Emanuele Bocchieri
&Bonaria Mulas
Phytogeographic studi es in the Sinis peninsula
(C.W. Sardinia): Capo S.Marco
Abstract
Bocchieri, E. & Mu1as, B.: Phytogeographic studies in the Sinis peninsula (C. W. Sardinia):
Capo S. Marco. - FI. Medil. 6: 119-147. 1996 - ISSN 1120-4052.
Results of floristic studies at Capo S. Marco, thc southem extremity of the wide Sinis peninsula, are presented. The flora is composed of 400 spontaneous taxa belonging to 63 families and 242 genera and includes species of noteable phytogcographic significancc which have the focus c/assicus here. The floristic list of CapoS. Marco has been analysed in order to elaborate the life forms, to check the different growth forms of the plants in response to environmcntal factors, to record the phytogeographic elements of alI species so as to show the various geographic components. Ecologic elements for about 50% of the flora characterizing the landscape of Capo S. Marco are considered.
This work is part of a phytogcographic study of the Sinis peninsula. The previous works have examined the flora of the areas of Capo Mannu (Bocchieri & al. 1988), Torre dcI Scvo (Mu1as 1993) and Mari Ermi (Mulas 1986). Thcy have enable us to report on the threats to the vegetation resulting from mans activities (Bocchieri & Mulas 1994).
The territory
Thc area of this study is the southern most part of thc Sinis peninslila and belongs administrativcly to the borough of Cabras, includcd on Map 216 CI S.E. Capo San Marco) of thc Military Geographic Institllte. It is 2.5 km long and 100-700 m in width and its maximum height, occuring between N.ghc Baboc Cabitza and Torre Vecchia, is 57 m. In accordance with the subdivisions of the floristic territories proposed by Arrigoni (1983), Capo San Marco is in the Campidano district of the coastal and hilly sllbscctor of Sardinia.
The geological section of the Cape shows a base characterized by organogenic sea- limestones and laminated limestones, which are both attribllted to thc Messinian. This sedimentary formation is covered with basalts of variolls thickness of Plio-Pleistocene age.
Of particlilar importance are thc sandy deposits represented by aeolic gritstones of the Wiirmian and by conglomerates, especially rich in fossils. To the sOllth of the tower of S.
Giovanni there are expanses of aeolic sands which rest on thc Tyrrhenian bank in the sOllthern-eastern part (Cherchi & al. 1978).
l..-...-J Q 50Km
,'m Fig. l. Capo S. Marco.
N-W
Platcau
Aoolic wiinnian gritoto""" and, towards the baAe of tbc side.
l."Onglomeratc5 and gritstones with ConU5 testudinariu~ and Patella ferrugine •. Superiflr Pleistocene
Basalll in laid flow, of changeable power, scoriaceous at tbe
ba.~e and at the ruof, resting on a rcddened paleosoiL Plio- Pleistocene.
Sterile laminatc limestones. Messinian
Organogl.'Ilic sea-limc~tones and gry-g~n silbtones.
Messinian
Fig. 2. Schematic geologica l section of Capo S. Marco.
S-E
~ca level
According to Pinna (1950), during a sea-ingression of the Pleistocenc, Capo S. Marco was disconnected by thc basaltic f10w and was subsequently rejoincd by sandy dcposits.
Sandy and rocky coasts alternate along the Cape. In some points, they degrade gradually towards the sea and in others, like in the neighbourhood of the Iighthouse, they make cliffs 40 m high.
For climatic details, see the previously mcntioned works (Bocchieri & al. 1988, Mulas 1986, 1993) and those of thc nearby Capo Frasca (Bocchieri & Mulas 1992) which closes the wide Gulf of Oristano to the south.
The flora
Capo S. Marco has never before been subjected to a detailed study. In addition to some records reported by Barbey (1884) concerning scaweed and fungi and Nimis & Poelt (1987) for lichens, this territory is quoted in the work on the distribution and sociology of Chamaerops humilis L. (Chiesura Lorenzoni & Lorenzoni 1977), the psammophilous coastal vegetation of southern Sardinia (Bartolo & al. 1989, Brambilla & al. 1982, De Marco & Mossa 1980), the distribution of Ephedra distachya L. (Desole 1949, 1965) and
the description and recording of some endemics (Arrigoni & al. 1977-1993, Bocchieri 1988, Dolcher & Pignatti 1971). Dolcher (1970) includes Capo San Marco among the significant biotopes.
Our collections began at the end of 1990 and continued monthly until the end of 1993.
The specimens, kept in the Herbarium CAG, have been determined using Flora Europaea (Tutin & al. 1964-1993), Flora d'Italia (Pignatti 1982) and, as regards the endemie plants, the contributions of Arrigoni & al. (1977-1993).
The systematic order presented below is that of Flora Europaea. For nomenclature, wc have followed Flora Europaea, Atlas Florae Europeae (Jalas & Suominen 1977-1991) and Med-Checklist (Greuter & al. 1984-1989).
For each taxon, the biological !ife form was checked in field and quoted in accordance with Raunkier'
s terminology (Raunkier 1934). The growth forms are given according to Arrigoni & Di Tommaso (1991), the phytogeographical units account to Arrigoni (1983). One or more localities, habitat and abundance are given for each taxon.
Floristic list
Isoetaceae
Isoetes histrix Bory - G bulb, PT, M-At
Temporary pools of the plateau situated between the lighthouse and N.ghe Baboe Cabitza; rare.
Aspleniaceae
Asplenium onopteris L. -H ros, PT, O-Pt
Wet rocks to the west of S. Giovanni's tower: very rare.
Cupressaceae
Juniperus phoenicea L. -P caesp/P scap, W A, M Scrub; sporadico
Ephedraceae
Ephedra distachya L. -NP, WS, T-Es Sands of the isthmus; frequent.
Moraceae
Ficus carica L. -P caesp, W A, T
Between S. Giovanni 's tower and the ruins of Tharros; rare.
Urticaceae
Urti ca urens L. -T scap, Hi Aes, SCo
Near the harbour; common.
Urtica membranacea Poiret - T scap, Bi Others, T
Clearings near the lighthouse and the harbour; common.
Parietaria judaica L. -B scap, Bi Others, T -Eu In the crevices of S. Giovanni's tower; frequento Parietaria lusitanica L. -T rept, Bi Ave, T-Eu
Near the houses of Torre Vecchia; rare.
Santalaceae
Osyris alba L. -NP, WS, Eu-M Among the scrub; frequento
Rafflesiaceae
Cytinus hypocistis (L.) L. -T par, Others, M-At Among the expanses of Cistus; sporadico Balanophoraceae
Cynomorium coccineum L. -G par, Bri, T Among the expanses of Atriplex; frequento Polygonaceae
Polygonum maritimum L. -B rept, Bps, SCo
Sands of S. Giovanni di Sinis and of Murru Mannu; rare.
Rumex pulcher L. -B scap, Bi Pve, SCo
Temporary damp meadows near the lighthouse; sporadico Rumex obtusifolius L. -B scap, Bi Pve, Co
Depressions near the lighthouse and between Torre Vecchia and N.ghe Baboe Cabitza; sporadico
Rumex bucephalophorus L. -T scap, Bi Ave, M
Sands, c1earings of the scrub, rocky fissures; frequento Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. - T scap, Bi Aes, M-Ma
Sands and fallow lands near the harbour; rare.
