Analysis of methods of measuring the size of buildings

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Analysis of methods of measuring the size of buildings

Brass, A. E.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

CANADA

DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH

AN ANALYSIS OF METHODS OF MEASURING

THE SIZE OF BUILDINGS

by

A. E. Brass

Internal Report No. 233

of the

Division of Building Research

OTTAWA

ｾＭＭＭＮ［ＮＮＭＭＭＭＭｾｾｾｾＭＭＭＭＧＭｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ

ｾｾｾ

PRE1?ACE

Early in the work

of

the Division of Building

Research study was naturally given to building costs since it

was known that the work of the Division, especially in

rela-tion to housing, would always be very closely allied with

cost studies.

It was found that there was no generally

recognized method of measuring either the cubic content or

the floor area of buildings in such a way that unit costs

would be based on the same premise.

A study was started,

therefore, of the methods in use for the measurement of

bu:Llding but this had not proceeded very far until it

re-vea

Led

a truly chaotic situation which clearly called for

much more detailed study than could be done with the very

limited staff available in the formative years of the Division.

The study was set aside, therefore, but

ｷｩｴｨｾ

the

hope that eventually it could be prosecuted further to

com-pletion.

The problem was one of those aspects of building

research of special relevance to architecture that the Division

discussed with the Research Committee of the Royal Architectural

Institute of Canada in a first joint meeting.

It was clear

that there was much interest in the matter within the RAIC

Committee and it was, therefore, jointly decided to give the

project relatively high priority in the Division's program.

When it proved possible to divert Mr. Allen Brass from his

other work he undertook to investigate the matter fully, with

results that are now presented in this report.

Inqui17 as to the practice in measuring buildings

in many countries of the world was made directly through the

international contacts which the Division is privileged now

to have.

The results of these inquiries are reflected in the

report and clearly indicated in the tabulated material at the

end.

Thanks have been expressed to each BUilding Research

Organization that so kindly assisted with this compilation but

general acknowledgment is here again recorded for this valued

assistance.

Mr. Brass calls attention to the outstanding work

of the Standards Institute of the Institute of Finnish Architects.

The writer wishes to endorse Mr. Brass's tribute to the work

of this organization, in this and other fields, work which he

was privileged to see during a visit paid to Helsinki in

1957.

Mr. Brass's study shows clearly a great diversity of

methods in use for the measurement of both the area and volume

of buildings; but also that the differences although extensive

are all in matters of

､･ｴ｡ｩｾ

and not in any fundamental aspect.

It, therefore, follows that

(1)

it would clearly be most

desirable to achieve uniformity in the practice of measuring

bUildings if only to make international bUilding cost comparisons

meaningful; and also that (2) it should not be too difficult

( :i i )

to achieve such unifonnity with a relattvely small degree of

compromise on the part of almost all cOillltries in respect to

detailed aspects of their own existin8 practice.

With such thoughts in mind the writer ventured to

mention this study at the meeting of the Executive' Committee

of the Oonseil du B{ltiment (CIB) held in Paris in the early

summer of 1961.

Members of the Executive expressed great

interest in the project.

The writer, therefore, agreed to have

this report by Mr. Brass, representing the first phase of this

inquiry, reproduced in this way so that it could be circulated

as a basis for discussion to all interested members of OIB and

others concerned with this problem.

It seems clear that the possibility of achieving

international standardization in the measurement of buildings

is a project that could come eventually within the province

of CIB.

It is a standardization problem not of the precise

and exact type so adequately dealt with by the International

Organization for Standardization (ISO) but is much less exact,

depending so largely on opinion, and being reflected in the

practice of building rather than in the precise use of

specifications.

Accordingly it is hoped that the promotion of

standardization in the measurement of bUildings will be adopted

by CIB as a joint international project.

In this case this

report may be of assistance in providing the necessary basic

information.

Accordingly comments upon this report will be

unusually welcome as will also advice regarding any additional

information on the subject known to readers of the report and

yet not reflected in its contents.

If all such comments and

suggestions can be sent to the undersigned this report will be

revised accordingly and an attempt made to have it ready in

revised form for the CIB Oongress to be held in Cambridge,

England, in September 1962.

The BUilding Research Institute (of the United States)

has a similar committee working on building cost study.

When

this Division of BUilding Research study was mentioned to the

members of this committee they expressed special interest in

it.

Arrangements were made, therefore, to present a general

summary of the more detailed information contained in this

report at the Fall Meeting of BRI to be held in Washington in

October 1961.

TIle author of this report, Allen E. Brass, is a

graduate architect from the University of Toronto who has been

working with the Building Standards Section of the Division

since 1957.

He has recently returned to the University of

Toronto to carryon his studies in a post-graduate course.

Ottawa

AN ANALYSIS OF METHODS OF MEASURING THE SIZE OF BUILDINGS

by

A. E. Brass

A study of methods of measuring the size of bUildings

has been carried out at the request of the Technical

Sub-committee of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada

Committee on Building Research to gather together the necessary

ｩｮｦｯｬｾ｡ｴｩｯｮ

from which a standard for Canadian use might be

developed.

That a standard method of calculating bUilding size

is important is perhaps best illustrated by the number of uses

to which such figures are put.

Among the most common are the

cost of construction in terms of cost per unit area or volume

as well as the space per person in terms of unit area or

volume per person.

Figures of bUilding size are also used,

however, in estimating quantities of materials of construction,

in calculating heat losses, in establishing rentable areas of

buildings, in analysing the utilization of space in buildings

and in calculating the efficiency of the utilization of this

space.

Floor space index and plot ratio are two other items

that necessitate calculation of building size . . Most building

codes include limitations on the height and area of buildings

for purposes of fire protection, for which an area calculation

is necessary.

Information from European countries indicates

that building size is also used in granting premiums to

con-struction, in establishing rents, in detennining taxation

value and in calculating the distribution of heating costs.

For any of these uses, it is important that the calculation

of the size of different buildings be made in a similar manner,

so that comparisons arc valid and the resultant figures are

consistent.

The study involved a literature review of material

available in the library of the Division of Building Research

and an inte:rnational survey involving inquiries to

34

organiza-tions in 24 countries.

Replies were received from 20

organiza-tions and the infonnation revealed that methods of measuring

bUilding size are covered by standards, laws, and accepted

practice.

In the United States, Australia, West Africa,

England, Nonvay, Finland and Sweden, for example, there are

standards or recommendations prepared by such organizations

.

as the American Institute of Architects, the American Standards

Association, The Royal Institute of British Architects, the

Royal Australian Institute of Archi teots, and comparable

organizations in the other countries.

Methods of measuring

bUilding area are outlined in Japan in the "Building Standard

Law

Enforcement Order" and in France in the "Code de L'Urbanisme

et d'Habitation".

Methods of calculating the cubic contents

a

2

-BUildinc; Acts,

1939",

"The Restriction of Ribbon Development,

London, Order

1936",

and "The Tmvn and Country Planning Act,

1949".

In other countries, such as New Zealand, Egypt,

Denmark and t'ortuc;al, no standards exist, but there is a

commonly accepted method which is usually the one used by

the department of the government architect or the Ministry of

Housing.

Replies from Denmark, France, Japan and New Zealand

indicate that the cubic content of a bUilding is an item

rarely used in those countries.

