• Aucun résultat trouvé

Perceptual asymmetry in the subjective duration of ramped and damped sounds

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Perceptual asymmetry in the subjective duration of ramped and damped sounds"

Copied!
8
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-00810853

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00810853

Submitted on 23 Apr 2012

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Perceptual asymmetry in the subjective duration of ramped and damped sounds

Michael Vannier, Sabine Meunier, Patrick Susini, Jacques Chatron

To cite this version:

Michael Vannier, Sabine Meunier, Patrick Susini, Jacques Chatron. Perceptual asymmetry in the

subjective duration of ramped and damped sounds. Acoustics 2012, Apr 2012, Nantes, France. �hal-

00810853�

(2)

Perceptual asymmetry in the subjective duration of ramped and damped sounds

M. Vannier a , S. Meunier a , P. Susini b and J. Chatron a

a

Laboratoire de M´ecanique et d’Acoustique, 31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier - 13402 Marseille Cedex 20

b

Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique, 1, place Igor Stravinsky 75004 Paris

ml.vannier@gmail.com

(3)

❚✐♠❡✲✈❛'②✐♥❣✲❧❡✈❡❧ ,♦✉♥❞, 0❤❛0 ✐♥❝'❡❛,❡ ♦' ❞❡❝'❡❛,❡ ✐♥ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛'❡ ✇❡❧❧ ❡,0❛❜❧✐,❤❡❞ 0♦ ✐♥❞✉❝❡ ❛✉❞✐0♦'② ♣❡'✲

❝❡♣0✉❛❧ ❛,②♠♠❡0'✐❡,✱ ❢♦' ❧♦✉❞♥❡,, ❛♥❞ ,✉❜❥❡❝0✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥✳ ❙❡✈❡'❛❧ ,0✉❞✐❡, '❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ '❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, 0♦ ❜❡

♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❧♦✉❞❡' 0❤❛♥ ❡;✉✐✈❛❧❡♥0 ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, ✉,✐♥❣ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥, ❢'♦♠ ❢❡✇ ♠✐❧❧✐,❡❝♦♥❞, 0♦ ❢❡✇ ,❡❝♦♥❞,✳

■♥ ❛❞❞✐0✐♦♥✱ ♦0❤❡' ,0✉❞✐❡, '❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ '❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, 0♦ ❜❡ ♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❧♦♥❣❡' 0❤❛♥ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, ❢♦' ❞✉✲

'❛0✐♦♥, ❢'♦♠ ✶✵ ♠, 0♦ ✺✵✵ ♠,✳ ❆, ❛ ❝♦♥,❡;✉❡♥❝❡✱ ✐0 ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❤②♣♦0❤❡,✐③❡❞ 0❤❛0 0❤❡ ♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥

❛,②♠♠❡0'② ♠❛② ❜❡ '❡,♣♦♥,✐❜❧❡ ❢♦' 0❤❡ ❧♦✉❞♥❡,, ❛,②♠♠❡0'②✳ ❚❤✉,✱ 0❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ 0❤❡ ♣'❡,❡♥0 ,0✉❞② ✇❛, 0♦

❡①0❡♥❞ 0❤❡ '❡,✉❧0, ❛❜♦✉0 ❛,②♠♠❡0'✐❡, ✐♥ ,✉❜❥❡❝0✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ❢♦' 0♦♥❡, ❧♦♥❣❡' 0❤❛♥ ✺✵✵ ♠,✱ ✐♥ ♦'❞❡' 0♦ 0❡,0 0❤❡ ♣❧❛✉,✐❜✐❧✐0② ♦❢ 0❤❡ ❤②♣♦0❤❡,✐, ✉♥❞❡' 0❤❡,❡ ❝♦♥❞✐0✐♦♥,✳ ❯,✐♥❣ ❛ ✷■✲✷❆❋❈ ❛❞❛♣0✐✈❡ ♠❡0❤♦❞✱ '❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞

❞❛♠♣❡❞ 0♦♥❡, ✇❡'❡ ♠❛0❝❤❡❞ ✐♥ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ 0♦ 0❤❡ ♣♦✐♥0 ♦❢ ,✉❜❥❡❝0✐✈❡ ❡;✉❛❧✐0②✳ ❆0 ❡;✉❛❧ ,✉❜❥❡❝0✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥✱

,❤♦'0✲❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, ✭< ✵✳✺ ,✮ ✇❡'❡ ♠❛0❝❤❡❞ ❧♦♥❣❡' 0❤❛♥ ,❤♦'0✲'❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞,✱ ❝♦♥✜'♠✐♥❣ ♣'❡✈✐♦✉, '❡,✉❧0,✱ ✇❤❡'❡❛, ❧♦♥❣✲❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, ✭✵✳✺ 0♦ ✷ ,✮ ✇❡'❡ ♠❛0❝❤❡❞ 0♦ 0❤❡ ,❛♠❡ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ❛, ❧♦♥❣✲'❛♠♣❡❞

,♦✉♥❞,✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ;✉❡,0✐♦♥ 0❤❡ ❤②♣♦0❤❡,✐, ❢♦' ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥, ♦✈❡' ✺✵✵ ♠,✳

✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉❝#✐♦♥

■♥ 0❤❡ ♣'❡,❡♥0 ❛'0✐❝❧❡✱ 0❤❡ ♠❡❛,✉'❡♠❡♥0 ♦❢ ,✉❜❥❡❝0✐✈❡

❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ♦❢ ,♦✉♥❞, 0❤❛0 ✐♥❝'❡❛,❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝'❡❛,❡ ❝♦♥0✐♥✲

✉♦✉,❧② ✐♥ ❧❡✈❡❧ ✐, ✐♥✈❡,0✐❣❛0❡❞✳ ■0 ✇❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❡,0❛❜❧✐,❤❡❞

0❤❛0 ♣❡'❝❡♣0✉❛❧ ❛,②♠♠❡0'✐❡, 0❛❦❡ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❜❡0✇❡❡♥ '❛♠♣❡❞

,♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ✐0, ❡;✉✐✈❛❧❡♥0 ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞✳ ❊,♣❡❝✐❛❧❧②✱

❡✈❡♥ 0❤♦✉❣❤ '❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, ❤❛✈❡ 0❤❡ ,❛♠❡

♦✈❡'❛❧❧ ❧❡✈❡❧,✱ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡,✱ ♦✈❡'❛❧❧ ,♣❡❝0'❛ ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡♥0✐✲

❝❛❧ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥,✱ '❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, ❛'❡ ♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❧♦✉❞❡' ❛♥❞

❧♦♥❣❡' 0❤❛♥ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, ✉♥❞❡' ,♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦♥❞✐0✐♦♥,✳

❖♥ 0❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❛ ❢❡✇ ,0✉❞✐❡, ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐0❤ 0❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛'✲

✐,♦♥ ♦❢ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❧♦✉❞♥❡,, ✭❥✉❞❣❡♠❡♥0 ♦♥ 0❤❡ 0♦0❛❧ ,♦✉♥❞

❡♥❡'❣② ❝♦♥0❛✐♥❡❞ ♦✈❡' 0❤❡ ❛❧❧ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ♦❢ 0❤❡ ,♦✉♥❞✮ ❜❡✲

0✇❡❡♥ '❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, ❬✶✱ ✷✱ ✸❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐❢✲

❢❡'❡♥0 '❡,✉❧0, ❛'❡ ❝♦♥,✐,0❡♥0 ✇✐0❤ 0❤❡ ❢❛❝0 0❤❛0 '❛♠♣❡❞

,♦✉♥❞, ❛'❡ ♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❧♦✉❞❡' 0❤❛♥ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, ❢♦'

❞✉'❛0✐♦♥, ❢'♦♠ ✷✺✵ ♠, ❬✶❪ 0♦ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥, ❧♦♥❣❡' 0❤❛♥

✷ , ❬✷✱ ✸❪✱ '❡❣❛'❞❧❡,, ♦❢ 0❤❡ ♠❡0❤♦❞ ♦❢ ♠❡❛,✉'❡♠❡♥0

✭0✇♦✲✐♥0❡'✈❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❛'✐,♦♥✱ ♠❛❣♥✐0✉❞❡ ❡,0✐♠❛0✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❛✲

❧♦❣✐❝❛❧✴❝❛0❡❣♦'✐❝❛❧ ✭❆✴❈✮ ,❝❛❧✐♥❣✮✳

❖♥ 0❤❡ ♦0❤❡' ❤❛♥❞✱ ❙✉,✐♥✐ ❡0 ❛❧✳ ❬✹❪ ♦❜,❡'✈❡❞ ,✐♠✲

✐❧❛' '❡,✉❧0, ❜❡0✇❡❡♥ 0❤❡ ❞✐'❡❝0 '❛0✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♦✈❡'❛❧❧ ❧♦✉❞✲