Chenopodiaceae
Beta maritima L. -B scap, Bi Pve, T-Eu
Near the harbour and among the fissures of the c1iffs; frequento Chenopodium murale L. -T scap, Bi Others, SCo
Among the ruins of Tharros; sporadico Chenopodium album L. -T scap, Bi Others, Co
Near the harbour and the houses of Torre Vecchia; sporadico Atriplex halimus L. -P caesp, WB, Pt-T
Along the paLI) wlljcll leaLls rtOlll 1I1e lIglILllouse LO Llle lIaruour; Ilequem.
Atriplex portulacoides L. -Ch frut, WS, Eu-M (coastal)
Near the harbour and along thc coasts in the south of the lighthouse and Torre Vecchia; frequento
Camphorosma monspeliaca L. -Ch frut, WF, M-Po Common everywhere.
Sarcocorniafruticosa (L.) A. Y. Scott - Ch succ, WS, M-At Rocky coasts west 01' S. Giovanni's tower; sporadico
Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) C. Koch - Ch succ, WS, M-Ma Rocky coasts west 01' S. Giovanni's tower; rare.
Suaeda vera J. F. Gmelin - NP, WF, Co
Near the harbour and along the southern coasts; sporadico Salsola soda L. -T scap, Hi Ave, T-Es
Near the harbour and among the ruins 01' Tharros; rare.
Salsola kali L. -T scap, Hi Ave, SCo
Sands 01' the isthmus and 01' the harbour; rare.
Aizoaceae
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N. E. Br. - Ch suffr, WS, Naturalized Sands near the huts 01' S. Giovanni di Sinis; frequent.
Mesembryanthemum nodijlorum L. -T scap, Hcr, T Coastal meadows near Torre Vecchia; frequent.
Caryophyllaceae
Arenaria serpillifolia L. -T scap, Hi Ave, SCo Among the ruins of Tharros; rare.
Stellaria media (L.) ViII - T rept, Hde, SCo
Among the scrub 01' the plateau and in the coolest zones; frequento Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Piré - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu
Under the bushes near Torre Vecchia; rare.
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. - T scap, Hi Others, Co Among the ruins; sporadico
Cerastium pumilum Curtis - T scap, Hce, Eu-M
Meadows 01' Torre Vecchia and near the Tophet 01' Tharros; rare.
Sagina apetala Ard. - T scap, Hce, T-Eu
Interruptions of the scrub and meadows; frequento Sagina maritima G. Don - T scap, Hce, T-Eu (coastal)
Southern sector of the cape; rare.
Paronychia echinulata Chater - T scap, Hce, M-Ma Clearings, meadows and rocky fissures; frequent.
Paronychia argentea Lam. - H caesp, Hps, M-Ma Sands of Murru Mannu; sporadico
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. subsp. fetraphyllum - T scap, Hce, SCo Interruptions of the scrub; frequento
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. subsp. alsinifolium (Biv.) Bali - T scap, Hee, M-At Sands of the isthmus; rare.
Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. PresI. - Ch suffr, Hce, SCo Inland c1earings of the scrub; sporadico
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garch - H scap, Hi Pve, SCo CentraI-western sector of the cape; rare.
Silene corsica DC. - H scap, Hrg, Esc Sandy zones; frequento
Silene latifolia Poiret - H bienn, Hi Pve, M-Po
Rocky fissures and meadows in the west of N.ghc Baboe Cabitza; sporadico Silene coeli-rosa (L.) Godron - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma
Sands of the isthmus and near the huts; rare.
Silene nocturna L. -T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma
Near S. Giovanni's tower and among the ruins of Tharros; rare.
Silene gallica L. -T scap, Hi A ve, Co Frequent almost everywhere.
Silenc cancscens Tcn. - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma Sandy zones; frequento
Silene nummica Valsecchi - T scap, Hi Ave, Mco
Beach of S. Giovanni di Sinis; sporadico This species was described by Valsecchi (1995) and it is part of the group "Silcne colorata Poir. -Silene sericea AlI. -Silene canescens Ten."
Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P. W. Bali & Heywood - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Dry meadows and cleared scrub near Torre Vecchia; frequento
Ranunculaceae
NigcLLa damascena L. -T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Clcarings of the scrub of thc plateau; rarc.
Delphinium longipes Moris - T scap, Hi Aes, M-Ma
Near S. Giovanni's tower and in the gorge south of N.ghe Baboe Cabitza; frequent but localized.
Clematis cirrhosa L. -P lian, WL, Mco
Tali scrub between the harbour and the lighthouse; rare.
Ranunculus trilobus Desf. - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma Damp meadows and temporary pools; rare.
Ranunculus muricatus L. -T scap, Hi Ave, T-Es Mcadows and pools; rare.
Ranunculus bullatus L. -H ros, Hy, M
Damp meadows and clearings; frequent but localized.
Papaveraceae
Papavcr rhocas L. -T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Near the lighthouse; sporadico
Papaver hybridum L. -T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Among the ruins of Tharros: sporadico
Glauciumflal'um Crantz - H scap, Hi Pve, T-Eu (coastal) Sands of the isthmus; frequent.
Fumaria caprcolata L. -T scap, Hde, T-Eu Among the low scrub; tì-cqucnt.
Fumaria bieolor Sommier - T scap, Hde, Mco Among the scrub; rare.
Fumaria bastardii Boreau - T scap, Hde, T-Eu
Among the scrub; frequent.
Fumaria parvijlora Lam. - T scap, Hde, T-Eu Among the scrub; rare.
Cruciferae
Matthiola sinuata (L.) R. Br. - H scap, Hi Pve, M-At
Sands of the isthmus and in some rocky fissures; sporadico Matthiola tricuspidata (L.) R. Br. - T scap, Hi Ave, M
Sands; frequent.
Cardamine hirsuta L. - T scap, Hce, Co On the plateau; rare.
Lohularia maritima (L.) Desv. - Ch suffr, WS, M-Ma Rocky and sandy coasts; frequento
Lepidium graminifolium L. subsp. suffruticosum (L.) P. Monts. - H scap, WS, Mo Near the harbour; rare.
Diplotaxis viminea (L.) DC. - T scap, Hi Ave, Eu-M Among the scrub near N.ghe Baboe Cabitza; rare.
Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagrèze-Fossat - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma Among the ruins of Tharros; rare.
Cakile maritima Scopo subsp. aegyptiaca (Willd.) Nyman - T scap, Hcr, M Sands of the isthmus and among the paths of thc ruins of Tharros; frequent.
Rapistrum rugosum (L.) Ali. subsp. linnaeanum Rouy & Fouc. - T scap, Hi Avc, M Along thc paths; rarc.
Crassulaceae
Crassula tillaea Lestcr-Garland - T scap, Hps, T -Eu Meadows and clearings of thc scrub; frcquent.
Crassula vaillantii (Willd.) Roth - T seap, Hce, Eu-M Temporary pools of thc plateau; rare.
Umhilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy - G bulb, Her, T-Eu Rocky fissures of thc western cliff; sporadico
Umhilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. - G bulb, Her, M-Ma Fissures near thc ruins; very rarc.
SedwrI sediforme (Jaeq.) Pau - Ch suce, WS, Eu-M Ruins and fissurcs ncar Torre V ccehia; frcquent.
Sedum ruhens L. -T seap, Hcr, T-Eu Plateau near the lighthouse; rarc.
Sedum caeruleum L. - T scap, Her, Meo Mcadows and fissurcs; sporadico
Rosaceae
Ruhus ulmifolius Sehott - NP, WS, T-Eu Eastcrn seetor of the ruins of Tharros; rarc.