The various methods of measurement revealed in the

study are tabulatGd in the Appendix of this report.

The

following notes are a general analysis of the various methods

of measurement with respect to scope, method of taking

dimensions, and items to be included or excluded in the

calculations.

METHODS OF MEASURING THE VOLill1E OF BUILDINGS

The majority of the methods of measuring the volume

of bUildings are of a general nature applicable to all building

types and the remainder are applicable primarily to housing.

The various items fall into two categories which, for purposes

of this report, may be referred to as gross volume and net

volume.

Gross Volume

Most of the methods for measuring volume fall into

this category and the tenns used are:

building cube, cubic

contents, cubical extent, total volume, architectural volume,

and bUilding volume.

The way in which dimensions are taken in the various

methods is concerned with plan dimensions and height.

With

respect to the calculation of gross volume, plan dimensions

are to be taken to the outer faces of exterior walls or to

the centre line of walls separating buildings.

There is considerable variation, however, in the

methods given for measuring the height for use in calculating

gross volume.

The various low points for taking the height

are as follows:

(a) bottom of concrete foundations

(b) average depth of footings

(c) plane of the foundation which may be:

(i) level of bottom of the foundation trenches

or underside of the raft, or

(ii) half the depth of piers or piles below the

underside of beams carried on them, or

(d)

( e )

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

( j )

3

-(iii) for existing

｢ｕｩｬ､ｩｮｾＸ

2 it below lowest

floor level for bUildings up to three

stories and 5 ft for bUildings four or

more stories, or

(iv) mean depth for irregular fOillldations,

top of the concrete foundation

a plane 6 in. below the lowest floor

a plane 20 cm below basement floor level where

it is on ground

the underside of the lowest floor

one foot below the top surface of the lowest

floor or one foot below the average ground level

around the enclosing walls whichever is lower

the upper surface of the lowest floor level

grade level (for porches only).

The most common low point for taking

ｨ･ｩｾｬｴ

dimensions is the

upper surface of the lowest floor level as indicated in seven

of the fourteen methods for measuring volume.

The next most

common is the underside of the lowest floor level, indicated

in five of the fourteen.

The high point to which the height dimension is

taken also varies considerably and includes the following:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

( e )

(f)

(g)

(h)

half the height of a pitched roof from the

intersection of the walls and the roof to the

ridge

half the height of a pitched roof between the

level of the eaves and the ridge

the level of the eaves of a pitched roof

a plane 2 ft above a flat roof

the external surface of a roof

the interior surface of the roof construction

the upper surface of the upper ceiling

construction

the top of the ridge or peak of an attic roof.

Of these the most common is the external surface

of the roof which is indicated in nine of the fourteen methods.

The next most frequently used are (a) and (b) which are

referred to three and four times respectively.

Some of the methods of measuring volume give a

broad definition of the space to be considered and only

indicate the method of taking the dimensions.

Others include

considerable detail on the items to be included or to be

excluded.

The following list indicates the total number of

different items that are mentioned in the fourteen different

methods of measuring volume in addition to the major usable

portions of a building.

•

4

-The items indicated as being included are those which

are either specifically mentioned as being included or which

would be included by the definition and method of taking

dimensions.

An item was listed in the "Included" column if

it would be included in more than half of the methods of

measurement analysed.

The same is true of items in the

"Excluded" column.

In the "Doubtful" column are those items

that are mentioned as being included in some methods and

excluded in others but which, in a majority of cases, are not

mentioned as either being included or excluded.

Items Included in

Majority of Cases

Porches

Bay windows

Oriels

Turrets

Domes

Dormers

Chimney stacks

Attics and roof

spaces

Interior staircases

Cellars and

mechanical rooms

below basement

floor level

Basements

Mezzanines

Items Excluded in

Majority of Cases

Terraces

Exterior steps

Exterior garden

walls

Breezeways and

paved roofed-over

areas

Covered walks

Light wells and

area ways

Canopies, cornices,

roof overhangs

Parapet walls

Gateway

Shed and covered

yard space

Items in

Doubt

Verandahs

Balconies

Fleches

Lantern lights and

skylights

'Power's

Foundations and

construction below

lowest floor level

Interior courts

Attached bUildings

Penthouses

Crawl spaces

Garages

The major use for gross volume figures is in

calculations of the cost of construction per unit of volume.

Net Volume

Only three of the methods of measuring volume fall

into this category and they are referred to as cubic contents,

net volume, and heated building volume.

The plan dimensions are taken to the inner faces of

the enclosing walls of the spaces under consideration and the

low point for measuring height is taken from the finished

floor surfaces in each case.

The high point in two of the

three is the finished ceiling; in the other it is the interior

roof surface.

The major uses for net volume figures are in

calcula-tions for ventilation and air-conditioning, and in calculating

heat losses by the vo Lume air change method, and the heated

volume of a building for assessment of heating charges.

-

..

ｾＭＭＭＭＬＭＭＭＭＭＬＭＭＭＭＭＭＬＭＭＭＭＮＭＮＮＮＮＮＮＬＮ［ＢＬＭＭＭ

r:

-

)

-Of the 21 methods of moo

::;ur1nc

the a re a of bu l LdLnga ,

six are of a

ｧｾｮ･ｲ｡ｬ

natu.re ,

ao von a re concerned with housing,

three are appllcable generally but contaln specific reference

to housing also, two are applicable to school buildines

and

one each. is applicable to office

｢ｕｾｬ､ｩｮｧｳＬ

public build.ings,

and hospltals.

These methods contaln over 48 items for which

18 terms are used.

There is, however, no consistency in the

use of terms; for example in one case the definition for groGs

area may be identical to the definition for net area used in

another.

An analysis of these items according to the detailed

definition and method of taking dimensions reveals that they

can be grouped into six general categories; for purposes of

this note these are referred to as gross area, net area,

occupancy area, usable area, circulation area, and service

area.

The following notes indicate the nature of the methods

of measurement tha-t; fall into each of the above categories.

Ｈｾｾ･ｲ･

lists arc used in the following notes to

indicate items that are included, items that are excluded,

and items that are doubtful, they were compiled as mentioned

previously with respect to methods of measuring area.)

Gross Area

This category includes all those methods that

referred to the area contained within the outer faces of the

exterior walls or the centre line of party walls between

bUildings.

The following terms were used:

total story area,

gross area, architectural area, building area, story area.

The following listing includes all the items

mentioned in the 14 methods of measurement that fall into

this category indicating which items would be included and

excluded and which were doubtful.

Items Included in

Majority of Cases

Majority of Cases

Items Excluded in

Items in

Doubt

Interior partitions

Exterior paved areas

Stairways

Exterior steps

Elevator shafts

Pipe trenches

Duct spaces

Crawl spaces

Projecting stories

Roof overhangs and

Mezzanines

canopies

Halls

Carports

Vestibules

Interior light

Closets

shafts

Fireplaces

Bay windows

Dormers

Garrets

Chimneys

Utility rooms

Finished rooms in

basements and attics

and stairs and halls

leading to them

Porches

Balconies and balcony

corridors

Penthouses

Attached and

built-in garages

Unfinished portions of

basements and attics

Unenclosed portions of

a story under

another story

Unenclosed roofed

6

-The groGs arcn figures

CDn

be subdivided into

tITO

classes.

