• Aucun résultat trouvé

Stochastic Gene Expression in Switching Environments

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Partager "Stochastic Gene Expression in Switching Environments"

Copied!
21
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

Article

Reference

Stochastic Gene Expression in Switching Environments

GANDER, Martin Jakob, MAZZA, Christian, RUMMLER, Hansklaus

Abstract

Organisms are known to adapt to regularly varying environments. However, in most cases, the fluctuations of the environment are irregular and stochastic, alternating between favorable and unfavorable regimes, so that cells must cope with an uncertain future. A possible response is population diversification. We assume here that the cell population is divided into two groups, corresponding to two phenotypes, having distinct growth rates, and that cells can switch randomly their phenotypes. In static environments, the net growth rate is maximized when the population is homogeneously composed of cells having the largest growth rate. In random environments, growth rates fluctuate and observations reveal that sometimes heterogeneous populations have a larger net growth rate than homogeneous ones, a fact illustrated recently through Monte-Carlo simulations based on a birth and migration process in a random environment. We study this process mathematically by focusing on the proportion

GANDER, Martin Jakob, MAZZA, Christian, RUMMLER, Hansklaus. Stochastic Gene

Expression in Switching Environments. Journal of Mathematical Biology , 2007, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 249-269

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:6274

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

1 / 1

(2)

,.-0/21315467/28:9;6%<;=>6%?@4A)=CB:676%?/3=CD<FE

GH+I@ JKMLONPQ$%%R S TT& UL

V* $XW5R $)YZK

[G\^]`_badcfeg\^h_jik*ldkmkOnporq7k*e^e^hK]sl hl egtuh\7_barhldi

k*lGvwhq7]slrx k*lG\7e

y{zF|FzF}~z€‚€KƒX„…z‡†‡yzF~ˆ}‰Šz€‚€ƒX„…z

‹Œ $%XQ ˆŽ

<>‘&8/’9;“)9”‘&<C6•8DQ-08–=>D—‘?‘ˆ˜==CD—<C6%&™1’‘ˆ<>12A—šQ‘&<CA/28‡6%8Kš/2<CD8“›6X8K=>9%œ



DQ-ž6Xš6X<Ÿ/38›“›D9;=¡ X‘&9C6%9%Ÿ=CB:6¢:™: =>™:‘Q=>/3D8:9HD&£:=CB:66X8š/3<>D&8:“ 6%8K=¤‘&<C6/2<C<>6X™12‘&<H‘ˆ8:?

9;=CD FB:‘&9;=C/’ ˆŸ¤‘ˆ13=C6%<C8#‘Q=C/28¥46¦=…-ž6X6%8§£‘š&D<>‘&4126‘ˆ8:?s™8£‘š&D<>‘&4126)<C6%&/2“ 69XŸ9;D¨=CB:‘ˆ=

 ¦6%131’9g“P™:9;=g ¦D˜#6b-0/©=>B¨‘ˆ8¨™8: ¦6%<;=F‘ˆ/28ª£.™=C™:<C6œ¬«­˜#DK9C9C/24136P<C69;˜D&8:9C6–/’9‡˜D&˜:™12‘ˆ=C/2D&8

?/2š&6%<>9C/©® X‘Q=>/3D85œ:¯°6›‘&9>9;™“›6–B:6X<>6–=CB#‘Q=—=CB6› ¦6%131˜#D˜™1’‘Q=>/3D8¥/29—?/2š/2?6?¥/28K=CD=…-žD

&<>D&™:˜:9XŸ XD&<><C69;˜D&8#?/38:P=>D›=…-D)˜B:6X8D&=…AK˜6%9%ŸB:‘š/28)?/’9…=>/38: ¦=‡&<>DQ-=CB@<F‘Q=C69XŸ#‘ˆ8:?

=CB#‘Q=0 ¦6X121’9 %‘ˆ8Z9C-0/©=F FB<F‘ˆ8:?D“›13A =CB:6X/2<˜B:6X8D&=…AK˜6%9%œ±Š8Z9;=>‘Q=>/2 g6X8š/2<CD8“›6X8K=>9%Ÿˆ=>B6

86X=–&<>DQ-=CB°<>‘ˆ=C6›/29^“)‘ˆ²/2“›/3³%6%?°-0B6%8´=>B6)˜D&˜™1’‘Q=>/3D8f/29^BD“›D&&6%86XD™:9C13A¥ XD&“ µ

˜D9C6%?^Dˆ£ ¦6%131’95B#‘šK/28ž=CB:6{1’‘ˆ<>&6%9;=&<>DQ-=CB—<>‘ˆ=C6œ¦±Š87<>‘&8:?D“w6X8š/2<CD8“›6X8K=>9%Ÿ¦&<>DQ-=CB

<F‘Q=C69¢:™# =C™#‘Q=C6ž‘ˆ8:?–D&4:9C6X<>šQ‘Q=C/2D&8#9<C6%š&6‘ˆ1ˆ=>B:‘Q=¤9;D“›6¦=C/2“›6%9B6¦=>6X<>D&6X86%D&™:9˜D&˜:™12‘ˆµ

=C/2D&8#9HB:‘š&6‘^1’‘ˆ<>&6%<¤86¦={<CDQ-=>B›<>‘ˆ=C6ž=CB:‘&8)BD&“›D&6X8:6XD&™#9¤D&869XŸ&‘—£‘ ={/21213™:9;=C<F‘Q=>6%?

<>6% ¦6%8K=C12A´=>B<>D&™Bs¶*D&8K=>6¦µ;·ž‘ˆ<>13D¥9C/3“b™1’‘Q=C/2D&8#9P4:‘9;6?§D&8‘¥4/2<;=>B‘&8:?“›/2&<F‘Q=C/2D&8

˜<>D ¦6%9>9ž/38*‘b<>‘&8:?D“¸6X8š/3<>D&8:“ 6%8K=%œ¯´6–9;=C™#?A)=CB:/290˜:<CD ¦69C9ž“)‘Q=>B6X“)‘ˆ=C/’ X‘ˆ1212A4A

£.D ¦™:9C/28gD8P=>B6˜<>D&˜D&<C=C/2D&8b¹¤,º;E”D&£ X6X12129B:‘š/28‡=>B612‘&<C6%9;=<CDQ-=>B–<>‘ˆ=C6‘Q=¤=C/2“›6

ºŸ‘ˆ8:?¨&/2š&6b6¦²˜12/2 X/©=>13Aª=>B6b<>6X1’‘Q=>6%?¥9;=C6‘&?A¥9;=>‘ˆ=C6›?/’9…=><C/24™=>/3D8¨»Hœ¬¯´6›‘ˆ1’9CDZ˜<>DQš&6

=CB:6– ¦D&8š6X<>&6X8# ¦6—Dˆ£6%“›˜/3<>/’ X‘ˆ1‘š&6X<F‘ˆ6%9‘ˆ12D&8 =C<F‘Q¼…6 =>D&<>/369{=>D›=CB6^®#<>9;=0“ D“›6X8K=

½5¾

,R¹E¦Ÿ:‘ˆ8#?O˜:<CDQš/’?6g6X¿ ¦/26X8K=8™“›6X<>/2 %‘ˆ1“›6¦=>BD?9ž£.D&<‡ XD&“›˜™=>/38:

½5¾ ,À¹Eœ

Á*K"ÂP#J$Ã

6X8:6—6X²˜<C69C9C/2D&8¨Ä¢:™: =>™:‘Q=>/38:)6X8š/3<>D&8“›6%8=^Ä:9;=C6‘&?AZ9;=>‘ˆ=C6

%$Å5 Œ¬Æ ˆZNb :$%$.Ǥ& rÈCÉ#Ê#ÊÊ˨ÌÍ

«–ÎÏZÄ

ÌKÍ

«PÎ

Í

ÄÐ&Ï&Ñ

Í&Ò

ÓOÔÕÔփX׀&z>Ø

Ù

z>|>„…}Úת€&z–Ó›ƒX„…ÛÜzFݖƒX„…}©ÞQßKz>‰Fà#á×K}~z>؅‰Š}â„RãÚ%ä{֞zF×zF~%ƒ&à妿ç›y{ßKz—€ßOè#}êézF~Q؅zà¬ë¤ìíXçà5ëî{æ

ï å ïï ֞zF×:ézF~z0ç&àðæÝ–ƒ%}ñê‚Ó›ƒ¦ØŠ„…}©×:Ôփ%׀&z>ØCòžÝ–ƒX„…Û:ÔßK×K}ó%zÔ|CÛ

ëÔӛƒ%ôFôƒ

õzFöKƒX؊„…Ý7zF×Q„0ÚXäӛƒX„…ÛzFݖƒX„…}|F‰Fàáž×K}~zC؅‰Š}„Rã@ÚXä{÷؅}øÚß&؅óàì‡Üz>؅Ú%ññ©z>‰FàëÛKzFÝ7}ת€&ß¥Ó ßK‰QÜz>z

å%ùˆàëî{æïú%û%û ÷؅}øÚߨ…ó&àð5æÝ–ƒ%}ñê‚|CÛ&؅}©‰ü„…}©ƒX×#Ôݖƒ%ôFôFƒòžßK×}âä2؁Ô|CÛ

îgÔy{ßKÝ7Ý7ñz>Ø

õzFöKƒX؊„…Ý7zF×Q„0ÚXäӛƒX„…ÛzFݖƒX„…}|F‰Fàáž×K}~zC؅‰Š}„Rã@ÚXä{÷؅}øÚß&؅óàì‡Üz>؅Ú%ññ©z>‰FàëÛKzFÝ7}ת€&ß¥Ó ßK‰QÜz>z

å%ùˆàëî{æïú%û%û ÷؅}øÚߨ…ó&àð5æÝ–ƒ%}ñê‚Ûƒ%׉Šýˆñ3ƒXßK‰FÔØ…ßKÝ7Ý7ñz>ØCòžß×K}âä2؁Ô|;Û

(3)

¬%”Jˆ

Ž

<>‘ˆ8:/29C“)9–‘ˆ<>6•8DQ-08f=CD°‘&?‘&˜=P=>D¥<>6X&™:12‘&<C12A´šQ‘&<CA/28*6X8š/3<>D&8:“ 6%8K=>9%Ÿ”4Af<C6%ˆµ

™1’‘Q=>/38°=>B6X/2<)/38K=><C/28:9C/2 ª?A8:‘&“ /’ X9›™#9;/28f ¦/2<> %‘&?/’‘ˆ8  ¦12D F•9%œH±Š8“›DK9…= X‘9;69XŸ=>B6

¢:™: ¦=C™:‘ˆ=C/2D&8:9—D&£¡=CB6›6%8Kš/2<CD8“›6X8K=—‘&<C6bBDQ-ž6Xš&6%<‡/2<C<>6X™1’‘ˆ<g‘&8:?¨9;=CD FB:‘9…=>/2 &Ÿ‘&1©=>6X<Cµ

8:‘ˆ=C/28*4#6X=…-6%6X8°£‘š&D<>‘&4126›‘&8:?°™8£‘šD&<F‘ˆ4126b<>6X/3“›69XŸ”9CD@=CB:‘ˆ=b ¦6%131’97“b™:9…=  ¦D&˜6

-0/3=CBw‘&8S™8: ¦6%<;=F‘ˆ/28S£.™=>™<C6Ÿž9C6X6¨6&œ:œÐüŸ3Î

Ì

gD<

Í

Ïüœž« ˜#DK9C9C/24136¨<C69;˜D&8:9C6¥/’9

˜D&˜™1’‘Q=>/3D8¨?/2š&6%<>9C/©® X‘Q=>/3D8 =>B6  X6X121”˜D&˜™:12‘ˆ=C/2D&8¨?/2š/2?6%9g/38K=CD@9;6%š&6%<>‘&15&<>D&™˜#90Dˆ£

šQ‘ˆ<>/3D™:9b˜B6X8:Dˆ=…A˜#69XŸ¤‘ˆ8#?s ¦6%131’9› X‘&8s‘&?‘&˜= =CB6%/3<›˜B6%8Dˆ=…A˜6%9b=CD¨=CB6* FB:‘&8&/28

6X8š/2<CD8“›6X8K=3Îüœ±Š8´ X13D8:‘ˆ1¤˜D&˜™:12‘ˆ=C/2D&8:9%Ÿ¬˜B6X8:Dˆ=…A˜/’ b?/2š&6%<>9C/3=…Aª %‘ˆ8´4#6›&6%86X<Cµ

‘Q=>6%?@4AO9;=CD FB:‘9…=>/2 —˜B6%8Dˆ=…A˜6¦µŠ9;-0/3=> FB:/38›“›6% FB#‘ˆ8/’9;“)9%œ:«r ¦6%131 X‘ˆ8*9C-0/©=F FB@£.<CD“

‘¥9;=>‘ˆ=C6-0B6%<C69CD&“›66X86)/’9P XD&8:9C/’9…=>6X8K=C12A¨6X²˜:<C69C9C6%?´=CD´‘¥9…=F‘Q=>6/38§-0B:/2 FB§/3=b/’9

9C/3126X8K=%œ”±Š8´-0B:‘ˆ=7£.D&1213DQ-9%Ÿ-ž6 -0/2121{ ¦D8:9;/’?6%<^‘&8°‘&8:‘ˆ12AK=C/’ X‘&1¡9…=>™:?A¨D&£ž‘ª9;=CD FB:‘&9;=C/’ 