♥❡,, '❡❣❛'❞✐♥❣ '❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞,✱ ❛♥❞ 0❤❡ ❞✐'❡❝0 '❛0✐♥❣ ♦❢

❧♦✉❞♥❡,, ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❬✹✱ ✺✱ ✻❪✳ ❚❤✉,✱ ✇❤❡♥ 0❤❡② ❛'❡ ❛,❦❡❞

0♦ '❛0❡ 0❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥0 ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ ❧♦✉❞♥❡,, ✉,✐♥❣ ❛ ❞✐✲

'❡❝0 '❛0✐♥❣ ♠❡0❤♦❞✱ ♠♦,0 ❧✐,0❡♥❡', ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❛,❡❞ 0❤❡✐'

❥✉❞❣♠❡♥0 ♦♥ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❧♦✉❞♥❡,, '❛0❤❡' 0❤❛♥ ♦♥ ❛❝0✉❛❧ ❧♦✉❞✲

♥❡,, ❝❤❛♥❣❡✳ ❋♦' ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥, ♦❢ ✶✳✽ , ❛♥❞ ✉,✐♥❣ ❞✐'❡❝0 '❛0✐♥❣ ♠❡0❤♦❞, ✭♠❛❣♥✐0✉❞❡ ❡,0✐♠❛0✐♦♥ ❬✺❪ ♦' ❛♥❛❧♦❣✐✲

❝❛❧✴❝❛0❡❣♦'✐❝❛❧ ✭❆✴❈✮ ,❝❛❧✐♥❣ ❬✻❪✮✱ ,♦♠❡ ❛✉0❤♦', ❤❛✈❡

♣♦✐♥0❡❞ ♦✉0 0❤❛0 ❧♦✉❞♥❡,, ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐, ❥✉❞❣❡❞ ❧❛'❣❡' ❢♦' '❛♠♣❡❞ 0❤❛♥ ❢♦' ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞,✳ ❚❤❡✐' '❡,✉❧0, ❛'❡ ✐♥

❝♦♥❝♦'❞ ✇✐0❤ 0❤♦,❡ ♦❢ ❙0❡❝❦❡' ❛♥❞ ❍❛❢0❡' ❬✶❪✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✉,✐♥✐

❡0 ❛❧✳ ❬✷✱ ✸❪✱ ♦♥ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❧♦✉❞♥❡,,✳

❈♦♥❝❡'♥✐♥❣ 0❤❡ ,✉❜❥❡❝0✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥✱ '❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞,

✇❡'❡ '❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ 0♦ ❜❡ ♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❧♦♥❣❡' 0❤❛♥ ❞❛♠♣❡❞

,♦✉♥❞,✱ ❢♦' ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥, ❜❡0✇❡❡♥ ✶✵ ❛♥❞ ✶✵✵✵ ♠,✳ ❆ ,✉❜,0❛♥0✐❛❧ ✉♥❞❡'❡,0✐♠❛0✐♦♥ ♦❢ 0❤❡ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❛♠♣❡❞

,♦✉♥❞, ❤❛, ❜❡❡♥ ,❤♦✇♥ ✉,✐♥❣ ❡✐0❤❡' ♠❛0❝❤✐♥❣ 0❛,❦,

❬✼✱ ✽✱ ✾✱ ✶✵❪ ♦' ♠❛❣♥✐0✉❞❡ ❡,0✐♠❛0✐♦♥ ❬✼❪✳

❋✉'0❤❡'♠♦'❡✱ ❛,②♠♠❡0'✐❡, ✐♥ ,✉❜❥❡❝0✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥

✈❛'② ❛, ❛ ❢✉♥❝0✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥✳ ❆❝❝♦'❞✐♥❣ 0♦ ❘✐❡, ❡0

❛❧✳ ❬✶✵❪✱ 0❤❡ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥❝❡, ❜❡0✇❡❡♥ '❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞

,♦✉♥❞, ❛'❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❛0 ❛'♦✉♥❞ ✺✵✲✶✵✵ ♠,✳ ❆0 ❡;✉❛❧

♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥✱ 0❤❡ '❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, ❛'❡ ✶✳✼ 0♦ ✶✳✾

❧♦♥❣❡' 0❤❛♥ 0❤❡ ❡;✉✐✈❛❧❡♥0 ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡'✲