Sanguisorha minor Scopo subsp. rupicola (Boiss. & Rcutcr) Nordborg - H scap, Hri,Eu-M Among the scrub of the platcau toward the slope; sporadie.
Leguminosae
Anagyris foetida L. -P caesp, WB, M
Along the path which leads from the plateau to the harbour; common.
Calicotome villosa (Poiret) Link - P caesp, WB, M
On the plateau near the lighthouse and in the harbour; common.
Lupinus micranthus Guss. - T scap, Hi Ave, M
Intcrruptions of the scrub near the isthmus and among the ruins of Tharros; rare.
Astragalus boeticus L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T
Coastal sands near the huts of S. Giovanni di Sinis and among the ruins ol' Tharros;
frequento
Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. - T scap, Hde, T-Es Meadows and clearings of thc scrub; rare.
Vicia lutea L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Among the scrub; very rare.
Lathyrus articulatus L. - T scap, Hdc, M-Ma Among the scrub and along thc paths; sporadico Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. - T scap, Hde, Eu-M
C1carings near Torre Vecchia; sporadico Lathyrus aphaca L. - T scap, Hde, T-Eu
Among thc scrub; rare.
Pisum sativum L. subsp. elatius (Bicb.) Aschcrson & Graebncr - T scap, Hdc, Eu-M Among thc scrub of the plateau; rarc.
Ononi.\' reclinata L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-At
Under thc scrub and at the edges of the clearings and of thc paths; sporadico Ononis viscosa L. subsp. breviflora (DC.) Nyman - T scap, Hi Ave, M
C1carings of the plateau; frcqucnt but localizcd.
Ononis variegata L. -T scap, Hps, M-Ma
Sands of thc isthmus and of S. Giovanni di Sinis; frcqucnt.
Melilotus sulcata Dcsf. - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma Near S. Giovanni 's towcr; rarc.
Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal. - T scap, Hps, T-Eu Among thc ruins of Tharros; rare.
Medicago marina L. - Ch rept, WS, Eu-M
Sandy ol' thc isthmus and near the huts of S. Giovanni di Sinis; frcqucnt.
Medicago littoralis Rohdc - T scap, Hps, M-At Rocky and sandy coasts, inland clearings; frequcnt.
Medicago turbinata (L.) AlI. - T scap, Hps, M
Along thc path which leads from the lighthouse to thc harbour; rare.
Medicago jJolymorpha L. - T scap, Hps, T-Eu Prcscnt almost everywhere.
Medicago minima (L.) Bartal. - T scap, Hps, T-Es Coastal and scrub zoncs; frequcnt.
Trifòlium nigrescens Vivo - T scap, Hps, T-Eu
Damp mcadows ncar thc lighthousc and the Tophet of Tharros; frcquent.
Tr({olium glomeratum L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Clearings of the scrub in thc platcau; sporadico Trifolium spumosum L. - T scap, Hcc, T
Meadows near Torre Vecchia; rare.
Trifoiium resupinatum L. - T rept, Hi Ave, T-Es Among the scrub; frequento
Trifoiium tomentosum L. - T rept, Hps, T Sandy meadows; sporadico
Trifolium campestre Schreber - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Clearings and interruptions of the scrub; rare.
Trifoiium arvense L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Es
Pebbly soils between Torre Vecchia and the harbour; sporadico Trifoiium scabrum L. - T rept, Hce, T-Eu
Meadows near the lighthouse and among the scrub; frequento Trifoiium stellatum L. - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma
Along the paths and the lanes; rare.
Trifoiium incarnatum L. subsp. moiinerii (Balbis ex Hornem.) Syme - T scap, Hi Ave, Eu- M
Clearings among the scrub and near the lighthouse; frequento Trifoiium cherleri L. - T scap, Hce, T-Eu
Inland and coastal meadows; frequento Trifolium angustifolium L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu
Edges of the paths; sporadico
Trifolium squamosum L. -T scap, Hi Ave, M-At Meadows near the coast; rare.
Trifolium subterraneum L. - T rept, Hps, T-Eu Near the lighthouse and the harbour; frequento Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser. - Ch suffr, WS, Eu-M
Among the rocky fissures and along the path which leads from thc lighthouse to the harbour; rare.
Lotus parviflorus Desf. - T scap, Hps, T-Eu Lithosoils of the plateau; very rare.
Lotus angustissirnus L. - T scap, Hps, T-Eu S. Giovanni's tower; rare.
Lotus edulis L. - T scap, Hps, M
Among the scrub and near the Tophet of Tharros; frequento Lotus conirnbricensis Brot. - T scap, Hps, M
Meadows between Torre Vecchia and the houses; very rare.
Lotus cytisoides L. - Ch suffr, WS, M Sands and rocks; frequento
Lotus ornithopodioides L. - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Po Among the scrub; sporadico
Ornithoplls cornpressus L. - T scap, Hce, T-Eu Among the scrub and in the clearings; frequento Hippocrepis unisiliquosa L. - T scap, Hce, M-Po
Clearings and meadows near Torre Vecchia; sporadico Scorpiurus rnuricatus L. - T scap, Hps, T -Po
Meadows near Torre Vecchia; rare.
Hedysarurn spinosissirnum L. - T scap, Hps, Eu-M Present almost everywhere.
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis pes-caprae L. - G bulb, Hbu, Naturalized Near the harbour and Torre Vecchia; frequent.
Geraniaceae
Geranium molle L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Es Edges of paths and meadows; frequent.
Geranium purpureum Vill. - T scap, Hi Ave, T -Eu Among the scrub of the plateau; rare.
Erodium cieutarium (L.) L'Hér. - T scap, Hce, SCo Meadows and clearings; frequento
Erodium mosehatum (L.) L'Hér. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Meadows near the Iighthouse; sporadico
Linaceae
Linum bienne Miller - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Clearings and meadows; frequent.
Linum trigynum L. - T scap, Hi Ave, O
Particularly pebbly soils near the lighthouse; sporadico Linum strictum L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu
Dry meadows near Torre Vecchia; frequento E uphorbiaceae
Mercurialis annua L. - T scap, Hi Others, T-Es
Among the paths of the ruins of Tharros, rubble and near the harbour; rare.
Euphorbia peplis L. - T scap, Hps, T-Eu
Sands of the isthmus and in the north of S. Giovanni's tower; rare.
Euphorbia dcndroidcs L. - NP, WB, M
South-western side of the cape; frequent but localized.
Euphorbia pterococca Brot. - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma Among the low scrub of the plateau; rare.
Euphorbia helioscopia L. - T scap, Hi A ve, Co
Clearings near the lighthouse; frequent but localized.
Euphorbia exigua L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu
Meadows and clearings of the scrub near the lighthouse; frequento Euphorbia peplus L. - T scap, Hi Others, Co
Scrub and clearings; frequento
Euphorbia peploides Gouan - T scap, Hi Others, M Scrub and clearings; frequento
Euphorbia cupanii Guss. - G rhiz, Hri, Eti Paths of the scrub, rubble and clearings; rare.
Euphorbia paralias L. - Ch frut, Hi Pve, M-At Sands of the isthmus and of the harbour; frequento Euphorbia terra cina L. - H scap, Hi Pve, M-Ma
Sandy and inland zones; rarc.
Euphorbia characias L. - NP, WS, Mco Among the scrub of the western sector; rare.
Rutaceae
Ruta chalepensis L. - Ch suffr, WS, M-Ma Among the scrub of the plateau; frequento Anacardiaceae
Pistacia lentiscus L. - P caesp, WB, M-Ma Common among the scrub.
