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cu.ss

AND CONGREGATION:SOC:IALRELATIONS IN TWO

st.

JOHN'S,NEWfOI.1NDLAND.ANGUCAN PARISHES, Im-l909

by

A tbesis submitted 10the Scboolof GrIduaIeStudies

in partialfu1filmeolofthe tequimDeotsfor thedegreeof

_of

Am

JWIC1996

St.John's Newfoundland

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1+1

NationalUnly

olea..-

AcquiIitionsand 8IIiogNphc5ervices

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St. Mary's AqlicaD cburcbwaskx:-.ed illthewortiq-class West EDdofSt.

SobD's, Newfouad1lad,. _ StThomas'silltbeupprzaDdII1idcIk-c:lassEastEnd..Inthe laic191bandearly2Oda<:eDblrics, St.Mary'sparishioaasaadCXlDp'CpIioDsbam:t skilledworting<1ass expericocelad cootacts.In<:oatrut,whileSt. Tbomas's parishionersweremainly

wortiD,

class, the coape. .tioIl ....as dominated by the bowpoisie. Secular class differences shaped church developments, and affected parisbiooers' uperienceofVietorilDaDd EdwardianAnglk:arl.i.sm.St.Mary's lay admini.sttatioaiDcludcd church wardens aDd askillod.woddDgaDd lowcrmiddle·c1ass vestry.lbere was DO vestry at St. Tbomas's, aDd the cburch ....ardens~secularly powerfulmen.St. Mary'slay~wasIDCIIedemocratic, wbeIeas St. Thomas's operucd<Xla systemolpenooal authority.St. Mary's aDd St. Thomas'ssysCemsof finaDciJlg~similar.butSt.Mary'swasmore awareoftbe firwIciaIdifficultiesits parishiooerscouJdface.Itdesiped asyscem.1OaccommodaceinepIJar incomes,and enc:oungeddooatioasfromeverymembel"oftbeCOl:DlDWlity. At St. Thomas's.rectors empbuised

larBe

persooal. dooatioosfromthewcattby. "fbeoloakally,St. Mary'swas HighCbutch,and St. Thomas'sLow.St. Thomas's was more affecced byRitualism.a lirurgic:a1 andarchileClW'll1revivalassociaced withmiddle·c1us consumerism. St. Mary's conpeption was lessincetestedinmakingtheir cbun::b itllO a "fashiooable- place of worship.Instead.,theuseoflocallybuilt itemsandhod-made giftsshowedan aesthetic rooced in community aDd craftpride. AtSt. Thomas's. VictoriaD bourgeois ideology,

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wbicbiDdudcd

remaae

domesticity,sbIped,.:ishpool're6ef.ElrortilObdpdiepool'at St.

MlrYs

were.-nClDIIUDal,trida1as..-ioD.tIDjudpta:die -deservedDeu- of Beedy pIIisbioocrs. Lihwise,die _ _suc:ce:ssfialvoI-.yasaociIIioas •St.TbomIS's

were

dIOIewidt •pracripbve

...s..e.

especiaUypomotiBa diebourpois idealsof True WOIDMbood"~GcatIcaIcD.At St.

MIrY.. vol....,.

MSOCiatiooswere COIIIIDIIIIity·buedud frwmaI.InSt.

John's....,.

rcmiaism ...ceotted in East End socidy,mxllbeKtivitiesofSt.1'homu'swomenshowedthis iafIueDce.AtSt. Mary's, womettbadlimi~puoc:bialpowerdd were less recopized(Otlbeircoatributions.

iii

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TABLE OVCONTENTS

AbscrIct. •._._ _.~••_._. •_ _•••_.. ._._.__.•••.••ii List 01 TlIbk:s..

_

••__._._••_••.••

^_ ^__

._._ _••

^.. ^__ ^.. ^- ...•.•..•...

~_•• _._••.•.••••••_._. . .__~._vi

01apter1 • Introduction ..._••.•.•....•...

. viii ...•.. 1 Oaprcr2 - BeyoodInstitulioasIDdClericalElites:

PuttingSocial History into the StudyofNewfound1aDd's ReligiousPut 9 ChapIer3 - "The RichManinbiJ Casde-:

Establishing SocialC1uses forVictorian aDdEdwardianSL IohD's ... ...•...34 0Japtcr ...Upper-ClassEastEDd; WcxkiDg-Class WestEnd:

the SocialSwus0{ParisbioaenaodCoDpqatioDsItSLMary'. and

SL 1boIDas'sCbun:bes,1880-1~• ._••.•_.~.••_•••••~•..•.••..•_••_.•.••..•_~..•.•••.•..•...46

=s;.~ .. ~.~ ._._._

⁶⁷

5.1LayAdmiaisttatioo.•..._. • .__•.~.•.•.•_•.•••. _•._.._... ...•.__._•..•71 5.2 Parish

FIDAIJCiaa.••••.•..

~

•.••_•._.__._..••••••...•••••...••••

0Japtcr6 -~0{theOwn:h will ._beWeUPkascd-:

1bwIo&Y. _ . . - . ... Onlorio& of..., W_

ChurchArchitec:tuR. aod InteriorDesip. _ . 6.1 Cbun::bMlISic:.,.••

...._...81

•.•••..•••..•.•.••9S

. .101

6.2ChoralServices.

6.3 Architecture andInteriorDecoration....

...•...••...••... 106 ...• 109

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a..pa

7 •"Succour theLowly":

~ParochialApproec:hes10PoorRdid'_.. __ 125

7.1DirectRdief . ._ _. .__ . 129

7.2IadiRlCtRetief'__• • ._••_._•• •..__•__•••• •••.•••__•._..••••137 0lapI£r8·"NcM: .••aDEffemiaMeSortof1'hiD&":

au..

Geo<b.""'ll>oDcIl-Spoa>o

V_ .

8.1Mea'sAssociMioDs .

8.2 Women'sAssocialioas•..•...

.•••..•••_•••. L48 ... 149 .... IS9 Oapter9 - COOClusioo....•••••.•...

Bibl.iopaphy....•.• •._

. _ 182

...188

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LISI'OF TABLES

Table I Uppcr.QassBaptisms,188()..19QS... .

1'1.48

Table 2 Upper-C1assSubscripCioos.l88()..1905... .

1'1.48

Table3 MiddJe-CIassProperBaptisms,1~190S... .

1'1..

51 Table 4 MickBe-CIass Proper SubscripQoas, I~1905 .

1'1.

5I Table5 LowerMiddIe-C1ass&.ptisms,1880--19QS . 4 53 Table6 LowerMiddJe..OassSubscripcioBs.. 188()..19QS .._ _ _.P&.55

T_7 _ _-0... 1880-1905_. _ 56

Table 8 hdcpeDdcatProduc:iJ:II-Qass Sabsc:riptioos,1880-1905 .-..- 4 56

Table. ...Pg.59

Table 10 Table II

SIcilled Working...et.us Subscriptions,1880-1905 Pg.59 UBSkilledWortiDg-ClassBaptisms,18~190S Pg.61 Tabk 12

Table 13

UnskilledWortiDa-Class Subscriptioas, 1880-1905.

St.Mary's:LayAdministtuion by CLass, ISTI-I904

. Pg.6L

...Pg.75 Table 14

Table IS

SlM.y'sParishMectiap: A1reDd:aDoe by Class, Im-I904 Pg.76 St.Thomas's:Lay AdmiDisntioDby Class, 1889-1908 ._ ..Pg.78 Table 16 St.Mary's:CoaIribuDoastomeGeaeraJ.Cburt:h Fund

byAJDouDr,1890--1905•..•.. _•••••_•••••••••..•.•••••••.•....•.•••.. ... 90 Table 17

Table18

Table 19

St.Thomas's:Coatributioas10 meGeDeralCburcb Fund

by Amount,1890--1905... . Pg.91

Sl Thomas's Women's Association: Officers by Class,

189()..1904 Pg. 142

SlMary'sWomea'sHomeMissionary Association Meetings,

AueodaDcebyClass,I880-99._ _ 4171

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T.... '" ^St.Mary's Womea's HomeMissioaaryAssociatioa.,

0fIicenby

a.s.

1~1904 . ..__.._.._ _.._..

..Pz.

174

vii

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AC&:NOWLIDGMENTS

MaDypeople bdped me wriretbis1besis.My finttbaDb10totheclergyaDd staff cl SLThomas'saDdSL Mary'sPuisbes.aDd St.Mary'san:bivist DonaldKellMd, foc

aDowiDI

me access to their records. Aspecialm.ks 10NewtooMorgan,archivistof the DioteseofEasIem NewfOUDdlaDd aDd Labrador, who helpedmeimmeasurablyover the pastyar.Hegavehisown timeto makemyworteasier, and his storiesalwaY' brought asmile10 my face. IalsoWlUl.t 10lhankstafffromMemorial University's Centre foc NewfOUDdlaDd Studies: AaocHart.loan Riu:ey, and Glenda

o.wc

foc helping me locatesources; Rosemary Healy, Susan Hadley,AudreyCo&e,aodlanetGatesfoc

retrieviDa

tllousaDdsofpClUDdsofboob,dJcses.aDdbound jouma.Iswithgoodhumour aDdefficieDcy.

Fuading frnmtileSc:bool0(<hduaceStudiesm8dethiswad:: poutble. Special thanks10 mcoiJcnof tileA.G. H.ald:IerMemcrialScholarshipCommittee.

Dr.HansRollmannin!roduc:ed me to the scudyofreligion inNewfouodIaod.and providedea-tiDuaI support.UkewisefarDr.Terma Mwphy,wbo urgedmetopursue this wortwhen Iwas uasurewba1myDeXteducatioaalstepwould be.AImostevery memberoftheIDAOr)'(M:U!tyhas helped

me.

eitherinthisprojectocinthecourse ofmy undetgraduaIedegree. Special thanks 10 ProfessorThomasEvans. and to Grnduate CoordinatorsOr.SbaDnon. Ryan andDr.Ralph Pastore. Graduace seminars byDr.

GregoryS.KealeyandDr.Linda Kealeyintroducedmetomanyofthe ideasdiscussed ben:.Supervisor Dr.I.X.Hilleroffered valuable suggestionsand careful editing, aswell

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as

me

freedom10punuemyown ideasmdmelbods. Dr. WdliamReevesandDr.Judith FiDprdrad IDd~oa mcmicrYasioDollbt. thesis..

1 . . . . 10IbaakHistoryeep.tmeDtsufrJIW:IDbcnFranWarreDaDdBeverley Enos foralltheir auistaDce..hul Ripley solvedCllJIIIIlUIer-rdaled~and IreneWhididdhelped with

fonDllltiaC

aadpriDtiJIJ:!befuW.draft.

My~RqiDaId ADdM.-jorieMorpn.havegiveo me.lifetimeoffinaDcial and emotionalsupport. Their

aeoerositY

andlove haveheeD. coastantinmy ever·

chaDgin&' world. My busbaDd, Dr.ScanCadipn,listenedwith patience to my insecuritiesaDdofferedencouraaedleDtwbenImostDeeded ilHisexpertise improved the qualityofthis thesis, buthis love improved

me

qualityof mylife.

IamsoIeJyresp:mibleforIbt.wcatDessesaDdomissioasofthiswork..

ix

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III

Ea&J.ish

CaDadI.the placeof

teIiaioa

ill social bisUybas oaJy mceady come to promiDestce.lInGreatBritaia,lames Obelbvidl,. memberoflbc History Worbbop, ideDtified lbc imponaDc:e of such swdiesinlbc JPid.1970s. He believed tbateveryaspect of religionbad -.socialc:onlextand. social resoeance-, and that religious institutions developedaccordingtolbcir specificsocialOl:IIlIitXL2 Likewise, R.Q.GrayandStephen Yeo believed that thestudyof religious activitiesbelped hisuHians WIderstand more geoeral featuresof 19tb-eentury society andsocialrdations.^JBuiltonthesepremises.

thiJINdyfocusesondie waysocialrelalioosofclass andp:odcr affected men's aDd 'WOIIIen'SexperieDcesof

reliaiOUS

iDscituboosinIaIe19th andearly2OrtH:eotmy SL

ISccMartG.Mc<Jowan."ComiDIOutof1beOoisler: Some Reflections 011 Developmcots in the Seudy of Religion.iDCanada,1980-1990,-IprematiooaJloyma.l

or

c'PWii'DSrudies.

1-2 (1990),pp.17.5-202.

2JamesObelkmch, RcHgiop

and

RwplSociety: South Lindsey 1825-187,5 (London:Oxford UniversityPress,1976),pp.viii, ix-x.

JR.Q. Gray, -Religion.Culture, and Social Class in (.ale NiDeteelllh and Early Twentieth CenturyEdinburJh,.iD Geotmy Cros:sict(ed.),

The

Lpwer MjddIc

Om

inBritain 1870-

J.2l4

{Londoa:Croom Helm,1977},p.141; StepbeD Yeo, Religion and Voluntary Orpniz.atioosin Criss (Loodoa:CroomHelm,1976),p.179.

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~class demeDIs~abtpideIbcirscudies01

wortiDI-dass

qeacy UIdclass cooftict.- With chisillIDiad,thisIbadycoa:sidenthe~01, IDdCODDCCCioDsbetween.

peoplefrom.widevarieIyollOCioec:oDomicbactpouDdslIStbcycametDgetbcrina orpnizalfdi&iouscommua.iIY. PowerrdatioBsarecoasidered inliJbtofGnmsci's qumentthaidomiJWItclasses(who areDOl:oec:cs.ariIy!becapitalist class) retainpower mainly

tbrouJb ideoJoP:al

beaemony,aodthatthe cbwcbwas •byinstitutioninthat

Christianitywen:putoftbe cultural.hqemonyoftbc bouIJeoisie, this study also coosidersGeoffreyCrossict's view that sudlbeaemonyaffecced everymemberof society -DOl:justthe

workiDs

class -with its

ideo&o&Y

ofbehaviourial expcctaIioos.' Likewise,thisinvestiptioashowstbac. skilledlft'Od;ift&<1ass cuItunJ. beeemooy can existin •

seuiD&

wherethey, rathertbaathe boorpoisie, are the domina..n1social

TIle caseSbIdiesarethe

AasJiaa. JWisbes

ofSt. Mary's (alsokDowaasSt. Mary IhcVirgin) aadSt. Thomas's forthe period from 1877,wbcDbothwen:made

-GtqcryS.KeUey,"Oassin~HisloricalWriCil'l,:Nei.tberPrivatizing, Nor SUDderi.ng,~.JoumaIofOnedi'D SNdjg 27, 2 (Summer 199'2),p.126.

SLynneSandMalts,~Ladies,Loafers,KniBf1ts,and~Lusesn:theSocialDimensiOllos of Religioa andLeisureinLate NinetccntbCenturySmall TownOntario,·Ph.D.thesis,York University, 1992, p. 15.

'Gray,~ligioft.C\lltaR.and SocialC1ass,~pp.136, 140, 149.Ooyargued.forexample, Ihat membersofthe lowerD:IiddJcclassesbelpeddiffuse the cultural productsof the bourgeoisiein d:Jeir efforts10imil*.middleaDdupper<1asslifestyle.

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~J*isbes01theOioccseol~10thefintdecadeDftbe20th eeawry.'IIIthe periodlmIk::tinvatipCioo.St.Mary'sCIurcbswodcathe50UIbside of St. Joba'sUrbouraDd SCI'YCd tbe West £ad~COIIIIDUIliCy.' Geopapbically, the

Bridle, includina MUDdyPoDd,Topsail. HeavyTree, and Brookfiekl Roads. St.

Thomas's, at thecomerofMilitaryudKing's BridgeRoads.servedthe EastEnd.Its parish bouodarieswereKina'sR<*i. Cochraae Stm:t,andthejUDCtioo ofPortugalCove aDd TorbayRoads,including thedistrictkDowIl as Gecqe's Town (south ofForestand eastof Kiag'sBridge Roads, iocIlIdinl the Battery),QuietiVidi Village,aDd the seWed

'Botb<:bun:besUIldcrwentmIjorrmonboasduriq this decade: St. Thomas'sin1904 and St.Mary'sin1909.Thetimefnmc

was

bMc:dcad1eKtivitysurroundingthese projects.

• Inthe1960sthe southside St. Mary'swasdemoI.isbtd aspart of. barbour development projectaDd aDeWcburcbwas opeacd00Craipliu. Aveouc.Cbun;hof St.Mirythe Vqgin.St.Johp'$,

Newf'?Uxllm1

1&:59=I984-'7SYcmofSpyics(St.JobD's: theOlurch, 1986).pp.50-2;ReIeDPorter,Below

che

Bridal'

Memories

oCd!e SouthSideO(Sl

John's

(St.JobD's:Breakwater, 1979),p.J.

, Aklag withthoseintbepIrisbdJurdl.serviceswerebeJd by St. Thomas's clergyinQuist Church,QIlidiVidi,aDdintbeschool ChapelatVirJinia.AsweU. familiesandindividuals from such areas as Muse Street,Bunes.Monbtown, and Rennie'sMillRoads were membersf)(SlTbomas's coopepDoa. despite theofficial parishboundaries.At Sf.Mary's, serviceswereoffered ..the scboolchapelinBrootfieId. -SlTbomIs's, StJohn's,-~

~(Oct.I90I);"StMuythe Virgin,"DjqcesapMyuine (Apr:. 191J);ParishofSl MuytheYUJin,Womca's Mission AssociRioDMiDItteBook.9 Feb. 1880.

(19)

ofmeSt.1obD'sAqlic:aa.<:oIDIIUIUy,St.Mary'saDdSt. 'IbomIs'swen:sdccScd because oftbepoleDl:ial fotc:ompaisoll.sagesIedbylbesoc:ioecoDomic:profileofme city.

TbmaabouIIDOIl

oldie period St. . . . .1.,Iikc tberaeoflbecoIoay,wasin economic:dqlrasioa.This aWaiaIIedilldie6DaDcialaisisof1m.Theisland's

fisbina

ecooomy, whichMelitscommm:ialbaeinSt. Ioba'I., depended on intemalioaal market«JDditionsfotits wellbeiDa,MJd thisled10 unstable population figmes and steady out·migmionfrom1S46until1900. 1berewas some recoveryaround the turnof the ceDtUry, mainlydue10~manufacturing,publicwodaprojects,and railway- n:1atcdjobs.GreaIerc:mploymeDtopportwlitiesmeadlapopWatiou. iDc:rease from24, 823in189110 34, IIJin1911.¹⁰

IDc.nascdmaDUfaclUriqwaspIlltofdar: Newfound1aod~s eodoncmcatofiDctusttia1iuOoGoodsproducedbySt. Joba.'s artisansinsmallshops duriD&the18705~rqlIacedby1914witb. those maaufae:turedinlargeI", mcrdJant·

fundedfactoriesor'thoseimpclAecI&ominduscriaI

ceaaa

eIsewbere.11Thischange affectedthecUrKlerofdle St.Iotu"ssecoodarylabourforce,ADdcouk1beseen

10Iessie

0lisb0Im.

.~ondieW..mroac: the St.Jobn's l..oapboremen'sProtective Unioa(LS.P.U.).1890-1914:I.aboyr!I.&TmJil26(FallI990),p.4.5; Melvin Baker,~ GovemmeotofSt. Jotln'I.,NewfouDcDand,18(».1921,-Ph.D. thesis, University ofWestem Ontario,1980,pp.JI~,394.

IIJoimLawrence Joy,"The GrowthaDdDevelopment ofTrades andMaaufacturingin51.

John's,187~1914," M.A.thesis,^Memorial.University,1m, pp.0, L3-14; Baker, MGovcnuncotofSt.JoIm's,· p.LBO; DavidAJeUllder,"NewfouodlaDd's Tradjtional EcooomyandDevelopmcDt10 1934,-inJamesHilleraDdPeterNeary(eds),~ in theNi'l"!P'1'1h MId

Jwmeictb

CcptHrics;EssminInImRtatjon(TorooIO: Universityof Toronto

Press.

1980),pp. $7.

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workas asc:oopen., sailmIkeI's, aDdbIockmab:ndr.c-Iiaed &om 35.5 perccot of the IabourfcRein 1871 to 19 petc:eatby 1890, aDd 104.5 petc:ad by 1911.¹¹IngcaeaJ.. the BamberofSt.JobD.'s families . . . individuals employedinthepritMrysa:toI'sbarply decreasedalta"1874.Inthatye.60perceotof workersrumedor fisbed. By 1884 the proportionwas24percellt,andby1901 3.5 pcrcenL P III CODb'aSt,thenumber of secoodarywcxkmgrew from 34 percent in 18704 to 60 perCClltin1884, and reacbed 704.5 perceu.tby1901. Theservicesectoewas alsogrowiDgrapidly, -fromS.Spercent orworbrsill1870410 22 pe:rccot by 1901. This seccor included merchants, pro(cs:siooals, clerical, IIId

aovenmeot

employees.14Most secoadMymaou.fal::turi.ag producedCODSUIDer

&oods rOl"

thedomestic martel,rather than forexpM.15Whilelbere wasmec::banizaboa. ollndes after 1870, SL Jobn'sdidlKltexpcrieDcethekiDdor

Instead.itremaiDed •primarilyc:ommerciaJ.aDd admin.iscntive 1Own, uJtimalely

Withcommercial.i.nsc:iNtioaal,aDd ecooomicdevelopment St. JoIm's badbecome

11Joy,~GrowthIDd Development,~p.6. I have roondedfipmfrom secoodaly sources to theDeareSthalfpen:entappoint.

I ]Baker,MGovemmentofSt.John's,Mp.396.

1.Balcer,MGovemmellt

or

St.JoIm's,Mp. 396.

ISJoy,-GrowthmdDeveklpmeot,- p. 7.

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moresocialJ.ydividecl bylbe 1890s." tbaewasaarowilll classc:oasciousDcssamaaa:

citizms.IfBylbeearty20dIceaIUrylbecicywas~ ~wod:iDg<bss lIIilitaDc:yaadsaiteKboL"Ia1897. UDioasorpaizedSLIoba's'6ntLabourDay

~lbeEastMd WesaEods. III 1891aad 1901aroud70 percent of itsclergyaod teac:bers.,and around 90 percencofitsdodors andlawyers,livedin tbe EastEnd.There were nearlyequalnwnbersoftradersand.merdwusin 1891,but by1901 82.5 percent wereinthe EastEacLWhilealmost70percentof office and shop workers livedinthe East Eodin1891.by1901therewereequallllllDbers inbodt puts of the city. Almost

eeocin1891 to 68perceDlin1901.By1901 therewen: sligbtlymoremcchanic:s.0("

aetisaas,int:beWestEod. It also bad 90per

c:eac

oftbe city'sfactoryaDdworkshop empk)yecs.WhiJetbeWestEadwashometo mosttDCdlen oflbewod:iagclass,the

ItPeterPope.SLlobp's

Harbour

AreaArcbF!ogiqI

Po!cDtiAl

(Torbay,NF:PastPresent.