One is

app'l

i.cab

Lo to co ch story of a building and

the other is

app

Li.cab I.c to

the c

omp'l.e t c

bu

t

Ld

i.nr; and

is the

total of the gross Clrcos of all storics in

a

bUilding.

The

gross arca of the Ground story of a building or of the

horizontal projection of the

b

rrl

LdLng on the ljYOlmd is used

in the

p'Lot

rn

t

Lo and

the

gross

a

roa of

a

building is used in

calculatinG the cost per unit area, the spClce per person and

the floor space index.

Net Area

In this catcgory arc included those methods of

measurement that refer to the total ared contained within the

inner faces of the exterior walls of a building.

The terms used

include the

ｦｯｬｬｯｾｩｮｧＺ

floor area, building area, net area,

total floor area, Gross area,

｡ｰｾｲｴｭ･ｮｴ

area, and inside gross

area.

The f'o L'Lowi.ng tClble includes all the i"liems mentioned in

the 11 methods that fall into this category indicating nhich

items would be included and excluded and which were doubtful.

Items Included in

Majority of Cases

Interior partitions

Chimneys

Halls

Stairs

Land tnga

Elevator shafts

Service rooms

Communal rooms

Store rooms

Galleries

Habitable basement

and attic space

Items

ｾａ｣ｬｵ､･､

in

llCljority of Cases

Verandahs

Unroofed paved

areas

Non-habitable

basement and

attic space

Items in

Doubt

Carport or other

roofed-over

unenclosed space

Private balconies

Access balconies

Party waLLs

Unenclosed story under

another story

The net area figures can be subdivided into two

classes.

One is applicable to each story of a building and

the other is applicable to the complete building and is the

total of the net areas of all stories in a building.

The net

area of a story is used in calculating areas for building code

purposes for fire protection requirements; the net area of a

bUilding is often used for calculating the space per person.

Occupancy Area

This category is npplicable to bUildings containing

several oc cupcnc Les ,

'1'hc terms used include the following:

useful floor area, net area, renting area, rentable area,

department:Cll arca , and 8f.3;J-Lc;nDble area.

The occupancy area

refers to the space contained within the inner surface of the

enclosing walls of an occupancy unit and the following table

7

-includes all the

tt

orns mcrrt

Lonc d in the 11 methods of

measure-ment that fall into

this ca

Lcgory ind.icnting which items would

be included and

exc

Luded

and vrh

Lch were doubtful.

Items Included in

Majority of Cases

All spaces within

the inner faces of

enclosing walls of

an occupancy unit

including:

Habitable rooms in

attics and

base-ments

Interior partitions

Chimneys

Fireplace

Bay windows

Closets

Mezzanines

Storage rooms

Mechanical,

circula-tion, service

spaces within an

occupancy unit and

serving that unit

only

Items Excluded in

Majority of Cases

All

｣ｯｭｭｾｾ｡ｬ

spaces

used by two or

more occupancy

units such as:

Circulation spaces

VIa

shro oms

Mechanical rooms

Custodial spaces

Access balconies

and the walls

enclosing these

spaces

Attic, basement and

cellar spaces

without habitable

rooms

Exterior steps,

covered walks

Garages

Porches

Verandahs

Items in

Doubt

Private balconies

The major uses for occupancy area figures are in

calculations of the utilization of space in buildings and of

rentable, departmental and assignable areas in multi-tenant

and multi-departmental buildings.

Usable Area

This category refers to the area of the major spaces

needed to fulfil

the proGram of requirements for a specific

occupancy' measured to the inner faces of the enolosing walls

of each space.

The terms used include livine floor space,

habitable floor area, habitable area, usable area, interior

space, apartment floor area, and net floor area.

The following

table includes all the items mentioned in the 8 methods that

fall into this category indicating which items would be

e

-Private balconies

Washrooms, bathrooms

and W.C. rooms

wi thin a unit

Items in

Doubt

Items Included in

Majority of

ｃ｡ｳ･ｾ

Floor area of the

major spaces

needed to fulfill

the program of

re quire

menf

s

For dwelling units:

Living rooms

Sitting rooms

Playrooms

Kitchens

Bedrooms

Cupboards and

closets

opening off

the above rooms

ｐ｡ｲｴｩｴｩｯｮｾＳ

and

o

ttic

r

construc-tion space

Circulation space

within

a

unit or

common to 2 or

more units

Mechanical spaces

Public spaces

Custodial spaces

Storage rooms

Attics

Basement and cellars

Garages

Terraces

Loggia

Drying rooms

Verandahs

utility rooms

Laundry rooms

Fuel storage rooms

The major uses for usable area figures are in

calculations of the utilization of space in buildings, for

heat loss calculations, and for calculating the actual usable

space per person in a building.

Circulation Area

This category refers to those spaces used for

circula-tion either within an occupancy or in common with several

occupancies in a buildin8.

The terms used include circulation

floor space and access space.

The area of the spaces in the

folloWing listin8 includes the enclosing walls.

The list

indicates the items that would be included taken from the

5

methods of measurement that fall into this category.

Items Included

Halls

Corridors

Passageways

Lobbies

Entrance halls

Loges

Stairs

Elevators

Escalators

Access balconies

Ramps

Vestibules

p "

9

-The

m:l.j or u.ic f'or

circulation

"n'c:)

figures is in

calculations

0:[

-the

ｵＭｬ［ｩｬｩＺｾＧｬｴＺｩＮｯｮ

of

ｾＳＩｘＺｬｃ･

in

bu l Ld

i.nga ,

Service Area

This cntcgory of spnce

is covered by three methods

of measurement and

-;;110

area is intended to include the

enclosing walls of tho spaces.

The following list indicates

the kind of areas that rlould fall into this category.

Items Included

Washrooms

Bathrooms

W.C.

rooms

Utility rooms

Fuel storage

General storage

Janitors' closets and

other rooms for the

bUilding service

custodial personnel

The major use for service area figures is in

calcula-tions of the utilization of space in bUildings.

SUMMARY

AND COnCLUSIONS

Analysis of the methods of measuring the size of

bUildings indicatos that there is little uniformity in the

terminology used and in the methods of measurement.

This

lack of uniformity and the muLt.Lpl Lc

i,

ty of method s of

measure-ment is unfortunate

s

Lnc o

unLf'o rml.

ty is a prerequisite to

accurate comparisons

of

dii'fercnt

but.Ld.Lngs ,

Differences in

terminology and in de:finition are

often

due to the different

intended applications

01'

the terms but there are often

variations even for the same application.

In

general, the varioU3 methods of measurement are

concerned with four categories of spaces:

(a) tile major usable portions of the bUilding,

(b) plan projections such as porches, carports,

bay windows, and balconies,

(c) roof spaces such as attics, penthouses,

mnchincry rooms and other spaces above the

roof, and

(d) f'ounda

t

i.on

spaces such as basement, crawl

spnces, pipe trenches, unexcavated spaces,

and special foundations.