❡♥❝❡, ❞❡❝'❡❛,❡ ✇✐0❤ ✐♥❝'❡❛,✐♥❣ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥✳ ❖♥❧② ♦♥❡ ,0✉❞②

✐♥✈❡,0✐❣❛0❡❞ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥, ❛❜♦✈❡ ✺✵✵ ♠, ❬✽❪ ✇❤❡'❡ ❛ ,✐❣♥✐❢✲

✐❝❛♥0 '❡❞✉❝0✐♦♥ ✇✐0❤ ✐♥❝'❡❛,✐♥❣ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ✐, ❛❧,♦ ✉♥❞❡'✲

❧✐♥❡❞ ❜② 0❤❡ ❛✉0❤♦',✳ ❋♦' ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥, ♦❢ ✶ ,✱ 0❤❡ ♣❡'❝❡♣0✉❛❧

❛,②♠♠❡0'② ✐, ❛❜♦✉0 ✷✵✪ ♦❢ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ❛,②♠♠❡0'② ❢♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❢♦' ❧♦✉❞♥❡,, ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, ❢♦'

♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ❜'✐♥❣ ✉♣ ;✉❡,0✐♦♥, ❛❜♦✉0 ❛ ♣♦,,✐❜❧❡

❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❜❛,❡ ✐♥ ♣❡'❝❡♣0✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧♦✉❞♥❡,, ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥

♦❢ 0✐♠❡ ✈❛'②✐♥❣✲❧❡✈❡❧ ,♦✉♥❞,✳ ❚❤❡ ;✉❡,0✐♦♥ 0❤❡♥ ❛'✐,❡,

♦♥ 0❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ♦♥ 0❤❡ ❧♦✉❞♥❡,,

❥✉❞❣♠❡♥0✳ ■0 ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❤②♣♦0❤❡,✐③❡❞ 0❤❛0 0❤❡ ♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞

❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ❛,②♠♠❡0'② ♠❛② ❜❡ '❡,♣♦♥,✐❜❧❡ ❢♦' 0❤❡ ❧♦✉❞♥❡,,

❛,②♠♠❡0'②✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ ♠❛❥♦' '❡,✉❧0, ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❡,0❛❜❧✐,❤❡❞

❛❜♦✉0 0❤❡ ❧♦✉❞♥❡,, ❛,②♠♠❡0'② ❢♦' ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥, ♦❢ ❢❡✇ ,❡❝✲

♦♥❞,✱ 0❤❡ ,✉❜❥❡❝0✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ❛,②♠♠❡0'② ❤❛, ♥♦0 ②❡0

❜❡❡♥ 0❤❡ ,✉❜❥❡❝0 ♦❢ ,♣❡❝✐✜❝ ,0✉❞✐❡, ❢♦' ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥, ❧♦♥❣❡' 0❤❛♥ ✺✵✵ ♠,✳ ❚❤✉,✱ 0❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ;✉❡,0✐♦♥ ❛❞❞'❡,,❡❞ ❜② 0❤❡

♣'❡,❡♥0 ,0✉❞② ✐, ✇❤❡0❤❡' ♦' ♥♦0 0❤❡ ❞✐,♣❛'✐0✐❡, ✐♥ ,✉❜✲

❥❡❝0✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ❜❡0✇❡❡♥ '❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞,

❤♦❧❞ ❢♦' ,♦✉♥❞, ✇✐0❤ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❡✇ ,❡❝♦♥❞,✱ ✐♥ ♦'❞❡' 0♦ ❡①0❡♥❞ ♣'❡✈✐♦✉, '❡,✉❧0,✱ ❛♥❞ 0❡,0 0❤❡ ✈❛❧✐❞✐0② ♦❢ 0❤❡

❤②♣♦0❤❡,✐, ❛❢♦'❡♠❡♥0✐♦♥❡❞✱ ✉♥❞❡' 0❤❡,❡ ❝♦♥❞✐0✐♦♥,✳

■♥ ❊①♣❡'✐♠❡♥0 ■■✱ 0❤❡ ♣❤②,✐❝❛❧ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥, ♦❢ ❞❛♠♣❡❞

❛♥❞ '❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞, ✇❡'❡ ❡;✉❛❧✐③❡❞ 0♦ 0❤❡ ♣♦✐♥0 ♦❢ ,✉❜✲

❥❡❝0✐✈❡ ❡;✉❛❧✐0②✱ ✈✐❛ ❛ ