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The Reduced Automata Technique for Graph Exploration Space Lower Bounds

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HAL Id: hal-00341655

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00341655

Submitted on 25 Nov 2008

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The Reduced Automata Technique for Graph Exploration Space Lower Bounds

Pierre Fraigniaud, David Ilcinkas, Sergio Rajsbaum, Sébastien Tixeuil

To cite this version:

Pierre Fraigniaud, David Ilcinkas, Sergio Rajsbaum, Sébastien Tixeuil. The Reduced Automata Tech- nique for Graph Exploration Space Lower Bounds. Oded Goldreich, Arnold L. Rosenberg, Alan L.

Selman. Essays in Memory of Shimon Even, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, Volume LNCS 3895, p.

1-26, 2006, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, �10.1007/11685654_1�. �hal-00341655�

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