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnus alaternus L. - P caesp, WB, M
Along the path which leads to the harbour; very rare.
Malvaceae
Malva sylvestris L. - H scap, Hde, SCo
Rocky lands in the isthmus near the ruins of Torre Vecchia; rare.
Malva nicaeensis AlI. - T scap, Hi Ave, T
Clearings and paths among the scrub of the platcau; rare.
Malva parvi flora L. - T scap, Hde, T-Eu
Ruins of Tharros, edges of the paths and near S. Giovanni's tower; vcry rare.
Lavatera eretica L. - T scap, Hi Ave, M-At Among the scrub; not frequento
Althaea hirsuta L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Dry and coastal meadows; rare.
Thymelaeaceae
Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. - NP, WS, M Present almost evcrywhere.
Guttiferae
Hypericum perforatum L. - H scap, Hi Pvc, SCo
Clearings and tcmporary damp meadows near N.ghe Baboc Cabitza; rare.
Cistaceae
Cistus incanus L. [= C. ereticus L. subsp. eriocephalus (Viv.) Grcuter & Burdet] - NP, WB, M
Among the scrub; frequent but localized.
Cistus monspeliensis L. - NP, WB, M-Ma Present almost everywhere.
Cistus salviifolius L. - NP, WB, M-Po
Low scrub near the lighthouse; not frequento Tuberaria guttata (L.) Fourr. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu
Clavey meadows and edges of the paths; common Fumana thymifolia (L.) Webb - Ch suffr, WS, M
Eastern and western side of the cape; sporadico Tamaricaceae
Tamarix canariensis Willd. - P scap, W A, M-Ma In the ruins of Tharros near the Tophet; very rare.
Frankeniaceae
Frankenia hirsuta L. - Ch suffr, WS, M-Po
Sands of the harbour and coastal salt meadows; frequento Cactaceae
Opuntia maxima Miller - P succ, WF, Naturalized Near the harbour; localized.
Lythraceae
Lythrum hyssopifolia L. - T scap, Hi Ave, SCo
Edges of the pools situated among the scrub of the plateau; rare.
Lythrum borysthenicum (Schrank) Litv. - T scap, Hps, Eu-M Among the pools and the meadows of the plateau; rare.
Theligonaceae
Theligonum cynocrambe L. - T scap, Hde, M-Po Walls and rocky fissures; very rare.
Umbelliferae
Eryngium barrelieri Boiss. - T scap, Hce, Mco
Damp and muddy meadows of the plateau; rare and localized.
Eryngium maritimum L. - G rhiz, Hri, Eu-M (coastal)
Sands of the harbour, of the isthmus and of S. Giovanni di Sinis; frequento Eryngillln tricuspidatl/m L. - H scap, Hi Pve, Mco
Among the low scrub of the plateau; rare.
Eryngium campestre L. - H scap, Hi Pve, Eu-M Among the paths of the scrub; sporadico Scandix pecten-veneris L. - T scap, Hi Ave, SCo
Clcarings and meadows near the lighthouse; rare.
Smyrnium olusatrum L. - H bienn, Hi Pve, T-Eu Along the path which leads to the harbour; rare.
Crithmum maritimum L. - Ch suffr, WS, M-At Rocky and sandy coasts; common.
Foeniculum vulgare Miller subsp. piperitum (Ucria) Coutinho - B scap, Bi Pve, M-Ma Near in the lighthouse and in the harbour; rare.
Bupleurum semicompositum L. - T scap, Bi Ave, T Dry clearings 01' the plateau; sporadico
Ammoides pusilla (Brot.) Breistr. - T scap, Bi Ave, M Among the low scrub near N.ghe Baboe Cabitza; rare.
Ferula arrigonii Bocchieri - B scap, Bi Pve, Esc In the south 01' the sandy isthmus; frequento Thapsia garganica L. - B scap, Bi Pve, M
Near Torre Vecchia; sporadico
Tori/is nodosa (L.) Gaertner - T scap, Bi Ave, T-Eu Clearings near S. Giovanni's tower; very rare.
Daucus carota L. subsp. carota - T scap, Bi Others, SCo Among the scrub; sporadico
Daucus carota L. subsp. maximus (Desf.) Bali - B bienn, Bi Pve, M Paths among the scrub; rare.
Daucus gingidium L. subsp. polygamus (Gouan) Onno - B bienn, Bi Pve, M Among the coastal scrub; tì·equent.
Primulaceae
Asterolinon linum-stellatum (L.) Duby - T scap, Bi Ave, T-Eu Under the scrub and in some clcarings; frequento
Anagallis arvensis L. - T rept, Bps, SCo Clearings, meadows; common.
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbaga europaea L. - Ch frut, WS, T-Eu Near S. Giovanni' s tower; local ized.
Limonium capitis-marci Arrigoni et Diana - Ch suffr, WS, Esa
Capo S. Marco, among the seaside rocks and under S. Giovanni's tower; frequento Limonium glomeratum (Tausch) Erben - Ch suffr, WS, Esc
Tyrrhenian bank near the ruins of Tharros; frequent.
Lùnonium lausianum Pignatti - Ch suffr, WS, Esa Coastal and rocky zones; frequent.
Limonium oristanense Meyer - Ch suffr, WS, Esa Southern extremity of the cape; rare (Meyer 1995).
Limonium tharrosianum AITigoni et Diana - Ch suffr, WS, Esa Coastal zones; frequent.
Limonium virgatum (Willd.) Fourr. - Ch suffr, WS, M Coastal, rocky and rarely sandy zones; sporadico Oleaceae
Olea europaea L. subsp. oleaster (Boffmanns. & Lirik) Negodi - P caesp, WB, M-Ma
Common among the scrub.
Phillyrea angustifolia L. - P caesp, WB, M-At Frequent among the scrub.
Phillyrea latifolia L. - P caesp, WB, M-PO
Along the path which leads from the lighthouse to the harbour; rare.
Gentianaceae
Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Hudson - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Clearings and edges of paths; rare.
Centaurium erythraea Rafn subsp. rhodense (Boiss. & Reuter) Melderis - H bienn, Hi Ave, M
Along the paths and among the scrub; sporadic.
Centaurium tenuijlorum (Hoffmanns. & Link) Fritsch subsp. acutijlorum (Schott) Zeltner- T scap, Hi Ave, M
Clearings and meadows; sporadic.
Centaurium maritimum (L.) Fritsch - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Mcadows of the northern-westcrn sector of the cape; rare.
Rubiaceae
Sherardia arvensis L. - T scap, Hi Ave, SCo Among the scrub; common.
Crucianella maritima L. - Ch suffr, WF, M Sandy coasts of the cape; frequent.
Galium aparine L. - T scap, Hde, Co Near thc Tophet of Tharros; sporadic.
Cahum murale (L.) AlI. - T scap, Hde, M-Ma Among the scrub and in the ruins; frcqucnt.
Valantia muralis L. - T scap, Hce, M
Dry mcadows of the western sector; frequent.
Rubia peregrina L. - P lian, WL, T-Eu
Among the scrub; common. There are some examples with ovallcaf.
Convolvulaceae
Calystegia soldanella (L.) Roemer & Schultes - G rhiz, Hri, SCo (sandy coastal) Sandy of the isthmus, of the harbour and of S. Giovanni di Sinis; frequcnt.
Convo/vulus arvensis L. - G rhiz, Hri, SCo Paths among the scrub; sporadic.
Convo/vu!us althaeoides L. - H scand, Hde, M-Ma
Among thc bushes and at the edges of the paths: common.
Boraginaceae
He!iotropium europaeum L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Rocky fissures, rubble; sporadic.
Cerinthe major L. - T scap, Hi Aes, M
Between the ruins of Tharros and So Giovanni's tower; commono Echium plantagineum L. - H bienn, Hde, T-Eu
Damp meadows, edges of paths; commono Echium sabulicola Pomel - H scap, Hps, Mco
Sands of the isthmus; frequento
Echium creticum L. - H bienn, Hi Ave, Mo Among the coastal scrub; rareo
Cynoglossum creticum L. - H bienn, Hi Ave, T-Eu
Meadows of the degraded scrub near Torre Vecchia; rareo Labiatae
Ajuga iva (L.) Schreber subspo iva - Ch suffr, Hce, M-Ma Dry meadows among the scrub; sporadico
Ajuga iva (L.) Schrcber subspo pseudoiva (Robo et Cast.) Albert et Jaho - Ch suffr, Hce, M- Ma
Among the ruins of Tharros; rare: This subspecies has been identified utilising the analytical key proposed by Val secchi (1976)0
Teucrium marum L. - Ch frut, WF, Mco
Coastal rocky zones and among the scrub; frequent.
Teucrium subspinosum Pourret - Ch frut, WF, Emo Southern part of the cape; very rareo
Teucrium capitatum L. - Ch suffr, WF, T-Eu On the plateau near the lighthouse; sporadico Prasium majus L. - Ch frut, WL/WS, M-Ma
Among the scrub and in the rocky fissurcs; frequento Sideritis romana L. - T scap, Hi A ve, T
Eastcrn dry meadows ncar Torre Vecchia; sporadico Lamium amplexicaule L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Es
Clcarings ncar thc lighthouse and along thc paths; sporadico Mentha pulegium L. - H scap, Hi Pve, SCo
Temporary damp meadows; frequento Rosmarinus officinalis L. - NP, WB, M-Ma
Plateau in thc north of the lighthousc; rareo Salvia verbenaca L. - H scap, Hi Others, T-Eu
Edges of paths; frequento Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus a/bus L. - Ch frut, Hi Pve, T-Eu At the foot of So Giovanni's towcr; frequcnt.
Solanum nigrum L. - T scap, Hi Others, Co Rubble, ruins; sporadico
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum sinuatum L. - H bienn, Hi Pve, T-Eu
Clcarings and ruins; sporadico
Linaria pelisseriana (L.) Miller - T scap, Hi Ave, M-At Among the scrub; rare.
Parentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Temporary damp meadows among the scrub; frequento Bellardia trixago (L.) AlI. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu
Clearings and edges of paths; frequento Orobanchaceae
Orobanche minor Sm. - T par Hi,Others, SCo
Parasite on Helichrysum italicum subsp. microphyllum; common.
Orobanche sanguinea C. PresI - T par, Hi Others, M Parasite on Eryngium maritimum; rare.
Plantaginaceae
Plantago coronopus L. subsp. coronopus - H ros, Hy, T-Eu Meadows and paths; common.
Plantago coronopus L. subsp. commutata (Guss.) Pilger - T scap, Hy, M Dry coastal subsalt meadows; frequent.
Plantago macrorhiza Poiret - H ros, Hy, Mco Sands of the harbour and western cliffs; frequent.
Plantago lanceolata L. - H ros, Hy, SCo
Meadows and clearings of the scrub; frequento Plantago lagopus L. - T scap, Hy, T
Meadows near N.ghe Baboe Cabitza; sporadico Plantago bellardii AlI. - T scap, Hy, T-Eu
Meadows and clcarings of the scrub; sporadico C aprifoliaceae
Lonicera implexa Aiton - P lian, WL, M-Ma Among the scrub; sporadico
Dipsacaceae
DipsacusferoxLoisel. - H bienn, Hi Ave, Mco Near S. Giovanni's tower; rare.
Sixalix atropurpurea (L.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. maritima (L.) Greuter & Burdet - H bienn, Hi Pve, M-Ma
Inland and coastal zones; sporadico
Pycnoco/1lon ruti{olium (Vahl) Hoffmanns. & Link - H scap, Hi Pve, Mco Sands of S. Giovanni di Sinis and of MUITU Mannu; frequento Campanulaceae
Campanula erinus L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu
Dry meadows of the eastern sector; sporadico Compositae
Bellis annua L. - T scap, Hy, M-Ma
Meadows and temporary damp zones; common.
Bellis perennis L. - H ros, Hy, B-T
Among the scrub near the lighthouse; sporadico
Aster squamatus (Sprengel) Hieron. - H scap, Hi Pes, Naturalized In the damp depressions near the lighthouse; rare.
Filago vulgaris Lam. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Meadows and dry clearings; rare.
Logfia gallica (L.) Cosson & Germ. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu
Edges of the paths and of the meadows near the Iighthouse; common.
Evax pygmaea (L.) Brot. - T rept, Hce, M-Ma Meadows; common.
Evax asterisciflora (Lam.) Perso - T rept, Hce, M Along the path which leads to the western cliffs; rare.
Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don subsp. microphyllum (Willd.) Nyman - Ch sutfr, WS, Mo
Coastal garigues; frequento
lnula crithmoides L. - Ch suffr, WS, M-At
Depressions and sandy and salt soils of the coasts; frequent.
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) W. Greuter - H scap, WS, M-Ma
In the harbour and among the rubble of the Iighthouse; frequent.
Dittrichia graveolens (L.) W. Greuter - T scap, Hi Aes, T-Eu Clearings near the lighthouse; rare.
Pulicaria odora (L.) Reichenb. - H scap, Hi Pve, M Among the scrub; common.
Pulicaria sicula (L.) Moris - T scap, Hi Ave, M
Temporary damp meadows among the scrub; sporadico Asteriscus spinosus (L.) Schultz Bip. - H bienn, Hi Pve, T-Eu
Near the isthmus and near S. Giovanni's tower; common.
Bubonium aquaticum (L.) Hill- T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma Coastal zones; sporadico
Anthemis maritima L. - H scap, WS, Mco
Sandy zones; common. Some examples make suffruticous hemispheric, low and almost crawling pulvins.
Anthemis arvensis L. - T scap, Hi Ave, SCo Meadows and clearings; frequent.
Anthemis secundiramea Biv. - T scap, Hce, Mco Sands of the isthmus; frequent.
Otanthus maritimus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link - Ch suffr, WS, M-At Sands of the harbour and of the isthmus; frequent.
Chrysanthemum coronarium L. - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma Rubble and ruins of Tharros; common.
Coleostephus myconis (L.) Reichenb. - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma Meadows near the lighthouse; sporadico
Artemisia arborescens L. - NP, WB, M
Abundant in the low scrub of the plateau between the Iighthouse and N.ghe Baboc Cabitza.
Senecio leucanthemifolius Poiret - T scap, Hce, M Sandy and rocky coastal zones; common.
Senecio vulgaris L. - T scap, Hi Others, Co Clearings and rocky meadows; sporadico Calendula arvensis L. - T scap, Hce, T-Eu
Clearings and edges of the paths; sporadico Carlina corymbosa L. - H scap, Hi Pve, Eu-M
Meadows and c1earings; common.
Carlina lanata L. - T scap, Hi Ave, M
Under S. Giovanni's tower; rare and localized.
Carlina racemosa L. - T scap, Hi Aes, Mo Among the scrub of the plateau; sporadico Atractylis gummifera L. - H ros, Hce, M
Edges of paths and slopcs; sporadico
Carduus pycnocephalus L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Among the ruins; sporadico
Notobasis syriaca (L.) Casso - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma
Among the Dasypyrum gatherings situatcd betwcen S. Giovanni's towcr and thc ruins of Tharros; rare.