10

-The

ｧｲ｣｡ｴ･ｾＩﾷｴ

di:fficulty Drh;cs out of the arbitrary

way in which the Las t Lh.re c cotogories of spaces are ha nd Led ,

With respect to

ｴｨ｣ｾＩ･

add

l t

i.ona L

p1311,

roof and foundation

spaces, some of the methods have quite extensive lists of the

items to be included and excluded and are, therefore, very

comprehensive in scope.

Others list only a

fcv'(

items and

therefore leave many open to quo s

t

Lon ,

In several of the

methods, these additional plan, roof and foundation spaces

are considered in part and their size is multiplied by an

appropriate factor.

For example, some methods indicate that

only half the area or volume of an enclosed porch is to be

included in the calculations.

In others, spaces arc to be

included only where the height exceeds a certain minimum and

excluded where it is less.

For example, some methods indicate

that all spaces 6 ft 6 in. or higher arc to be included in

area and volume calculations regardless of use; others indicate

that attic spaces higher than

1.5m

or

5

ft 0 in. arc to be

included and those lOITer are to be excluded from the

calcula-tions.

In most methods, however, all of the spaces that are

to be included in the calculations are to be taken in full.

The two standards for the measurement of area and

volume of buildings prepared by the Finnish Architect

Association Standardization Institute deserve special mention

in that they are the most comprehensive and detailed standards

reviewed in the study.

They are virtually glossaries of

mebhod s of making various measurements of the size of buildings.

The one on area, for example, includes methods of measuring

the area of a room, a dwelling unit, one story, a bUilding, and

the story area of a lot.

In each case, infonnation is included

on the method of taking dimensions as well as the items to be

included and excluded and there are illustrations to amplify

the text.

Included in each of these standards is an

explana-tion of the number of s Lgnf.f'Lcarrt fi8ures and the degree of

accuracy to be used in the calculations as well as an example

worked out to show how to calculate and express the results.

In the standard on the measurement of area, there is included

a list of definitions of terms such as story, attic, and

mezzanine to further clarify the intention of the various

items contained in the document.

It becomes evident

iTom

thi.s study that there is

little unifonnity either in the tC2ms or in the various

methods used internationally to measure the size of buildings.

It is apparent that o.n outli.ne of the method of measuring

bUilding size should include the method of taking dimensions,

the items to be included and the items to be excluded presented

in sufficient detnil so as to be Clpplicable to the wide

varia-tion in confic;urnvaria-tion of bUilding plc:ll1s and sccvaria-tions.

It also

becomes evident that one standard method of measurement of

volume and area wt Ll, not be adequate and that several may have

to be developed b c caus e of the multiplicity of uses to which

such fieures are put.

pzz

11

-The study ha s revcnlecl cona

i.de

rnb Le data from

which to develop Cana d

Lan

st::mdards for measur'Lng the area

and volume of buildinc;s as well as several existinG stnndards

that may be valuable :for Canadian use and others that will

be useful reference guides in the development of Canadian

standards both for content and method of presentation.

The

measuring the

in the study.

so that those

each other as

APF8NDIX

f'o LLowf.ng tables aumma r Lze the methods of

area and vo Lumo of buildings that were revealed

They have been arranged according to country

from the same country may be compared with

well as with those from other cOillltries.

Also included is a table of proposals for measur-Ing

the size of bUildings for cost estimating.

They are not only

concerned with area and volume and have therefore been listed

separately.

They are included because of their relevance to

the problem of the measurement of the size of bUildings in

more general terms.

No, Sour-ce Item. and Application Method of r"eulilrement I t8:!l1l Inc luded _{Itemsｽ［ｾｾｾｵ､･､ __}

Notell

1. Ut1l1:ut1on of Space 1n Appl1cable to _{(8) dwellings In lIlultl-f8JTI1ly}

Dwellings. Housing houl!llng _buildinga:

Area wHhln encloelng Communal 8talrwaYll, plli!lIl8geW-B.;;'.!J

Committee necncene

1oI'allll of each dvell!nr,- unit Includlnp,- and oorridors

Commil!lslon for Europe, Ol!ll!l1'u1 floor epaol!l to inner r ecee of encloeing private balclnlea

Unl ted Nations, G<3neva:, _walla

(b 1 1I1np,le farnlly houaea:

19$9.

Area of habitable r'lCl(l!'1 on all floors; Basements 8TJ.d oellars habitable roO!Tll!!l In atticlI where J1l'11ght

111 greater than LSm; private

batconf e s (oJ duplex houee se

All In (9) and {b l above _{External etalrcaell to upper unit}

Living floor apace to inner reeee of emlolling Total net ares of liVing roem. _{']"here ill no deduction for} vall.!J Sitting-room, playroO!!'l. kitchen and _{chbmey projeotionll into a}

bedroema; area ofcupboar-dsopening _room into a r"lOlll.; private bAlconiee

Senioe fl"lorepace to inner facell of enclosing

ｾｾｧｩｴ［･［ｏｾｾｾ｡ｬｾｾｮｾｾ［ｲｾ］ｩ

ｾｴｾｾ｡ｾｾＨｦｴＬ

walle

room, and !'Itore!:e apace placed at living floor level

Ciroulation floor to inner faces ofene ioe rng Total net area of any hall, lobby. apace wa11ll landing, stairclllee, ｣ＨｬｲＱＢｾ､ｯｲ or

paesafl;ewa:v ....it.hin. thed....elling unit

ｾｾ［ｾｾｲ［ｲｾｾ｡ｾ［

2- andl

ｾｾｬｩｾｮ･ｲ

recee of containingj

ｾｾＺｾＺｾＺ

ＺｾＺＺ ｾｾｲｦｾｾｾｬｾｾｲＧｾｴｾｾｾｴｾｴｯｲｶｳ

in lIIIlin bUl1dinl3 or outbu: lding

,

Area of private balooniee Area of private balooniea

Area of any part of a room in an attic or story fOI'T'led in the roof leSIl than5'-0" highr covered wayll, lilcae8a tunnels ore ortmon palleagee through blocka

("";(J!I!!1lDn ent.rencee , IIta1rcallell, ae o ea a and private be Lc o nj e a The eUll. of all the individual

l!velline areasf partitions, chilll.Iley brealltll. ba'.coniea

SUIII. of all areAe other than dwelling

I

Exterior valls and party walla arealll halle. etaire, landinell,

aoceellbetccnaea, lift wellll, eer-vt ce roama, communal roome, tenant a store.

