A DATABASE ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION ON MULTIPLY CHARGED IONS

HAL Id: jpa-00229291

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00229291

Submitted on 1 Jan 1989

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access

archive for the deposit and dissemination of

sci-entific research documents, whether they are

pub-lished or not. The documents may come from

teaching and research institutions in France or

abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est

destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents

scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,

émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de

recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires

publics ou privés.

A DATABASE ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION ON

MULTIPLY CHARGED IONS

J. Delcroix

To cite this version:

JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Colloque C l , suppl6ment au n0l, Tome 50, janvier 1 9 8 9

A DATABASE ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION ON MULTIPLY CHARGED IONS

J.L. DELCROIX

Centre d e D o M B e s GAPHYOR, Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et des plasmas, Bdt. 212, Universite Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France

Resum6

-

Une analyse s t a t i s t i q u e des donnees r e l a t i v e s aux i o n s m u l t i c h a r g e s e s t

f a i t e dans l a base de donn6es GAPHYOR: s t a t i s t i q u e g l o b a l e p a r degres

d ' i o n i s a t i o n de q = l

i

q=99, developpement " h i s t o r i q u e " de 1975

B

1987,

r e p a r t i t i o n s (pour q25) p a r processus (niveaux d16nergies, 6change de

charge. ..), e t p a r 616ments chimiques.

Summary

-

A s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f data r e l a t e d t o m u l t i p l y charged ions, i s

performed i n GAPHYOR data base : o v e r - a l l s t a t i s t i c s by i o n i z a t i o n degree

from q = l t o q=99. " h i s t o r i c a l " development from 1975 t o 1987. d i s t r i b u t i o n

( f o r q25) over p h y s i c a l processes (energy l e v e l S, charge exchange,.

.

.

)

and chemical elements

The p h y s i c s o f m u l t i p l y charged i o n s has been a f a s t l y expanding f i e l d o f research d u r i n g t h e l a s t decade. I t i s now an important and v e r y a c t i v e domain as w e l l i n basic atomic physics as i n r e l a t e d a p p l i c a t i o n s , l i k e p r o d u c t i o n of beams f o r n u c l e a r experiments. But t h e main f i e l d o f a p p l i c a t i o n i s c o n t r o l l e d thermonuclear f u s i o n research : i n magnetic confinement f u s i o n , t h e m u l t i - c h a r g e i o n s a t e i m p u r i t i e s coming from t h e w a l l s and t h e i r i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h t h e main D-T plasma must be l i m i t e d as much as p o s s i b l e , w h i l e i n i n e r t i a l conf inement f u s i o n , beams o f mu1 t i p l y charged ions c o u l d be used f o r compression and h e a t i n g

o f t h e D-T plasma.

I n t h e p r e s e n t i n t r o d u c t o r y paper, we t r y t o review q u i c k l y t h e development o f t h e physics o f m u l t i p l y charged i o n s and the present s t a t u s o f t h e a r t i n t h i s f i e l d by making some s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s on the GAPHYOR data base.

1

-

The GAPHYOR

data-base

GAPHYOR (GAS-PHYsics-ORsay) i s a data base devoted t o t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f atoms, smsll molecules, and n e u t r a l o r i o n i z e d gases. I t i s a b i b l i o g r a p h i c , f a c t u a l and numerical data- base. The numerical data a r e r a t h e r r e c e n t and n o t v e r y many. For t h e p r e s e n t a n a l y s i s we s h a l l use o n l y t h e f a c t u a l data base, i n which each e n t r y describes a w e l l d e f i n e d process p u b l i s h e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e , w i t h the f o l l o w i n g d e s c r i p t o r s :

-

Section (SE) 1 Atomic s t r u c t u r e

2 Photon c o l l i s i o n s

3 E l e c t r o n c o l l i s i o n s 4 Heavy p a r t i c l e c o l l i s i o n s

5 Macroscopic p r o p e r t i e s

-

Processus (PR) : f o r instance : i o n i z a t i o n (IN), e x c i t a t i o n ( E X ) , charge exchange (10,20,

LN,LP.MP).