HistoricSilesandMaIerialCulture

CoasulJi:n&.

1991),pp.17-8.InaleUer to tbe~ IkoIslin1890awortial-classwrit.erc:omplaiDed tb111be Boud ofWorbwasmadeup entirelyofthe~UppeI'crust-. Likewise. MD. G. Walsh

compaioed

thatwhile me was requiced10display aquataIlDDesipwbeo.herservant wu suspectedof having diphtheria.

~same was DOttrue for~cectaictaeudemcn-whoseservants

were

also removed.fu:min&

1kIIld. 5 Feb. 1890,3 Mar. 1890.

17CbisboIm.~OrpnizinaOl1theWaterfront,~p.173.

IIBillGillespie,AQauActADI11usqag;4HisroryofdM:;IMourMovcmept jn Nt:!Ifn,mdI...tpdlMgdgr(St. lobo's:Newfound1aIldandUtndor Fedcratiooof Labour, 1986),

p.n.

(22)

EastEadcoataiDed die "bulkofwalth,

aaItare. - .

rdiDeme:al-inthe city_I' St.Mary'swas~iatheiDdDsUiM.

wortiaa-clasa

disttictofSt.John'saod Sllbomas'sinthe wcahby, middle MIdupper-classme.Wonbippens&aading on the S1epSofSlTbomas'sc:ouJdsurveyGownImmtHouseMd itsJIOUDds,while the Colocrial Buildinl.te8tof

sovaament. was

oo.1y ashan walleaway_ Staodinlnearby WC~SOIDeofthefiDest.mostsubsc.aotial privarehomesinthecolony.InCOOb3St, worslUppersat the doorofSf. Mary'sbreaIbed airscented by cod liver and sealoil factories.Theview

was

ofcooperaaes.thedIydock.aodpierswherenorth-side men:bant firms unloaded, SIOf'ed aDd IMded their 6sb, coal andsalt. Alsooeubywere the gas works, and later. tbe rail....yyards.»

East add West Ead differeaces,

aIoDJ

withpowiaJclass awan:acssinSf. John's, arc althe bcartoftbis study.AtSf. 1'bor-.s's, acoapepboa dominated by a

tbem.unstilled)inthe parish. Sf. Thomas'srepraeats one cbun::b'scxpcric:Dce of increased poweraodinflue:oceforthosefamilies addiDdividualswho alreadyenjoyed considerablesecWarcontrol. Ac Sf. Mary's, dieconppcioawas mainly families aDd individualsofa-middlin&~5Catus:stiIk:dworkers (manyofthem self-employed) and the

l'

Elizabech Oliver,"1be RebuildingofS«.John'saftertheGreacFlJ'eof1892: A Studyin Urban Mocpbogeoesis: M.A. thesis,MemorialUniversicy. 1983,p.63. Scatistics from AppoodixA.pp. 223-6.

IIJoy,-Growthand Devdopmenl,-p.75; Baker,~GovenlJbCOtofSc.John's,~p_ 179

(23)

lowermiddleclas.hrepresents •churcbwherewortinJ-elass culturewasa major influeooe., especially COIJIIDUlity

slwinI,

craft pride, and liatemalism.

ChaptersODeaad Twoprovide\be bisIoriograpbic and methodological backgroundfor1be study, wbilcOapccrThreeestablishes\be class character of St.

Mary'sand St. Thomas's churcbes.CbapcersFourand Five discuss institutional aspects of\be cburcbes:layadministration,6naDcing, liturgy, an:hitecture, andctnuch dccoratiOfJ.Chapcen Six andSevenloot.11socialrelations as manifestedinparochial systemsofpoorrelicfand church-sponsorcd voluntaryassociations.In\be processit becomesclearthatclass-basedseaUarvaluesaDdidealsofgenderroJescouldhave a crucial effectOIl\be development of religious insIiruuoos.11the community level, and that

UDderstaDdin&

thiscan lead to enhancedIcnowledge of. church and the community inwbichitfunctioned.

(24)

",,-Two 8eyoDdIDsIiraDoIas mel Clerical Elites:

PuaiagSoeialHistiOty

mao

tbcStDd:yofNewfOUDdland's

--

TbebisuJriop1lpb.yof

reli,;oa

in 19d1-ceDtury NewfOUDdlaDd iscbaracterizedby aD

overwbelmiJlI

taIdcacy10focusOIlinsUuIioDaldeveJopmeDts aDd ckrical 5eadership.

examiDesdie

uistiDa:

titermlreinClIdCI"SOdIowOIl a cIeDomiaatioaalllld lbematic basis thatwhileJIdl studies areval~ttleR is a DeedIDII:IOVebeyoad thisnarrow.elitist focus.ODe opcioa.

fordwlF

isbeiDaoffered bysocialhistorians of religion.who considertheimpKtofordinary believers00the history of a church, aod try to undentaDdthe peopkin thepewsas wen as those who stood 11 the altar orin the puJpit.I

This chapter willdiscussIiIcraruteabouttbeSalvalioDArmy, Presbyterianism.

Methodism,the 0:Iun:bof

EAaIaDd.

aDdRomanCaIbolicismin19tb-centu:ry NewfOWldl&Dd.,asweDas

worts dealiDa:

willl.deaomiaaI:ioaaleducatioo.relip.oaDd politics.,IIId

reliPOUS

associaDoIas.1beR. is discussioaof

map

tbemesaDd approacbes, as well as AIgestioDsferfuftftrescard1.

The wriaen historyofthe SalvationArmyin19tb-century Newfoundland is especially dominated by devotionalism and institutiooally focused accounts. Two

IThesedivisioasaDdtbcmesweredc\'dopedinreLitiontothe Canadianhistoriographyin MarkMcGowan,~Comio&OutoflbeCIoisteI'.~pp.175-202..

(25)

10

NewfoaDdIaad. are~descripOoa:s. . . .rec:eadypublished c:eDtalnialvoIlUIICS

Irec:debnboasoflbt:SalwtioaistlllO\'aDtllL¹Lib:wise. R.O. MoylcssympIIbeticaIly reviewed dieCSUlblisbmeatoldie AnDy. MIdeqiIasisedtbecadlusiasmaDd

bip

rawnbers«devoCees which

a.se

NewfoaodlaDdSalYMionismunique inCuada.JWhile

Salvation Army schools,he did consider problems such as social acceptaocc. financing, aDdteaeberrecruianeDtSleJ:DlDinIfromthedeDominatiooaleducaIioosystem!Itisclear thatmorecritical rcse.n::bis~IDlI LycmeMarts's wort: on SalvMioDisminOntario can serveISan cxceUmtmodel'

2BIaar;beRead,Lift.ofJobpRgd(Toromo:SalvationArmyPrintingaDd Publishing, (I399D; The Ladywjdl

the Other

Lagp (ronDO:Mc:OeI1aDdIDdSCewart.1919); A Hundn;d AptbemsRise-

Ref1ectims

011

dJe St.

Jahg'sNo.ICorps (St.John's:Salntion AmlyTempIeCap&,1986);HjsPromjsgsSm:ACeptwyoCSalYJlioD.SLJobp'sNo.

2Cqms.181&-1.(SlJolm's:Cralift, 1988>; IDdPaIbwJyofI>uty:AHupdrpdYean Journey DiIdctNewtIptPoyrCop.1891-1993(St.John's: Iespc:noCl, 1994).

1R.G. Moy'es,TheBloodlAdYJteinCtgada: A

History

of

the

SalyatjonArmy inthe Qomjpion 1812-1976 (focoa.lO: P. Martin Associates, 1977), pp. 79--87.

• Hewia BoydSaunders."TbeOriginmel Development of SalvatiOll ArmySchools in Newfound1aDd,~M.W.thesis, Acadia,1975.pp. 2-3.

'Marts.,-Ladies,Loafers, -pusim.

, see, (or exampke.TbomasWalSOIl SDlith,Hiswryof

lbe Mesbodis

Qnm:h withinthe Territoriesf.mbnq!!lis!beLateCogfgm:e

ofEasfmt

British

America

(Halifu: Methodist

(26)

II

aCOClfaeDcer:l.1be MecbodistOada«Caudaill1884.S~this unioamay bavebecaoae

.easo.

wby Ibesebisuxiusoftal stIasedCOGDeCtioasbetweal

~aadea-tiaDMeIbodism.'lit

se-nI.

1beseKCOUDtscentredaround.

paIIODizinJdescrip60IlofLaurmoeCoqbIan'sminisay10.bKkwvdandamoral population,praisedthededicttcdlaitywboUptMethodism alive, aadempbasized William. Black's visit in 1791, whic:hiJUtiateda~revival. SlnSS was placedOIl.

NewfOUDdlaod asthe6ntMethodist missiooinNorthAmericaaDdas an enthusiastic

WLl1iam Wtlson's Nt!!fzm4"'"apdjtsMissiogaries..wbictlwasthetimvolume 10deal exclusivelywithNewfOllDd1ud MccbodimL' 1.aIeI",I.W. Nidlob publisbed an equally

BootRoom, 1877, 1890);

The CnMrnm

ofMrrtw1ismin

fastem

British

America.

1782-

1m

al882D;JobD.J.Coker.

MroWm:'

irs Divj.sjopsapdtIpjomapd

its

Mipjoos (ToroaIo:Ryenoa

Press.

[l924D; A.B. Hyde,IbeStqyofMdbodim

Jbmurbout

the

~(TcctJafD:W. Brigs, 1894); D.W.Jobo:sm,History

of'e:kttP'isP

inf.Istc:mBritish

Ams:ia

(SactriUe,N.H.: Tn1luDe

PriatiDJ.

ELd.);AIeuoderSathertaDd.~

Cburch

apd

MiMiom ig e..ta MM!. Newf9!!!!d'·""

(Toronco:MissiolwySocietyofthe MdbodiscCburch,19-).

7Nabotb W"IDSOt, -MethodisminNewfouDdlaDd.18.5j:·1884,· M.A. thesis, Memorial Uoiversily. 1970,p.5.

ICentenaryofMethodi'm.pp.40-2; Colter,

Methodiun:

jy[)j.yjljonsandUnions pp.76.

81·2; Hyde, StoryofMctbpdjsm..p. 870; Smilh, Histgry

pl. MelbodistCburdL

pp.405-.59.

276.Tbese tbemcs

were

rqlUttdinalDCln:receatwork::AdtIurBetts,Bishop Blackand his im<IIm(Sacl<vilIe, N.B.'Trihw>e ... (976).

, William

W'llsoo.

Newfp"P1J

em!

agd

its

Mj"...

,rieJ (Cambrid&e.

Mass.:DaIcinand MeIcalf.1866).

(27)

12 uncritical andbiopapbicalcelebratiOllolMctbodisminSLJohn's.10

Thesesbyl8CObhtsoDsIIDd Nabocb Winsor representscboIarly consideration of NewfoundlaDd Methodism.IIBocb~examplesofthe thinIi.lIethatcan exist between traditioBal.devOlioaalhistoryand critical, scbolarlyenquiIy.Parsonsdescribedthe Methodist estabIisbInent,c:qanizaDoa.missioas. andedIx:atioo.coocludiog that Methodism.~didnxn for

mouJdin,

cbanlceer anddefiningvalues [amongtheearly settlcnofNewfoundland]thananyother singleinstitution~.llWinsortoowasovertly sympathetic,and focused on institutional developments without considering Methodism within the largerframcwortofBritish NorthAmerica andGreatBritain. Healso downp"yedMethodistinvolvancntinpoliticsaDddellOUlinatiooaJrivalries.^1lWinsor's churchbistoriesare asucritical and devotionalasthose publishedbyhis feUow cleric, CharlesLeDcb. overtwogenerationsbelote.^l,*

10l.W. Nichols, A Cegmrv of MethodisminSLJohn's

Newfoondlapd.

1815-1915 (St.

JoIm's:Dicks, (915).

IIJacobhrsoas."1bcOriginandGIOwtbofNewfoundlandMetbodism,176S-I8SS,- M.A.

thesis. Memorial Ulliversity. 1964: Winsor. -Metbocfjsm inNewfOUDdland.~passim.

11Parsons,-OriginIDd Growth,"p.ISO.

lJWiDsor,"MeIhodisminNewfoundlaDd,"pp.110. 17-S.SeealsoWmsor's~

Warmed' A HistoryofMedlodismillNc"fn"'v!I'w' 1765-1925 (GaDder:

sse

Printers.

1982).

I.See Naboth Wiasor. "By

Their

Works":AHiMon'of theWesleyville Congregation MetbgdistCbureb. 1874-1W Uniced Church 1925_1974 (5.1.:SoD.,1976);~ God'sPraisesQP

Is1aDds. inCovcs'

A

Hiuqryoftbp

Methodist

Church

1862-1925

and

the

Unifed

Cb!llCh 1925:1990jn

settlements

from

Greenmond

to Deadman'sBay except

(28)

13 Itwas rMvid.PWs study ofGowerStreet UIlitcd (fonar:rly Metbodist)Clurcb, tbalfint~lbepolallialfor.more-.l)1ical.~·focuscd NewfOUlldbadcbun:bbisIclry.1JPia

tboucbt

riacburch-as aCOIIl(KlSiIebumaa. beiag.a

Iivina

orpaismwith.lifeofits

owa-.

^aDdeuminedGower SCnx:t Unitedas a coapqlltioa. 'setindiecbaD&iqmilieuof...tytwooeoturies of bisIory.•~Pitt set a neVIstaDdard forwritiq churchhistory by

tnakinI

the pMtrfn ofiDstitutiooal namtive thatpaidlittle orDOattentiolllOcbe people

woo

salinthepew1orthe surroundiDgsin which. coogn:gation exisled. UafortwWely. fewlocalchurch historians have foUowed bisEad..

Similarly,questioGIaskedin Herbert A.8atsIoDe's 1967tbesis<:ouJd inspire new

Wesleyville.. Nnrfgomdlegd (Wesleyville. NF:

me

diIoc.1990);aDd Naboth aDd Miktn:d Goup WIDSOl', A filtrig. pfftidt A Hjsmry

of_ ^Mnbe1is

^gnpd,^1814-1925^and

g

tIpj1pl Qyc;hIns-1mf l I j gNrorf"wMI.pd(Weskeyville,NF: Nabocb WIDSOl', 1990).Leacb's wukiDclude$: AnA.ocougtaftbe RiseICMl

Promu

ofMed!odimton

lbc

GrJgdBagk:!IIdfor1wM;Cjrgajtlfrom181610 1916(Ll.:Barnes, 1916);IbeHistoryoCtbe sjse

wi

PJ'pmgglMcdrvtinremthewgtgpBayCircujt (WestauBay:til..,1912): A SouymiroftbeBriM1925);DeSmJ)1

Mctbcwtis t,.

isJphik!;oftbeopegipcBopayiSl.($l Jobn's:

of.

1bny0df'. 1985). Isted. 1919.^Qwn;b.^1875-1925^(sl.:^s.n~

Seeabo W.Eapae Mereu.CsPIeQpiaISouvmir;'DIeUp.jg;d0Nrt:bofCapada.

IwjlliAqq:;.I\Ir:MepOepd'ACcptcrwyof

MerttMism in

JwjlljplllC apdN9mQaav;

BayNrMpomd"pd 1111.19]1(Twi11inpre..NF:OfficeoftbeIwjlljoptc Sun. (1933]).

IJ0.00 G.Pia.WtpdrwJs gfAgp'lbeLife'"TlQ¥I ofGoymStrmtIpjlpjl (fmnqty MetbodiHl Qucb

in

sb Iobp's. Ne!!foupdlapd. IAIS=I990 (St John's: Iespersoo. 1990).

bled. 1966.

I'

Pin.~p.7.SeealsoDavidG.and MarionPin,GoodlY Heritase-

A Ceptennial

HjMory

of the

ConIJ'WliOllofWqIcy UgjtcdCfonpg1yAk;ypdq Strqt Methodist) CbmSL 10M's Npfpgpdland. 1114-1984 (St. John's: Jespersoo., 1984).For.similllt approachsee

GeorJe

Story, GeqmsgmUnited Qum;b. 1973' One HupdmI

Yean

of

~(St.lobn·s:tbe01urcb,lm).

(29)

14

Iheo&ogyaspoIDOIIedby •clericaldiIie.billalsoIIIempIed10UDdersaIDdbowthat

tbeoIoIY

~wilbtbcbdid'syseamof0UIpt'ftNewfouad1uIdcrs

I'

wtWe be may bliwe beeo mistlIkmin

assumilla

aD-CltIIMlIDO"NewfCXlDdlaDden embncedMetbodism,

tbm(orebowgenderroles couldsbllpebelief syscems),Barstooeanl:icipMed themes that EnglishCanadiaD50CiaI historiansofreliaioo arecaIlinlfor inthe19905.Theseinclude

wasincludedillthereoeDl1ypubIisbed CoggjINtjoaof

MetbodiJm

19 AdlJltic

Canada-

:Ill

"HcrbcrtA.BabtoDe."MdbodismiDNewfauDdIadd:A ScudyolirsSocial1mpKt,~M.T.s.

tbcsis. McGillUniversity, 1961.

IIHecooside:red,foeexample.bowwad: chitiDc:luded dailyconfrocdaboa.withdeathat sea IDd thenecessity of

till.i.nJ

0CbcrliviD,~shaped Newfouodlanders' religion.

aatslOlle.,"Mdbodism.inNewfouDd1aDd,"pp.104-6.

"McGowan,"ComiagOutoltbcCloiscer,·pp.175-85.

JOHans Ro11maDn.,"Lawence

Cou&blu

aDd the

OriJins

of Methodism inNewfouodland.~ inCharles ScobieaadJohnWebsterGrmt (eels.),The CoggjburionofMethodism 10

~(MonIrWandKiDgs&on:McGill-Queell'sUlliversityPn:ss.1992).For theories aboutKewfOUDdlaadMecbodism see Pwsons,"OripaandGrowtb.· pp. 146-7; and Smith.Historyof

the '1t!h?"is 0Jwch.

pp.352, 418-24. Smithwasthe

only

pietistic hisIorian 10recordthebreakbctweeD.Coqhlanand Wesley.

(30)

"

Rol1mIIlsugaIedtbIttheMecbodismori&iJIaIlyiDIrodut.edtoNewfouDdIand

was

influeuc::c:dII:ll:ftby!be

EaJlisb

MetbodistGecqeWbitefieklthan byJohnWesley,ard thatthisresuhedin •NewfOlmdland cburdlthatwasfundamentallydifferent fromthaiin me restofBritish NorthAmerica.ThesmoothpusinaofideologyandlilUrgyfrom Wesley 10

eoupa.n

10NewfouDdlaDdcnoo1beoonh side ofCoooepcioo Bay was

atso

thatthe roIeofW"illiamBlackintheNewfOllDdlaDdMecbodistrevivalWIS gready

beyondckericlaadocher dileS.PittaDd Batsulaeprovidesomeinspiraticc;IIIDRiCIDbe fOUDdinreceot workOIl19ttK:eDturyMetbodismby Maritimebistarians.D

J1Parricll:0'Flabcrty."'LMarak:eeoup1aD.,"ill Dictioqmgl

c'p!"j,n

Biography Vand AnburKewley,'"IbeFint FiftyYeanofMctbodismin NewfoundlaDd, I1M-18ts: Was it AutbenticMedlodism?;.JgyrpaloltbeCenPMQug;hHisJgricaISocietyXIX,1-2(Mar.- JUDe1977), pp.7, 18. AJxlcberimportantreceDlessay

was

DavidG.Pin,"Metbodismand EJ.PrMt: ASIudyol1beMethodist

s.:tarouad

of.CuatiaaPoetaDd itslnfIumoe onbis LifeaDdWort.·inScobieandGnm (eels.), CogtriburiogotMdbodjm.,p. 218.

:t2Foreumple.T.W.Acheson."MetbodisDl aDdtheProblem ofMethodistIdentityin Nincteentb-Ceotury New Brunswick.· aadA1leDB. Robertson, ··Give All You Can":

MedIodisC andCMritabie CausesinN"~NovaScotia,.in Scobie andGrant (cds.),Coggjbutjog ofMstbgdilm"ladHalmab M.LaDe,"Wife, Mother. Sister, frieDlI:

Metbodist Womcraill.St.SIcpbeo,NewBIUIISWict. 1861-1881,·inIIDelGuiJdford and SuzaoaeMoI1oa(cds.),SeptrareSpberq: Womm's WgddJ in!be19th-qnMY Maritimes {FRderic:toa.NB:Aadieasis

Press.

1994).

(31)

'6

CaaadiEC1Jurdlill1m.DatioGalbisIoriesrLlbisdaomiDMioa baveODlymedIioDed NewfouDdIaDd iII ...:pAJ. thesametime.besidessbort

J*isb

piecesby aotiqumam wcb.asR.c.SmidlmdAtmiaiusYouq.dlae~few IocaJ.hiscories0(diePresbyterian

Quuchisstraight-forward.institutionalhistory,aDdallbouabtheauthors included more generalinformationODPresbytmanisminNewfOUDdlmd,many of their interpretations werecbaUeopdillWiltied Moocrietrs morecriticalW<:lIk.~Incontrast,thehistoryof 51.David'sCbwdl(oriJiaally.DisseDters'

meeti.nI

bouse)was wrincnby. Bicentennial HistoryCommiaeetbalincluded scboIansuchasA.A deD.OaeraDd SlISMl McCorquad:aie.

We

IUeolioatoCOlIIIWaDd~cburcbasCOIDFPtioa^M(ralber"than -chwdlasbuildiD&")approech,this bookcanberatedwilbPitt's

'Wmdows

ofApICS

USee10Iut 1lxw:Das McNeill.1bcPrgbytqjap

CburdI

in

CaNda.

1875-1925 (Torooto;

GeaeralBoenl,PrtsbyvriaaCbu:n:bia

e-sa.

1m); aDd the

more

rcceatJoba.S. Moir, EndyriggW"1tDesS;AHistgryql!bc Ptgbyteri.apQJUIdainCIQIdaO'orooto:Presby1erian Cburcbin CaDada,1987).

:. RC. SmiIh,-,St.ADdrew'10nIrcb..•

NnT!"vfl,"'"

OuartcrlY 4, 4 (Mar. 19(5): 2·3;

ArmeniusYouq,~Cbun:besofSt.JolIn's:!beKilt.-Atlanbc

Guantian

4. 3(Dec.