Sumof "net areas" and "othe1" areas" Total apace0'""11 story of flats or2 or3etoriell of Mslllonettee aocording to type i!'lcluding: (i) public open air acoenapacewith oocupiedapane on both eidesl (11) inset eeces e baloanie!! to lIIIl1eonettee, l11i\ half the area of public open air eceeee haVingoc cup Led space on one llide only

Difference betwean 1Ip;rollll floor areau

and "net floor area"

Publicac ce aa apace, lift and

stair-caaeepece and thfckneee of walls enolosing theae IIpacell and thicknel!lll of welhbe-tweenl!velli:'lg unitl

Difference betvee!'l "net floor area" and "habitable floor area" entrance halls, bathroan!! and t-:J.lcknells of partitionll between roans

Total apace oontained within living roane, bedro('l'1'1'J!I and ki tohens on 1 !ltory of flats or2 or ) .!Jtorllls of maleonettel!l acoording to type

Internal walle, partitions, chimney

［ｾｾＡｬｾｾｾ｢ｕｾｾｾｩｾｾｾ､ｏＢＢｬＡｉＬ interne 1 IItorell

rlETHODS OF rlEASURING AREA

to wall faces

］ｾｬｩｾｾｾ

［ＺｾＺ｡

､ｾｾｬｾｾｾ［｡ｩｮｩｮｧ

I

ｾｾｴｾｩ｡ｾｾｾｾ

ｾｮｯｾｪｬｾｾＺＺ･ｾｮ

ｯｾ

ato17 maieonettes acoordins to type to inner facell of exterior

wal18 for interiorepecea ,

and

fran exteriorrace of exterior wall to inner face of balaony front for ae ce s a halconies

to inner recee of containing walla

［ｾｬｩｾｮ･ｲ

fllc"l!1 of contsiningj

ｾｾｾｾ［ｬＡｉ｡Ｚｾ

ｾｾｴｾｾｾｬｾｩｾ［Ｌ［･ｬＡｬ［

bternal

ｾｾｬｩｾｮ･ｲ

faces of contalnjngl

Ｚｾｾ［Ｚ［

Ｚｾｾ｡ＺｕｾｾｾｾｬＺｾｾＺ･ｏｦ

jnternal

ｾｾｬｩｾｮ･ｲ

facee of containir.g

I

ｾｾｾｾＺｾ

Ｚｾｾ｡ｾｕｾｾｾｾｬｾｾｾｾＺｧ･

erea of

Applicable to lII.u1ti-etory flate

Net area I to inner faoell of containing walla of eaoh flat in a block other areas

Groae area

Habitable floor areaIto ....all facee Circulation and

eer-vt ee e pae e

Net arelil of housee arid bungalows

Xet areB. of 2- and 3-etol"'t flntl!l

ITotal area of boue ea and btmgnlowlI Applicable to 1-, 2-or )-st2-ory ､ｷｯｬｬｬＮｮｾｬＡｉＮ Aree of ad....e lling :;lI. I unit BRITAI1I INTERNATIONAL TABLE I

2.1

Factors affecting econm.,. in :nulti-eto17 flatdeafg'n,

C.N. Craig. R.I.B.A.

ｾＺｾｾｾｾｾｲｬｬ

19S6.

tlet floor area

CCl!III"Ion acoeSII apaoe

3.1

FIsta and H0U8U,

1958.1

Applicable to flata Design and EoonOlllY. andboueee Hinietzoy of HOU8ing and

Lcce L ocveersaene , Groes floor area London.

4.1

Notee for the guidance of local authori ties on the cOI'Ilplet ion of Form

［ｴｾｾＰｾｾｬｩｩＲＭ･Ｚｲ

3-Circular

ｎｏＮｾＯ

...

t,

! I

Hiniatry of HOWlil18 and

I

i

Local Government, London.

No. source Item and Application Method or Measurenent Itemll Included Itonll Excluded

_I

xeeee

S.

Reply tram the Danillh Area or n.floor to outside reeee or Wallll, IItalr08el!lllJ secondary roams BlllleIT'Umtl!l except as noted:

l"lgh

ｲｯｾＮ

open thro,"",

National Instituteot equat-e Metera" exeer-t cr- valla, to rnid_ and garages above groundｬ･ｶ･ｬｾ gatewaysJ portlco.!!ll be'tecr.tea several at cr-t ee ere taken into

Building Rellearch, point ot' valls common to pennlttl!ld liVing rOOllll!l In basefIlent:!l; open tothetree

_I

_{ｾｾｾｏＺ［ｃｾｾｾＺｉｉ}

_{ｏｾｾｾｩｯｷ［ｾ･ｾ［}

_ｾｾＺ

Copenhagen. Applicable mainly two houae a , or l1v1ne roams In attica; garrets: bay

to housing half the width of bs Lc orry r-ooee rhalfbalcony corridors; rooted

I

Minietry ot Housing oorridors but not grester overencLoaed pSSllagewaYll

than 2 t'eet

9. Building Standard Lav Building area to centre line of exterIor Ballenent areall below an l.maglnary

Rnforcement Order, wall!'! or Ltne drawn 1m sbove ground level

CMpter I, Section I, Applicable to all to the eenta-e lineot

Article 2. building typel!l exterior columns where 'the ae take the place ot wall!'!:

Ｚｾｾｾｾｾｾ

ｾｾｶｾ｢ｾｾｮ［［ｾｊｾｾｴ

10 occurs, where it exe eeda 1 meter from tha centre line mentioned above, the arsa is calculated to 8 line LTlI back t'rom the edge of the projection

6. ｒｾｧｬ･ｳ Generales de Habi table area to inner surfaces ot S'UlIIot the areas of living roOM. bed- ｄ･ｾｴ epaee occupiedby: walls, COn8truotion des enclosing valla

_{ｾｾＺＺｴｳ}

_{ｫ［ｾｾｨｾｾｾｾｾｾ［ｾｏｾｴｨｾｾ}

Cth=OaD,

ｾｾｩｾ［ｾｯｾｾｾｲ

ｬＡｉ［ｾｾｲＺＡｮｾｾｩｾＺ［ｾＺＬ

not Bi.t1mentl!l d'Habitation Applicable to

chiCode de llUrbaniame dwellinga dwellingr exceeding O.3Dm in depth.

ｾｩ｣ｾｴ

ｬｾ｡ｾｾｾｾｴｾｾｾ

et areavertical equals the Mean ot the areaot rooms where valll!l are not Rxcludl!l:un1"inished attios, llheds, garagell,cellarll, bal!lements. arrite 14 Nov, 1958. meallured at1.Jom and 2.2()m ｲｲｾ terracell, loggiaJ drying roams, tee Min1atrel!l de la the tloor verandllheJ Carrlll.on hallwa,s and

RecOl1l!ltruction et du other dependencies of the

Logement, de l'Int'rieur dwelli11Rs, and the parts ot spaces

et de la sanU: Publique the heights of vhich are unitonnly

et de1&Population. blll!l than 2,20f11 this limit being

reduced to 2.0om tor l!Itorage spaces

,

,.

(e) Melzanine l!Itory means that

extra floor ll!lvel which divides a part of a high story into tvo lower l!Itoriell

ｾｬ｣ｯｮｹＬ ballement, attic epe cee except as noted

Buil t-in furnishings reaching trCIII tloor to ceningr r-eeeeeee in the wall for heating elements

Ｚｾ･Ｚ［ｾｾＺｳ

｡ｾ［ｩｾｌｮｦｾ］ｾｧＺｩｮｾｾｏ､

ehed

balcony, porch, verandah or other ooldepeoe ot similar kind; openingot atail1 leading onl, to

a baeement Interior oourt.r deep narrow

recel!lsl!IlI' courta that have one side

open

ITor1aontal projection ot the part of a bUllding above the ground Areaｲ･ｱＱＮＮＺｾｲ･､ for fireplaces. lltoVel!l and b1lilt-in turniturel half' the area of floor ot eocr-i eaespacebe taeeen rooms) ncor areaot rioorways ar:d

windowr-eeeaee e strl!ltohing down to the t'loor.

arl!laot' a me:n,anine 1n a roOlTl given

lleparately from the room srea to inner llurfacellot

enclol!l1ng walls to inner vall t'acell

to outer taceaot' exterior

walill Applicable to all building!!