Calactites tomentosa Moench - H bienn, Hi Ave, T-Eu Dry meadows, edges of the paths; common.
Onopordum illyricum L. - H scap, Hi Pve, Mco
Betwecn the ruins of Tharros and S. Giovanni's tower; frequent.
Cynara cardunculus L. - H scap, Hi Pve, M-Ma Clearings near S. Giovanni's tower; rare.
Silyhum marianum (L.) Gaertner - H bienn, Hi A ve, T -Eu Rubble near the lighthouse; rare.
Centaurea calcitrapa L. - H bienn, Hce, SCo Paths and c1earings; frequent.
Carthamus lanatus L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu To the east of S. Giovanni's tower; rare.
Carduncellus caeruleus (L.) C. PresI - H scap, Hi Pve, M-Ma Along the path in the north-west of the lighthouse; very rarc.
Cichorium intybus L. - H scap, Hi Pes, Co
Along the path which leads from the lighthouse to the harbour; rare.
Tolpis harbata (L.) Gaertner - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma Paths among the scrub; rare.
Tolpis virgata Bertol. - H scap, Hi Pvc, M
Sands localized in the north of thc Tophet of ThalTos; frcquent.
Hedypnois eretica (L.) Dum.-Courset - T scap, Hce, T-Eu Among the scrub; common.
Urospermum dalechampii (L.) Scopo - H scap, Hi Pve, Eu-M Meadows and c1carings near the Iighthouse; rare.
Urospermumpicroides (L.) Scopo - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu Damp meadows among the scrub; rare.
Hypoehoeris aehyrophorus L. - T scap, Hi Ave, M-Ma Among the low scrub; common.
Leontodon tuberosus L. - H ros, Hy, M
Among the scrub and at the edges of the paths; frequento Pieris eehiodes L. - T scap, Hi Ave, T-Eu
Clearings and meadows near the lighthouse; rare.
Reiehardia pieroides CL.) Roth - H scap, Hi Others, M Rocky fissures of the cliffs; common.
Aetheorhiza bulbosa (L.) Casso - G bulb, Htu, M-At Clearings among the scrub and sandy zones; common.
Sonehus tenerrimus L. - T scap, Hi Others, SCo
Damp meadows among the scrub of the plateau; rare.
Sonehus oleraeeus L. - T scap, Hi Ave, SCo Among the walls of the lighthouse; sporadico
Crepis vesiearia L. subsp. hyemalis (Biv.) Babcock - H ros, Hi Pve, Mco Clearings in the south of the lighthouse; rare.
Crepis bellidifolia Loisel. - T scap, Hce, Mco
Dry meadows and clearings of the scrub; sporadico Andryala integrifolia L. - T scap, Hi Ave, M-At
Rocky fissures and clearings of the scrub; rare.
J uncaginaceae
Trigloehin laxiflorum Guss. - G bulb, Hbu, M-At
Damp meadows amon the scrub and near the lighthouse; frequent.
Posidoniaceae
Posidonia oceaniea (L.) Delile - I rad, Hri, M
Rather wide sea-beds on the eastern side of the cape; common.
Liliaceae
Asphodelus l1lieroearpus Vivo - G rhiz, Hrg, M
Among the scrub and near Torre Vecchia; tì'equent.
Ornithogalul1l eorsieul1l lordo et Fourr. - G bulb, Hbu, Esc
Among the gravcs situatcd in the west of Torre Vecchia; very rare (Garbari 1990).
Urginea undulata (Desf.) Steinh. - G bulb, Hbu, Mo
Numerous gatherings but localized in thc clearings of the plateau.
Urgineafugax (Moris) Steinh. -.G bulb, Hbu, M Clearings near the lighthouse; very rare.
Urginea l1laritil1la (L.) Baker - G bulb, Hbu, M-Ma Present almost everywhcre but not abundant.
Scilla autumnalis L. - G bulb, Hbu, Eu-M Among thc scrub; frequent.
Museari cOl1losum (L.) Miller - G bulb, Hbu, T-Eu Clayey, sandy meadows near Torre Vecchia; very rare.
Al/ium roseum L. - G bulb, Hbu, T-Eu
Among the western scrub; sporadico Some examples lack bulbils, while others with numerous bulbils can be attributed to varo bulbiferum DC.
Allium subhirsutum L. - G bulb, Hbu, M Among the scrub; frequento
Allium triquetrum L. - G bulb, Hbu, M-Ma Low walls, edges of paths, hedges; frequento Al/ium ampeloprasum L. - G bulb, Hbu, T-Eu
Near the huts at S. Giovanni di Sinis; sporadico Allium commutatum Guss. - G bulb, Hbu, M
Coastal rocky zones; frequento Asparagus albus L. - Ch frut, WF, Mco
Abundant among the scrub and along the path which leads to the harbour.
Asparagus acutifolius L. - G rhiz, WS, Eu-M Among the scrub; frequent.
Asparagus aphyllus L. - Ch frut, WS, M
Western side of the cape and among the scrub; sporadico Asparagus stipularis Forskiil - NP, WS, M-Ma
Near the Tophet of Tharros; rare.
Ruscus aculeatus L. - G rhiz, WS, T-Eu Among the scrub; sporadico
Smilax aspera L. - NP, WL, T-Eu Among the scrub; common.
Amaryllidaceae
NarCÌssus tazetta L. - G bulb, Hbu, M
Along the coasts among the scrub; rare. The colour of the corolla IS extremely variable.
Pancratium maritimum L. - G bulb, Hbu, M-At Sands of the isthmus and of S. Giovanni; common.
Iridaceae
Gynandriris sisyrinchium (L.) ParI. - G bulb Hbu M
Coastal meadows, paths, clearings of the scrub; frequento Romulea ligustica ParI. - G bulb, Hbu, Mco
Meadows of the plateau: common.
Romulea requienii ParI. - G bulb, Hbu, Esc Meadows nea!" the lighthouse; frequent.
Romulea rollii ParI. - G bulb, Hbu, M
Somewhat damp meadows among the scrub; sporadico
Juncaceae
Juncus maritimus Lam. - G rhiz, Hri, SCo Along the coast; rare.
Juncus acutus L. - H caesp, Hce, SCo
In the north of the Tophet of ThaJTOS; frequent.
Juncus subulatus Forskàl - G rhiz, Hri, T Damp depressions; rare.
Juncus bufonius L. - T caesp, Hce, Co Damp meadows; frequent.
Juncus hybridus Brot. - T caesp, Hce, M-At Sandy sometimes coastal meadows; sporadico Gramineae
Festuca arundicacea Schreber subsp.fenas (Lag.) Arcangeli - H caesp, Hg Pve, Eu-M Along a path near the lighthouse; extremely rare.
Lolium perenne L. - H caesp, Hg Pve, SCo Eastern sector of the cape; sporadico Lolium rigidum Gaudin - T scap, Hg Ave, T-Eu
Edges of the paths among the scrub; sporadico Vulpia geniculata (L.) Link - T caesp, Hg Ave, M-Ma
lnland meadows among the scrub; frequent.
Vulpiafasciculata (Forskàl) Samp. - T caesp, Hg Ave, M-At
Sands of the isthmus, of S. Giovanni di Sinis and of Murru Mannu; frequento Vulpia myuros (L.)
c.c.
Gmelin - T caesp, Hg Ave, SCoDry meadows among the low scrub; frequent.
Vulpia ciliata Dumort - T caesp, Hg Ave, T-Eu Among the scrub; rare.
Desmazeria sicula (Jacq.) Dumort. - T scap, Hg A ve, Mco Coastal, sandy, clavey meadows; frequento
Desmazeria marina (L.) Druce - T scap, Hg A ve, M-At Meadows and rocky coastal fissures; common.
Desmazeria rigida (L.) Tutin - T scap, Hg Ave, T-Eu Dry meadows, paths, clearings of the scrub; common.
Cutandia maritima (L.) W. Barbey - T scap, Hg Ave, M-Ma Sands of the isthmus; frequent.
Cutandia divaricata (Desf.) Ascherson - T scap, Hg Ave, Mco Sands of the isthmus and of Murru Mannu; sporadico Poa annua L. - T scap, Hg Others, Co
Inland meadows among the scrub; frequento Poa infirma Kunth - T caesp, Hg Ave, M-A t (coastal)
Coastal, clayey and somewhat salty meadows; frequent.
Poa bulbosa L. - H caesp, Hg Pve, T-Es CentraI plateau of the cape; sporadico
Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman - H caesp, Hg Pve, Eu-M Coastal zones, inland meadows, scrub; common.
Cynosurus echinatus L. - T scap, Hg Ave, T-Eu Meadows and clearings; common.
Cynosurus effusus Link - T scap, Hg Ave, T Meadows near the harbour; sporadico Briza maxima L. - T scap, Hg Ave, O
Edges of the paths, meadows; frequent.
Melica minuta L. (incl. M. arrecta G. Kuntze) - H caesp, Hg Pve, Mco
Rocky fissures, scrub; sporadico
Melica ciliata L. subsp. magnolii (Gren. & Godron) Husnot - H caesp, Hg Pve, M Among the low scrub; frequento
Bromus rigidus Roth - T scap, Hg Ave, T-Eu Among the scrub of the plateau; rare.
Bromus tectorum L. - T scap, Hg A ve, O Near the lighthouse; rare.
Bromus madritensis L. - T scap, Hg Ave, T-Eu Meadows of the harbour; fì"equent.
Bromus hordeaceus L. subsp. molliformis (Lloyd) Maire & Weiller - T scap, Hg Ave, Eu- M
Scrub and clearings; sporadico
Brachypodium plukenetii Beauv. - H caesp, Hg Pve, M Among the scrub; common.
Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv. - T scap, Hg Ave, T Clearings and meadows; sporadico
Elymusfarctus (Viv.) Runemark - G rhiz, Hg Pve, M
Sands of the isthmus, of S. Giovanni di Sinis and of Murru Mannu; frequento Aegilops ventricosa Tausch - T scap, Hg A ve, Mco
Among the scrub; rare.
Aegilops geniculata Roth - T scap, Hg Ave, T Meadows and clearings; sporadico
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy - T scap, Hg Ave, T-Eu Between S. Giovanni tower and the ruins of Tharros; frequento
Hordeum murinum L. subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcangeli - T scap, Hg Ave, T-Eu Meadows and edges of paths; common.
Hordeum marinum Hudson - T scap, Hg A ve, T -Eu Coastal, somewhat salty meadows; sporadico Avena barbata Pott - T scap, Hg Ave, T-Eu
Meadows, edges of paths, clearings of scrub, common.
Avena sterilis L. - T scap, Hg Ave, T-Eu
Clearings of the scrub and rocky fissures; sporadico Gaudiniafragilis (L.) Beauv. - T scap, Hg Ave, Eu-M
Temporary damp meadows of the plateau; rare.
Lophochloa cristata (L.) Hyl!. - T caesp, Hg Ave, SCo Clearings and edges of paths; common.
Lophochloa hispida (Savi) Jonsell - T scap, Hg Ave, M Damp and muddy meadows among the scrub; rare.
Lophochloa pubescens (Lam.) H. Scholz - T scap, Hg A ve, M Sands of the isthmus and of Murru Mannu; common.
Lagurus ovatus L. - T scap, Hg Ave, M-At Frequent almost everywhere.
Aira caryophyllea L. - T scap, Hg Ave, O-Pt Meadows and clearings; frequento Aira cupaniana Guss. - T scap, Hg Ave, M
Meadows near Torre Vecchia; common.
Corynephorus divaricatus (Pourret) Breistr. - T scap, Hg A ve, M
Among the sands of the isthmus and at the foot of S. Giovanni's tower; frequento
Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz & Thell. - T scap, Hg Ave, T-Eu Among the scrub and at the edges of the temporary damp meadows; sporadico Polypogon maritimus Willd. - T scap, Hg Ave, T-At
Meadows and coastal fissures; sporadico
Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link subsp. arundinacea H. Lindb.fil. - G rhiz, Hg Pve, M Sands of the isthmus and of S. Giovanni di Sinis; sporadico
Parapholis incurva (L.) C.E. Hubbard - T scap, Hg Ave, T-At Sandy coastal meadows; common.
Hainardia cylindrica (Willd.) W. Greuter - T scap, Hg Ave, T-Eu Edges of the paths and trampled zones; sporadico
Phalaris aquatica L. - H caesp, Hg Pve, T-Eu Temporary damp meadows of the scrub; rare.
Phalaris paradoxa L. - T scap, Hg Ave, M-Ma Edges of paths and of clearings; sporadico
Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Cosson - H caesp, Hg Pve, T Among the scrub of the eastern sidc of the cape; sporadico Piptatherum coerulescens (Desf.) Beauv. - H caesp, Hg Pve, M-Ma
Among the scrub of the eastern side; very rare.
Stipa capensis Thunb. - T scap, Hg Ave, T Dry and rocky meadows; sporadico
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. - G rhiz, Hg Pes, SCo In a marsh at the west of the Tophet of Tharros; localized.
Sporobolus pungens (Schreber) Kunth - G rhiz, Hg Pes, M-Ma Sands of the isthmus and of S. Giovanni di Sinis; frequento Cynodon dactylon (L.) Perso - G rhiz, Hg Pes, Co
Meadows, edges of paths; common.
Palmae
Chamaerops humilis L. - NP, WB, Mco
Among thc scrub of the plateau and along thc cliffs of the western side; frequent.
Araceae
Arum pictum L. fil. - G rhiz, Htu, Emo
Among the ruins of Tharros, rubble, under Pistacia lentiscus bushes and near S.
Giovanni's towcr; common.
ArisarllJn vulgare Targ.-Tozz. - G rhiz, Htu, M-Ma Common cverywhere.
Cyperaceae
Scirpus holoschoenlls L. - G rhiz, Hri, SCo
Little impluvium and temporary damp pools; sporadico Cyperus capitatus Vandelli - G rhiz, Hri, T-At
Sands of the isthmus; frequento
Schoenus nigricans L. - H caesp, Hce, SCo Damp meadows of the plateau; sporadico
Carexflacca Schreber subsp. serrulata (Biv.) W. Greuter - G rhiz, Bee, T-Eu Dry meadows, edges of paths and slopes; frequent.
Carex extensa Good. - B caesp, Bee, T-Eu (coastal) Among the coastal scrub; sporadico
Carex hallerana Asso - B caesp, Bee, O Dry clearings and meadows; sporadic
Orchidaceae
Orchis coriophora L. subsp.fragrans (Pollini) Sudre - G bulb, Btu, T-Eu Among the low scrub of the plateau; rare.