“›D?6X1Dˆ£˜B6X8:Dˆ=…A˜#6O9;-0/3=> FB/28*˜<>D&˜D9C6%?°/28

Í

ÏüŸ”-0B/’ FBf/29b9;/2“›/31’‘ˆ<7=>D*“›D?6X1’9

˜<>D&˜D9C6%?O<C6 ¦6%8=>13A)/28©ÎБ&8:?©ÎÀœ

¯SB6%8b ¦D8:9C/2?6%<C/28‡=CB6ž=C/2“›6¦µü6XšD&12™=C/2D&8bDˆ£:˜B:6X8D&=…AK˜6%9%Ÿ=CB6<>6X1’‘Q=>6%?P9C-0/3=> FB/28

<F‘Q=C69{ %‘ˆ8)46g?6X=C6X<>“›/38:/29;=C/’ D<9;=CD FB:‘&9;=C/’ ˆŸK‘ˆ8:?Z9;™4D&<F?/28:‘Q=>6%? =>DPD&</38#?6X˜6X8:?6X8K=

Dˆ£¬=>B6¢:™# =C™#‘Q=C/28b6X8š/3<>D&8“›6%8=œB6—‘ˆ4DQš&60“›D?6X1’9{‘&<C604:‘9;6?›D&8›=…-žD–“)‘ˆ/28‘&9;µ

9C™“›˜=C/2D&8:9 5 ¦6%131’9^ X‘&8´9C-0/©=F FB°9;=CD FB:‘9…=>/2 %‘ˆ1213Aª46¦=…-ž6X6X8°šQ‘ˆ<>/3D™:9g6¦²˜<>6%9>9;/2D&8¥126Xš6X1’9

‘ˆ8#?¨=>B6Z9C-0/©=F FB/28*<>‘ˆ=C69–?6X˜6X8#?fD&8°=CB6´,.<F‘ˆ8:?D“E—6X8š/3<>D&8“›6%8=œD“ 6‘??/3µ

=C/2D&8#‘ˆ1”‘9C9C™“›˜=C/2D&8#90 X‘ˆ8ª46P ¦D8:9C/2?6%<C6?O‘ X XD&<F?/38:P=>D›=CB6P9C˜6% ¦/3®# X/©=…AODˆ£=CB6P9C6¦=Cµ

=C/28#ŸK‘9{˜<>DQš/2?6%?›/28©ÎÐ5‘ˆ8:?©Î/28=>B6g XD&8K=C6X²=Dˆ£54#‘& =>6X<>/2‘&1:˜6X<F9;/’9;=C6X8# ¦6&œ  DQ-

?D@ ¦6X121’9‡˜<>D ¦6%6%?ª=>DO<>6%‘&13/2³X67=>B6%9C6b=C<F‘ˆ8:9C/©=>/3D8:9‡‘ˆ8:?D“U˜B6X8:Dˆ=…A˜#6Xµü9C-0/3=> FB/28

“›6% FB:‘&8/’9;“)9B:‘š&6g4#6%6X8ZD4:9C6X<>š&6%?›/28Z4#‘& =>6X<>/2‘–B:‘š/38 ‘–6X86—86¦=…-žD&<>•›9…=><C™: ¦=C™<>6

126%‘&?/38b=CD 4/’9…=F‘ˆ4/212/©=…A¨,D&<“P™:1©=>/29;=>‘&4/312/3=…AE 9;™# FBO9CA9;=C6%“)9B#‘š&6=…-žD “›‘&/38ª9;=>‘Q=>6%9%Ÿ

 ¦D<C<>6%9C˜D&8:?/28 =…A˜/’ X‘ˆ1212A=CDZ13DQ-d‘ˆ8:?ªB:/3B@6X86P6¦²˜<>6%9>9;/2D&8@136%š&6%129%Ÿ:9C6X6–6œ#œ©Îüœ

B/’9ž/29{=CB67 %‘&9C6£.D&<ž6¦²‘&“ ˜:136g/38 "!$#&%')(*!"(*+,!.-0/1(£.D<˜6X<F9;/3=C6%<0 ¦6X121’9‘&8:?/2832+!"(4/15

/1678)6&9:;(4/1(<Ÿ:-0B:6X<>6P ¦6%131’9 X‘&8* FBDD9C674#6X=…-6%6X8@=CB<>6X6b?/>=¬6X<>6X8K=6X86X=C/’ 7˜<>D&&<F‘ˆ“)9

‘& % ¦D<>?/28ª=>D´ ¦™:1©=>™<C6@ ¦D8:?/3=C/2D&8:9%Ÿ9C6X6Z6&œ:œ?D&<33Î&Î)üœ@B:6Z<F‘ˆ8:?D“ 9C-0/3=> FB/28

“›6% FB:‘&8/’9;“ /’9{/28¢:™6%8: ¦6?)4A) FB6X“›/’ X‘ˆ1#&<F‘&?/26X8K=F9XŸK‘ˆ8:??6X˜6X8:?9D&8=CB6—13/3£.6¦µŠ9;=…AK126

Dˆ£¤=>B6P4:‘ =>6X<>/2‘*,8:‘Q=>™<>‘&1”/’9;D12‘ˆ=C690D&<g4/3D&®:12“›9FEŸ9;6%6–6&œ:œ@©ÎAüœCBž/29;=>‘&4/213/3=…AOD % ¦™<F9

-0B6%8*=CB6b<C6%&™1’‘Q=>D&<>AZ86X=…-D<C•@ X‘&8¥9;-0/3=> FB¥46¦=…-ž6X6%8*=…-žDZ?/D=6%<C6%8=g&6X8:6P6¦²˜<>6%9;µ

9C/3D8s126Xš&6%129%Ÿ=CB<>D&™:&B5Ÿ£.D&<›6X²‘&“›˜136Ÿ¤˜#DK9;/3=C/2š&6@£.6X6?4:‘ F•§13DD&˜#9@,R9;6%6O6œ#œE©Î"ÀŸFGüŸ

D&<3Î.EœHBž/29;=>‘&4126 9C-0/©=F FB6%9—‘ˆ<>6P6%˜/2&6X8:6¦=C/’ ˆŸ#=CB#‘Q=^/29%Ÿ=CB6%A¥‘ˆ<>6P8D&=—“›6%?/2‘ˆ=C6%?¨4A

&6%86¦=>/2  FB:‘&8&69XŸ“P™=>‘Q=>/3D8:9D&<JILK‡«G<>6%‘ˆ<><F‘ˆ86X“›6X8K=%œM/38:‘&1312A&ŸQ“›6 FB:‘ˆ8/’9C“›9˜D9;µ

9C6%9>9;/28›9;/2“›/31’‘ˆ<4/’9…=F‘ˆ412679…=><C™# =C™:<C69ž‘&<C6^‘ˆ1’9CDP£.D™8:?O/38@6X™•Q‘&<CADˆ=C69XŸ9C6X6—6&œA5D<

3Î%Ïüœ

B6H“)‘Q=>B6X“)‘ˆ=C/’ X‘ˆ1&“ D?6%129”˜<>6%9C6X8K=C6?g/283Î%ÐüŸN3ÎK‘ˆ8:?O

Í

ϑ&9>9;™:“ 6¡‘0?/3š/’9;/2D&8

Dˆ£#=CB6 X6X121˜D&˜™1’‘Q=>/3D8b/28K=CD—=…-žD—D<¤“ D<C609C™4µü˜#D˜™1’‘Q=>/3D8:9XŸQ XD&<><C69;˜D&8:?/38g=CD—=>B6

šQ‘ˆ<>/3D™:9^˜B6%8Dˆ=…A˜6%9%œ·6X121’9– X‘&8f FB#‘ˆ86b=>B6X/2<b9;=>‘ˆ=C6979…=>D FB#‘&9;=C/’ X‘ˆ1212A&Ÿ5-0/3=CBf<F‘Q=C69

?6%˜#6%8:?/28D&8ª=>B6–6%8Kš/2<CD8“›6X8K=%œPB6–6%8Kš/2<CD8“›6X8K=/3=>9C6X13£H %‘ˆ8*46P?6X=C6X<>“›/38:/29;=C/’ 

‘ˆ8#?^˜#6%<C/2D?/2 H‘9¬£.D&<”6¦²‘ˆ“›˜126¡/283ÎÀŸXD&<5<F‘ˆ8:?D&“p‘9/28©ÎÐK‘&8:?

Í

Ïüœ¦¯´6{-0/3121ˆ£.D ¦™#9

B6%<C6—D&8Z=CB6—“›D?6X1˜<>D&˜D9C6%?)/28

Í

ÏÀŸ-0B/’ FBO %‘ˆ8O4#6—=C<F‘ˆ8#9;1’‘Q=>6%?)“)‘Q=>B6X“)‘ˆ=C/’ X‘ˆ1212A

‘&9g‘4/2<C=CB¨‘&8:?ª“›/3<>‘ˆ=C/2D&8*˜<>D ¦6%9>9/28¨‘Z<>‘&8:?D&“ 6X8š/3<>D&8:“ 6%8K=b,9C6X6b4#6%13DQ-‡E¦œ#¯°6

 ¦D8:9C/2?6%<5B6%<C6¡‘9C-0/3=> FB/2806X8š/2<CD8“›6X8K=%Ÿ¦-0B:/2 FB–‘&1©=>6X<>8:‘Q=>6%946¦=…-ž6X6%8g=…-žD0<>6X&/2“›6%9%œ

B6ž“)‘Q=CB:6X“)‘Q=>/2 %‘ˆ19…=>™:?A–/’9¤/28:9…=><C™:“ 6%8K=>‘ˆ1K£.D<“)‘&8KA7<>6%‘9;D8:9 9C™: FBb9C-0/3=> FB/28

“›6% FB:‘&8/’9;“)97D X X™<–/28§˜:‘Q=>BD&6X8/’ ›4:‘ =C6%<C/’‘§,9C6X6Z6&œ:œQ3Î Ò êE¦Ÿ9CDª=CB:‘ˆ=–=CB/’9–˜:<CD4µ

126X“­/’9¡ X13/28/’ X‘ˆ1212A–<C6%136%šQ‘ˆ8K=%œˆ¶*D<C6%DQš&6%<%Ÿ=CB:6=C/2&BK={ ¦D8=><CD1Dˆ£¬“›‘ˆ=CB6%“)‘Q=C/’ X‘&1“›D?6X1’9

(4)

„…ÚQ|;ۃX‰ü„…}|0ózF×z0z&ö؅zF‰Š‰Š}Ú× ù

“›/3BK=–4#6™#9;6X£.™1{/28f˜<>‘ =>/2 %‘ˆ1¡1’‘ˆ4D&<F‘Q=>D&<>A*6¦²˜#6%<C/2“›6X8K=>9%Ÿ”‘979;BDQ-08°£.D<–6¦²‘ˆ“›˜126

/28§=CB6@ X‘9;6D&£0˜#6%<>9C/29;=C6%8K=b4:‘ =C6%<C/’‘ª/28 ©ÎD&<P/28 Í

ÏüŸ-0B6X<>6/3=b/’9P9CBDQ-08f=CB:‘ˆ=

=C/2“›6¦µŠ?6X˜6X8#?6X8K=Z ¦D8:?/3=C/2D&8:9%Ÿ¡‘&9 /3š6X8s4A§=>B6ªšQ‘ˆ<>/3D™:9›9;-0/3=> FB/28f<F‘Q=C69XŸ¤D™&BK=

=CDª˜1’‘A¨‘ª ¦6%8K=C<F‘ˆ1H<>D&126b/28°=CB6?69;/2&8f‘ˆ8#?¨/28K=C6X<>˜<>6¦=F‘Q=C/2D&8´Dˆ£12‘&4#D<>‘ˆ=CD<CAª6¦²˜6X<Cµ

/2“ 6%8K=>9%œ¯´6)-0/2131¡?6X<>/3š6P=>B69…=>6%‘?A¥9…=F‘Q=>6 D&£{=>B69…=>D FB:‘&9;=C/’ b9CA9…=>6X“ ‘&8:?´š&6X<>/3£.A

“)‘Q=>B6X“)‘Q=>/2 %‘ˆ1213A´=CB#‘Q=–=>B6X<>6O‘&<C69C/©=>™:‘Q=>/3D8:9–-0B:6X<>6Z ¦6%131˜#D˜™1’‘Q=C/2D&8#9P X‘&8‘&?‘&˜=

=CB:6X/2<˜B6%8Dˆ=…A˜6¦µŠ9;-0/3=> FB/28f<F‘Q=C69 =CD§69C %‘ˆ˜6ª‘?š&6%<>9C6ª ¦D&8#?/©=>/3D8:9%Ÿ{9;B:D&™1’?=>B6XA

‘ˆ<>/’9;6Ÿ‘&8:?§/28: ¦<>6%‘9;6Z=CB6@˜<>D&4:‘&4/312/3=…A°D&£‡46X/28´/28‘¥£‘š&D<>‘&4136Z<C6%&/2“ 6œ /3“b™12‘ˆµ

=C/2D&8#9g˜:<CDQš/’?6%?*/28 Í

Ϥ/28:?/’ X‘ˆ=C6b=CB:‘ˆ=—B:6¦=C6%<CD&6%86X/3=…Aª/29gBDQ-ž6Xš&6%<‡46X86X®# ¦/’‘ˆ1¤DQš6X<

D&8:13A–‘^9C“›‘&131˜:‘&<>‘&“›6¦=C6%<¤<>‘&8&6œ«S XD&“›˜126¦=C6ž™8:?6X<F9…=F‘ˆ8:?/28^Dˆ£#=CB/’9¤˜B6%8D&“›6%8D&8

86 ¦6%9>9C/©=F‘Q=C690‘b=C/2&BK=‡ ¦D8=><CD1¬Dˆ£”=>B67“)‘Q=>B6X“)‘Q=>/2 %‘ˆ15“›D?6%1Rœ

ɖ¥$%%5 $X@'{#' %G5J

«‡9>9C™“›6=>B:‘Q==CB:6 X6X12129%ŸD&<£.D&<¤6X²‘&“›˜136=CB:6ž˜:<CD?™: ¦=D&£9CD&“›6{6X86Ÿˆ X‘&8P46/28P=…-žD

?/’9…=>/38# =–9…=F‘Q=>6%9gD&<^˜B6%8Dˆ=…A˜6%9%œ”6¦=s,.º;Eg‘ˆ8#? ,º;E‡46b=CB6)9C/3³%6%9gDˆ£¡=>B6%9C6›˜#D˜µ

™1’‘Q=>/3D8:9Xœ B6^˜B:6X8D&=…AK˜6¦µŠ9C-0/©=F FB/38:b“›6% FB#‘ˆ8/’9;“ /29žš/36%-6?ZB:6X<>6—‘9ž‘ “›/2&<F‘Q=C/2D&8

˜<>D ¦6%9>9 : ¦6%131’9D&£¡6%‘& FBª<CD™˜*<C6%˜<>D?™: ¦676X²˜D&8:6X8K=C/’‘ˆ1213AO£‘&9;=g‘ˆ=g9;D“›6–<>‘ˆ=C69XŸ‘ˆ8:?

 X‘&8Z9C-0/©=F FB›=CB6%/3<ž˜B6%8Dˆ=…A˜6%9%ŸD<{6K™/2šQ‘ˆ126X8K=C12A&ŸK“›/3<>‘ˆ=C60=>D7=CB:6gD&=CB6%<{&<>D&™:˜5œ&¯°6

‘&9>9C™“›6^=CB:‘ˆ==CB6P4/3<C=CB*<F‘Q=>6%9‘&<C676%/©=>B6X<–D&<—-0/3=CBSϟ‘ˆ8:?

=CB#‘Q=—=CB6 ‘&9>9;D ¦/’‘Q=>6%?ª“›/2&<F‘Q=C/2D&8*<F‘Q=>6%9 ! ‘ˆ8:?"P‘ˆ<>6P9C™: FB*=CB#‘Q="$#%!&Ÿ#-0B/’ FB

“›6%‘&8:90=>B:‘Q=^ ¦6X121’9‡12D X‘Q=>6%?ª/28*=CB:6P&<>D&™:˜*B:‘š/38=CB6 9;“)‘ˆ12126X<4/2<C=CB¥<F‘Q=>6–“›/3<>‘ˆ=C6

‘Q=—‘)B/2&B6%<<>‘ˆ=C6^=>D)=CB6b&<>D&™˜ª-0/3=CBª=>B6PB/2&B:6X<4/2<C=CB*<F‘Q=C6–=CB:‘&8ª=CB6–D&=CB6%<‡-‘A

<>D&™8:?5œ

±ü£¤=CB6P4/3<C=CB¥‘&8:?@“›/3<>‘ˆ=C/2D&8ª<>‘ˆ=C69‘ˆ<>67‘&9>9;/2&86?@D&8: X6–‘ˆ8:?@£.D<‡‘ˆ121=CDO‘) ¦D&<><>6¦µ

9C˜#D8:?/28O<CD™˜,6&œ:œ ‘&8:? =CDŸ‘ˆ8:? ‘&8:? =CDbE¦Ÿ¬=CB6%8¨=>B6›“ 6‘ˆ8

9C/3³%6%9'&(ˆ,º;E

½

,)s,º;E;Eª‘ˆ8#?*&+,.º;E,

½

,-´,.º;ECE›9C‘ˆ=C/’9…£.A§=>B6ª˜:‘ˆ/2<)Dˆ£^?/D=6%<C6%8=>/2‘&1

6K™:‘ˆ=C/2D&8:9

?& ,.º;E

,)./¦E0&(ˆ,º;E21*34&+,.º;E45

?&+,.º;E

,)6/3%E0&+,º;E21*7&(ˆ,.º;E48

,…ÎE

«‡ % ¦D<>?/28ª=>D Í

ÏüŸ”-ž6Z9C‘A¨=CB:‘ˆ=b ¦6%131’9–D&£=CB6)®#<>9;=P&<>D&™:˜°<>6X˜:<C69;6%8=>6%?°4A s,º;E

‘ˆ<>6 69: :0,.=CB6%A¥B:‘š&6b=CB:6)13DQ-ž6X<—4/2<;=>B°<F‘Q=>6%9FEŸ‘ˆ8#?´ XD&8š&6%<>9C6X12A@=CB:‘ˆ=7 X6X12129^D&£{=>B6

9C6% ¦D8:?´&<>D&™˜°<C6%˜<>6%9C6X8K=C6?¥4A,º;E7‘ˆ<>6;: :ÀœB6›˜<>D&˜D&<C=C/2D&8°Dˆ£{®:=b ¦6%131’9^/38°=>B6

=CD&=>‘&1˜#D˜™1’‘Q=C/2D&8”Ÿ<¬,º;E=>&+,.º;E?,)&+,.º;E21@&(Q,º;E;EŸ:ºA#Gϟ9>‘Q=>/29;®:6%9=>B6–?/D=6%<C6%8=>/2‘&1

6K™:‘ˆ=C/2D&8

?<,.º;E

B"=1w,CD@E/3%E0<,.º;EFG,C5EG<,.º;E

8 ,Í E

B6%85Ÿ:‘&9ºIHKJSŸ<,º;E.HL<

Ÿ-0B6%<C6

M

< M

Ο-0B/’ FBO£.D1312DQ-90?/2<C6 =>13AZ£.<CD“

EŸ¬9;6%6 6 =C/2D&8 G:œPB:/29g?6%9> ¦<>/346%9=CB6b6K™/213/24<>/3™:“ šQ‘ˆ12™6bDˆ£¤=CB6b˜<>D&˜D&<C=C/2D&8ªDˆ£

®=‡ X6X121290/28*‘›8D&8µü FB:‘&8&/28 6X8š/3<>D&8:“ 6%8K=%œ M/©²/28›=CB:67š‘&13™:6%90D&£=>B67˜:‘ˆ<F‘ˆ“›6X=C6X<F9

Ÿ^‘&8:?,&Ÿ:-ž6– X‘ˆ8*‘9;•Z£.D&<=CB:6–šQ‘ˆ12™6–Dˆ£HÏ

M

3

M

"^-0B/2 FBª“)‘Q²/2“›/3³%6%9=>B6

˜<>D&˜D&<C=C/2D&8D&£5®= ¦6%131’9%ŸK/Àœ6&œK=CB6—6K™/212/34<>/2™“¸šQ‘ˆ12™6—Dˆ£2<,.º;E K=CB6^D&˜=C/2“›‘&19…=><>‘ˆ=C6XA

/’9=>DO•6X6X˜´‘ˆ121”=>B6P®:=^ X6X12129—/28*=CB6b®=79…=F‘Q=>6&Ÿ=CB:‘ˆ=—/’9‡=CDª9;6X=‡=CB:6X/2<—“›/2&<F‘Q=>/3D8*<>‘ˆ=C6

(5)

=CD@³X6%<CD#Ÿ+! ­Ï:œHB/29^126%‘?9g=CD<!$ Ο¬‘&8:?*=>B™:9—=CB6›D˜=C/2“)‘ˆ1H9;D13™=C/2D&8¨-žD&™:12?

46–‘bB:D&“›D&6X86%D&™:9ž˜D&˜™1’‘Q=>/3D85œ

Ž

4:9C6X<>šQ‘Q=C/2D&8#9<>6Xš6%‘&1BDQ-6%š&6%<=>B:‘Q=“›DK9…=‡ X6X1215˜#D˜™1’‘Q=>/3D8:9‘ˆ<>6^8Dˆ=B:D&“›D&6¦µ

86%D&™:9

=CD—6¦²˜1’‘ˆ/287=CB/’9%Ÿ ©ÎБˆ8:?,

Í

Ϙ<CD˜#DK9;6{=CD—/38K=><CD?™: X6ž‘g“›D?/©® X‘Q=>/3D8P/28–=>B6

“›D?6X1¬4A)‘ˆ1213DQ-0/28–6%8Kš/2<CD8“›6X8K=>‘&1: FB:‘&8&69Xœ±Š8

Í

ÏüŸK=CB6—‘ˆ™=>BD&<F99CBDQ- =CB:<CD™&B

¶*D8=>6¦µ;·ž‘ˆ<>13DO9;/2“P™1’‘Q=>/3D8:90=>B:‘Q=—=CB:6bBD“›D&&6%86XD™:9‡9CD&12™=>/3D8!'ÏZ/29‡=CB6%8¨8D&=

‘ˆ12-‘A9D&˜=C/2“›‘&1Rœ B:6—/’?6‘b/’9ž=CD)‘&1312DQ-S=CB:6—4:/3<C=CB*‘ˆ8#?Z“›/2&<F‘Q=C/2D&8Z<>‘ˆ=C6%9ž=>D)9;-0/3=> FB

‘Q=—<>‘&8:?D“ =>/3“›69‡£.<>D&“UD86P<CD™˜*=CDZ=CB6 Dˆ=>B6X<Ÿ¬9;DZ=CB:‘ˆ=^ X6X12129g/38¨=CB6b®=^&<>D&™˜

46% ¦D“›6—™:8®=g‘&8:?Zš/’ ¦6^š&6%<>9>‘œ±ü££.D&<06X²‘&“›˜1367‘&8O6%8Kš/2<CD8“›6X8K=>‘&1 FB:‘ˆ86gD % ¦™<F9

‘Q=^9;D“›6–<>‘&8:?D“ =>/3“›6 wϨ,dÏKEŸ#=CB6%8*=CB:6–£.™8: ¦=C/2D&8f¹ ,º;E0<>6X˜<>6%9C6X8K=C/28

=CB:6P˜<>D&˜D&<C=C/2D&8ªDˆ£¤®=^ ¦6%131’9‡9CD&12š&697,

Í

E™˜ª=CD=C/2“ 6

Ÿ#‘&8:? ¼…™:9;=—‘ˆ£ê=C6X<

Ÿ#9>‘Aª‘Q=

=C/2“›6 1Ï:Ÿ=CB6^®:=‡ ¦6X121’90 ¦D&<><>6%9C˜#D8:?/28P=>D Z,.º;Ež46% XD&“›67™8®:=‡‘ˆ8:?@š/2 X6^š&6X<F9>‘œ

B67˜<>D&˜D&<C=C/2D&8ODˆ£®=‡ ¦6%131’9¹

,.º;E/’9ž=CB6%8*9;-0/3=> FB6?O=CDZ¹

,

1ÏKE=rΧ¹

,

E¦œ

«0£ê=>6X<2Ÿ=>B6<>‘&8:?D&“r˜:<CD ¦69C9¹ &,.º;E 9CD&12š&69,

Í

E”-0/©=>Bb/28/3=C/’‘ˆ1?‘ˆ=>‘^¹ &,2"1)ÏE

‘Q=¤=>/3“›621Ï:ŸQ™8K=C/21‘g8:6X- 6X8š/3<>D&8“›6%8=F‘ˆ1 FB:‘ˆ8:&6D X ¦™:<>9%ŸQ9C‘A–‘ˆ==>/3“›6 ;+œ

B6%<C6b/29—‘86%-9;-0/3=> FB”Ÿ¬‘&8:?ª=>B6P˜<>D ¦69C9g/29—‘ˆK‘ˆ/28¥9;D13™=C/2D&8¥D&£‡,

Í

E¦Ÿ¬™8K=C/21‘Z86X-

6Xš6X8K={D X X™<F9{‘ˆ8#?)9;D–D85œ7B/29“›D?6X1 ¦D&8#9;/’?6X<F9H=>B6‡6%š&D13™=>/3D8)Dˆ£¬=CB:6‡“›6%‘&8Z9;/2³X69

&(Q,º;E{‘&8:? &+&,º;E¡D&£=CB6g4/2<;=>BZ‘ˆ8:?“ /2&<F‘Q=>/3D8)˜<>D X6%9>9

9…=>D FB:‘&9;=C/’ ¦/3=…Ab/’9H=>B6—<C69;™13=

Dˆ£{=CB6›<F‘ˆ8:?D“U6X8š/3<>D&8“›6%8=œHB/29—/’9—Dˆ£ XD&™<F9;6 ‘Z4:/3ª9;/2“›˜12/©®# %‘Q=>/3D8 =CB6 £.™1213A

9;=CD FB:‘&9;=C/’ )“›D?6X1ÀŸ¤-0B6X<>6Z8:D´‘š&6%<>‘&&/28ª/29 ‘&9>9C™“›6%?f£.D<P=>B6Z4/2<C=CB‘&8:?§“›/2&<F‘Qµ

=C/2D&8*˜:<CD ¦69C9%Ÿ/’9D&™=‡Dˆ£H<>6%‘& FB@“)‘Q=>B6X“)‘Q=>/2 %‘ˆ1213A@‘Q=‡˜:<C69;6%8=0=>/3“›6Ÿ#‘ˆ8#?@=CB6–“›D?6%1

&/2š&6%8¥/28 Í

ÏH/’9—/38K=C6%<C69…=>/38:@9C/38# ¦6 /©=^˜#6%<C“›/3=>97‘Z“›‘ˆ=CB6%“)‘Q=C/’ X‘&1=C<>6%‘Q=>“›6X8K=—-0B:/3126

 ¦D8:9C6X<>šK/28b=CB67“)‘&/38O£.6%‘ˆ=C™<>6%9D&£=>B67˜<>D&4126X“ªœ

±Š8©ÎД‘ˆ8:? Í

ÏüŸ=CB6—¢:™# =C™#‘Q=C/2D&8#9Dˆ£”=>B6^6X8š/3<>D&8:“ 6%8K=‘&<C6—“›D?6X126%?O™:9;/28)‘

<>6X86%-ž‘&1˜<>D X6%9>9

=CB6g/38#9…=F‘ˆ8K=>9;Ÿ # Ï:Ÿ‘ˆ<>6‡9C™: FB›=CB#‘Q={=>B6g9C6K™6%8: ¦6‡Dˆ£<>‘&8:?D“

šQ‘ˆ<>/2‘&4126%9º+ &/2š&6%8)4A º ! Ÿ" #pΟ&/’9{/Àœ/Àœ?œ?/29;=C<>/24™=C6?‘& % ¦D<>?/28

=CD9;D“ 6¨12‘-$#rD&8&%('–œ B6¨‘ˆ™=CBD<>9›=>B6X8w™:9;6´¶*D&8K=C6Xµ…·ž‘&<C12D§9;/2“P™:12‘ˆ=C/2D&8:9=CD

6%9;=C/2“)‘Q=>6¥=CB:6¨12/3“›/3=C/28sšQ‘ˆ12™6¥D&£7=CB6¨=C/2“›6´‘š&6%<>‘&&69 ‘&13D8§=><>‘ˆ¼…6% =>D&<>/369›Dˆ£7=>B6

˜<>D ¦6%9>90¹ &,º;EŸ#Dˆ£”=>B6^£.D&<>“

)* Î

* +-,.

¹ &,0/E?1/38 ,*GKE

B/’9H12/3“›/3=C/28P‘š&6%<>‘&&6š‘&13™:6/29{?6X8D&=C6?b4A «š5,R¹ E3254ž=CD76¦²˜<>6%9>9H/3=>9¡?6X˜6X8:?6%8: ¦A

D&8O=CB:67“ /2&<F‘Q=>/3D8Z<F‘Q=>6 6 Ÿ-0B6%8@‘&131=>B6^<C6%“)‘ˆ/28/38: ˜#‘ˆ<F‘ˆ“›6¦=>6X<F9ž‘&<C6g®²6%?5œ

B6%/3< 9;/2“P™1’‘Q=>/3D8:97/28:?/’ X‘ˆ=C6)=>B:‘Q=b=CB6%<C6/’9P‘ª<F‘ˆ8:&6)Dˆ£0˜:‘&<>‘&“›6¦=C6%<>9Z,- 8D&=–=CDD

1’‘ˆ<>&6E9C™: FB@=CB:‘ˆ=

«š5,À¹ E725498:«‡š”,R¹ E7254<;35

-0B/’ FB7“›6%‘ˆ8#9=CB#‘Q=%Ÿ%£.D&<5=CB69;6˜:‘ˆ<F‘ˆ“›6¦=>6X<F9XŸB:6¦=C6%<CD&6%86XD™:9˜D&˜™1’‘Q=>/3D8:9”‘&<C6H46¦=C=C6%<

‘&?:‘ˆ˜=>6%?Z=CB:‘&8@B:D&“›D&6X86%D&™:9žD&8:6%9%œ

±Š8d=CB:/29´˜:‘ˆ˜6X<Ÿ‡-ž69;=C™#?Ap“)‘ˆ=CB6%“›‘ˆ=C/’ X‘&1312Aw=>B6s12/2“ /3=C/28p4#6%B:‘š/3D<¥Dˆ£)=>B6

9;=CD FB:‘&9;=C/’ H˜<>D ¦69C9¹

,.º;E‘ˆ8#?—=CB6‘&9>9;D X/2‘ˆ=C6%?g=>/3“›6‘š6X<F‘ˆ6

) *

4A—&/2šK/28‡‘&8:‘ˆ12AK=C/3µ

 X‘&1312A–=>B6?6%8:9;/3=…A Dˆ£=CB69;=>‘ˆ=C/2D&8:‘&<CA–“›6‘&9C™<C6»Hœ

Ž

™<H=C6 FB8/K™60™:9C6%9¤=>B6˜<>D ¦6%9>9

=2 U¹

,>2$ ÏKEŸ ? U¹

,ÏE¦Ÿ-0B:/2 FB/29 9;™# FBf=CB:‘ˆ='=2

' A@

B7CED

,;Î =2ˆE¦Ÿ

£.D&<9CD&“›6^“)‘ˆ˜˜:/38F@ ,G¬E7,9C6X6 Ig6¦®#8/©=>/3D8fÎEœ,)=2ˆE72 7/’9‘›9…=>D FB#‘&9;=C/’ g<>6% X™<F9;/2š&6

¶¥‘&<C•DQšs FB:‘ˆ/285Ÿ{‘&8:?

)*

 X‘ˆ8G46¨6X²˜:<C69C9C6%?G‘&9Z‘ˆ8S‘&??/©=>/3š6*£.™8: ¦=C/2D&8:‘&1‡Dˆ£^=>B6

=C<F‘Q¼…6 =>D&<>ADˆ£,)

2

E5H

2 H * œ±Š86% ¦=C/2D&8 G:Ÿ:-ž67<C6 X‘ˆ121‘OB:6XD&<>6X“ £.<>D&“ D&8ª=>B6

 ¦D8š&6X<>&6%8: ¦6—Dˆ£¡9;=CD FB:‘9…=>/2 ^<>6% X™<>9C/2š&67 FB:‘ˆ/28:9%Ÿ:-0B/’ FB*‘ˆ˜˜:13/26%9‡/38ª=>B/29g9;6X=;=>/38#œ:¯°6

(6)

„…ÚQ|;ۃX‰ü„…}|0ózF×z0z&ö؅zF‰Š‰Š}Ú×

&/2š&6› ¦D8:?/3=C/2D&8:9^6%8:9C™<C/28O=CB6)6X²/29;=C6%8: ¦6)‘ˆ8#?¨™8:/K™6%86%9>9^Dˆ£‘O9;=>‘ˆ=C/2D&8:‘&<CA*“›6%‘ˆµ

9C™<C6O»HŸH‘&9b-6%131‘&9b&6%D&“›6¦=><C/’ 6%<CD?/2 X/©=…Aœ”±Š8 6% =>/3D8 A:Ÿ¤-ž6O XD&8:9C/2?6X<–=>B6ª X‘&9C6

-0B6%<C6 #f/’96¦²˜D&86%8K=C/’‘ˆ15D&£¤˜#‘ˆ<F‘ˆ“›6¦=>6X< Sϟ#‘&8:?*9CBDQ-w=>B:‘Q=g»°B#‘&9‘ ?6%8µ

9C/©=…Ar-0/3=CBO<C69;˜6% ¦==>D$56%4#69;™6—“ 6‘&9C™<>6&œ&¯°6g£.™<;=>B6X<>“›D&<>6‡˜<>DQš&6‡/38 B6XD<C6%“

Í

=CB:‘ˆ=Z‘¨“b™13=C/2˜136 Dˆ£ 9CD&12š&69b‘f9C6% XD&8:?D&<F?6X<)?/D=¬6X<>6X8K=C/’‘ˆ106 ™#‘Q=C/2D&8 -0/3=CB

-ž6%‘ˆ•)9C/38:&™1’‘ˆ<>/©=>/369Xœ¡<>D&˜D9C/3=C/2D&8¥Î—˜<>DQšK/’?699C6X<>/369{6X²˜:‘ˆ8:9C/2D&8:9{£.D&<›Ÿ-0B/’ FBO‘ˆ<>6

86 ¦6%9>9>‘ˆ<>A7=CD ?6X<>/3š60˜<>D&˜6X<C=C/26%9HD&£d8:6%‘ˆ<¡=CB6—9;/28&™:12‘&<C/3=C/26%9%œN6 =C/2D&8

Ò

 ¦D&8#9;/’?6X<F9

=C/2“›6)‘š&6X<F‘ˆ6%9 ±ü=7/29—˜<>DQš&6?ª=CB#‘Q=—=CB6›6X“›˜/2<>/2 %‘ˆ1H‘š&6%<>‘&&6

) *

/3š6X8¥/28 ,GEg ¦D8µ

š&6%<C6%9=>D=>B6b9;=C6‘&?Aª9…=F‘Q=>6P6¦²˜6% ¦=>‘Q=>/3D8

½ ¾

,R¹E¦Ÿ#-0B:6X<>6b¹°/29g‘<F‘ˆ8:?D&“ šQ‘&<C/’‘ˆ4126

?/’9…=><C/24™=>6%?§‘ X ¦D<>?/38@=>D*»Hœ±Š8 6 =C/2D&8Ð:Ÿ5-ž6)˜<CDQš/’?6)6¦¿ X/36%8=b8K™:“ 6%<C/’ X‘&1H/38µ

=C6%&<F‘Q=>/3D8@“›6X=CBD?9‡£.D&<— ¦D&“›˜™=C/28)=CB:6b?6%8:9;/3=…A*‘&9>9;D X/2‘ˆ=C6%?O=>D»HŸ‘&8:?@=CB:6X<>6¦£.D&<>6

£.D&<0 XD&“›˜™=>/38b=CB:6^9;=C6‘&?A9;=>‘ˆ=C6^‘š&6%<>‘&&6012/3“

*

)*

½5¾

,R¹E¦œ¯´6g=CB:6X8ª9;BDQ-

8™“›6X<>/2 %‘ˆ1¬9;D13™=C/2D&8:9%Ÿ™#9;/28–=>B6^9;6%<C/26%9{6¦²˜:‘ˆ8#9;/2D&8:9Dˆ£{<CD˜#DK9;/3=C/2D&8*Îg=CD 9…=F‘ˆ<C={=>B6

8™“›6X<>/2 %‘ˆ1/28K=C6X<>‘ˆ=C/2D&85œ B67“)‘&/38@<C69;™:1©=F90‘ˆ<>6^9C™“›“)‘ˆ<>/3³%6%?O/38 6 =>/3D8œ

Nb#K!¨0Q&$¥ :$

¯°6›®:<>9;=–&/2š&69CD&“›6›4:‘9;/’ ›<C69;™:1©=F9—£.D&<7=>B6?/D=6%<C6%8=>/2‘&1¡6K™:‘ˆ=C/2D&8S,

Í

EœB:6)<C/2&BK=

B:‘&8:?`9C/2?6´Dˆ£O,

Í

EZ X‘ˆ8w4#6´£‘& ¦=CD&<>6%?G/28K=CDB ¤,<B<"¦EX,)< <!%E¦Ÿž-0B:6X<>6 <"

,C,@

E= E ?,

Í

5E

6

Ï:Ÿ<

,;,C

/

E 1 E ?,

Í

E.`Ï:Ÿ

‘ˆ8#? M,C@ @ E 1 A œ B6%8 /2“›˜12/369=CB:‘ˆ=gÏ 6 Î6< 6

6 < 6

Î35‘ˆ8:?=CB:‘ˆ==>B6—?6X<>/3šQ‘Q=>/3š6g?:¹

,.º;E?Q?º{/29ž˜D9C/©=>/3š6g-0B6%8@¹

,.º;E{/29ž/28=>B6

/28=>6X<>šQ‘ˆ1Ï5 <!XE¦Ÿ86%‘ˆ=C/2š&6)/28w,)<!!5XÎ"ÀŸ‘ˆ8:?f/3=bšQ‘ˆ8:/29CB6%9–£.D&<›¹ &,º;E$ <!ˆœ±ü=b/’9–8D&=

B:‘&<>?¥=CD* FB6% F•ª=>B:‘Q=–‘&8KA*<>6%‘&13/2³%‘ˆ=C/2D&8´Dˆ£{=>B6 =C<F‘Q¼…6 =CD<CA Q¹ ˆ,.º;E Ÿ-0/3=CB°/38:/©=>/2‘&1

?‘ˆ=>‘–¹ ,ÏE',…Î( <! 5 <!%E¤-0/2121<C6%“)‘ˆ/28b£.D<C6%š&6%<H/38#Ÿ&‘ˆ8#? =CB:‘ˆ={‘ˆ8A–=><>‘ˆ¼…6% =>D&<>A

9;=>‘ˆ<C=C/28–/28=>B6‡/28K=C6%<CšQ‘ˆ1! E Ï5%Î#"$b-0/21316X8K=C6%<%›‘Q£ê=>6X<ž‘ˆ8Z‘&13“›D9;=ž9C™<>6X12AP®#8/©=>6

=C/2“›6&œ¡,



DQ-ž6Xš&6%<%Ÿ5¹ ,ÏKE <! /3“›˜12/26%9–¹ ,.º;E <!ˆœâEg¯´6 =CB™:9^<>6%9;=C<>/’ =^D&™<79;=C™:?A

=CD =>B67/38K=>6X<>š‘&1&:œ

Ã

/2š&6X8ªº %('7Ÿ#-6–?6X®:867=>B6–“)‘ˆ˜:˜/38:F@

, H'O9;™: FB@=>B:‘Q= @

,GE/’90=>B6

šQ‘ˆ12™6–D&£=>B6b9CD&12™=>/3D8@D&£,

Í

E‡‘Q==>/3“›6–º-0B6%8¨9;=>‘ˆ<C=C/28‘ˆ= G((Z‘Q=‡=C/2“ 6bº Ï:œ

)

9C/28)9;6%˜:‘ˆ<F‘Q=>/3D8ZDˆ£¤šQ‘ˆ<>/2‘&4126%9£.D&<–,

Í

EŸ:-6^D&4=>‘ˆ/28@=CB67<>6X1’‘Q=>/3D8

@:,GE=<

< @ ,GE

GD<"

< G

6X²˜,*5º;E45 ,AE

-0B6%<C6O-6@9;6X=+* ¤,< < E¦œ

Ã

/2š&6%8,-.#Ÿ126¦=/º¦,, 5 <Eb?6X8:Dˆ=C6Z=CB6O=C/2“›6

/28=>6X<>šQ‘ˆ1=>B6–D&<>4/3=Dˆ£¤=CB:6P?A8:‘ˆ“›/’ X‘&1”9;A9;=C6%“ ,Í

E86%6%?9=>D^¼…D&/280,¨‘ˆ8#?<Ÿ<,#1,Ÿ

-0B6%8ª9;=>‘&<;=>/38: ‘ˆ=0=C/2“ 67º=wÏ ‘ˆ=,œ&B:6X8

*/º¦,, 5 <E=S13832

,< < EX,)< 4,E

,<!<EX,,D<"XE65

8 ,Ò E

7@Ǥ.%R# Ã

/2š&6X8, w¹ &,ÏE#Ÿ ¦D&8#9;/’?6X<=CB:6—¶¥‘&<C•DQš  FB#‘ˆ/28-0/©=>BOšQ‘&13™69

/28Z?6¦®:8:6%?@4A

2 '

6 @:B3C"D ,…Î 2 E 5

-0B6%<C6¨=CB6°9;6 ™:6X8: X6¨Dˆ£–<F‘ˆ8#?D&“ šQ‘ˆ<>/2‘&41369 º 2

298;:

C

/’9Z/Àœ/Àœ?œ0?/29;=C<>/24™=C6?`‘& ¦µ

 ¦D<>?/38 =>D9;D“ 671’‘- #fD8 % '

œCB/29‡¶¥‘ˆ<>•&DQš FB:‘&/38*?69C X<C/246%9ž=CB:6–6XšD&12™=C/2D&8@Dˆ£

¹ ,

2

°ÏKEŸ:‘ˆ=ž=>B67/28:9…=F‘ˆ8K=>9¼…™#9…=46¦£.D<C6^=>B6–9;-0/3=> FB:6%9%Ÿ-0/©=>B

2

E 2

2

(7)

¯°6)®:<F9…=–<>6% %‘ˆ121¡‘ˆ8:?§‘?‘ˆ˜=–<>6%9C™13=>97D&£8D&8°=CB6O ¦D&8š6X<>&6X8# ¦6 Dˆ£9;™# FBf¶¨‘ˆ<>•&DQš

 FB:‘&/38:9%Ÿ%‘&129CD X‘&13126%?O.: -!$#&+):(*!E'%.!6 '.)(%F!$#&+(9&FœB6{&6X8:6X<F‘ˆ1&9C6¦=C=C/28‡/’9?6%9> ¦<>/346%?

4A¨‘ª ¦D“ ˜:136X=C6)9;6%˜:‘ˆ<F‘ˆ4:136b“ 6X=C<>/2 ›9C˜:‘& X6*,

)

5E¦Ÿ¬=CB69C6¦=7Dˆ£žšQ‘ˆ12™6%9—=F‘ˆ•&6%8¨4A*=>B6

¶¥‘&<C•DQš FB:‘ˆ/285Ÿ:‘b£‘ˆ“›/213A@Dˆ£¤“)‘ˆ˜˜:/38K9¹

) H )

Ÿ/28:?6X²6?ª4AZ˜:‘&<>‘&“ 6X=C6%<>9

12/3š/28b/28ª9;D“ 6—˜:‘&<>‘&“ 6X=C6%<ž9C˜:‘& X6 Ÿ#‘ˆ8:?O‘P˜<>D&4#‘ˆ4/213/3=…A)“›6%‘9;™<>6 #´D&8 œ

Ã

/3š6X8

‘ˆ8 /Àœ/Àœ?5œˆ9;6 ™:6X8: X6žD&£#<F‘ˆ8:?D&“r6X126X“›6%8=F9¬Ÿ & # Î&ŸQD&£#1’‘- #HŸˆ-ž6ž %‘ˆ8› ¦D&8#9;/’?6X<=>B6

¶¥‘&<C•DQš› FB#‘ˆ/28´,)E8;:@/3š6X8@4A

' w¹ CED,)E¦œ B6—£.D&1213DQ-0/28B6XD<C6%“

&/2š&69P XD&8:?/3=C/2D&8#9–£.D<–=CB:6O6X²/’9;=C6X8# ¦6Z‘&8:?§™8/K™6X8:6%9>9PD&£‡‘¨9;=>‘Q=>/3D8:‘ˆ<>A¨“›6‘&9C™<C6œ

±Š8s-0B#‘Q=P£.D1312DQ-9%Ÿ

,G25>?<EP?6%8Dˆ=>6%9b=CB:6Z1’‘- Dˆ£0=CB:6@¶¥‘&<C•DQš´ FB:‘&/38*s‘ˆ8:?

,G25%ÄE45;» /29ž=>B6 ¡<>D&•BD<CDQš “›6¦=C<>/’ ˆŸ:9C6X6^46X12DQ-7œ

–:Q

# %.-'$% -

"!$##%

.)6&O% :4#&+: :# % +(4/(' - ) .69P!":;(*- 9 ›¹+*

, (<.-J(/C"!.#7(4:1032J(4:4#

¬,R¹ ,G¬E 5>¹ ,<ECE

M54

¬,G25<E 5 G(5 <3

) 5

6

+,

%

.)6&O%7 .6 '):# %"'8-0'% :# +0:

+ 4

9#¡,?&KE 6 J 5 +

¬,R¹&,G E 57G E#¡,?&E 6 J 5 ,ÐKE

-' -% G )

* + 9:9:4#&+:

+

128”,

4 E#¡,?&E 6 Ï8 ,;&E

# % 9

; # %=<+'>N- !.# +(9 # + +O69&(@?"6&% .:+:;(*- 9 +'8'A90(<.:;')(*9"6 :(*- 9O»*

;

,G25%ÄE45;»

MCBEDF

*G -0' !.- 9&):+ 9&:

BED + 9:9

F

2J(4:4#´Ï

6

B.D

6 J + 9H9

Ï 6 F 6

ÎI :4# (< 9$-069:9# -/J9K -'+/4/:;(%& + 9H9 +/4/):+0'):(9ML)/&-)(4:(*- 9 GN*

; :# %F!.- 9&):+ 9&:

F

9-%).9P-0:G9%O/ % 9:9 - 9&-'(GPIH:# %F!.- 9 ):+ 9&:

B D

9-%).9P-0:G9%O/&%49H9

- 9&* + 9:9

B D 6RQ

15ST¬,G(57G1QET*72#&%'$%‡Ï

6UQ 5"S

6

JV

±Š8GD&™<)9C6¦=C=C/28:Ÿ ) /’9)&/2š&6%8s4A §‘&8:?=>B6*˜:‘&<>‘&“ 6X=C6%<›9C6¦=W /’9^¼…™:9;=F%'–œ B6

¡<>D&•BD<CDQšO?/29;=>‘&8: ¦6+

XP

,

5%ÄE45;» ¤/29g=CB:6P/28®:“P™:“ Dˆ£H=CB:6+/pÏZ9C™: FB

=CB#‘Q=

,) 35TY7E 6 »¡,ZY[%E21 / ‘&8:? »¡,$Y7E 6

, !5"Y[E+1/ 5 ,*KE

-0B6%<C6\Yw<C™8#9¤DQš&6X<=CB:6FBD<C6%19;6X=>9¤Dˆ£7‘ˆ8#?Ÿ£.D&<H/3š6X8Y ^]¡,EŸHY [ ?6%8Dˆ=>6%9=>B6

9C6¦={D&£˜D&/28K=>9¡D&£&7-0BD9C6?/’9…=F‘ˆ8: X60£.<>D&“CYp/’9¡126%9>9¤=CB#‘ˆ8/›,9C6X6 6 =>/3D8

Ò

œ2Î0Dˆ£JêE¦œ

·D&8#?/©=>/3D8 ,ˆE—“›6%‘&8:9—=CB#‘Q=7=CB:6›£.™8: =>/3D8:9P¹ ‘&<C6) ¦D8K=C<F‘& =>/3D8:9—/38´=CB:6‘š&6X<F‘ˆ6&œ

¯°6®:<F9…=6¦²˜<>6%9>9¤=CB/’9ž ¦D&8#?/©=>/3D8)/38ZD&™<ž9;6X=;=C/28C ˆ£.D&<º%,% % ' ‘&8:?,00$

) Ÿ

=CB:67“›‘&˜˜/28=@ ,,Ež/29/3š6X8@6¦²˜12/2 X/©=>13AO4KA

@:¦,,¬E=

<"Q,<!4,¬E+1 <!,,D<"¦E6¦²˜”,*”º;E

< 4,'1w,,D< E6¦²˜”,*”º;E

8 ,Ì E

6X=;=C/28Z¹,GE @:F,;Î6 GEŸ:-6^D&4=>‘ˆ/28

(8)

„…ÚQ|;ۃX‰ü„…}|0ózF×z0z&ö؅zF‰Š‰Š}Ú× ú

{s

-0' +/4/:º %' *

?

? G

¹,GEA%

,)<

<

E

6X²˜”,*5º;E

,)<3ÎA1 G$1p,…Î GD<"¦E6X²˜”,*5º;ECE 5

4

`9;™:˜

D

8

?

? G

¹,G¬E

,< < E

6¦²˜”,*5º;E

,Í <!.GÎ 1`,;Î6<3.<"XE6¦²˜”,*5º;E;E 8

# (<,% /&- 9 %49C:(*+0/?- )/ +0' +O%": %"'+ Ï *L+ 9H9 ?;* * :# % 9 :# %3!.- 9:90(4:(*- 9

L(% 9(9 +' % "+:;(<: %T9+* + 9:9

+ C

06X²˜5,0 :º;E138,

4

…E…?º=

Í

+

6¦²˜”,0–,;ÎA1¤EŠº;E

Î

6¦²˜5,00º;E

?º 5

2# %"'%)2Q%"%":

–,

Í < ¨ÎE ?,…Î D< D< E 6 Ï J- 9:90(4:(*- 9

! (< :#767E"+:;(<): %T9

(

Í

+

6X²˜,0–,…ÎA1¤EŠº;E

Î

6X²˜,00º;E

?º 6 Ï8 ,…ÎÏE

% O+'>W¨¯SB:6X8

M

Ο=>B6—/38K=C6%&<F‘ˆ1

,.6X²˜”,0–,;ÎF1¤EŠº;E;E?,;ÎA 6X²˜”,00º;ECE…?º

/’9 =CB6 56%<> FB ¡B/£.™:8: =>/3D8 0,

55/!5 !E,#"

,$!D1&”E

!&%

ŸH-0/3=CB / Î*‘ˆ8:?

!, ÎE1 Ÿ¬‘ˆ8:?ª/’9g‘&129CD6 ™#‘ˆ15=>D

Ã

‘ˆ™#9C9('9 

A˜6X<>&6XD“›6¦=C<>/’ ^£.™8: ¦=C/2D&8 MI&,…Î35XÎE1

Í

1

E?,…ÎA1¤E^,9C6X676&œ:œ

Ì

üŸ FB:‘&˜5œÎ&œ2Î&ÎEœ

)^Q5

C‘&•K/28b=CB6–?6X<>/3šQ‘Q=>/3š6^Dˆ£0,

Ì

E-0/3=CB*<>6%9C˜#6 ==CD,Ÿ-ž6—D4=>‘&/38

?

? ,

@:¦,,E=

,)<!<"E

6X²˜,*5º;E

*

<!.4,'1`,,<"E6X²˜”,*5º;E +

‘ˆ8#?=>BK™#9

¹&,

,G¬E ?

? , @ ,…Î GEA%

,)<!6<"XE

6X²˜”,*5º;E

,)< Î 1-G$1w,…Î6 GD< E6X²˜”,*5º;ECE

6 Ï5

‘&9<>6K™/2<>6%?œ B6^6X²˜:<C69C9C/3D8£.D<

4

¡£.D1312DQ-9£.<CD“ ?/2<C6 = ¦D“›˜™=>‘ˆ=C/2D&85œ

-

Nb#K!¥§$X %R# Q.F"R.)‡$$%R G5.Q#¬%$

«‡9>9C™“›6=CB:‘ˆ= #O/’9¤6¦²˜D&86%8=>/2‘&1Dˆ£¬˜:‘ˆ<F‘ˆ“›6X=C6X< GϜQ¯°60-0/2131:9C6X60/28›-0B:‘Q=¤£.D1312DQ-9

=CB#‘Q=P=>B6Z9;=>‘ˆ=C/2D&8:‘&<CA´“ 6‘&9C™<>6)»SB:‘&9%Ÿ”™8#?6X< 9;D“ 6 XD&8:?/©=>/3D8:9XŸ‘¥?6%8:9;/3=…A ),)<E

9C™: FB°=CB:‘ˆ=P-0/©=>B/), <E ,;,<D*< E ?,)< <E;E10”Ÿ5-0B6%<C62B ?#*{Ÿ5=CB:6)£.™8: ¦=C/2D&8

),)<E ),)<E1/,)<E¦,<$<"¦EX,)<!6<Ež9C‘ˆ=C/’9…®#6%9ž=CB:6–?/>=¬6X<>6X8K=>/2‘&16K™:‘Q=>/3D8

3,,ü,)<E21 4›,)<E 3,R,<E(15Z,)<E ),<EASÏ5 ,…ÎÎE

-0B6%<C676<"Î<Ÿ6<!Î<3ˆŸ

4›,<E=

1`Î

<$86<"

Î

< 96<!

1

< <!

< <"

5 ,…Î

Í E

‘ˆ8#?

5,)<E

,)<3<¦E

,)<'< E¦,< < EX,)<'96< E¦, <$86< E 8 ,…ÎGE

B6^£.D1312DQ-0/38:b˜<>D&˜D9C/3=C/2D&8@-0/3121=CB:6X<>6¦£.D&<>6—4#67™:9C6¦£.™:1

(9)

)^Q:'#$. # %-0/16 :;(*- 9 3- ,:4#&% "%$!.- 9:9-'9N%'# --"L %49 %$-067,/1(9 %.+' 9( .5

%"'%49C:(*+0/ %T?"6&+:;(*- 9 3+'%+ 9 +/(':;(*!O- 9 :# %(9&:%"'8+0/ DM,<!356 <!%E

2Q-) .69:9N+5

O%49C:+0/H"-/16 :;(*- 9&

6

ˆ,)<ET*

6

&,)<E +' %

; 6 ,<E=,<66< E10

6

,)<ET* 2# %"'% 6

,)<E(<L+ 9P+/':(*! - 9@,(6< 3/ 5 < EG -'"-O%

/$Ï+ 9:9A2J(4:4#

6

, 6< E=rÎM

; 6 ,<E=

6

,<E45 /3£ %E5

6

,<E(1

6

Y 6 ,)<E128”,)<'86< E45/3£ %E5

2J(4:# 6

,<E+ 9 +/(':;(*!- 9w,(6<! ./ 5 <!%E= -'3"-%/> Ï * 6

K,<!E6 Î + 9H9

6

Y %

%

9P-0:4#&%'8"%": - :$2Q-. .69:9N+O%49C:+0/H"-/16 :;(*- 9& ,)<ET*$ ,)<E (<

; ,<E ,)< <E

! 0 ,)<ET*\2#&%' % ,<EO(< + 9 +/(':;(*!3- 9,(6< 5 < 11/ˆE. -'

"-O% /$Ï + 9H92J(4:#

ˆ,<!%E=Î

;

&,<E=

,<E45 /3£ %E5

&,<E(1 Y &,)<E128”,)<3<E45/3£ %E5

2J(4:#

&,)<E+ 9P+0/(':;(*! - 9w,(6<3!5 <! 1 /ˆE -'3"-O% / Ï&*

&,)<3%E Î + 9H9

Y %

±Š8°=CB6‘&˜˜6X8:?/3²Ÿ-6)˜:<CDQš6–=CB:/297<>6%9C™13=7£.D&<– XD&“›˜126¦=C6%86%9>9%Ÿ5‘ˆ8:?°‘ˆ1’9;Dª9CBDQ-­BDQ-

=CB:6%9C6P£.™8#?‘ˆ“›6X8K=F‘ˆ1¤9;D13™=>/3D8:9— X‘ˆ8¨4#6› ¦D“ ˜:™=C6?¥4A¥9;6%<C/26%9‡6¦²˜:‘&8:9;/2D&8´‘ˆ4D&™= <6

‘ˆ8#?< <>6%9C˜6% =>/3š6X12A&œ

–:Q É %

.)6&O% :# +:

Í

+

6X²˜,0–,…ÎA1¤EŠº;E

Î

6X²˜,00º;E

?º 6 Ï5

2# %"'% –,

Í < `ÎE ?,;Î < *< E 6 Ï # % 9 :# % < +0'>-3!.# +0(9 =2 .' -

%: 9&(4:;(*- 9 * 2J(4:#(9C(4:(*+0/9N+:+ M,…Î<!!5 <!EL#&+ + 69&(@?"6&% ):+:;(*- 9 +'8'

9(<):;')(*96 :;(*- 9O» - 9N%49&.(4:Z'

),)<E=

/),)<E

! ,<$96<!%E 0

6

ˆ,<E ?,<!./<E?,<<"¦E

/),

E ! ,

86< E 0 6

,

E?,)<

<E ?,)<$<

E?

8

%"'%* /),)<E; 2

! D

4 ! 5 0 * 2#&%'$% ?#* * 6

,<EO(<:# %,+ 9P+0/(':;(*!. .69 !:;(*- 9 - 9

,(6< 4/ 5< E=2J(4:4#

6

, 6< E=rÎ* .6&!.#3:# +0:

6 ,)<E=­,)< 96< E10

6

,)<E (< +"-0/16 :(*- 9

- 8:# %9(%'% 9&:;(*+/@%"?"6&+:;(*- 9

9 :4#&%9 %(L# 9.-' #&-- 93- .< >< *J:4# (<L"-0/16 :(*- 9

(<E)6&!$#O:4#&+:Ï 6 12/2“

4 6

,)<E 6 1J

(9P+0/4/('+* :4#&%9.%.# +(*-' - F:4#&%)9N%49&)(4:$'

9P%.+0'A< (< L0(% 99'›,)< <E 0 ! * + 9H9:4# 678!.- 9 %"'$L %))2# % 9 #wÎ + 9:990(%"'$L %)

: -2Q+'"9'1J 2# % 9 6 Î P-%:H¹¤,G¬EA G + 9:9¬,GEE`128”,C,GGÎA1*<!E ?,<! GECE

9.%39N%: 9P%T9 - 93H

# % 9

, 5]¡,E45;»”EA2J(4:4#

½5¾

,R¹E= <"=1

½5¾

,E48 ,…ÎAKE

% O+'>G,;Î"AE¬-0/3121K4#6¡™#9;6X£.™1-0B:6X8P XD&8:9C/2?6X<>/38=>/3“›6ž‘š&6X<F‘ˆ6%9£.D<”¶*D&8K=>6¦µ;·ž‘ˆ<>13D

9C/3“b™12‘ˆ=C/2D&8:9%Ÿ9C6X6 6% ¦=C/2D&8 Ò œ

(10)

„…ÚQ|;ۃX‰ü„…}|0ózF×z0z&ö؅zF‰Š‰Š}Ú×

)^Q5

7B6g6¦²/29;=C6%8: ¦6g‘ˆ8:?)™:8/K™6%86%9>9Dˆ£=CB:6g9;=>‘Q=>/3D8:‘ˆ<>AP“›6‘&9C™<C6£.D&1213DQ-9¡£.<CD“

B6%D&<>6X“ Αˆ8:?D”6X“›“)‘)Î&œ"56X=Ar46g‘7<F‘ˆ8:?D&“ š‘&<C/’‘ˆ4:1360D&£¬1’‘-G»HŸK‘&8:?›126¦= G46

6¦²˜D&86%8K=C/’‘ˆ1Dˆ£”˜:‘&<>‘&“›6¦=C6%<GϟK/28:?6X˜6X8#?6X8K=0Dˆ£2ZœK±Š8Z=CB6^9;=>‘Q=>/3D8:‘ˆ<>A <C6%&/2“ 6Ÿ

@ ,

,…Î6/PE¦œ56X=),)<E= ),- 6 <EœCB6X8

),<E=

+

C

»¡,? !E 06¦²˜”, º;E,@:Š,…Î!E 6 <E…?º 5

-0B6%<C6,…ÄâE?6X8D&=C69=CB6P/38:?/2 %‘Q=CD<£.™8: ¦=C/2D&85œ&M:D&</3š6X8< 0#Ÿ=CB:6^=C/2“ 67šQ‘&<C/’‘ˆ4126

ºž/29<>6%9;=C<>/2 ¦=C6?=>D›=CB67/28K=C6X<>šQ‘ˆ15Ï

M º 6

/º¦,<!356 <EgŸ:9C6X6),

Ò

Eœ&B™:9

),<E=

+ [ ! 4

06¦²˜5, º;E

+

»¡,? !E:,@:Š,…Î!E 6 <E…?º 8

MD<0&/2š&6%8Oº/38@=CB:/290/28K=C6%<CšQ‘ˆ1ÀŸ=CB:6–9;6X=Dˆ£ !3-0/©=>B @:¦,;Î !E 6 <Z/290/3š6X8@4A

(!

Î!

6

<!&,<$<"¦E(1§6X²˜5,*5º;E¦,<!6<EG<"

< < 16¦²˜”,*”º;E¦,)< <E 38

±ü=^£.D&1213DQ-9g=>B:‘Q=

»¡,R? !E,@ ,…Î;!E 6 <E Î ),;Î ,¬E¦Ÿ-0B6X<>6›-6)9C6¦= ,@

*

<!&,<D<"¦E1@6X²˜,*5º;EX,)<! D<EG< + ? *

<D<"1@6¦²˜5,*”º;E¦,)<3(<E+ Ÿ-0/©=>Bº= /º¦,,(5 <E¦œ

¯°67“›‘&•&6—=CB:6– FB:‘ˆ86gD&£šQ‘&<C/’‘ˆ4126—ºI /º¦,, 5<E-0/©=>B

? ,

<3<

*{,)< (,E¦,,D< E 8

B6%8

),)<E= 2 < <

<$< 5 0 +

! 4 < <

,<!.(,E¦,,<"E

2

,D<

<!4,%5

0

,;Î),;Î64,¬ECE…? , 8

B/’9/’9g‘)®²6%?ª˜D&/28=—6K™:‘ˆ=C/2D&8@£.D&<‡=CB6 ?/29;=C<>/24™=C/2D&8¥£.™8: =>/3D8›œ:¯°6P™#9;6–/3=‡£.D<

˜<>DQš/38°=>B:‘Q=)=>B6¥˜<>D&4:‘&4/213/3=…A“›6%‘9;™<>6ª»pB#‘&9‘4 ?6X8:9C/3=…AsD&8=CB:6¥/38K=>6X<>š‘&1

#œ M/2<>9;=g8:Dˆ=C/’ ¦6b=CB#‘Q=¸/29g“›D&8D&=CD&8:/2 %‘ˆ1213Aª/28: ¦<>6%‘9;/28Z‘&8:?*/28=>6X<>‘&4136PD&8(#œ B6

‘ˆ4DQš&6)<>6X1’‘Q=>/3D8f=CB6%8s9CBDQ-9^=CB#‘Q= /’9b XD&8K=C/28™D&™#97D&8 #œ

)

9;/28°‘ˆ‘&/38°=>B/29 ‘ˆ<Cµ

&™:“ 6%8K=g<>6% ¦™:<>9C/3š6X12A&Ÿ#D&86P9C6X69=>B:‘Q= /’9=>B6b/28K=C6%&<F‘ˆ1”D&£{‘Z XD&8K=C/28™D&™:9£.™8: ¦=C/2D&8

‘ˆ8#?¥/’9=>B6X<>6¦£.D<C6 ?/>=¬6X<>6X8K=>/2‘&4136Ÿ¬-0/©=>B´‘Z XD&8K=C/28™D&™#9g?6%<C/2šQ‘Q=>/3š6&œ B6 ?/>=¬6X<Cµ

6X8K=>/2‘&4/312/3=…A@/’9D4=>‘&/38:6%?*4A@/©=>6X<F‘Q=C/28)=>B/’9g‘&<C™“›6X8K=%œ56¦= 4#6P=CB6 U?6X8:9C/3=…A

Dˆ£5»¨-0/©=>BZ<>6%9C˜#6 ={=>D$”6X46%9C&™6“›6‘&9C™<C6œ

Ž

™:<9;=C<F‘Q=C6%&A <C™:8:9‘9¡£.D1312DQ-9 &¯°6g™:9C6

=CB:6g®:²6?Z˜D&/28K=ž<>6X1’‘Q=>/3D8=>D›9CBDQ-G=>B:‘Q=‘b“P™13=C/2˜126 Dˆ£$­9>‘Q=C/’9;®:6%9ž‘›9;6 ¦D&8#?D&<Cµ

?6%<ž?/D=¬6X<>6X8K=C/’‘ˆ16K™:‘ˆ=C/2D&85Ÿ-0B/2 FBZB:‘&9D&812A›-6‘ˆ•›9;/28™12‘&<C/3=C/26%9%Ÿ‘&8:?›=>B6X8Z?6%?™: X6

˜<>D&˜6X<C=C/26%9D&£$M-0/©=>BO=>B67B6%13˜ªDˆ£ ¡<>D&˜D9C/©=>/3D8¨Îœ

MD<0&/2š&6%8! #Ÿ=CB6^=>/3“›67šQ‘ˆ<>/’‘ˆ4126gºž/’90<C69…=><C/’ =>6%?=CD›=CB:67/38K=C6%<CšQ‘&1

Ï M º M

/º¦,, 5 <E=`138

*

,)<$< E¦,< <E ?,< <EX,,,< E +

?#*=5

-0B6%<C6,rÎ !¨,R9;6%6

Ò

E¦œ±ü=0£.D&1213DQ-9ž=>B:‘Q=

),<E=

+ 4

!

),$!E…? ! + [

6¦²˜5,0 :º;E…?º 5

(11)

-0/3=CB

),)<E=

? ),<E

?<

+ 4

!

),$!E…? !6¦²˜”,0 /º¦,, 5<ECE

? /º¦,,(5 <E

?<

+ 4

! ? !!),!E /),,E

/),<E

,)<!<"XE

,< <

EX,)<

<E

5

-0B6%<C6*-ž6¥9;6X=2/),)<E ,;,< >< E?,)< ><E;E 0œ

)

9C/38 , Î$ !s‘ˆ8:?G9C6¦=C=C/28

),)<E ),)<E1/,)<E¦,<$< EX,)< <EŸD86^&6X=>9

),<EA

+

! 4

),;Î(,E

,,Es,,E? , 5 ,…Î

Ò E

-0B6%<C6

,,¬E /),,E1/),;Î$ ,¬E

!

/’9@9;™: FB`=CB:‘ˆ=

,…Î' ,E ?

,,EŸ‘ˆ8:?

,,¬E=­,)<!.<"XE?,<! ÎA1 ,E ?,…Î.4,D<¦EœC‘&•K/28 =CB:6–?6X<>/3šQ‘ˆ=C/2š&6^&/2š&69

,,)<E ),…Î6<E

,)<E,)<E 5 ,…ÎÐE

D&<

),;Î6<E= 3,ü,)<E

,)<E

!

s,)<E

! !