Areaot 1 story

Total atory area is the atmlot' the areaa ot' dit't'erent l!Itories ot' the building

Area ot' dwelling unit

Areaot' a room

Areaot• building (COlfl'UUED )

TABLE

r

DENMARK E GYP T J A PAN PRANCE PINLAND 7. IHeaeurl!lJlent01'area of bulldingll. DooUIII.ent 1954 RT 120.21, Finnish Architect Anociation, standardbation Inlltitute, Helsinki.

6,1 Rapl, t'rom the Building

I

orcee floor area

I

to outer tllcell ot exterior Reaearch and Training walls

center. Giza, Applicable Mainly to housing

12.1 Reply fran: LaboT'atorio

I

Are& ofQ building nee ional de Engenhari&

Civil. Ijinillterio&11

O':>ras Public&e, Lf ebon, ｈｅｾｩ ZEALAND

:1

In speciticationa torgr0811.

area. net area or renting area, each area tor eeparate use ought to be oi ted separately and similarly in areas where the wall height 111not appropriate to the nOl'llW.l UIIeat the area

These are the mOlt ctmlllon practioes but no generally acoepted method exieta

Areas taken up b:r permanent cupboards and. equipn.ent with eheight greater than 1.5m are to be conetder-ed them-selves SllNOIIIS

Rented aress c cemon to eevera1 renting unt ts are to be divided up in relation tothe

size of these but are specified eachby themeelves 1n oategories according to ue age

The definitions for areu of dwellinge est'lbliahed by the Housing C::mmittee of the Econamio O=i.'lsion tor E'Urope ere at ec used (see No.1 above)

ｉｴ･ｭＧＭ［［［［ＢｕｾＭｉ

Not,.

I

Floor openings and other e reae taksn up bypenllanent cupboards and equipnent with a hll1ght greater thain

1.5m

Vl'lrandaN

Cornioes. balconiell snd the l i b

Area ot IItaire, elevator ahaftll, oh1mneys, duct spaces, ovens, tire-places and the like

Carports and 1I1J1l11ar rooted-over parts

Area ot all spaces inoluded in the sue rented unit;

areas tsken up by tireplaoes. kitchen benches, bathtubll and other permanent equiP'llent regardleSll ot height

Items Included

Area taken up by ovens, stoves, tireplaces,ｫｩｴ｣ｲｾ･ｮ eenenee , bathtubs and other p8I'l'l1anent equlP'llent vith a height less than105m

rea of roan with s mean height less than

4m;

1,5 t iaee area of roams with heights bstween

4

and 6mJ 2 t1nl.ell the lIrea ot roms with a heig.l-)t more than

,m

IAreaot the horhonttJ. projectionot

the part of a bUilding abovegj-cund

levelr

overhanging portiona of the building Ivlth regular floorll

ｲｻ･ｴＮｾｯ､ of Hellllurement

to outer

r

ecee of exterior valls or other bUilding cOl11ponents

to inner recee ot walls end other buildins components

(II) Builderll and plann8rll (1) houses

to outer r eeeot

the wall pIstilli (.11)buildings other than

houses to innerrllcell ot

exterior velill

to outer facell ot lIxterior .,.lls and other building cOJ'llponents, and to mid-point ot valla and other building callponenta ot adjacent pertll ot the

sem.e building or adjacllnt buildings

to inner tao ell ot surround-ing willIs and other buildsurround-ing

ｾｾｦｾｾｾＺｾＨｨＺｮｾｩｮ･

ot the vall lit openingll vithout doors between rOalla (Jf!Ineral rules tor tl.e•• urem.ent

fa) where the planellotthe vall vary with jUTl.PII in the

vertiolll direotion, the

moat dall.lnant plane ",.1thin the story height1:9

calou-lated lllI the I1n1.itotthe

arell. Ignored are niohes

vi th • depthot18811 than

O.2:n.or •heigl1t len than

1.$>0

(bl the limitsotthe outer and innsr aureaoesotvalla and other building cm-ponents are the tree ted tinished lIurtecee without regard to projeoting or deprelllled detaib. \ihere the oovering lIlaterial doee not constitute a oontinuoUil even eur-rece , it ia to be cOlUidered to tw.ve a unitorm ncm1nel thiokneu

(01 the middle line ot a wsllre taken midway between the tinlllhad treeted aurtaces

(dl where invud projeeting lIand.vioh storiea, open galleriea end thIJlikeooour the borde r ot the tloor IIMll be tekenu the l1mi t ot the area

to i:mer vall reeee (b) valuers, ':J-overnrnent Archi teet and Goverrment

ＺｾｾＺＱｾ

ｾｩｲｬｾ［ｾｾ､ｾｾＺｵｾｾｴＸ

inner raClllI of exterior

valill Renting ares Area Applicable to en building typell Groes area Ploor area Net lIrea Cover srea

Item and Appl1clltlon (COll'TIBUED)

TABLE

r

NORWAY

PORTUGAL 11.1 Area and volUllls ot

buildings. Norwegian StandardN3 848, July 1954. 01110.

No.1 Source

10.1 Rllpl1ell from: Bulld1ne: Re88.roh BurelluotNew

ｾＺｾｾｾｾｴｾ［ＺｵＧ

ｾｾｾ

Daa.ln1on IbYlllcal Laboratory. LoweY' Hutt.

UNITED STATES

14.

The arohI tecturlll area Arohi tectural area to outer faoes of exterior The eurn of the areae of the several Pipe trenohes, exterior terrace I

ＺＺｕＺＺｾｾ［ｯｾｾｾｾ･､ｩｾｂＺ

walll!l, or r'tccr-eot a building) _{ｾｾ､ ＱｬｾＺｾＱＱ}

_i

_{ｩｾＺＱｭｮ･ｹｬｬＬ roof overhangll}

Appliceble to all oentre line of walill basements. ｭ･ｾｬ｡ｮｩｮ･ｬｬＬ intemediate American In8ti tute or building type a lIeparating buildingw tloored tiere and penthoueeaot

Arohi teote. headroan height; half the area of

covered walkwaye, open roofed-oVer areae that are paved, pceobee and s1ll'l.ilar epacea

15. Row to cube a building Building ares to outer faoee of exterior All lIpaCell used for daily living or Un!"in1l1hed bUenI8nt and attio Chapter1, Building walle bueinesa purposell; epaoea; cravl epacell Cost Manual, John Wiley Applicable to all

ｾＺｾ･ＺＺ［ｾＺＺＢｮｾｯｾｾｾＺｨ･ｾｩＺｩｾｾＺ

wi th a and Sone Inc., Nev York, building typell

1951. height5'-0'1 or morer

0,5 t1mea the. areaot enciolled pc echea

and breelleways and garsgea; 0,33 times the area of open porchell

16. Building area caloula- Building aPea to outer recee of exterior Finiehed baeement spacell. domere. Unfinished attios, crawl IIpaOell tiona. A1'Ohitecturai veIlll bays, ohimney" and finished atticll and tereecee

Gr8phic S tandarde, Fifth Applioable :mainly to with headroatl51-{'111 and over) Edition, p.bOo. Jahn houae s ,