Serapias parviflora ParJ. - G bulb, Btu, M-Ma Among the scrub near the lighthouse; sporadico
Ophrys vernixia Brot. (= O. speculum Link) - G bulb, Btu, M Among the scrub; rare.
Ophrys lutea (Gouan) Cav. - G bulb, Btu, T Among the scrub of the platcau; rare.
ConclusÌons
During researches at Capo S. Marco 400 spontaneous taxa were found, belonging to 64 familics and 242 genera. This is a considerable number for an area of about 1 square km, where there are archaeological ruins, settJcments and some military operations. The systematic detailssubdivision of the 400 entities is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Systematic subdivision of the flora of Capo S. Marco.
Families Genera Species Subspecies Varieties
Pteridophyta 2 2 2
Gymnospermae 2 2 2
Oicoty/edones 48 179 275 19
Monocoty/edones 11 59 90 11
Table 2. Number of genera, species and subspecies of the most numerous families of the flora of Capo S. Marco.
Genera Species Subspecies Total
Gramineae 33 50 7 57
Compositae 41 52 2 54
Leguminosae 17 41 4 45
Umbelliferae 11 13 3 16
Caryoph y/laceae 9 19 20
Li/iaceae 9 18 18
The f10ristic Iist also shows the families with the largest number of taxa (Table 2). Only a small number of endemics were found, as also observed at Capo Frasca, Capo Mannu
and Torre del Sevo. Amongst the 12 endemics six are restricted to Sardinia, four are Sardinian-Corsican and the others have a distribution which inc1udes also the Balearic Islands, the Tuscan Archipelago and Sicily. Limonium capitis-marci Arrigoni & Diana, Limonium fausianum Pignatti and Limonium tharrosianum Arrigoni & Diana have their focus classicus at Capo S. Marco. Other species are remarkable phytogeographic significance, and are threatened with extinction by the fragility of the ecosystem where they occur: Cynomorium coccineum L., Ephedra distachya L., Sifene corsica DC. and Sifene nummica Valsecchi.
The analysis of the biological spectrum (Table 3), compared also with that one of other Sardinian capes, shows the high percentage of annual species, due to the remarkable annual dry period of about four months. We see a certain analogy in the response of the plants to the same environmental factors with the near Capo Mannu and Capo Frasca and, for some values, also with Capo Bellavista, situated on the same latitude in central-eastern Sardinia.
Table 3. Biological spectrum of Capo S. Marco compared with the generai one of Sardinia and with other capes of the island.
No. taxa T% H% G% Ch% P% 1%
Capo S. Marco 400 52.6 19.1 11.5 9.1 7.5 0.2
Capo Frasca (Bocchieri & Mulas 1992) 517 51.7 18.8 13.6 4.7 7.9 3.3 Capo Bellavista (Bocchieri 1990) 318 53.8 19.5 9.4 5.9 12.3 Capo Teulada (Saliera & Bocchieri 1987) 466 43.5 21.6 16.9 7.3 9.4 1.3 Capo Carbonara (Camarda & Saliera 1981) 321 49.5 24.6 12.8 5.6 7.5 Capo S. Elia (Martinoli 1950) 547 43.0 30.0 13.0 8.0 6.0 Capo Caccia (Valsecchi 1966) 231 43.0 23.9 10.4 5.2 10.4 Capo Mannu (Bocchieri & al. 1988) 446 50.9 17.0 13.4 9.6 7.2 1.6 Sardegna (Bacchi eri 1994) 2054 39.9 28.1 12.1 8.1 8.8 3.0
In order to make a bctter analysis of the response of the plants to thc environmental factors, wc have taken into eonsideration the different growth forms proposed by Arrigoni
& Di Tommaso (1991) and quoted in Table 4. Their percentage of the flora shows the great number of herbaceous taxa (332), containing 220 species, which have an annual cyc1e (66.3%) and 112 (33.7%), which have a biennial or pcrennial cyc1c. Amongst the annual specie s, those which have a winter growth cycle are dominant and, as already reported by Arrigoni & Di Tommaso (1991), the open and low vegetative formations are the most frequent at Capo S. Marco. Also, among the herbaceous perennial grasses and scapose species, the winter species predominate over the summer species. On thc whole, one can obscrve that the different growth forms which have becn found gcnerally ret1ect the biological forms reported in Table 3.
Table 4. Distribution spectrum of the growth forms in the flora of Capo S. Marco.
PT UGNEOUS HERBAceOUS
WA WB WF ws WL A,. H; Aes Hi p,. Hi Pes H; Oth ... A,. H; Hg p,. Hg P., Hg 01he", Hg Hbu Htu Hri Hp$
-
Hoe Ha Hy H'Il Othe<sN' 2 3 15
•
36 4..
6 33 216 0141 11 3 1
5\'.
7 11 22 17 35 6 10 2 2% 0.50 0.75 3.75 2.00 9.00 1.00 22.25 1.05 8.25 0.50 4.00 1025 2.75 0.75 0.25 4.50 1.75 2.75 5.05 42. 8.75 1.SO 2.50 O.SO 0.50
A further analysis of the flora of Capo S. Marco has been carried out applying Takhtajan's phytogeographical units (Takhtajan 1986) and, as regards the European Mediterranean area, the subdivisions proposed by AlTigoni (1983). Therefore, it has been necessary to know, for each entity, the areai of distribution which has bcen extrapolated using the works of Meusel & Weinert (1965), Mcusel & Jager (1992), Meusel & al.
(1978), Jalas & Suominen (1972-1991) and the principal floras, which report chorological data. In this way, it has been possible to attribute to each entity to its own geographical element, indispcnsabJc condition to construct thc schcme of Fig. 3, which graphically shows the different geographical components of the flora of Capo S. Marco.
Kingdom Subkingdom Region Subregion Dominion Sector
Atlantic
Holarctic
l/~-
3(338)
j /P~;; l ~~Jl~
/ Y ~~;rraneanl 24(1) 1
Tethyan 18(156)
Holarctic-Paleotropical 3 Paleotropical-Tethyan 2 Subcosmopolitan 35 Cosmopolitan 15 Naturalized 4
54 CentraI
J
Apulian-Siculian~
Macaronesian
J
Fig. 3. Geographical components 01' the flora of Capo S. Marco.
This figure shows thc Iimitccl prcsencc of polycorc species (cosmopolitan ancl subeosmopolitan) ancl thc high percentage of typically Mecliterranen spccics (25%) whieh, in acldition to those connectecl to other regions, exceed the 60% of the whole tloristic component. For the geographical position of Sarclinia, the conneeting speeies bctwccn the Tethyan subkingdom ancl the European region are particularly numerous.
Therefore, thc schcmc of Fig. 3 pcrmits thc attribution of the flora of Capo S. Mareo to the Mecliterranean region with a prevalencc of centrai-western elements. One also observes that within thc Tethyan subkingdom the Macaronesic region is the one which it shows more phytogeographical affinity with.
As rcgarcls the floristie sector (Sardinian seetor), this territory has a remarkablc number of enclcmic species which, accorcling to Arrigoni (1983), contribute to characterize the coastal and hilly subsector of Sardinia. Besides the endemie species with a wicler
distribution area are many of the western subregion and in particular of the Sardinian- Corsican axis.
Within the area of Capo S. Marco, there are many plants which are restricted to one habitat and which could be included among the different ecological elements proposed by Arrigoni (1983) for the Sardinian flora.
Thc psammophilous, rupicolous and thermo xerophilous elements of the scrubs and coastal garigues characterize the vegetation of Capo S. Marco and represent about 50% of the flora.
Referenees
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