1947): 14;R.Duder(cd.>.8, ApdmIJPrgbytcriMCbyn;hSt..Iohp's Newfound!apd.

~(St.Jolla's:J.D.,19421); and St.David'sPrabyIcri.anCburch. BicenteDDial HistoryConmUnee. The piygtjPR Cbm ofQrigIt$1.lohn's (St. John's: the C1l1m:h, 19731).

15ForeumpIe.Moftcrieff

ItJUCd

tbatPresbyterianmissiocsto Newfoundland outports and townsfailed. becauseofisoIaIiod. aodlow levelsofSoottiJh

emiJRlion.

w~theauthors ofSL A. . . .'sPIqbyteriagQyrcbblamed

DCJkctful

churchIOvernroent.~WM.

Moocridf, A HistgryoCtbePrgbyteriagQ!un:binNeydoupdland. 1&42-1967 (St.JoIm's:

s.a.,1970). pp. 3-5,with~pp. 8-9.

(32)

11 as.modelbc:hurch biaocy. Also olvalDe is

J.s.s.

AnIDIr'stbaisoo. Dissemill.SL

1D.aeaerti.ldIoI«Iy~imo~iaea...dabasbeera

~17ANovember'1994confereDoe011~ConIribuIioaof Pre:sbyte:rianito AI1uItieCauda"helped remedysomeofthisnqIect.Therewu ODly onepaperdealing williNewfoundImdontheprogram.MIdjodgi..DBfromitstide,aDd theauthor'sother wort.the paperwas institutiooal.Otherpresentationsdealtwiththemes suchas the relatioosbip oftbeclwrch10litenaure.culture.andsocialactioo. TheR were also critical

TheCbun:bofEngIaDd was theofficialcburchofthe BritishEmpireand IDissioury

wort:

wascfteGpertof.wider~eolel'pri.se.lbcrd"ore, theearliest writtenbisIcricsofthisdeftomiDatioa.inNewfouadlaDdwere

r-n.

of

aeocraI

colonial

7lIiJ.S.S.ArtDow".

"Rdi&ious

DisseDtinSt.Jobn's.InS-ISIS; MAthesis.Memorial Univasity. 1988.Armourdisaaucdthe earlywUoa of Pn:sb)1eria.ns.CoDgregat:iooalislS.

Baptists.aDd Mdbodisu in.COIbIDOI1 wtnbipatSt. John's, •~of DisseDtbe c:ooside:red unique toNewfOUDdllDd.ArmouralsoeumiDed the impact of the Napo&eonic Wan OIl reliJious dcve&opmeats,die

suuuIe

foenilipous fiecdom for Dissentcn asledby JoiuIhues.mid

conJI*ed

developmc:ot:sinNewfouDdIaDd with tboscin!berest oftheNorth Allanticworid.

17TerrenceMurphy,"TheReliJiousHistoryofAtlanticCanada:TheStale ofthe Art,~

~XV.l(AlltWM 1985),p. 151.

21~Cootributioo of Presbyterianism to Atlantic Canada,~[Progrtmofthe Conference, 1994).

(33)

"

trearmalIS.2tIDIbeseworb.lbecIomiDaatIbemewasthe

sdl-sacri6ciDa

missionary, whobraved~sevaeclim*. ._t.:rm .... aDdextraIIep:waty"OIltbeis1aDd.JO

_""""""-'-Y.

t-.._Oodoo_O.R.RowIey....

more.rcc:eady.'I'1xxMsMiIJJMD.ecboed this piousiDstitutiouland

biotnIJbical

fOCU$.JI Thesethemeswereabo~otNewfOUDd1aDdmooopapbsbyF.M. Butreu:aodJohD AlfredMeadeIl,u wdlumostADglican parish bisIories.JI; AUdcalt WlCriticaUy with

2tForexample.JamesScewart MwrayADdenor1,DeHisoryof

the Church

ofEngland.

in

the

ColoNes

agdForejm I>epeodepcjesof

the

British Empire. 3 vol. (Loodon: F. aDd 1.

Rivinp)u.I84S·1856;and

Wort ip the

CnIook1"

SomE

Accougt.oftheMissjODJD' 9prDtjqryoftbeQyd!olfe.lepdinC9MC!!!i!ioq with

dlc.

Societyfor the Pmpaption of IIl<.!loIIl<!~Griffi""'_lll65).

·WgdciatbcO+min p.11.

JIJohnLanuy.Historyofthe

Pm

inEgtgp

CMwIa

tpd

Newf

^9111v11arv!(I..ondon:

_fo<"'_of",","",KDow_I892t._B._~

theSis

IDd

PrpmSJqftheCIHprltof

fnrl'''''

igtheBritish

Nonb Amtricao

Pmyipces (Halifax.:

w.

~1849);CbadesH. Mc:x:tridF. The Bishopsofthe Qwn:h Qf Ezy:1md inCaglaapdNenpn"md(T0t0IIID:F.N.W. Browtt., 1896); O.R. RowleY,:I:M

Anllican f..." glCwwla

apd

Newf.,.,n"','"

(Milwaukee:Mordtouse.1928);aDd ThomasRMiIlmM,AdaptjcCwdarp1900: AHisIoryofRAulifJp

Church

(Toromo:

_ _ e-,19I3).

IIF.M. Buffett, T'he

SUn

of

tbc

Qwn;b

ig Newf...."MtJ'pd

('1'0I'0D",:Geoeta1Boaniof

Reli&ioos

F4IcatioD.1939); 101mAlfred

Meaa.

TbeAgtican QurdIin

Newfoundland

(Toronco:CaDdaa.Otmcb HisCoricaI Society,1960.ParishIUslOries ilIcludeAD...Siim!

Apr'iffnChyrcbPouch

Cove

NryfggO'1',,"'"

tOOth

AMjmwy (Pouch Cove?: the Chwt:b?, c. 1982);1bomuO.Ford.

Short

HjstoryoUt PJul'LHvboyrGrace (Harbour CinK:e;Standard

Printirla.

(936):History ofSL Plu!,',

Church Hwbour Grace

~(IWbow'Ort.ce: Stone FMlricRepairConuniuce, 1978);EdithM. Manuel.

SLPetc(sMdjenCbyn;b.NUj,p'C J2S-ygrHimry 1145-1970(Sl 101m's:Creative, 1983);St. SICIJheg', Apr'jcao Q1yrdL Salvye. NewfoupdIaod. 1865.1990 (GaDder.

PriDtmascer. (990); Wtlliam White,RillPO'ofthe

Io!m

piPwjlbofTrinity (Trinity: S.D., 1938);Nabocb WUISOr.Thepmcbbetweegthe TICklq· A HjstqryofSt

lames'

Anglican Cbun;hPpoI'11s1agd.BocyyjstaBay(51.: theMUbor, 1988) aod Through Peril Toil

and

(34)

I'

thisIIpIlIOeCh.WriaatfordaecaalIIeUryaldIEa.rdlinNewfouDdlad,andprimarily basedoa.19lb-c:ealury IIIiaioauy accouas (especially tbIl olEdwanl W"a) aDdpapers of1beSociety

rex

the~o(theGospel, the bookwasineeftdedas a sourceof

~inspintioDaDd eacourqeme:dt-1Oruders.Buffettpraca.tedthefamiliarthemes of deaeoenteNewfoundlanders and saintly missionllries.wbilealso discussing Anglican e~ioa,COIlSIJ'UCtioIloftbeCatbedral.aDddieesbblisbmeDt ofscbool5. Buffett assipedprimaryimportaDoe10 Bishop EdwardFeildforsUpiq tbeOmn:h of EDg1md.

PaiP'theStprygClbcfirs100 YAPoldieQ!yrcbgfEpdagJin theporthr;m

settJements

ofGmnrpng1Mjyiop. BcmayjstaBJy(Ll: die Mdbor, 1981).

DTwoofthebeau pIrishhisIoriesarePgrtupl

CoYe hrilb

HjltoDj

St

Bartfxriomew St.

Peter

and SI.LawrcpcecSt Jobn's:Jespersoa,19lJO)Ind Joyce Nevitt, St Michael

aDd

All AnUIs. l885=lm (St Jolin's:Jespenoo,1985). Neither is scholarly, but both coosidered the parishesin

lisM

ofbroader socialaDd~IigiousdevelopmcDts.

,. Buffcn. SlOp'

oftbe

Cburchpp. 7-8. 37-76. Likewise,hiSlOriesof Queen'sTheological College

are

ill

anD

inltitutiOQaJaadpieCiscicstyle. Iosepb

James

Curlingand Charles Kaapp'J

Himrical

NotesCogcmipa

OueeI!'S CAlm

SLJobg's Newfna'D""pd

1842-

J.B:21.

(London:EyreandSpoaiswoode.1898)ladJotmAlfm:lMeldeD's~ Hmg(St.101m's:I.B., 1979) areeumpIes.Meadcn.formerAagIicaa. bishop of Newfoundlmd. overtlystaledhisinlentioD10-look.withrevereoce 10the record,.p.7.

(35)

20 iDqWriapicJDeeftdby Frederic:tJaDes.J:SWhile

SJIIlI*bdic

Ill)Feild,Joacs askedDeW quesIioos . .dIedepee towbicbthe bisbopiafIueDcedNewfouDdlaad politicsaDd soc:idy,dieUbft01 hisCOIlflictswiIhocher'ct.n:b leaders, _ die ceasion betweaI T~aDdEnDpticalr.:tioDsoltbeNewfoaDcDaDdcburch that.-use fromhis cpiKOl*C.Ioaa qIICCltbaI:Feild . . primIrily rapclftSIbie forthe deoomiDaciooal cducatioasystem.intbatdie bishop decided tbatNewfOUDd1aDdenwere inberentIy dividedby religiOlludMCCkd. symmofeducation.that tookthisintoaccounLl6 FoUowiDa:00.Iooes's c:ax:lusioas.EdwardLearattempted 10 discover early influences thacshapcdFeild'sinleratineducatioo..^{l f}

TheSbIdyofdie escabIisbmeatofthe deaominatiocWeducationsystemisa major

emphasisOIlwbdbcrorDOtwidcsprtaI sc:a.iaDismwastbe reasoo for diesystem.

)!JHeuryWilliam1'lacm. Mcmojrofdielifeapd

fri'nnft

pf

f4nnt Feild. P P

bjsbop qfNewfnn"m'IIH+JI76(LoDdoo:W.W.o.diDer.I879);EdprHouse.~

theMapwihjs

kP0

(SLlobo's:Jespersoa.1987);mdc:rick Joaes,"BishopFeild,A StlldyinPoliticsIIDd RdiJioa.inNiDdecldh-Ceabary NewfOUDdlud,"PhD.thesis,

Cambridae.

1971. loDes's otberWOl'k OIlFeildiDcludes:"'Tbe EulyOppositioo toBishop Feildof NewfOUDdlaDd," IoyrpaIof

the

Onr1j'P

Qm

Hjsgrical Agociatiop XVI. 2 (June 1974),pp.3()..41;f4wpd

Feild..

hUbgpgfNewf?IId'pd 1844-1876 (SL John's;

NewfoundIaDdlfulori<ol_. 1976);

'"!be""'"

ofaColoaWBdbop."lll!ImaI.olJIl<

CwdiM Church HillOljcal Society XV, 1 (Mu. 1973).pp.2-13.