ｾ ＺｾＺＺ

ｾｾ ｾＺＺ］ｾｾｧｾＡｬｫｷ｡ｙｬｬ

and open Wiley and acne Inc.,

New York,1956. area under buildingllj

(1.) Suggellted etandarda 1/2 aPea of oerport" unenolosed

for area caloulationll. _{ｾｾｾｾＺｾｾｾ bUlIDlent ,paces}

2/3 area of snolosed p01'Oheel 1 1/4 area of tWO-lItory lhing room (2,) standerd of the nUilding area to outer facell of exterior Area ot spaOes above baeement8;

F.H.A. _{walll!l; or}

baYl!l, dormerll, utility rOOl!lll, Porchei!l, attached terracell. Defini tions

Applicable to housea to outer taoee of walls or balconiea, f1replacee or ch1mneya Attic: a floor level with a partitionl!l encloeing a hal!- vei!lti buies, halle and clollet.; projecting outeide the exterior calculated area lellS story

Ｚｾｾ［Ｎｾ［［ｾ･ｨｾＺＺｾｾ［ｾｾ

［ｾｦｾ｡［ｾｾｇｾｾｳＺ

",alh, garages and finhlhed attic _{thanＵＰｾ of the area} epacell _{of the floOI" below} areae in half-etoriell with a height _{Half-story: a floor level}

51-0" or More

with a calculated area

ＵＨｊｾ or I:!.ore of the area of the floor below

(COlfTIllUED)

TABLE I

S W'F]DEN

ｾＮ

No. Source ItBM and Application jXethod of lleasurmv.ent Items jnc Luded Itl"r.'J3ＱＧＺＧｾｯｬｵ､ｯ､ Notell 1). Fl!l.atlghet!lnanenklatur BUl1cUng Area to out er faces of exterior Horizontal araa whioh • bUilding or Pl1nth end other amelI c:.e",lationll

(NaJl.enclature for real walla ita hor1l:ontal projeotion take. up on trom the racade; eetate and bUJ.1dlng) Applicable to aU the ground

ｾｾ［ｾｾｴＺＺｾｩ･

Ｚｏｾｾｩｾｾｾｬｾ［

､ｾｾｾ｡ｙＹＬ

K.L. Beo1DMlna. buildingtypes

Publisher, Stookho1Jlll, _{wlndowe,ｰＮｲｴｾ projectIng from.}

1954. windowll, pent rootll and other

.!ItMlctural part!l projecting beyond

the lIurraoe or the building

Story area to outer faces or l!Ixterlor Flnbhed attic !Ip1!l.C811; Bay wlndolofs aDd other projections Story area or • building 11 valh Ba.ywindowe or otherprojeet1onll beyond the extelrlor vall sur raoe the lIurn of the story areas of

beyond the exterior wall euerece for of the builollng for buildingll not the different etoriell exlllting buildingll oniYJ yet erected;

Habitable epe ce in yard anneX and PortioM of a lItory that cannot besmnent beuaedfor penqanent habitation

or all a working plaoe beeeuee of lighting oond1tioQII or other reaeolUl

Apartment area to inner facell of encLce ing Interior partitionllup to 1$em.thiok; Unfinished attic epacet

(net story area, walla or Finlllhed attic spaoe at leaat1.41Il Pipe oiuots and oolUftl.lUI haVing a

ueeruj. IItOry aNlla, to inner face of IIhop in height and oalculated toIIdiltanoe crOllle-lleotional area more than useruJ. floor area, windows of1m.outside t."1e line of inter- (J,3 eq1ft;

premllleeI aPea) eeeeren be twee n the eloping inner \'l'indow and door recelleee with a roof lIurface and a horizontsl plane depth of15emorLelIlI; 2.3 m above the floor; Ball8111.ent rOCXIIS that are not Stairll and eillvatorawithin the intended for human habitation apartMent and aervinp: it exclusivel7

are inoluded in ground noor plan area only

'Je.lleriell in aPl!lrtmentll with a ceiling height of2.1 m at lellllt;

Ga.llllriell in eucpe , offioes, workehope or other premisel!l where the ceiling height111at lentI,

e

1ftor the height conetde eed neee a aer-ybythe building authoritiee:

Habitable baaement roane and m.ain enereeeee , bethrocms and toilet room, in the baeem.ent of a one-f8lllily houlle

Floor area of a I'Oam to inner surfece, of Horizontal area taken upby lIkirting Door and window receellee lea II than encloeing ve ri e boarde, lininga of door clleingll and 15em.in depth;

windowll, glazed tile etovea, fire- Cooking oIoeetll or oooking aloovel ｲｾｾＺｾｩ｡ｾｦｾＺ･ｲ｡ or lIimiler pemanent belonging to a rocm

Floor area of an to inner eur-recee of Total floor area of all roana in the Parti tiOlUl, pipe ducts and apartment encloeing walle of the apartment support ing atruotures wi thin the

Notes

Det'initiorul Cuetodial ar-eas :

all areas on a floor used for cuatody, maintenance and operation of the building l!Iur.h81!1 guard-rooms. offioes, shope, locker rooms, l'Iupply roome, etore roams, end jani tors' closeta Mechanical areas:

boiler r-ocae , pump rooms, ecmpr-e aeor- r0OMS, pipe sllaft!, electrical cloaets, toileta, corridors. foyera. et.irveye. elevator ehafts, and the encloaing wells of these epacea where they exist

I

Definitiona Construction epaoe:

I

extsrior walls, pennanentinterior wl.lls for fire l'Ieparation or atructur.. l support. permanent paMitioNi Circull.tion 8paoe:

rsquired and perm .. nent corridors, ateirvaYlI, elevators, escalatora,

errcr-anoe Lobbf e a

Meohanical epeoet

1'uel and fixed equipment

ｾ］ＺＱ｡

ｾｨＺｾＺＺｴＺｴ［ｾｾ｡Ｎ

heating. ventib,ting, air-conditioning. piping.

ｾ］ｾｾＺｾｩＺ､ｨｾｩＺｾｾｾｾ｡ｬ

eerviol!l8 of the building Public l'Ipacee:

public toilete end we8h-room..e, publicecnvenrencee and other non-rentable epe cea

elUtodial Ipaces:

roome. efceeee , storage.

Ｚｾ［ｩｾＺｾ

ｾｾ｜ｾｾｾｾｾｾ

rocee aervice oustodial personnel of the building Itemll EXo.l'_tded

TJnroofed areS8 and unenclosed roofed-over areas;

unencloaed areas under the firet floor

mcove or reeee eeu cesee included in r.nt er-t.or- space

3taira, elevetor shafte, flues.