. .

-

I n i t i a l s t a t e : t h r e e p o s s i b l e r e a c t a n t s ( MOL1, MOL2, MOL3)

-

F i n a l s t a t e : t h r e e p o s s i b l e products (MOL4, MOL5, MOL6)

-

S p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e c o n t e n t o f the paper : f o r i n s t a n c e t o t a l cross s e c t i o n

(S), h i g h energy (H).

.

.

-

B i b l i o g r a p h i c reference and geographical l o c a t i n g o f t h e l a b o r a t o r y .

Cl-2 JOURNAL

DE

PHYSIQUE

As o f june 1988, GAPHYOR d a t a base contained about 200.000 e n t r i e s . I t can be c o n s u l t e d

o n - l i n e b u t a p r i n t e d v e r s i o n g i v i n g a f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e data-base and t h e complete l i s t o f d a t a a t t h e end o f 1987, has been r e c e n t l y p u b l i s h e d /l/.

A specimen l i s t i n g i n c l u d i n g m u l t i - c h a r g e i o n s d a t a i s shown on f i g u r e 1 -

1

f L f Y U l S l Y 1 l l . L SlAI

...

r e 74. F e ..7 F * ..7 F e 74. C C 7*. r e ..7 C C .7. F t 7.a f r 74. N I 75. N I 75. r e 75. I C 75. r e 25. Nt 35. F e 25. r e 7 5 . F e 35. r r 75. I C 75. r e 75. re 75. F C 76. NI YE. r e 76. r e 76. C C n.. I , n.. C C n.* r e 6 . . ' F e C.. I C 10.. F P 10.. I C 10. , C l,.. V C 11.. r e 17.. F e 13..

...

...

P C 15.. r e 16.. F e 16.. C O lb.. I C I6.s r e 19.. r e 30.. r e 10.. i. 7 > . .

---

,.--..

r r n.. l i v e * h"

F i g u r e 1

-

Specimen l i s t i n g o f GAPHYOR i n c l u d i n g mu1 t i p l y charged i o n s .

2

-

Number of data as a function o f ionic charge

The number

N(q)

o f GAPHYOR e n t r i e s , i n c l u d i n g i n t h e i n i t i a l s t a t e a t l e a s t one p o s i t i v e i o n o f charge q ( q = l t o 57) i s shown on f i g u r e 2.

Lop N l q )

5,.

T h i s f i g u r e a r i s e s t h e f o l l o w i n g question : what s h a l l we c a l l a m u l t i p l y charged ion. The broadest p o s s i b l e answer would be : any i o n w i t h q>2. Since t h e number 2 i s u s u a l l y n o t

considered as s e v e r a l , one c o u l d as w e l l choose another answer l i k e f o r i n s t a n c e q)3 o r

q&5. We s h a l l postpone t h i s somewhat a r b i t r a r y d e c i s i o n t o s e c t i o n 4 where t h e h i s t o r i c a l development of d a t a i s discussed.

3

-

Number o f d a t a a s a f u n c t i o n o f

the

nlanber o f elements i n v o l v e d GAPHYOR data-base i s organised i n f o u r d i f f e r e n t f i l e s :

F1 1 : one-element systems (e.g. Kr)

F1 2 : two-elements systems (e.g. H + Fe)

F1 3 : three-elements systems (e.g. He

+

CO2)

F1 4 : four-elements systems (e.g. He

+

HCN)

From t h e p o i n t of view o f m u l t i p l y charged i o n s .F1 1 i n c l u d e s f o r i n s t a n c e e l e c t r o n i c

e x c i t a t i o n : e

+

+ An+* ; w h i l e F1 2 includes f o r i n s t a n c e asymetric charge exchange

An+

+

~ - ~ ( n - l ) +

+

B+

Table 1 shows t h e t o t a l number o f e n t r i e s r e l a t e d t o i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t charges i n t h e f o u r f i l e s o f GAPHYOR.

Table 1

-

T o t a l number o f GAPHYOR e n t r i e s , i n c l u d i n g i n the i n i t i a l s t a t e a t l e a s t one i o n o f charge q 4

-

Number o f d a t a as a f u n c t i o n o f y e a r o f p u b l i c a t i o n one-element systems two-elements systems three-elements f o u r - e l ements systems T o t a l S L e t us c a l l

t h e number o f e n t r i e s r e l a t e d t o i o n s o f charge 1. 2. 3-4 and >5, cumulated up t o a given

y e a r o f p u b l i c a t i o n AN. Figures 3 and 4 show t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e f i r s t t h r e e of those

q u a n t i t i e s r e s p e c t i v e l y i n F1 1 (one-element) and F1 2 (two elements).

The s t r o n g i n c r e a s e o f a v a i l a b l e data since 1975 i s q u i t e c l e a r on these curves. One must n o t e however t h a t p a r t o f these v a r i a t i o n s may be due t o changes i n t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n by t h e group o f GAPHYOR experts. To e l i m i n a t e as much as p o s s i b l e t h i s spurious e f f e c t , i t i s b e t t e r t o d i s p l a y the same s t a t i s t i c s u s i n g the r a t i o s :

JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Fiqure 3

-

Numbers of GAPHYOR e n t r i e s

a function of publication

time f o t one-element

systems.

Fioure

4

-

Numbers of GAPHYOR

e n t r i e s

a s a

function

time f o r two-elements

systems.

where

N

i s the t o t a l numbers of e n t r i e s in GAPHYOR during the same period of publication.

These r a t i o s represent in some way the r e l a t i v e importance of the physics of ions compared

t o the t o t a l f i e l d of atomic and molecular physics.

Figures 5 and

6

show the variation of P2. P3-4.

Pas,

with time respectively in F1 1 (one-

element) and F1 2 (two-elements).

Figure 5

-

Percentages of

-

GAPHYOR e n t r i e s

Figure

6

-

Percentage f o GAPHYOR e n i r i e

with values of

q=2. 3-4,

with values of

q=2, 3-4, 25,

)5,

f o r one-element systems

f o r two-elements systems.

For graphical reasons we have not shown on these f i g u r e s

P1

which i s much l a r g e r

than the three other r a t i o s

b u t

r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e (,1~17%

in

F 1

1

andrv20% in

F 1

2). We note

on f i g u r e s

5

and

6

t h a t physics of multiply charged ions has been growing rapidly during

the l a s t decade

(P*

from 4 t o 10% in

F 1

1,

and from

0.5

t o nearly

4%

i n

F1

2).

From now on we shall concentrate only on ions of charge

q>5.

This category has

a s t a t i s t i c a l behaviour q u i t e d i f f e r e n t from those of singly ionized gases (see f i g u r e s

2,5,6) while ions of charge 2-3-4 a r e a s expected a somewhat intermediate group.

5

-

Physical processes s t a t i s t i c s

Table 2

-

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f GAPHYOR e n t r i e s w i t h q>5 over p h y s i c a l processes.

Systems w i t h : 1 element 2 element

Atomic s t r u c t u r e Energy l e v e l S T r a n s i t i o n p r o b a b i l ' i t i e s A u t o i o n i z a t i o n Other t o p i c s Photon c o l l i s i o n s I o n i z a t i o n Other t o p i c s E l e c t r o n c o l l i s i o n s E x c i t a t i o n (and deexc.) Recombination I o n i z a t i o n Other t o p i c s Heavy p a r t i c l e c o l l is i o n s Charge exchange E x c i t a t i o n I o n i z a t i o n Other t o p i c s Macroscopie p r o p e r t i e s TOTALS

One notes t h a t n e a r l y a l l t h e data a v a i l a b l e a r e concentrated i n t h r e e f i e l d s o f research:

One-element systems

-

Energy levels and t r a n s i t i o n p r o b a b i l i t i e s .

-

E l e c t r o n c o l l is i o n s ( e x c i t a t i o n , i o n i z a t i o n . recombination)

Two-elements systems

-

Asymetric charge exchange

It i s easy t o f i n d reasons f o r t h i s s i t u a t i o n , and I leave t o t h e s p e c i a l i s t s o f t h i s meeting t o make t h i s a n a l y s i s .

6

-

Chemical groups s t a t i s t i c s .

L e t us now f i n a l l y analyse t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a v a i l a b l e data o v e r chemical groups o f t h e p e r i o d i c t a b l e .

For one-element systems t h e r e s u l t i s shown on f i g u r e 7, where FA i s one group

of

t h e p e r i o d i c t a b l e and P>5 FA) t h e r a t i o o f F1

l

e n t r i e s w i t h q>5 i n t h i s group. The ( n e a r l y c l a s s i c a l ) n o i n e n c f a t i e used i n GAPHYOR f o r groups FA i s a l s o shown.

M 2 0 Act tntdes 90 1 A F A 1e1,c.

F i q u r e 7

-

Number of GAPHYOR e n t r i e s w i t h q ) 5 as a EE = Po..trona.irn. P,, \tuunlum ~ l l ~ , . . + n ttrndonwn i \in I

f u n c t i o n of t h e chemical group FA o f t h e

Cl-6 JOURNAL

DE

PHYSIQUE

One notes on f i g u r e 7 t h a t i n t r a n s i t i o n elements (B groups) data on m u l t i p l y charged

i o n s may r e p r e s e n t a very l a r g e f r a c t i o n o f t o t a l data numbers (50% f o r 6B groupe 60%

f o r i r o n group.)

For two-element systems, we s h a l l l i m i t o u r study t o asymetric charge exchange d a t a (which a r e by l a r g e the most abundant group o f data). The r e s u l t s o f t h e chemical

group s t a t i s t i c s a r e summarized i n Table

3

Table

3

-

Asymetric charge exchange d a t a s t a t i s t i c s (%). H o r i z o n t a l l i n e s : m u l t i c h a r g e d

ions. V e r t i c a l l i n e s : t a r g e t ( n e u t r a l o r low-charge i o n ) t a r g e t R H 5A o t h e r s general T o t a l s i o n s R(Ne. ..) 9 10

1

-

-

21

I 6 (Cu.Ag.Au)

-

5

-

-

-

5 4A (C..)

3

9

-

-

-

13 5A (N ...)

3

5

-

-

8 56 (V,Bb.Ta)

-

5

-

-

-

15

6A(O..

.

) 4 7

-

-

-

12

66 (Cr, MO, W)

-

4

-

-

-

4 7A (F

...

)

1

6

-

-

-

8 8A (Fe,Co,Ni)

-

13

-

-

-

13

o t h e r s

2

7

-

-

10 general T o t a l s

The most s t u d i e d i o n s a r e (by o r d e r o f importance) : r a r e gases

Carbon. I r o n

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Halogens Noble and t r a n s i t i o n metal S.

The most used t a r g e t a r e :

Hydrogen ( l a r g e l y dominant) r a r e gases.

T h i s s t r u c t u r e o f d a t a i s c l e a r l y r e l a t e d t o C o n t r o l l e d Thermonuclear Fusion research where these d a t a p l a y an i m p o r t a n t r o l e .

Aknowledgment. I wish t o thank D Humbert who r e c e n t l y developed a new v e r s i o n o f GAPHYOR

i n t e r f a c e SYGAL software, which made t h i s study e a s i e r t o perform.

/l/

J.L DELCROIX

-

Gas-Phase Chemical Physics Database (volume A.B.C)

-

ELSEVIER Science