) fJones• •A StudyinPolitics.· pp.iih, 336.

Il'EdwudJamesLear,"EdwwdFeild (IBOI-I876)Ecclesiascic: aDd Educator: His lnflueftCC on!beDeve1opmerlcofOrenomialtionalEducaIioDinNewfouadIm;l,"M.Ed.lbesis,Bishop's University, 1986.

(36)

2\

society. whidacaased the secularedueadoo

systcmJecis1*:d

iD.1836

ro

bereplacedby.

cburch-ceDrred.butstMe-C:OIdIOlJed,sys&aIl.by187•.•This thesiswaswidelycimllaIed by Frederick Rowe,whoWIOICthatccooomic.

reliaious.

rxial.aDd geoa:rapb.ic factors, because oftheir"UDUSUal iDCeDIity",~theform.oCtbeeducationsyscem.:Ill ThispreddamiJlisalwasrejectedbyPbiItip MeCum,wboinsIadiDtrocIuced the role ofpolitics.ecooomics, class melIaadu~iIIIsbapiaa the deoomiDatioaaI edDcatioDsysu:m.With.man:criCicallpplt*:h thanearlierwrieers.McCmD.argued thattbeR wen: ahr::mativesliDthedeDominatioaaJ.system,aadtried10WIlbstaDd what motintioasaadiDflueDces laybdliad itsadoptionand i.rDpIeaIaIwioo..Hecoocludcd

Protestant elileSin. Newfoundlaod10undermine theOOIl-denominatiooalsystem beforeit

) IVux:ent Burke."The HisIoryofCadlolicEducuioninNewfOUDdlaod.theoldestBritish CoIooy,"

u.n.

thesis.Ullivasity olOttawa, 1914.

" Fredcriclc

Rowe.

The

PM"=rn'

^offAn....;", iDNcwfwgdlppd(Toronto: Ryerson.

1964),pp.2-3. The"iDcvilabiliIyoftImomjnarjc:neljsm"arpmeDlc:aa.also beseenin Rowe'sAffimrypffthgrigpiA

NrrfmnU

^md(T0I0aII0:Ryersoa. 19$2),ud G.A..

Fredter. "1beQriaiDs01tbeConfessioaalSchoolS)'UeUl.inNewfOUDdlaDd."

CIoI4im

Cbyn:h

HiIforical

ApociabogSoJdy

5miJm

38 (lfT1t).p. 10.

00PbillipMcCaM.."ThePolibcsofDeaomirwioDalEducationinNinefeeDth-Cellotury NewfOUDdlmd,..inWilliamMcKim(eeL),The Vexed

o,n

rioo •IlmomjDltjoglI

Education

in a Scculv AU (St.JolIn'S: Breakwa&er, 1988), and"The"No-Popery"Crusadeand the Newfoundland School System.1~1874,·

CtotdiM CJtboIic

HjgoricaJApocjation

HiMricaJ

Srpdiq (1991).

~IMcCaIm.,"Politics...p. 31, ud"No-Popery,"p. 91. Sec alsoFRdmckl00cs,"Relipoo, EducatioaaDd PoliticsinNewfOUDdlaDd,1836-1875,"

Joomal

or

the

CJrutdjanCbwcb

(37)

22 McCaaDalso

JftIe*d.

^leW~ol1beNewfouodImdScboolSocidy O*tthe CoIoaialaDd Coab!leaIala-dJ.Society). _ its roieillthe devdopae:alof educacioa.Q.

CbaUe:aciDc

1eVU1111IKI'iCX:al.cdetlr-.ry bisIorieIwritI= fcc'tbeSocicty's ceo&eaIryill1923, ...rejec:tiaa thepictun:ofpietisticIkruism,McCaoaideDIificdaD imperialisticIDd ecoaomicmodvuioafor'the men:baIlb aad membersoftheBritish aovemmentwhosupported tbc Society:ccIuc.noowas •way10socializ.e childreD inIo loyalty tothe EmpiIeaDdacceptaDr;eof1beir positionin •mercbant-dominated society.00

ADotberaspectoftherelipoushistoryof19dK:eDtwyNewfouodlaDdthatbas beensubjected10CODSidembIescboIuty analysis is die iftvolvemenl of the chwt:bes, aDd

HjsrpriqlSgcjcty

xn. ..

(Dcc.1970).,pp. 84-73; - . UcweUynPanoos.-Political InvolYemtatinEduc:aboIliD.NewfoudIaad,1&32-1876,.- (I..edure todieNcwfOUDdlaM HistoricalSociety, (975). This malysisof

fdi&ioa.

poIjties. andeducatioointhe 19th ceGturywas

CXJIMlIed

'DUx:1udequestioasofclass (mm::haDtvenusfisbcr)aDd

JUXIcr

(womeaexcludedfromIbe maiDsCmlm ofeduc:atioa.eitberasteacben01"studeGts)in McCma's"Oass,ae.b. aad

Rdi&ioa

inNewfoaadIaad.Educabon, 1836-1901,- (typesQipt,Ccamfor Newfo.mdlaadStudies.,McnlorialUaivenity, 1988).

a PhillipMc:Caan.'TheNewfowadlaDdSc:boolSociecy1823-1&55: Missioaary EnIerprise orCuJtunI.Imperialism?".la. I.A. Mapa (cd.),-Bm;fipBestowgtr.

E4t"?"nP

and British 1mpgia1im(NewYork: MaDcbesIe:r UniversityPress.1988).pp.9S-103.

4lSeeOecqe HenryBok,

The

CqdwCewpvyorthe.

Psrfgnpartlj!!

ofaVOW: AShort ReyjewofIheRiseapdPmmyoftheQ+zpi,JapdCottiDeplll Qwn;h Society (1m-

.lml

(s.l.:s.D..,1m?). ThiscoataiDecllbemesseeninthe0Cber omteaary volumes: Samuel Codner, Newfoundlandmetdwlt,swted •societytoecIucaIethepoor of Newfoundland after hisprayerstosurvive •stormytnDsat1aDtic crossm, wereanswered.aDdlhis orpnizatioIl tbenevolvedinIo.world-widemissiooarymterpri.se..pp. 1-2.See also"Work oftheColoIliaI.andCoDtiaental.OuchSocietyinNewfolmdland.•inGenml

Norcs about

theSOlid! Empire (d.:1.0.,1922) and Our BeNpinn lin-1m· Being a

Short

Sketch oftheHisb!yoltbeCoiogiaIand Cmri"""'"

CbwsI!

Society (London:the Society,1923) andH.A.Seepniller, "The CoIoDial aDdCoatirw:lltalClurchSocietyin EasternCanada.:

OD.thesis.HurooCoUcac. 1966.

(38)

23

tblt focusing011policic:swastheOII1y waytheirworkcouldearn ICademic

AneumpIeofthe focus00policiesis fRdericlt Jones' overview of religious history froal183010 187S. lODeS.ribuledthe sectariaDcoofliclsoftbe 19thcenturyto outside:iDftueDCeS, suchuBishopMicbadFlemina'sUltramooWtismand Bishop EdwardFeikl'sTrxwimism.Jonesalsosttessed thei.a:lportaaocofreligioa.in shapinJ NewfouadlaadsocieIy

a10Da

politicallycoast:rVIrive.IWioGalistic.,aodsecwiaDlioes....

... Whilediscussioosof~

'*"

^be^seeDⁱⁿ

ameral

~ticalhistoriesof NewfouadlaDd. cWywortsthatplace

reJ.ipaa .,

diecentreoftheaalysisareconsidered here.For

iDsiJbt _

the secUriaa.politicsofthe19thceormysee.,(ore.ump~Mildred Howard,Ibe

Harbow

Grw;sAffrJy(Newfoandlmd: CityPrimers.1989'?) UldIXHiller.

"TheISSSdcctioDmlknlvisCaBay: An

AJI&licaa

Pa1pu:tive.,"Ncwfn!llvIJ,rv!StudigS.

1 (1989>.pp. .59-76.

., See William Westfall,

Two

Worlds"TheProtpgulOaltureofNjpecmth.CemwyOgwio (KinpaooaDdMoDtreaI: McGill-Queea'sUniversity

Press.

1989)uxI thereview by Elwood Jonesin

JoumaI

oftbcCaMdianQuucb WstqricalAsIocjatiop

xxxn.

1 (Apr. 1990).p.

18.ThiscontrutswithtbcFreocbCanadiantrMIitioD.where thesocialhistoryof religion is •rapr.drd.and long-standingareaofstudy. McGowan,

-Comina

OutoftheCloister,· pp.

182-6.

... FrcdcrictlODeS, "The (.burcbinNiDcteeDtb-CcnturyNewfou.odJaod,"~ c'p"';',SrudiesV. I(Apr.1981),pp. 25. 21.38.

(39)

me

ofscc:IKiaD...u.osityprior10 the 1832 dec:timl~wasan

~... sugatcd . . .the~'s.ea.iaaaatuRwastbe

c:ulmiaMioaof. IlomMI CMboliccnasIdeforfullcivil

nata.

CJ

LIbcybas alsodWIeqedJooes:'sp:IIUayalol19tb<eD1urysectuianCOClflictsu pecu1W' 10NewfouDdWld.Uldlite Mc:C-.ba plIced tbenl in

cootcn·

NewfOUDd1aDd waswUque ooIyin tbM the Churchof

EaaJmd

twtriedto establish itself u the officialchutchin •p'-cewhereonly •minorityofthepopuJlltion

were

Anglican;

and therewasDOsyllemof IocUlOvemmeD.tdwcouldserve u • forumforCatholic grievur;:es....

CUboticOwrchinc..da.Both

Creed

andCgltureud

&cU.

apdldeplitydeal.with therelatioDshipbelweea

relip

IIDC1etbaicity. and pIKereligiousdcve10pmeGtsin a broaderbistDricaI~tbcscweds showbowscboIarly i.Dtc:RstinthestIIdyof

anti..c.bolicism, or womea'sro&esin sbapiq:religious traditioGs, have. place a10agside

CJRaymondJ.Lahey,

-ReliJioa.

llddPoliticsinNewfouad1aDd:theAnlc:cedents of the GeDenJ. E1ectionofl832,- (typesCript, CeDtre(orNewfoundland Studies,Memorial University. 1979)•

.. Raymond1. Lahey, -Catbolk:ismand CoIooialPolicyinNewfOUDdland. 1779·l84.5,-in Teneoce MwphyandGerakISUxu(cds.).Crte4

and Culture·

ThePlace of English·

SnaPng cet!vj!jginOPr'iMSociety17S!}=I930 (MOIltrealandKiDgstOD:Mc(iill·

Queeo's University Press, 1993).

... Lahey, -CatbolicismaodCoiOllial Policy,-pp.49-.so. 68.

(40)

"

morecndiliooal iDstibdioaalhistory.•Teaeac:eMurphy's articJe0Il1l\lSleeism

ia.Cm51

~.uoaeoflbe firstpiecesof 19dt-<:ecl!uryNewfouodlaoclreliJious

~ y10rediRct.aeatioa from politicalbiop'apby IDd institutional dcvclopmast towards COIlJl'eplioaal expe:rierlces and thesocioecooomicimplicationsof religiousbdief.^tl

Mosc scboiadyraeadliDtotbeRommCMbolieClIurdIinNeMOUDdlabicbus far,bowever, basdealtwithCaIbolic:~_ c:burdl eaablisbmaILMaayof these SIUdieswere publi.sbed.fixthecbuR:b's bicerdaaaryill19S4,iDdudiDabiopapIDcal 'W'OI'bbyCyrilBymeaDd RaymoadLahey, andHansRoU..maml'sraeucb into Catholic emancipalion.~RoIlmanacbaUcDpd the ideathatGovemorJohn CampbeU'sgrantof reliaiousfreedom10alldeoomin.ltionswasapersonalactof pDefOSity.53Instead.

JOCompare,in

Crm1

apd CulbRessaysbyBryanClarke. Robert Oloquette.1Dd Murray

N"_

SITe:m:aeeMurpby.'TlUltieeisminAu.icCamda: theStnagieforLadcnbip &mOa&the IrishCaIbolicsofHalifax.,St.JobIl's,aDd. Saiat JobD,1780-1SSO,-LaMurpbyaDd Stortz (eds.).

Creed

apd 01JNn;.

nCyrilJ. Byme. C."...,..RjshgpttpdFaqjogfi"*n{St.1oIXI's:Jesperson. 19&4);aDd RaymoDdJ.

Uher. James I.

^Q)),wI^jpNa.fm,ryp.D'1

1114=1807'. fp,tfulvnrgr

oftheRgmapOtbn§s:Qurdt(St. lobo's:NewfouncDaDdHistoricalSociety, 1984).I...ike loocs'swortOD.Feild.Byrne aodI...Ibcy

wmee

sympIthcdcbicJInphieswitbout slipping into deVOlioaal~y.For.supplementto Byme see HaDJ RollmaDn, -Genllemeo- BisbopImd FICtion Figblen: Additiooal Leaen pertainiollo Newfoundlaad C.tholicism.

fromtheFranci.K:uUbrary at Killiney (helaad),· Journal of

lhe

CarydiMChurch

Historical

SocietyXXX, I (Apr. 1988). pp. 3-l9.

nHansRol1mMm,-Jobn

Joaes.

lImeS 0'DtJtd.1OdtheQuescionofReligious Tolerance in Ei~NewfOUDd1aDd: ACom:spoDdeDc:e.. NewfpugIbndOpnqty

LXXX.

2 (Summtr 1984); IDd-Ricbard~JobDCampbell.mel theProcIamaboaofReligiow

(41)

26 Rol1muul coasidaedsud!.iDlIueaees as apowiDaIrishpopuIaboDillNewfOUDdJaDd.

relautioaofthe

£aatish

peaallawsin 1778, aDd.dwIpsioBritish NonbAmerican attitudeslOWardsRomaDCaIbolics.

Whiletbe:reis.~bodyofscboIarly litenlUreonthe historyofthe RomaaCatholic0Iun:hill 19tb-caltury~dIae wealso.

tarae

oWDberof 1nditioDal,devotioDalwtd:s.EumpIesofthe1MIerareRJ.CoanolIy's

J*ish

biscories ofHarbourGnc:e."Likewise. PIalO'Neill's

.-en!

historyofdieQwn:bin NewfOUDdlaad isaacumpleofUlllCriticalecc:1esiasticaJ.history."ADOfbe:rexamplcis.

LibertyinE i ~NcwfOUDdlaDd.~Nnrfr'JDd'spdOgartgtyLXXX.3 (Fall 1984). MuchofRoI1maml's exceUcat scbolarship falls outsidethescopeof this essay.

includina:

hisresearch iDIothe18thc:eabDyand his workonMoravianMissionsinLabrador.

JotConnolly'sworklDcludesA

HiIlOD'

ofthe

Roman CatboI;cChurdl

in HarboyrGrace (St.

John's.:CreMive.,1986);

The

Romap c,dtpfir

Owrcb

ip

Hadx!ur GrIce

(HarbourGrace: the autbor. 19&4): and "The Failb olourFIdbeB with ParticWarRefm:Dcc 10 HarbourGrKe- (1DIJWSCript.Ceotreb NewfouDd1aDdStudies., Memorial Uaivasily. 1982).Forsimilar parish SCUdies see: M:icbad BrosaIiIl,.Piopp!:r Histnry of$1.Oeorn)

Diocese..

_~W...l"'~GiIbME.Hi";"'.ull!lI!

HisIoryofSL S , , ' s

PIli.

Stcphcoyilk.

Nn1wr"rm!

Octpber2.187. -

October

^2.

l.21!(sl.:I.D..1974);-uistaryoftheCburdliaTrepessey" (maouscript.~roc NewfOllDdland Sbidies.MemorialUaiwnity. 198-1);OwPeople.OurCbwcb' Su

Peter

!9dPaul

Pari.

^Harbour

Main. Nprh,,,,pw

1157_1913(HarbourMaiD:J.GIaviDe, 1983);FnakGalpy(cd.),APilsripwoCfIjIh;A Hip;xyqIthe

SouttM:m

Shgre

from

Bay BullstoSt, Shott's (St. JobII.'s:HarryCuff. 1983);FrancesMusbaIl,

1bF South

Coast Pisgm'l!OYemiPlheGmwthofSt

PIcrick'J

PtriIb.Byrin.Newfoundlapd.181)-1983 (51. lobo's: Creative, 1984);

w

RichardC. SinaJetoa (eci). St. Patrick's Cbmb One

Htmdrtd vem.

I8IH981CSt. lohn's: tbeChun:b. 1981).

'" PaulO'Neill.Up:!p tti5 Rock;TheSrqyoflbcRQIPIOCifbpljcChWCb

in Newfoundland

~(St, Joba's: Breakw.ra-, 1984. O'Neill pve more IUeoboa to the mythical voyaaeofSt.BraIdaathIa10theepiscopateof John 1'bomIS MuUlxt(whois considered bysome to becoeoftbc most powerfulfipresoftbc 19lbceawry). and included. cJossy

(42)

27 wort~theClalttUryoltbeBasilica.illwbidICbe Mdbors Dadealleffott10 plIr;eeWlll:Sia.widerlOciallUldpoIiticalCllDat.,

'*amenlIY

wroIIewith tbeOYCrt

~biastypicalolpiaisCicbisloriolnlJby.· TbesameistnaeforMichad FraocisHowJey'sfamous

'irk'i"tirr'

HidDry ofNc:wfrym4!,r'Whilethiswasa piooeeriDaaIld

COIIlPft'bcosive

study,die future archbisbop

wroce

in • verydevotioDaI.

styleIDdiMerpreted eventstosuithisownpurposes.S7

The histories of reliJious usociatiOllSin19th<eDNtyNewfoundland lfisplaythe samechIncferisticsasthe literatureOIlindividual cIeIlomiDabons.Tbt:rearc • number of

pubIisbcdasp.nofjubileeorCCIIICDarycdetnrioas,withfewscbolartyilems10ba1aDce thescak." A$ well,IIlOStofdie scboIartywort:emphasisedthe roieofsuc:bassocialions

pboIospreadofthe1984ptpUvisit.

J7Michael FrancisHowley,

Ecckri"!p'

Hisaory ofNpfno,MJ,pd(Boston:Doyle:and Whittle.1888). ForeumpJe.Howleywrt* III. •time whea theOnuchwasassertingits iadepmdeDceand

streotdL

1beref(ft, be~BishopScaUan's IoIeraDcattitudes lowW Protestantsasdieraultof •braiDdiseasethat~

lfUlIly

iqlaimI hisreason. ••p.246.

,. Secforexample,BencvokJUIrisb Society.CeprcnaryVolume.BmeVoiePt IrisbSociety St. Iobp's. Newfoundland. 180&=1906 (Cod:GuyandCo., (l906?J):L.L.Hodder•

.B.rid"

WsroryoflbcSocjctyofUnilcdFIJhmpep ImI973{Newfowx11and:tbeSociety,I973);

LoyalOraqeAssociacioo.ofNewfouodland,SouygJirBookIm;oflbe

tOOth

AnniVersaD' of OranceiRDinNewfoupdlaDd(St.John's:tbeAssociadort.1963); StJobn'sTotal.Abstinence aodBeodit Society,JubjIec

Volume.

1158=1908 (St.Jolla's: Cbrooide Print, [1908]); and Staroflbe Sea Assocjatiog.

PlFmtia.

100yen1876-1976

(Pbcentia:the AssociaIioft1. 1976).

(43)

28 ineducaboDaldevelopmentsorIbeirplaceinpolilicaI events."Forexample.Elinor"

Seniotexp&omI theOrangeOrdcr's appealinNewfowIdIaDdaDd the extent10whichit wasaDumofProlestant political powet.- lncoatrast,CecilHousIon and WilliamSmitb DOledthatNewfoundland OranpismwaswUqueinCaaada.inthat theOrderbecame extmllelypopul.- aodpowerfuldespite lownumbersofIrishaDdScouisb Protestant immigrants.Whiletbeyreilcl1ltcdthe-traditionofdivisiveness·viewofNewfowxl1aDd.

the autbon emphasized thatthesocial f1mctionsoftheOrderoutweighed the political in mostoutports.aDdthat therein lay its

appeal.'.

SmithandHouscon showed bow religious associaIiOllS could affe<:t01"reflectsocialrelatiOllSbips, an approachthatotherchurch historianscould take.A.

Similarly,tbepoceobal for new andsc::bolarlyinquiry intoWOIDeO'Sreligious organizationsinNewfoondlandwasseeninapieceby Pauline Bradbroot.

woo

" Examples ofan educational focusincludeMichaelL.Crumlish. "TbeCbristianBrothers:

A FactorintheDevekJpment of Education iJl NewfouDdland,. M.A. thesis, Notre Dame, 1932; Augusta Ford,"TheSisters of MercyinNewfOUDdlaDd:Their Contribution to Business EducaIioa," M.Ed. tbcsis.MemorialUniversity, 1981; and N.A. Veitch, "The ContribulioooftheBenevo&entIrishSociety toEducationin Newfoundlandfrom1823·

1875: M.Ed. tbesis.,Sr.FrancisXavierUnivcrsity,

1m.

(0ElinorKyleScm«,"TbeOriginandPoliticalActivitiesoftheOrangeOrder in NewfOUDdlaDd. 1863-1890,- M.A. tbesis,MemorialUniversity. 1959.

61CecilI.Houston.aodWJlliam.l. Smith,TheSJ5h Canada Wore: A Historical Geography ofthe

Orange Order

in

Canada

(Toronto: University of ToronlO Press, 1980). With considention oftbecultural aodsocialaspectsofthe Order, Houston and Smith's work is a useful companion to Senior's political andinsticutional emphasis.

e McGowan. -Coming Out oftbe Cloister,· p. 184.

(44)

29 ct'GSidenl4 bel' IGIdyofdieCburdaofEqIaDdWOdIIeIIl'SAsIocUltioDas astlIrtiagpoi..al for critical~olNcwfoudaDdwomm'sroleswiIbiJtdmrcbesaDd theUnp.ct ofsuchiavolYallall011fcmaktiva.Whileshe MbcI.morequestioDstbM. sheprovided

aoswas.

BradbIookcao bepnised.for

briD&:idI:

Ibisareaol~which is slowly

aettina

rec:opilionin the ratofCaaada.idtoIbespbrftofNewfouod1aDd religious studies.oIn

seoenI.

work011femaleorpn.itatioosinNewfowId1aDdsuffersfromthe sameLack:ofcriticismaDd sinauJar atteatioofOinstitutionaldevelopments that plagues mcmoftbeIiIeralUre. M->,James Dinn's wortonthePreseocationSislers and WilliamiDaHogan'sOIlthe $isra'sofMercy.foreumple.COIltrutswithMalta Danylewyg;'lwork: on QuebecDUDS.,inwbicbsheshowedbowscboIarlycoosidcraJ:ioa

Daoyk:wycz

was.

pioDec:rofsuchwork.bowever.as aniIlStitutiooalaoddevotional scy'e is typicalin diebistoriopaphyofrdigioasorden.e

oPMiliDeBndxoot., "A BriefAccouatoftbeOmdl

ofED&lud

Women'sAssociationin NewfOUDd1aDd."kJwNI

of

the

Genuen Cbwdl

HiItprical Ayqciarigp 28, 2 (1986).pp.

92-93.See RuthCOftIIlCOIl Brouwer."Traascendiq the"UQKbowledpdQuarantine":

Puttiaa

ReliponinIo~WorDeD'S History," JowgaIoCQp"'jap StudiesIT, 3 (1992),pp.47-61; and McGowan."ComiD,OutoftbeCJoister,"p.183.

'" Mary lames DiDn, foundatjogof thePrrKl!f!rinnConIn!8IgoginNewfoundland (5.1.:

s.D.,1975); WllliaminaHopn,PIIhwJysofMqcyiD

Newfuun4!NK!,

(St.John's:limyCuff.

1986); andMarta Danylewycz.TakjPI

the

Veil- An AllmWjvetoMvriage

Molherbood.

IDd SpiasJerboodinOue. 1'*1920 (fomalO: McCJeUaad and Stewart, 1987).

ISMcGowan."CominS Outofthe CloisIcr,"p. 183.

(45)

30 orpietislir;.is~byiDllitutioDalaDdditistpenpectiw:s. 'JbisisnotUDtypical.

boweva'.Sc:boIan: d:Iroqbout die eabrc~

wessera.

wortd bave trlditiooaUyfocusedOIl&be~aDd

hi&b

iDsIibIIioaalaspecuotrdigjous bisaory.

Examples includethe BritishbisaianOweaa.twick,

_Ibc

AmericaD PerryMiller.'"

SiDcethe197Os.,however,Amaicurdilious biIroriaIbavestarted tocxpkR such tbemcsISpluralismadd volwuarism, which show thevarietyofAmerican n:ligious experienceaDdthe importanceoflootingItthehistoryoftheonIiDary believer.

AmericanhistoriansalsobepD <:oIlSideriag the relipous experieocesoffemales, immipaats,aDdblackslaves.ISwenISofthose peopleliviD,in cbesouthand the frooticl' west..'"Inthe1990s, tbiswed: bas evolved iJdo the-Dew·Americaa religious history,wbicbfocusesonsuch tbemcsaspopubI"beliefaDd behaviour,layIeadersbip IOdtbcbiscoryol~·

iiiForaDow:rvicwofthistnlditioain theBritish

hisroriocraPby

letI.N. Manis,

kIi&i2D

IIId

UrbM

^{Pan. . .}Croydoo. 1110-1914 (R.ocbesaer. NY: BoydellIDdBrewer,1992),pp.

4-12.FortheUllliliedStMaseeJudiIh WeIbmB."IDRdmspect:Crossing0Ya"Cross:

WhitDe)'Cross'sBymp:I-Ovg pjsgjst. SocialHisUy,. Rcyicm

ig

AmqjcIpHisrory17, I (1989).pp.1S9-162.. Wel1maD arped~Cross

was

OQCollbefinlbisIoriaDsIOCODSider

rdiJious

devdopmmlswidUntbeIOCiaI .... CUIDOIIlit;6arDewodtof. pIdicuIarregion, dlar:

wlWchefocusedOIlinteUecCl.&lldevdop:nclIb.bealsoemployed COCJlmWlity·leveldata.and reLMedsocioccoaomic circumstaDtUtopanemsofpenoaaJ.reliJiosicy.

'" Stephen I. Stein, ·UpsMk:DownandOutsideIn:A NewLookat American Religious History,-AmcricapOyartcrIy38, 4 (1986>, pp. 692·7;aDd.M.D. Kaplanoff.-Chosen People:

Journal

ofEcclqiutical History3~,1 (1984), pp. 125·7.

• PhilipR.VaodermeeraDd Robert P. Swic:rmp (cds.), inBeljcfapd8ebIyiow:Essaysip the

New

R.eliliogs Hisrory (NewBnmswick,NJ:Rucaas Uaivcnity~1991).pp.~1.

(46)

"

...,...Caaoda.""_.._ ..."""""'...._._

~lDOYCIDtIlbolrcvivalism.lDl1~iDtbel9tbe:attutybls COIltiDDediIm the 1910s .ad 1991k.· WbiJe sucIlwort.isimportIatinUDdastaDdiag

biblical criticism,affectedtberdiJjous

tbou&bt

dwmay haveIrictJeddownto thelay believer,it does not directly considerquestionsabouIlay spirituality or the wortiags of localcoagreptioas. k inthe UnitedSIMes.siDcethe start of the 1990s tbere bas been an

i.ncrasiDJ

move towards stud)tiaalbewayin whichclass. edmicity. aod poder can

atrect

orpnized

rdiJioa

aadpcnona1spirituality."

IncoattasI. British socialbistor'iMshavebeeoc:onsideriDaqtatioos ofsocial class anditseffect011 re1ipoo since the btc 19S0s. wbea E.R. WICkhamfustc:baUeaged the ideathatVICtOriaD.

EaJ1md was.

bomopDeouslyreligious society.He dcmor:lsuafed.instead,bowthepnctice of

refi&:ioa

in19th<eabuy

EaJLmd

was.middle aDdupper~lasspbeaoIPeDoG.lDdtbItme

workiD&

classeswerealieaaIedtiom the

" SecDavidB. Marshall,"CaAadiaD.HisloriaDs.SecuJarismaDd theProbkmofthe NioeteeadlCadmy,"Cpdiaq

CadaoIic Hislorical

ApociaPop..

ffiSlOrica1

Papm.199J- 12M.EumpIesmel_Carl

8erJer.

RamsayCook.MichIleI Gauvreau,DavidManball.

A.B. McKillop. Marpret Van Die, and William Westfall.

70Manball,"CaDadiarl. HiSlOrius,Wp. 68; andMcGowin,"ComiaaOut ofthe Cloister,"pp.

175-202.ExamplesofthisDCWfocusiDclude BrianClarke,PietyapdNatioDaIism:

Lay

Voluplll'y NIOCiaQoosapdtbeCrgtiopofMl

Iri'b.Cedw'isCommunity

in Toronto. IS5Q.

.112'-

(Mootreal Md KiDpIoo;McGill-Queen'sUniversityPress, (993); DorisMaryOneil,

"TbeC1IssCwxtcrofQurcbPllticipelioD inlateIliDcttlt:ndl-eenwryBeUeville,Ontario".

Ph.D. tbesis.Queal.'s UDivenity, 1990; Murphy, "TNsteeism,"pwim; aDdMarts,"Ladies.

Loafeq."pusim.

(47)

32

~SCbolansuch ..HoPMcUodIre DOlc.Iy~alIemaIive

exprasioGsof

reliP-iCY.

sud!. ..pivatedevocioGs.but

are

abo

takina

i1lIoaccount

To summarize,ill.

EnaliJh

CaDIda sincetbeearly 1990scalls havebc:enmadefor

• shiftinthe bistoriopIIpbyofrelipoa tosocialaDd cultLnl questioGs. llSin& such

litcrall.lre.n A DCW typeofsocial

rdiJious

bistoriopIIpby is deYclopiog thorougbow:

NorthAmcDca.aDd.workoaNcwfoWJdIaDdcaa beputof Ibis cvoIviDa:paradigm.In tenDSof19Ib-ce:abuy history.scbolarssuchasMcCaaD and Murphyhavealready cootribuled 10 thisdwtfe.,whileodlensuchuPittaDd BaISCOIIe have IWlIled at the poteIltialfat!leWSbIdiesaDd~Genk1Pociw:basIooted.rtheeqRSSioo of popu1m"reliponinNewfouod1aDdiDtr:riordeconDoa.MIdPhilipSmithbasstudied19th-

11E.R.W'1Ckbam.CJNn:b1lMlPl;g*iPMIDdusariaIqty(l...oodoa; Luuerwortb,19ji7).This sameideacaDbeseeDin K.$.Iqlis, QJgn:hqagd

the

Wgrtin.

Classes

ⁱⁿ^VICtorian

ED&lIDd

(Loadon:

RouUedae.

1963). Foranoverviewof the

EDalish

literatwe.secHugh McLeod.

Bcljm

apdIm:;lillioginYICIOriapFo'!lpd·HOWSCcyIarwutheWorking

C1uI1

(Bangor,Gwynedd:Hadswt History, 1993),pp.I...

n Mcleod, ReligionapdImJjgionp.31.

n SeeMcGowan.~ComiqOut oftbcCloister,~p. 184; aDd Michael Gauvreau. wBeyood theHalfwayHouse:Evaaaelicalism IDdthe SbapinaofEaglisbCanadianCulture,w AaltimBlKX.2(SpriD, 1991), pp.1S8-lS9.

(48)

"

Newfouad1and's~

1.

GeraldPocius."HolyPicturainNewfOUDdlaDd Houses: Visual Codes forSecular and SupenwuralRe1atioDsbips..inPeter NarvaezandMartieLaba(eels.),

Media

SeP!1e'The

FoIkIm-Pmu!.ar

CpI. .CgpIjgyum

<Bow1i.D&

GreeD.Ohio: BowlingGmeuState UniversityPopularPress,1985). . . . PhilipE.LSmith, -Bcotbucu and Methodists,-

~

XVI.

l(AuL 1986),pp.lt8-13S.

(49)

-slidl MallinbisCasdc~:

EsIabIisbiD&

SoQaIOasses fOl'V'~_EchwdiaDSt.

I.'.

'lberichlllllUllabiscasde, 'lbe poorlllllUlalbispie.

Godmadetbem,

hiP.

or lowly.

And orderedtheireswe.

Hymps

ADcient

apdModgp (1861)

Inthe late 19601:.bistoriaDs oll9th-«aeury Englisb. Canada began 10 establishthe impodaaceolusiaasocialclass15'variIbIewbeDeumiDiD&the~aDdbythe1980sthis appn:w:hbadbecomeaDKCepIell partofthebisaoricaIscboIanbip.WorbbyGregory S.

Keale:yaadBriaDPalmeroa.tbeurt.D-iBdusUialwortiD&clascsofToroaIOaad Hamil1OG,

examplesoftheDeW~Howna".UIItil theIa1980s littleW'lXkbadbeendoDeoa establisbiDgthesizeaadCOlllpJSitioaofSlXial.cIa.ues. '~SlXiaI.historians may have beeniaftueoced byE.P.tboalpsoa'sview1bat social~classes~areDOtsomuch scabc aaaJytical

eateJOries

astherauJrsofdyaamicrdaDoGsbips, unique10 each time and

MichaelKatz:

was one

of

me

ClIliestsocia1historianstotry10 establish a class

IDavidGapa."ClasslDd Societyin Victorian

En&lisb

Cauda.: AHistoriographical Reassessmeat,"Britilh

IoumaI

pfC'p"'i'p Studies 4. I (1989), pp.74--5, 83.

~E.P.Tbompson,MaljngofgEpglQbWgrl;ingClw(NewYork: Ymtage., 19(3).pp. 7- II.

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