ｾｾｾｾｾＹ

ｾｮｾｩｦｾｾＺ｡［ｾＺｬ

ｯ［ｾｾＺｩＺＧＺｩｬ･

unroofed areaa and unenoloaed roofed-over epa081. exeept ee

indicated

cone ta-eee rcn epaeee , oirculation IIpaoes, mechanical epacee, publio

IIpa081!l1and oustodialepeeee

Rxter:1or vallll

Construotion. ciroulation. and mechanical epaoee

Itll!U'18 Included

eum of areas at each floor level;

I

Unroofed areae.ndroofed-over ell srea9 wi t'L e oLear-height of bl - unenclosed spaces

6" or more re.r:;ardleas of uee; area of unenclosed story or part thereof to be the ame aa the projected area of the I'Itory above

All areaa Hit>l a c Le er-heir;;lt of b'-

I

Unroofed areae and unene joeed 6" or moro r!!ijerdlelle of uee r roofed-over epeeea area of unenclosed !ltory to be the

projected area of the story above; 8Ul't1 of e ree e at each floor level Total area ofvet re , piers and

coLumnest each floor level

aeee

as groae area AJ-ea at ground level

.\11 areuwith.l1elght of 61_6ft _or

morer unencloeed roofed-over .paoea serving aa theonlyor principal IILNns of circulation bstveen elem.entlll of a building and vould nonnany be enclosed in a eone vi th heating deaign temperatures belov20Op,forJ-or more story buildinglll when a part thereof is leftunene Iceed oonaider the grO.e area of the u.nenolOllied sto:ry as the projected area of the story above

All areas wit.'l ae ieer- hetr,ht of b'-6" or more regardlese of uae; mezzaninee, balco:liss, librl.ry Itacksl where a story or part thereofIe UIl-ene Lcaed the gr08s I.reaot' the un-enct osed story is the projected area of the etory above;

sum of all areas st each floor level

Sameall grOlll'l' lIrea

Sumof all rentable areae on the floor; columns and projection9 necesllary to the bUilding

Toilets. air-conditioning rOcml.a, r.n

r-eoee , janitorll clollets. electrioal oloseta within a:r>d exe tue rvetv serving that floor; columna .. nd projections nece e eer-y to the bUilding Area requirsd fOr the fixed progrllJll. of requirements. or relntabls or direct revenue produoing arela.,

Same as eroas area

Ｍ ｾ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ

I

Methodot' MeasurSlll!lnt

out er-faces of exterior Halll neglecting archit ..ctural 8etbacks or projectiona

to inner faces of exterior valls. to offiue l'Iide of corridor val '.a or other permanent psrtitions, to centre of oartltions that l'Iepsrate adjacent allsignable areae to inner facell of exterior walls

to outar reeee ot'exterior walla

to inner facel of pennanent building valllll

to inner face of exterior nlla, to office side of corridor or other penu.nent parti tione, and to centre line of partitions that separ a te adjoining rentable area.

to !,rincipa.l outer recee of exterior valls neglecting architeotursl projectiona and setb.ckll

to inner ",all faces at or

1nesr floor Le-..eL

Irl.l!IIide groa9 area

AlI8ignable area oroe e area Pull floor rentable area for sinele tenancy floor OroWld area

Interior "pace

Constructionepeee

nece e area Net rentsble area for multiple teneney t'loor

Grose area

Applicable to all

building type!J

Usable floor area

Net floor area Total floor are.

(COl'f'l'Il'fUED)

TABLE I

［ＺＺｩｾｾＺ［ｩ

ｾｾｯｾｲ

ｕＺｾｾＺＹ

｡ＺＺｾｾ［｡ｾｾｾｬｾｾｾｮｧ

I

ｾｾＺＺｾ､ｩ｡ｬ

aeeee and mechanioal

general use aresa and apecial U8e are!.a; offices, file room8, etorage room.a. auditoria, cafeteria. court-rOOllle, telephone and telegrsph room!!. garagee,

cohunn.!l and projectionl'l neoellisary to

, Ithe building I I

U NIT E D S TAT E S (Continued)

18.\ American3tsndard

Method. ot' Determining Areu 1n Orfice BUl1dlngB. Standal"d z6"l-1956, American Standards ABlloolatlon, New York. 19.1 Aaerlcan Standard.

Methodllot' Determining

Areaa in School BUildinge. Standard Z6'.2-1958, Ame1"loan standards Association. New York. 20.1 AmericanStandard Methode or Determining Areu In Public Buildinge. Standard ｚＶＵＮｊＭＱＹＵｾＬ Amerioan Standarde ABaoclatlon, New York. l'IO.1 Sour-ee 17.1 Building areu-DfJfln1tlOIl.8, ItUl 1-47.

ｾｾｾＺｩｾ｣ｾＡｯｾｕｾ［ｾｾｾｏｫＮ

MCGraw-Hill. New York, 195B.

No. Souroe Item. and Applioation Method of M•••urtnUnt Item. Included Items Excluded Notes

21. .Amerioan Standard Oroea are. outer tao.1I ot exterior Sumotaralll!! at .aoh noor level: 'Unroofed areas and unenc tosed Method. of Determ.1n1ns ... Ua negleoting arohlteo- all ar••• with. clear height ot 61- rooted-over apace. Are ••in BOllpl tab and tural l'Ietbackll or proJeo- 6" or more roegardle!ll!l ot UIfII

Related Faoll1tlu. tlonJI are. ot un.nolo.ed l'!Itory or part Standard 1.65.4-195'9, thereof to be the l!IUle UIthe pro-Amerioan Standards jeoted aru of the etol"1 above, Alllloolation. Nev York.

Circulation are. to inner taoe ot exterior 1'1001' er••11tor general traffio and

...lla u·••• not •••1gneble to • dngle hoapi tal department I

ＺＺＺ［ｾＺｾｾｾＬ

ｯｾＺｾＺｾｲｾｾＺｾＺＺﾷＺｾＺＺｬ｢ｵｬ｡｡Ｌ

Ｚｾｾｾｾｰｾｾｾｾ

ｴｩｾｕｾ［ｾｨｾ｡ｯ･｡

listed above,

oolumna and proJeotion8 neceseal"1 to the building

Departmental area. to inner taoe or eJl:terior interior partitionl!l and oolumnll and

［Ｚｾｾｾｨｾ

ｯｾｾｴＺＺｪＺｾ･ｮｴ

projeotions neoussry to thebuilding

areas, and

to rin1ahed 1"Ocm. vall raoe ot part1tloN!l between a Departmental Area and a Cil"Oulation Area

22. Bowto oompare lIohaol (hooall area to outer taoee ot exterior Stai",,,11lll and develO1'ed baaement cosh N. L. Englehardt wal18 areal!l' h8lt the area or: porticoee. Jr., Arahiteo't'tlral bicyole sheela. porchee, unenolo.ed J'Ol"Ulll, MOV., 1957,

_{ＺＺｾｾｾｾｬｾｾ}

_{ＮｾｾＺＺｉｮｲ［ｾＺｦｾＺｾ}

0.134-137

Net educational area to taoe. ot oontaining .alla All inatruotion apaoes inoluding AuditoriUlll lobby. kitchen and oabineta. aWl:illial"1 epaoes or the cat.teria gJ1IInaai1D or playrocm. and looker aDd

shover roOftl.lllJ

ＺＺＺｾＺｾｾｾ

［ｾｾｾｾｲＺＺＡｮＮＺｴ［ｾ｣ｫＮｲ

muaio practioe rOClUJ oateteria seating area, l1bral"1 reading rOCl'lllllr

acbinllltrati" offioea, haaltJ:I auite, gu.14a.noe and. conterenoe roma. teaoheraI yorokl'O<JIIIa, atudsntsl organi-..ation rocns

(CORTllfUED)

U NIT E D S TAT E 5 (continued)