ ❊♠♠❛♥✉❡❧❧❡ ●❛❧❧❡1 ❢♦# ❤❛✈✐♥❣ #❡♠❡♠❜❡#❡❞ ♠❡

❛1 1❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ♠② 1❤❡)✐) 1❤❡ ♠♦1✐✈❛1✐♦♥ ♦❢ 1❤❡ )1❛#1✐♥❣ B❤❉ )1✉❞❡♥1✱ ❏♦)❡ B❛❜❧♦ ❊)❝♦❜❡❞♦ ❢♦# ❤✐) ❢#✐❡♥❞❧②

❝♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ❆♥1❤♦♥② ●#✐)❡② ❢♦# ❤✐) ❣♦♦❞ ♠♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❧❛)1 ❜✉1 ♥♦1 ❧❡❛)1 ❍✐❝❤❡♠ ❇❛♥♥♦✉# ❢♦# ❛ ❧♦1 ♦❢ 1❤✐♥❣)✳✳✳ ■

❤❛✈❡ ❛❧)♦ ❛ 1❤♦✉❣❤1 ❛❜♦✉1 ❛❧❧ 1❤❡ ♦1❤❡# ♠❡♠❜❡#) ♦❢ 1❤❡ ❧❛❜♦#❛1♦#② ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠✐①❡❞ ✇✐1❤✱ ❡)♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❆♥♥✐❡

●❧♦♠;#♦♥✱ ❙②❧✈✐❡ ❉❡#✈✐♥ ❢♦# 1❤❡✐# ❛❧✇❛②) ❡✣❝✐❡♥1 ❧♦❣✐)1✐❝❛❧ )✉♣♣♦#1 ❛♥❞ 1❤❡ ❞✐#❡❝1♦# ❋#;❞;#✐❝ ❆❜❡#❣❡❧ ❢♦#

♠❛✐♥1❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ✇♦#❦✐♥❣ ❛1♠♦)♣❤❡#❡ ✐♥)✐❞❡ 1❤❡ ❧❛❜♦#❛1♦#②✳

■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧)♦ ❧✐❦❡ 1♦ 1❤❛♥❦ ❛❧❧ 1❤❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ■ ♠❡1 ❛1 1❤❡ ❈❛#❞✐✛ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉1❡# ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✫ ■♥❢♦#♠❛1✐❝)

❛1 ❈❛#❞✐✛ ✉♥✐✈❡#)✐1②✿ ❨❛)❡# ❆❧♦)❡❢❡# ❢♦# ❤✐) ❧✐♠✐1❧❡)) ♠♦1✐✈❛1✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦✉# #✐❝❤ ❞✐)❝✉))✐♦♥)✱ ■♦❛♥ B❡1#✐ ❢♦# ❤✐) )❡♥)❡ ♦❢ ❤✉♠♦# ❛♥❞ ❘❛❢❛❡❧ ❚♦❧♦)❛♥❛ ❈❛❧❛)❛♥③✱ ❘✐❝❛#❞♦ ❏✳ ❘♦❞#[❣✉❡③✱ ❘❛Q✉❡❧ B❧✉♠❡❞ ❋❡##❡#✱ ❏♦)❡ ❆♥❣❡❧

❇❛\❛#❡) ❢♦# ❜#✐♥❣✐♥❣ )♦♠❡ ❙♣❛♥✐)❤ )✉♥ ✐♥ ❈❛#❞✐✛ ❛♥❞ 1❤❡ ❣#❡❛1 1✐♠❡ )♣❡♥1 1♦❣❡1❤❡#✳

❚❤✐) ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥1 )❡❝1✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦1 ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡1❡ ✇✐1❤♦✉1 ♠❡♥1✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♠② ❢❛♠✐❧②✿ ♠② ♣❛#❡♥1) B❛1#✐❝❡

❛♥❞ B❛1#✐❝✐❛✱ ♠② ❧✐11❧❡ )✐)1❡#) ▲;♥❛ ❛♥❞ ❈;❧✐❛✳ ■1 ✇❛) ❛✇❡)♦♠❡ 1♦ ❣#♦✇ ❛♥❞ ❡✈♦❧✈❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ 1❤❡♠✳

❖❢ ❝♦✉#)❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡1✐♥❣ 1❤✐) 1❤❡)✐) ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦1 ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣♦))✐❜❧❡ ✇✐1❤♦✉1 1❤❡ ✉♥❝♦♥❞✐1✐♦♥❛❧ )✉♣♣♦#1 ❛♥❞

1❤❡ ♣❛1✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ 1❤❡ ❝♦❧❞ ♣♦✇ ♠❛#♠♦1✳

✈✐

(8)

❚♦ ❈#❝✐❧❡✱ ▲✉❝❡++❡✱ ▼❛.✐❡✲❏♦1#❡ ❛♥❞ ❚❤#♦♣❤✐❧❡✳

✈✐✐

(9)

✈✐✐✐

(10)

❈♦♥#❡♥#%

❆❜"#$❛❝# ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✐✐✐

❘*"✉♠* ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✐✈

❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥#" ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✈✐

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡" ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ①✈

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉$❡" ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ①✈✐✐

■♥"#♦❞✉❝"✐♦♥ ✶

✶ *#❡❧✐♠✐♥❛#✐❡/ ♦♥ ♠❡/❤❡/ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣#❡//✐♦♥ ✾

✶✳✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾

✶✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐#✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♠❡"❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾

✶✳✷✳✶ B$❛❝#✐❝❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐#✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾

✶✳✷✳✷ ❱❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ $❡❣✉❧❛$✐#② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶

✶✳✷✳✸ ❋♦$♠❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐#✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷

✶✳✷✳✹ ▼❛♥✐❢♦❧❞ ♣$♦♣❡$#② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷

✶✳✷✳✺ ❊✉❧❡$ ❝❤❛$❛❝#❡$✐"#✐❝✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸

✶✳✸ ❙#♦$✐♥❣ ❛ ♠❡"❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹

✶✳✸✳✶ ■♥❞❡①❡❞ ❞❛#❛ "#$✉❝#✉$❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺

✶✳✸✳✷ ❲✐♥❣❡❞✲❡❞❣❡ ❞❛#❛ "#$✉❝#✉$❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺

✶✳✸✳✸ ❍❛❧❢❡❞❣❡ ❞❛#❛ "#$✉❝#✉$❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻

✶✳✹ ❉❛#❛ ❝♦♠♣$❡""✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻

✶✳✹✳✶ ❙❤❛♥♥♦♥ ❡♥#$♦♣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

✶✳✹✳✷ ❊♥#$♦♣② ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

✷ ❙"❛"❡ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❛#" ♦♥ /✐♥❣❧❡✲#❛"❡ ♠❡/❤ ❝♦♠♣#❡//✐♦♥ ✶✾

✷✳✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

✷✳✷ ❈♦♥♥❡❝#✐✈✐#② ❝♦♠♣$❡""✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

✷✳✷✳✶ ❚$✐❛♥❣❧❡ "#$✐♣ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

✷✳✷✳✷ ❙♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ #$❡❡ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♣❧❛♥❛$ ❣$❛♣❤" ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✷✳✷✳✸ ❙♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ #$❡❡ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♠❡"❤❡" ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✷✳✷✳✹ ❚$✐❛♥❣❧❡ #$❛✈❡$"❛❧ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✐①

(11)

✷✳✷✳✺ ❱❛❧❡♥❝❡ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻

✷✳✷✳✻ ❈♦♠♣1❡22✐♥❣ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ♠❡2❤❡2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✷✳✷✳✼ ❈♦♠♣1❡22✐♥❣ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♠❡2❤❡2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✷✳✸ ●❡♦♠❡;1② ❝♦♠♣1❡22✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

✷✳✸✳✶ ◗✉❛♥;✐③❛;✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

✷✳✸✳✷ @1❡❞✐❝;✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵

✷✳✸✳✸ ●❡♦♠❡;1②✲❞1✐✈❡♥ ❝♦♠♣1❡22✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

✷✳✸✳✹ ❈♦♠♣1❡22✐♥❣ ✢♦❛;✐♥❣✲♣♦✐♥; ♣♦2✐;✐♦♥2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

✷✳✹ ❍❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❧❛1❣❡ ♠❡2❤❡2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

✷✳✺ ❈♦♠♣1❡22✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ 1❡♠❡2❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✷✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✸ ❙"❛"❡ ♦❢ "❤❡ ❛(" ♦♥ ♣(♦❣(❡,,✐✈❡ ♠❡,❤ ❝♦♠♣(❡,,✐♦♥ ✸✼

✸✳✶ ■♥;1♦❞✉❝;✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

✸✳✷ ❈♦♥♥❡❝;✐✈✐;②✲♣1❡2❡1✈✐♥❣ 2❝❤❡♠❡2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽

✸✳✷✳✶ ❊❞❣❡ ❝♦❧❧❛♣2❡ ❛♥❞ ✈❡1;❡① 2♣❧✐;✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽

✸✳✷✳✷ ❱❡1;❡① 1❡♠♦✈❛❧2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵

✸✳✷✳✸ ●❡♦♠❡;1②✲❞1✐✈❡♥ ♣1♦❣1❡22✐✈❡ ♠❡2❤ ❝♦♠♣1❡22✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

✸✳✷✳✹ ❲❛✈❡❧❡; ❢♦1 ✐11❡❣✉❧❛1 ♠❡2❤❡2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸

✸✳✷✳✺ @1♦❣1❡22✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣1❡22✐♦♥ ;❤1♦✉❣❤ 1❡❝♦♥2;1✉❝;✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸

✸✳✷✳✻ ●❡♦♠❡;1② ❝♦♠♣1❡22✐♦♥ ✇✐;❤ ;❤❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝✐❛♥ ♦♣❡1❛;♦1✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

✸✳✷✳✼ @♦❧②❣♦♥ ♠❡2❤❡2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

✸✳✷✳✽ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ♠❡2❤❡2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

✸✳✷✳✾ ❈♦♠♣1❡22✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛;;1✐❜✉;❡ ❞❛;❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

✸✳✸ ❈♦♥♥❡❝;✐✈✐;②✲♦❜❧✐✈✐♦✉2 2❝❤❡♠❡2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

✸✳✸✳✶ ❲❛✈❡❧❡; ❢♦1 2❡♠✐✲1❡❣✉❧❛1 ♠❡2❤❡2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

✸✳✸✳✷ ●❡♦♠❡;1② ✐♠❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

✸✳✸✳✸ ▼❡2❤●1✐❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

✸✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉2✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

✹ 3(♦❣(❡,,✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣(❡,,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ♠❡,❤❡, ✺✶

✹✳✶ ■♥;1♦❞✉❝;✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶

✹✳✷ ❇❛2❡ ❛❧❣♦1✐;❤♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷

✹✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣1❡22✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷

✹✳✷✳✷ ❉❡❝♦♠♣1❡22✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✹✳✸ ■♠♣1♦✈✐♥❣ ❝♦♥♥❡❝;✐✈✐;② ❛♥❞ ❣❡♦♠❡;1② ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✹✳✸✳✶ @1❡❞✐❝;✐♥❣ ❝♦♥♥❡❝;✐✈✐;② ❢1♦♠ ❣❡♦♠❡;1② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✹✳✸✳✷ ❈✉1✈❛;✉1❡ ♣1❡❞✐❝;✐♦♥ ❢♦1 ❣❡♦♠❡;1② ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✹✳✹ ■♠♣1♦✈✐♥❣ ;❤❡ 1❛;❡✲❞✐2;♦1;✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶

(12)

✹✳✹✳✶ ❲❛✈❡❧❡( ❢♦+♠✉❧❛(✐♦♥ ♦❢ (❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡(+② ❝♦♠♣+❡55✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶

✹✳✹✳✷ ❆❞❛♣(✐✈❡ :✉❛♥(✐③❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

✹✳✺ ❊①♣❡+✐♠❡♥(❛❧ +❡5✉❧(5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸

✹✳✺✳✶ @+♦❣+❡55✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣+❡55✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ♠❡5❤❡5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹

✹✳✺✳✷ @+♦❣+❡55✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣+❡55✐♦♥ ♦❢ (+✐❛♥❣❧❡ ♠❡5❤❡5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺

✹✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽

✺ ❆ "✐♠♣❧❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♠❡+,✐❝ ❢♦, ♣♦❧②❣♦♥ ♠❡"❤ ❞❡❝✐♠❛+✐♦♥ ✼✶

✺✳✶ ■♥(+♦❞✉❝(✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶

✺✳✷ @♦❧②❣♦♥ ♠❡5❤ ❞❡❝✐♠❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷

✺✳✷✳✶ @+✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷

✺✳✷✳✷ ❚❤❡ 5✐♠♣❧❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♠❡(+✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸

✺✳✷✳✸ ❘❡5✉❧(5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹

✺✳✸ @+♦❣+❡55✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣+❡55✐♦♥ ❣✉✐❞❡❞ ❜② (❤❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♠❡(+✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺

✺✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺

✻ ❘❡♠♦+❡ ✈✐"✉❛❧✐③❛+✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣,♦❣,❡""✐✈❡ ▼❡"❤❡" ✼✾

✻✳✶ ■♥(+♦❞✉❝(✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾

✻✳✷ @+❡✈✐♦✉5 ✇♦+❦ ♦♥ ✸❉ ❞❛(❛ 5(+❡❛♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❛♣(❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵

✻✳✸ ❆❞❛♣(❛(✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ 5(+❡❛♠✐♥❣ ❢+❛♠❡✇♦+❦ ✇✐(❤ ❳✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷

✻✳✸✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❛♣(❛(✐♦♥ ♣❛+❛♠❡(❡+5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷

✻✳✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❛♣(❛(✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦+✐(❤♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸

✻✳✸✳✸ ❙(+❡❛♠✐♥❣ ❧❡✈❡❧5 ♦❢ ❞❡(❛✐❧ ✇✐(❤ ❳✸❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹

✻✳✹ ❊①♣❡+✐♠❡♥(5✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹

✻✳✹✳✶ @+♦❣+❡55✐✈❡ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ 5❝❤❡♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

✻✳✹✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❧❡(❡ 5(+❡❛♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❛♣(❛(✐♦♥ ❢+❛♠❡✇♦+❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻

✻✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽

✼ ❙+❛+❡ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❛,+ ♦♥ ,❛♥❞♦♠ ❛❝❝❡""✐❜❧❡ ♠❡"❤ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ✾✶

✼✳✶ ■♥(+♦❞✉❝(✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶

✼✳✷ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❛❝❝❡55✐❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣+❡55✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶

✼✳✸ @+♦❣+❡55✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ +❛♥❞♦♠ ❛❝❝❡55✐❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣+❡55✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸

✼✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥♥❡❝(✐✈✐(②✲♣+❡5❡+✈✐♥❣ 5❝❤❡♠❡5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹

✼✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♥♥❡❝(✐✈✐(②✲♦❜❧✐✈✐♦✉5 5❝❤❡♠❡5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺

✼✳✸✳✸ ❉❛(❛ 5(+✉❝(✉+❡5 ❢♦+ ✈✐❡✇ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥( ✈✐5✉❛❧✐③❛(✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺

✼✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉5✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺

✽ ?,♦❣,❡""✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ,❛♥❞♦♠ ❛❝❝❡""✐❜❧❡ ♠❡"❤ ❝♦♠♣,❡""✐♦♥ ❜❛"❡❞ ♦♥ ♠❡"❤ "❡❣♠❡♥+❛+✐♦♥ ✾✾

✽✳✶ ■♥(+♦❞✉❝(✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾

✽✳✷ ❱❛+✐❛(✐♦♥❛❧ 5❡❣♠❡♥(❛(✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶

①✐

(13)

✽✳✷✳✶ $%✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶

✽✳✷✳✷ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣%♦❜❧❡♠ ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷

✽✳✷✳✸ ❘❡7✉❧97 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸

✽✳✸ ❉❡❝✐♠❛9✐♦♥✲❜❛7❡❞ 7❡❣♠❡♥9❛9✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺

✽✳✸✳✶ ●❡99✐♥❣ 9❤❡ 7❡❣♠❡♥9❛9✐♦♥ ❢%♦♠ 9❤❡ ❞❡❝✐♠❛9✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺

✽✳✸✳✷ ❘❡7✉❧97 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺

✽✳✹ ❈♦♠♣%❡77✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼

✽✳✹✳✶ ❲✐%❡✲♥❡9 ♠❡7❤ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼

✽✳✹✳✷ ❲✐%❡ ❝♦♠♣%❡77✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼

✽✳✹✳✸ ❈❤❛%9 ❝♦♠♣%❡77✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼

✽✳✹✳✹ ❊①♣❡%✐♠❡♥9❛❧ ❝♦♠♣%❡77✐♦♥ %❡7✉❧97✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽

✽✳✺ ❉❡❝♦♠♣%❡77✐♦♥ 7❝❤❡♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵

✽✳✺✳✶ ❱✐❡✇✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥9 ❞❡❝♦♠♣%❡77✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵

✽✳✺✳✷ ❉❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐9❤ ❜♦✉♥❞❛%✐❡7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵

✽✳✺✳✸ ❉❡❝♦♠♣%❡77✐♦♥ 9✐♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶

✽✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉7✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶

✾ !"♦❣"❡&&✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ "❛♥❞♦♠ ❛❝❝❡&&✐❜❧❡ ♠❡&❤ ❝♦♠♣"❡&&✐♦♥ ❜❛&❡❞ ♦♥ ❤✐❡"❛"❝❤✐❝❛❧ ✈❡"2❡① ❝❧✉&✲

2❡"✐♥❣ ✶✶✺

✾✳✶ ■♥9%♦❞✉❝9✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺

✾✳✷ ❖✈❡%✈✐❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻

✾✳✸ ❉❡❝✐♠❛9✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼

✾✳✹ ❈♦♠♣%❡77✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ %❡❝♦♥79%✉❝9✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽

✾✳✹✳✶ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧7 ♦❢ ❞❡9❛✐❧ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ %❡❝♦♥79%✉❝9✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾

✾✳✹✳✷ ❈❧✉79❡%❡❞ ❧❡✈❡❧7 ♦❢ ❞❡9❛✐❧ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ %❡❝♦♥79%✉❝9✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾

✾✳✹✳✸ ❊♥9%♦♣② ❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣%❡77❡❞ ✜❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶

✾✳✺ ❉❡❝♦♠♣%❡77✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶

✾✳✻ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ 9❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡% ♦❢ ❝❧✉79❡%7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷

✾✳✼ ❊①♣❡%✐♠❡♥9❛❧ %❡7✉❧97 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸

✾✳✽ ❈♦♠♣❛%✐7♦♥7 ❛♥❞ ❞✐7❝✉77✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺

✾✳✽✳✶ $%♦❣%❡77✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ %❛♥❞♦♠ ❛❝❝❡77✐❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣%❡77✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺

✾✳✽✳✷ $%♦❣%❡77✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣%❡77✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾

✾✳✽✳✸ ❈♦♠♣%❡77✐♥❣ ❧❛%❣❡ ♠❡7❤❡7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾

✾✳✽✳✹ ❉❛9❛ 79%✉❝9✉%❡7 ❢♦% ✐♥9❡%❛❝9✐✈❡ ✈✐7✉❛❧✐③❛9✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾

✾✳✾ ❈♦♥❝❧✉7✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾

●❡♥❡"❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❧✉&✐♦♥ ✶✸✶

❆♣♣❡♥❞✐①✿ ■♥2"♦❞✉❝2✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❋"❡♥❝❤ ✶✸✺

①✐✐

(14)

❇✐❜❧✐♦❣&❛♣❤② ✶✹✺

①✐✐✐

(15)

①✐✈

(16)

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡"

✷✳✶ ❙✉♠♠❛'② ♦❢ +❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ 0✐♥❣❧❡✲'❛+❡ ❝♦♠♣'❡00✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦'✐+❤♠0 ❛♣♣'♦①✐♠❛+❡❧② '❛♥❦❡❞ ❜② +❤❡✐' ❝♦♥✲

♥❡❝+✐✈✐+② ❝♦♠♣'❡00✐♦♥ ♣❡'❢♦'♠❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✸✳✶ ❙✉♠♠❛'② ♦❢ +❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣'♦❣'❡00✐✈❡ ♠❡0❤ ❝♦♠♣'❡00✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦'✐+❤♠0✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

✹✳✶ ❈♦♠♣'❡00✐♦♥ '❛+❡0 ✐♥ ❜✐+0 ♣❡' ✈❡'+❡①✱ ✇✐+❤♦✉+ ❛♥② '❛+❡✲❞✐0+♦'+✐♦♥ ♦♣+✐♠✐③❛+✐♦♥0✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽

✻✳✶ ▲♦00❧❡00 ❝♦♠♣'❡00✐♦♥ '❡0✉❧+0 ❢♦' 0❡✈❡'❛❧ ♦❜❥❡❝+0 ❢'♦♠ 0❝✐❡♥+✐✜❝ 0✐♠✉❧❛+✐♦♥0 ✇✐+❤ +❤❡ ❛❧❣♦'✐+❤♠

❢'♦♠ ❬▲❡❡ ❡+ ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻

✻✳✷ ❘❡0✉❧+0 ♦❢ ♦✉' +❡0+ ♦❢ ♣'♦❣'❡00✐✈❡ ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ '❡♥❞❡'✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♦✉' ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐+❤ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥+ ✈✐❡✇✲

♣♦✐♥+0 ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ '❡0♦❧✉+✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽

✻✳✸ ❘❡0✉❧+0 ♦❢ ♦✉' +❡0+ ♦❢ ♣'♦❣'❡00✐✈❡ ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ '❡♥❞❡'✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♦✉' ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐+❤ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✈✐❡✇✲

♣♦✐♥+ ❛♥❞ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥+ 0❝'❡❡♥ '❡0♦❧✉+✐♦♥0✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽

✼✳✶ ❙✉♠♠❛'② ♦❢ +❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ '❛♥❞♦♠ ❛❝❝❡00✐❜❧❡ ♠❡0❤ ❝♦♠♣'❡00✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦'✐+❤♠0✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻

✼✳✷ ❙✉♠♠❛'② ♦❢ +❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣'♦❣'❡00✐✈❡ '❛♥❞♦♠ ❛❝❝❡00✐❜❧❡ ♠❡0❤ ❝♦♠♣'❡00✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦'✐+❤♠0✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻

✽✳✶ ❊①♣❡'✐♠❡♥+❛❧ ❝♦♠♣'❡00✐♦♥ '❡0✉❧+0 ♦❢ O❘❆▼ ✇✐+❤ ❛ ✶✷ ❜✐+ R✉❛♥+✐③❛+✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸

✽✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛'✐0♦♥ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❡①♣❡'✐♠❡♥+❛❧ ❝♦♠♣'❡00✐♦♥ '❛+❡0 ♦❢ O❘❆▼ ♦❜+❛✐♥❡❞ ✇✐+❤ +❤❡ +✇♦ 0❡❣♠❡♥✲

+❛+✐♦♥ ♠❡+❤♦❞0✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸

✾✳✶ ❊①♣❡'✐♠❡♥+❛❧ ❝♦♠♣'❡00✐♦♥ '❡0✉❧+0 ♦❢ +❤❡ O❖▼❆❘ ❝♦❞❡❝✱ +❤❡ ❈❍✉▼■ ✈✐❡✇❡' ❛♥❞ +❤❡ ❤✐❡'❛'✲

❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣'♦❛❝❤✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺

①✈

(17)

①✈✐

(18)

▲✐"# ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉)❡"

✶ ✸❉ ♠❡%❤ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷

✷ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛ ✸❉ ♣❛34 ✇✐4❤ ❛ ❈❆❉ %♦❢4✇❛3❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷

✸ ❆ ❢3❛♠❡ ♦❢ 4❤❡ ❇✐❣ ❇✉❝❦ ❇✉♥♥② ❛♥✐♠❛4✐♦♥ ♠♦✈✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸

✹ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ %❝✐❡♥4✐✜❝ ✈✐%✉❛❧✐③❛4✐♦♥ ♠❡%❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹

✺ ❚❤❡ ❢♦✉3 4②♣❡% ♦❢ ♠❡%❤ ❝♦♠♣3❡%%✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦3✐4❤♠% ❛♥❞ 4❤❡ ♠♦❞❛❧✐4✐❡% 4❤❡② ♦✛❡3 ❛4 ❞❡❝♦♠♣3❡%%✐♦♥

4✐♠❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻

✶✳✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥4% ♦❢ ❛ ♠❡%❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾

✶✳✷ ■❧❧✉%43❛4✐♦♥ ♦❢ 4❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝4✐✈✐4② ❛♥❞ 4❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡43② ♦❢ ❛ ♠❡%❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

✶✳✸ ❚❡①4✉3❡❞ ♠❡%❤ ✇✐4❤ ✐4% ❛%%♦❝✐❛4❡❞ ✷❉ 4❡①4✉3❡✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

✶✳✹ ❙✉3❢❛❝❡ ♠❡%❤ ✇✐4❤ ❛ ❜♦✉♥❞❛3②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶

✶✳✺ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❛♥❞ %✉3❢❛❝❡ ♠❡%❤❡%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶

✶✳✻ ❘❡❣✉❧❛3✱ %❡♠✐✲3❡❣✉❧❛3 ❛♥❞ ✐33❡❣✉❧❛3 ♠❡%❤❡%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷

✶✳✼ ▼❛♥✐❢♦❧❞ ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞ ✈❡34✐❝❡%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸

✶✳✽ ▼❡%❤ ♦3✐❡♥4❛4✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸

✶✳✾ ▼❡%❤ ❣❡♥✉%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹

✶✳✶✵ ■♥❞❡①❡❞ ♠❡%❤ ❞❛4❛ %43✉❝4✉3❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺

✶✳✶✶ ❲✐♥❣❡❞✲❡❞❣❡ ♠❡%❤ ❞❛4❛ %43✉❝4✉3❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻

✶✳✶✷ ❍❛❧❢❡❞❣❡ ♠❡%❤ ❞❛4❛ %43✉❝4✉3❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

✶✳✶✸ ❈✉3✈❡ ♦❢ 4❤❡ ❢✉♥❝4✐♦♥ f(x) =−xlog2(x)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

✷✳✶ ❆ 43✐❛♥❣❧❡ ❢❛♥✱ ❛ 43✐❛♥❣❧❡ %43✐♣ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❣❡♥❡3❛❧✐③❡❞ 43✐❛♥❣❧❡ %43✐♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

✷✳✷ ❚✉3T♥✬% %✉❝❝✐♥❝4 3❡♣3❡%❡♥4❛4✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣3❛♣❤% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✷✳✸ ●❡♦♠❡43✐❝ ❝♦♠♣3❡%%✐♦♥ 4❤3♦✉❣❤ 4♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ %✉3❣❡3②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✷✳✹ ❊♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♠❡%❤ ✇✐4❤ ❛ 43✐❛♥❣❧❡ 43❛✈❡3%❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✷✳✺ ❚❤❡ ✜✈❡ ♣❛4❝❤ ❝♦♥✜❣✉3❛4✐♦♥% ♦❢ 4❤❡ ❊❞❣❡❜3❡❛❦❡3 ❛❧❣♦3✐4❤♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✷✳✻ ❆♥ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ 43❛✈❡3%❛❧ ♦❢ 4❤❡ ❊❞❣❡❜3❡❛❦❡3 ❛❧❣♦3✐4❤♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷✳✼ ❚❤❡ ✜✈❡ %②♠❜♦❧% ♦❢ 4❤❡ ❆♥❣❧❡✲❆♥❛❧②%❡3 ❡♥❝♦❞❡3✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻

✷✳✽ ❆♥ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣ 43❛✈❡3%❛❧ ♦❢ 4❤❡ ❚♦✉♠❛ ❛♥❞ ●♦4%♠❛♥ ❛❧❣♦3✐4❤♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✷✳✾ ❯♥✐❢♦3♠ %❝❛❧❛3 X✉❛♥4✐③❛4✐♦♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✷❉ ♠❡%❤✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵

✷✳✶✵ Y❛3❛❧❧❡❧♦❣3❛♠ ♣3❡❞✐❝4✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

①✈✐✐

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