3,R,<E

,…Î/<E ?,)<E 8

‘ˆ•/38:›‘›9C6% XD&8:?@?6X<>/2š‘ˆ=C/2š&6—=CB:6X8ª&/2š&69

3,,À,<E+1

?

?<

128”,

,…Î<E

s,)<E

E 3,À,<E21

,)<Es,…Î<E ),)<E=wÏ8

‘ˆ8#?¨9C/3“›˜12/©£.A/28O=CB6b=C6%<C“)9—136‘&?9‡=CDf,…ÎÎE¦œ¯°6›9;6%6–=CB#‘Q=

,,E,,¬E ,,`Î.1

<

E10

!

Ÿ‘9 , H Î <

œEB6´6X²˜#D86X8K=>9ª‘9C9CD ¦/’‘Q=C6?S-0/3=CBp=CB6´£.™8:?‘&“›6X8K=>‘&1

9CD&12™=C/2D&8:97‘&<C6¸ÏOD< `/28°=CB6)86%/3B4#D<CBDD?´Dˆ£.< Î; < ‘&8:? , ¸ÏOD<

Î §86%‘&<< ><!ˆœ

«‡9>9C™“›6P®:<F9;=g=>B:‘Q=3 ('7œ¯°6P®:<F9;=^ FB6 F•@=CB6›46XB:‘š/2D&<‡D&£% ¸/28´‘O86%/3Bµ

4D&<>BDD?¥Dˆ£=< <!ˆœH6¦=;<6 <!E1ŸpÏ:Ÿ#-0/3=CBÎ6@<%<36œ{<CD˜#DK9;/3=C/2D&86

Ϊ9;BDQ-9P=CB#‘Q= /’9›‘¨12/38:6%‘ˆ<) XD&“P4:/38:‘ˆ=C/2D&8 ),<E

6

B

0

6

&,)<E 1 6

6

K,)<EŸ¤£.D<

 ¦D8:9;=>‘ˆ8K=F9

6

B Ÿ 6

%žœH/3“›/212‘&<C12A&Ÿ ),…Î2 <E=

B ! 0

&,…Î2 <E"1

&,…Î( <EŸˆ£.D<

<>6%‘ˆ1¤ ¦D8:9;=>‘ˆ8K=F9

B

‘ˆ8:?

œ«‡9 H ϟ#=CB6 <C/2&BK=—B:‘ˆ8:?´9;/’?6bDˆ£g,;Î

Ò

E4#6%B:‘š&69‡12/2•&6

0 ),<!6&EAH ϜC™:˜˜#DK9;6–=CB:‘ˆ=

6

ϜCB6X8 ),<E

6

6

,<Epϟ:‘&8:?§,…Î

Ò E

 X‘&8 '=P4#6O9C‘ˆ=C/’9…®:6?œ Ž 8:6“P™:9;=–=>BK™#9–B:‘š6

6

¸Ï:Ÿ9CDª=CB:‘ˆ= ),)<E'

6

B

0

6

&,)<E¦œ

¯SB6%8B Î&ŸH,…Î

Ò

E‡/3“›˜12/369—=CB:‘ˆ=

B

MϜ¬±ü=^£.D&1213DQ-9g=CB#‘Q=%Ÿ£.D<^‘&<C4:/©=><>‘&<CA7BdÏ:Ÿ

12/3“

4 ),<E6 ,<!%E ϟ¬‘ˆ8:?*=CB:‘ˆ= ),(6<3.1&E

6

B

0

6

&,(6<3%EŸ H Ï:Ÿ‘9

<>6K™/2<C6?œ B67 ¦D<C<>6%9C˜#D8:?/28 <C69;™13=£.D&< ­£.D&1213DQ-9%œ

™˜:˜#DK9;6—=CB#‘Q= ('7œ&B6^<>/3BK=B#‘ˆ8:?ª9C/2?6^D&£,;Î

Ò

E46XB:‘š6%912/3•6

),&E

0 ,B ! 0

ˆ,<!%E(1

,

,<!%E215Y 0 !

ˆ,<!%E138,&E;ECE 5

-0/3=CB ),&E=H Ï)‘9;H ϟ#‘ˆ8:? ),<!E1&Ež46XB:‘š6%9ž13/2•&66

6

),&E 6

B 0 6

&,<!E216

6

, 6

K,<!E216

6

Y 0 6

&,<!E128,&ECE6 8

Ž

860B:‘9

6

),&E

6

6

,(6<!%E¦ŸH ϟˆ-0B:6X8

6

wÏ7‘ˆ8:?

6

),&E

6

B 0 6

&,<!EŸ&-0B:6X86

6

Ϝ,…Î Ò E—9;BDQ-9—=>B:‘Q=–8:6% ¦69C9>‘ˆ<>/213A

6

Ï:œ™˜˜D9C6›=CB#‘Q= ΜB6%8°D86

(12)

„…ÚQ|;ۃX‰ü„…}|0ózF×z0z&ö؅zF‰Š‰Š}Ú× ïï

“P™#9…=PB#‘š&6

Y ϟ5/2“›˜12AK/28*=>B66X²/’9;=C6X8# ¦6D&£ž=>B612/3“›/3=P12/3“

4 ),<E ¸Ï:œ

¯SB6%8 *wΟ

B

SÏ:Ÿ

`Ï:Ÿ‘ˆ8:?O12/3“

4 ),<E=

K,)<!EŸ:‘9<C6 K™/3<>6%?5œ

M/38#‘ˆ1213AŸ#-ž6b FB6 F•@=CB6 /2?6X8K=C/3=…A§,…Î"AEœ M/3<F9…=

,5]¡,E 5C»”E–£.D1312DQ-9‡£.<CD“

=CB:6O46XB:‘š/2D&<bDˆ£0=CB:6@?6%8:9C/©=…A ‘ˆ=P=CB:6O4D&™8#?‘ˆ<>/369PD&£ :ŸH‘9P?69C X<C/24#6?s‘&4#DQš6&œ

K6X²=%Ÿ

½5¾ ,E=

+

138,

< ÎA1 <!

< <

E ),)<E…?< 5

-0B6%<C6

138,)<'ÎA1 <!%E ),)<E…?</29‡9;™: FBO=CB#‘Q=

+

138”,< ÎA1@< E ),<E1/),<E

!

,…Î<E

<!.<"

?<

Î

<!.<"

+

138,)<!4,E ),…Î4,E1/),;Î(,E

!

,,¬E;? ,

Î

ž,)< < E +

128”,<!4,¬E

/),,E

),…Î4,¬E

,,¬E,,E…? ,

Î

ž,)<

<

E +

128”,<!4,¬E

/),,E

,,,¬E;? ,

Î

ž,)< < E 2 ),,E

128”,<!4,¬E

/),,E 4

! 4 +

),,E

2

128”,<!4,¬E

/),,E 5 ,? , 5

Î

ž,)< < E + ),,¬E

/,,E

,,,<

E

,)< (,E¦, ,D< E ? ,'1 +

128”,)<3(,E),,¬E;? , 5

-0B6%<C6^-ž6—™#9;6,;Î%ÐE¦œ±ü=0£.D&1213DQ-9ž=>B:‘Q=

½ ¾ ,E=

Î

ž,)<36<"E

½ ¾ ,R¹EF

<

, <!<"¦E

5

˜<>DQš/38ª,…ÎAKEž9C/38: X6 .?,CH,)< < E;E¦œ

Nb:QR " %

.)6&%Q:# +:!.- 9:9(4:;(*- 9 ?# -0/9 # % 9 *+5º=H 1J *&:4#&% /D+2-

:# % ): -!$#&+):;(*! /P'-!.%).¹ ,.º;E8*#ºE# Ï *¹ ,RÏE0 *@!.- 9 %"'$LN% :-2Q+0'9 :4#&%F):+:;(*- 9 +'8'

O%$+)6 ' %0» - 9% 9 )(4:Z' - 8:# %=< +0'>-7# +(9=2

)^Q5 à /3š6X8ªº % '

Ÿ126¦=‡º74#6–=CB6–1’‘&9;=<>6X86%-ž‘&1¬=C/2“ 6P4#6X£.D&<>67ºŸ#‘ˆ8#?*9;6X= )

º)ºˆœ&¯SB6%8›=CB6126X8:ˆ=CB)D&£#=>B6DQš6X<>12‘&˜˜/28g<F‘ˆ8#?D&“M/38K=C6%<CšQ‘&1/29¡6¦²˜#D86X8K=>/2‘&1RŸ )

/’9‘ˆ1’9;D›6X²˜D&8:6X8K=C/’‘ˆ1Àœ±Š8@=CB6b9…=F‘Q=C/2D&8#‘ˆ<>A<C6%&/2“›6&ŸD&<06 K™/3šQ‘&136%8=>13AZ£.D&<1’‘ˆ<>&6—ºŸ:D86

B:‘9”=>B6/2?6X8K=C/3=…A–/28b1’‘-¹ ,.º;E @ ,…Î ´E¦Ÿ%-0B:6X<>6A /29H?/’9;=C<>/34™=C6%? ‘& % ¦D<>?/28

=CD›»HŸ‘ˆ8:?Z=CB67<>6%9C™13=£.D&1213DQ-9%œ

–Rª Q !$

¯SB6%8§=CB6ª ¦D8: ¦12™:9C/3D8:97D&£ B6XD<C6%“ ÎOBD&1’?Ÿ5=>B6ª FB:‘ˆ/28@ 2 B:‘&9 ‘*™8/K™6O9;=>‘ˆµ

=C/2D&8#‘ˆ<>A ˜:<CD4:‘ˆ4/212/©=…A “›6%‘&9C™<>6‡»HŸ‘ˆ8#?

" 2 ;

,)

2 E? &¨ ¦D8š&6X<>&69¡‘œ9%œ&=>DQ-ž‘&<>? =>B6

6¦²˜6% ¦=>‘Q=>/3D8bD&£ –™:8:?6X<H»HŸˆ£.D&<H‘ˆ8A7£.™8# =C/2D&8 –/28

,5]¡,E 5C»”EŸ,R9;6%66&œ:œ Ò êE¦œˆ±Š8

(13)

Í

ÏüŸ&=>B6‡‘&™=CBD<>9¡™:9;6g¶*D&8K=C6Xµ…·ž‘&<C12D^“›6¦=CB:D?:9{4:‘9;6?›D&8›=>B6˜<>D ¦6%9>9{¹ ,.º;E¦ŸºE# Ï:Ÿ

=CD›69…=>/3“)‘Q=>6^=CB67“›6‘ˆ8O®=C869C94KAO ¦D&8#9;/’?6X<>/28 =CB6^=>/3“›6–‘š&6%<>‘&&6

)*

Î

* +-,.

¹ &,0/E?1/35 ,…ΈE

-0B6%<C6 /290‘b®²6?O8™“b4#6%<0Dˆ£¤<C6%86X-‘ˆ1¬˜6X<>/3D?9%œ

{s ´É

-%": (' (% 9+ ' %.+/>(0+0:(*- 9*Ï$ 6 2 6 Ä%ÄXÄ 6 *

- :4#&%

' % 9P% 2Q+/M/ ' -!$%.T*K2Q%L#&+%

Î

* + , .

¹ ,/E?1/; < 1 ,< < E

*>

*

128 2 *

; ! G,…Î< E

<!6 5 8 ,…ÎE

)^Q5

¬·D&8:9C/2?6X<ž=CB67/28K=C6%&<F‘ˆ1’9

+-,

,

D ¹ &,0/E?1/35

-0B6%<C6Z¹ , ! .1SÏKEUÎ;* ! ›‘&8:?§¹ &, ÏE œB6)šQ‘ˆ12™6D&£E<,0/E

¹ , ! =1 /E¦Ÿ:/ f,Ï57 ! %Ež/’9&/2š&6X8@/2“ ˜:13/’ ¦/3=C12AZ4A¨,*AKE

B6X<>6¦£.D<C6

<,/E=

<"Q,<!.(,E21 <!ˆ,,<"¦E6X²˜”,* /E

<

(, 1`,,<

E6X²˜,* /E

5

-0B6%<C6—-6—9;6X=,,rÎA ! Ÿ‘ˆ8:?=CB™:9%Ÿ‘Q£ê=C6%<0‘P12D&86X<ž4™=08D&=?/3¿ ¦™13= ¦D“ ˜:™µ

=>‘ˆ=C/2D&85Ÿ:D&86^D&4=>‘ˆ/28:9

+-,

,

D ¹ ,0/E?1/ >< , ! E

1 < <

*

128

< 4,'1`,,D< E6X²˜

*

*, ! E +

<!<" 5

‘ˆ8#?=>B67<C69;™:1©=0£.D1312DQ-9XŸ9C/38# ¦6

< 4,'1w,,D< E6¦²˜”,*{, ! E;E.M,)< (,E

*

ÎA1

,<

<3.(,

6¦²˜”,*”ºÀE +

,)<!6 ,;Î ! %E;E¦,<!<"¦E

<!. 8

–:Q

6 // -"% :# +0:# (< % / - 9P% 9&:;(*+/@- /&+' +%":%"' Ï * + 9H9 +.)6&O%

:-%":¹¤,GEA&G+ 9H9 ,G¬E G128,C,G*Î 1,<!XE?,)<3 GECEL9.%)9%-:=9 %"9- 9 H

# % 9

13/2“

*

Î

* +-, .

¹ ,/E?1/; <" 1

½5¾ ,EA

½”¾

,À¹E 5 Q 8/!8

(14)

„…ÚQ|;ۃX‰ü„…}|0ózF×z0z&ö؅zF‰Š‰Š}Ú× ï ù

)^Q5

CM<>D&“¸6 ™#‘Q=C/2D&8f,…ÎE¦Ÿ-6^D&4=>‘ˆ/28

Î

* + , .

¹ &,0/E?1/ <"I1

,)<!<"XE

*>

*

138,

ÎA1@<!

<

*

E+1

,<!<"¦E

* * * !

;

,) E48

«‡9 *

/’9‘7<>6X86%-ž‘&1:˜<>D ¦6%9>9-0/©=>B6¦²˜D&86%8=>/2‘&1#/28K=C6%<ž‘&<C<>/3šQ‘&1=C/2“›6%9žDˆ£5˜#‘ˆ<F‘ˆ“›6¦=>6X<

”Ÿ#/3=g£.D1312DQ-90=>B:‘Q= * ?  ¦D&8š6X<>&6%9‡‘œ9Xœ:=CDQ-‘ˆ<F?fÎ ?6”œCK‡6¦²=%Ÿ 0

,5]H, E 5C»”E

£.D&1212DQ-9£.<>D&“p=CB6ž4#6%B:‘š/3D<5Dˆ£=>B6?6X8:9C/©=…A S‘ˆ=5=CB6ž4D&™8:?:‘ˆ<>/3695Dˆ£ #Ÿ‘9?6%9> ¦<>/346%?

/28B6XD<C6%“

Í

œQM:<CD“ {<CD˜#DK9;/3=C/2D&8 Î*‘ˆ8:? B6%D&<>6X“

Í

ŸH=CB:6¥4#6%B:‘š/3D<)Dˆ£ /28

=CB:6O86%/3B4#D<CBDD?§D&£< Î <!O/’9b/3š6X84AS,)<dÎ 1 <!%E

D

-0B6%<C6W

‘ˆ8#?´4AG,)<!; <E 4 ' 0 !

/38f=>B686%/3BK4D&<>BDD?°Dˆ£< <!ˆŸ-0B6X<>6" ϜB6

¶¥‘&<C•DQš FB:‘ˆ/28, 2 /’90&6%D&“›6¦=><C/’ X‘&1312A6X<>&D?/’ ˆŸ‘&8:?O=CB™:9=>B671’‘&9;=0=C6X<>“  XD&8š&6%<C6%9

‘œ9%œ=CDQ-‘ˆ<F?¨,?,C5E;E

½¾

,E¦œ¯°67®:8:‘&1312AO FB6 F•)=CB#‘Q=128,)<3

* E ?  XD&8š&6%<C6%9

‘œ9%œ=CDQ-‘ˆ<F?ZϜ

Ã

/2š&6%8 Ï:Ÿ ¦D8:9;/’?6%<=CB67˜<>D&4#‘ˆ4/213/3=…A

),

128”,)< * E &EA.),138”,< * E 6 &E

.), * <!.°6¦²˜”, &E;E= *

,) 5 B * E 5

-0B6%<C6

B * G *< Z6¦²˜5,0 &Eœ

)

9;/287=>B646XB:‘š/2D&<¡D&£&p/28›=CB:6‡86%/3BK4D&<Cµ

BDD? Dˆ£ <' < ŸD&8606¦=>9=>B:‘Q=»¡,

B * E M

,.6X²˜,0 ¨E;E

4' 0 ŸQ£.D&<9;D“ 60˜D9C/3=C/2š&6

 ¦D8:9;=>‘ˆ8K=

œ 56X=+

*

* , !5

B * Eg»¡,

B * E

Ÿ‘ˆ8:?^126¦= *

4#6{=CB6¡<>D&•BD<CDQš

?/’9…=F‘ˆ8: X6*?6¦®:8:6%? /38r,EœH±ü£^»¡,

B * E # *

,) !5

B *

EŸH=>B6X8 * M

»¡,

B * Eœ¡±ü£

»¡,

B * E M

*

,) 5 B * EŸD&8:6PB:‘9

* , 5 B * E M

»¡,C,

B * E

.

EF1 * Ÿ‘&8:?¥/3=

£.D&1212DQ-9ž=CB:‘ˆ=

* *

,) 5 B * E ´»¡,

B * E M

»¡,C,

B * E

.

EF°»¡,

B * E21

*

+ 4 !

!*

4 !

!

*

! .

),)<E…?<;1 *

M *

1¥,6¦²˜”,0 ¨E 4 ' 0

–, * 1§6X²˜,0 ¨E;E

4 ' 0 E 5

£.D&<9CD&“›6^˜D9C/©=>/3š6^ XD&8:9;=>‘&8K= GϜ B6%D&<>6X“ Î^/3š6%9=CB:‘ˆ=

),

138,)<!. * E

´E

M *

,)

5 B * EF°»¡,

B * E 1§»¡,

B * E M

,

E

* 5

£.D&<79CD&“›6P4D&™:8:?6%?¨£.™8: ¦=C/2D&8

‘ˆ8:?´‘Z˜D9C/©=>/3š6P8™“b4#6%<^Ï 6 6 Î&œ B6›<C69;™13=

=CB:6X8`£.D1312DQ-9Z£.<CD“ =>B6BD<C6%1©µ;·ž‘ˆ8K=>6X1213/ 56X“›“)‘œEB6´12‘9…=ª/’?6X8K=C/3=…AS/’9´,;Î"AKEDˆ£

B6%D&<>6X“

Í œ

(*KR& 5 :§'R$

¯°608DQ- XD&“›˜™=>6=>B6?6%8:9;/3=…A w&/2š&6X8 /28B:6XD&<>6X“

Í

8™“›6X<>/’ X‘ˆ1212A&œ0D^?D^9CD:ŸQ-ž6

9CD&12š&6=CB:6g?/D=6%<C6%8K=C/’‘ˆ16K™:‘Q=>/3D8¥,…ÎÎE¤8™“›6X<>/’ X‘ˆ1212A&Ÿ9;=>‘&<;=>/38:–/38=CB6g86X/2&B4D&<>BDD?

Dˆ£#=CB69C/28&™1’‘ˆ<˜D&/28==< <6 Î < œ6¡<>D&˜D9C/©=>/3D8Î0‘ˆ8:?B6%D&<>6X“ Í 9;B:DQ-§=CB:‘ˆ=

12/3“

4),<E=wϟK‘ˆ8:? =>B:‘Q={=CB6‡®:<>9;={?6%<C/2šQ‘Q=C/2š&6‡Dˆ£& 4#6%B:‘š&69H13/2•&6–,<66<!E10

! Ÿ

-0B/’ FB&D69¡=>D 1J -0B6X82 6 Μ¯´6—9…=F‘ˆ<C={=CB:6g8™“›6X<>/’ X‘ˆ1¬9CD&12™=C/2D&8Z‘ˆ={=>B6g˜D&/28K=

</ <!616 Ÿ-0B6X<>6 Ϫ/29b9;“)‘&131ÀŸ”‘ˆ8#?´™#9;6)=>B6/28/3=C/’‘ˆ1 XD&8:?/©=>/3D8:9 ),(6<31 &E

(15)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

y

G P Monte−Carlo

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

y

G P Monte−Carlo

SõzF׉Š}â„Àã wÚ×)„…ÛKz‡ñz>ä2„¡ÛKzF× ïû à ï à ûç&à ûû QàƒX׀)Ú×

„…ÛKz؅}©ó%ÛQ„¡ÛzF× ïQà ï à ûï à ûû ˆÔ

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

y

G P Monte−Carlo

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

y

G P Monte−Carlo

!`õzF×K‰Š}â„Rã" Ú%×w„…Ûz´ñz>ä3„#¡ÛKzF×$% ïû à&&' &à( ûï à) û Ô

*,+.-0/ 2143 46587

û9Xùå ú ç ï%ïï à{ƒX׀¥Ú×¥„…ÛKzP؅}©ó%ÛQ„9¡ÛKzF×:; ïû à; &à< ûï à

= ûû QÔ *+.-0/ 143

465876>7@?

û9Xí ú åå ï åˆÔ”ëñzƒ¦Ø…ñâãZ„…Ûz—ƒ~zCØ;ƒ%óz)AK„…×Kz>‰Š‰ž}‰ñ©ƒX؅ó%z>Ø¡ÛKzF×

ûû g„…ÛKƒ%סÛzF× û Ô

‘ˆ8#?+

,

,(6<!1 &E£.<>D&“=>B6‡9C6X<>/369¤6¦²˜:‘&8:9;/2D&8#9¤&/2š&6X8›/28¡<>D&˜D9C/©=>/3D8Ö±Š8)‘&??/3=C/2D&8”Ÿ

-ž6—™#9;678™“›6X<>/’ X‘ˆ1/28K=C6%&<F‘Q=C/2D&8@˜<>D ¦6%?™<C6—=>D› XD&“›˜™=>6^=CB6P/38K=C6%&<F‘ˆ1=CD9> X‘&136—=>B6

?6%8:9;/3=…A ›Ÿ4AZ‘??/28)‘ˆ8*‘&?:?/©=>/3D8:‘ˆ1D<>?/38:‘&<CA?/>=¬6X<>6X8K=C/’‘ˆ16 K™:‘Q=>/3D8Z=>Dª,;Î&ÎEœ

¯°6›9CBDQ-M/38M/3™<C69›Î =CDGO=CB6)<>6%9C™13=>9^D&4=>‘ˆ/286?¥£.D<^®:š&6)?/D=6%<C6%8K=79C6¦=F9^Dˆ£

˜:‘&<>‘&“ 6X=C6%<>9%œ¸±Š8`‘ˆ121g=CB6¨®:&™<>6%9%Ÿ¡-ž6´9CBDQ- =CB6° ¦D&“›˜™=C6%?w9;D13™=>/3D8 Dˆ£7=>B6

?/D=6%<C6%8K=C/’‘ˆ156 ™#‘Q=C/2D&8§,;Î&ÎE/28¥?‘&9CB6?Ÿ=CB:6– ¦D&“›˜™=C6%?*?6X8:9C/©=…AM‘9‘›9;D13/’?@13/286Ÿ

‘ˆ8#?)=CB:67<C69;™13=>9žD&£‘b¶¥D&8K=C6Xµ…·ž‘&<C12Db9C/3“b™1’‘Q=C/2D&8O-0/©=>B´ÎÏ&Ï 'ÏÏ&ϖ9>‘ˆ“›˜126%9‘&9 X/3<F ¦126%9%œ

B6ž?6X8:9C/3=…A‡£.<>D&“p=CB6{=CB6%D&<>Ag‘&8:?^=CB:6{¶*D&8K=>6¦µ;·ž‘ˆ<>13D9C/3“b™1’‘Q=C/2D&8#95‘ˆ<C6%6Hš&6X<>A—-6%131Àœ

±ü=0/29ž/28K=C6X<>6%9;=C/28b=CD›9;6%6g/28,M/2&™<>6%9—Î^‘ˆ8:? Í =>B6—š‘&<C/26¦=…A)D&£?6%8:9;/3=C/26%9=>B:‘Q= X‘&8Z46

&6%86X<F‘Q=>6%? 4AP=>B/’99C/3“›˜126‡“›D?6%1Rœ M/2&™:<C6

Í

 ¦D&8K=F‘ˆ/28:9{‘– %‘&9C60-0B6X<>6/28: ¦<>6%‘9;/28

/28: ¦<>6%‘9;690=CB:6PDQš&6%<>‘&1315®=C869C9gDˆ£H=>B6 ˜#D˜™1’‘Q=C/2D&8”œPM/2&™<>6 G)®#8:‘ˆ1213A*9CBDQ-9‡‘Z X‘&9C6

-0B6%<C6 6

Μ#¯°6P8D&=C6P=CB:‘ˆ=g=>B6P8™“›6X<>/’ X‘ˆ1/28=>6X<>‘ˆ=C/2D&8*D&™=gDˆ£H=>B6›9;/28&™:12‘&<C/3=…A

 X‘&8O46– FB:‘&13126X8/38::œ±Š8O˜#‘ˆ<C=C/’ ¦™1’‘ˆ<ŸK£.D&<=CB:6^®:<>9;= X‘9;6—/38M/2&™<>6›Î&Ÿ=CB:6^9;=>‘&8:?‘&<>?

D?6"A

Ò

£.<>D&“ ¶¥‘ˆ=C1’‘ˆ486%6%?6?§š&6%<CA§9C“)‘ˆ121ž‘&4:9;D13™=C6)=>D&126X<F‘ˆ8: X6%97=>D°9C™: % ¦6X6?§-0/3=CB

=CB:6¥/38K=>6X&<F‘Q=>/3D8 £.D&< 6 ÎCB Í œ« “›D&<>6¥<>D&4™#9…=“›6¦=>BD?G=C™:<C86?GD&™=Z=CD46

I Ž Q0± Ò GŸ9C6X6O3Î Í üœ

Références

Documents relatifs

Simple metal Solid state Glass membrane Enzyme Liquid membrane Gas sensing We’ll review representative examples of each.. You can assume that the proper reference

An infinitesimal increase of the volume ∆v brings an increase in p int , so that the piston moves until another equilibrium point with a bigger volume. On the other hand, a

We define a partition of the set of integers k in the range [1, m−1] prime to m into two or three subsets, where one subset consists of those integers k which are &lt; m/2,

AFM is a specific clinical phenotype of acute flaccid paralysis associating symptoms of central nervous system involvement (spinal cord, brainstem) and radiculitis with a specific

Keywords: SUNFLO, CORNFLO, SUNLAB, MSPE, MSPEJ, MSPEE, Crop model, Plant growth model, Sunflower, Corn, Parameter estimation, Environment clustering... Mod` eles de Croissance

A Q-matrix — an incidence matrix whose rows represent observable outcomes from assessment tasks and whose columns represent proficiency variables — provides the graphical structure

[r]

Following Scharlau [2], we can compare the finite dimen- sional vector space V possessing two alternating forms with a Kro- necker module consisting of two spaces and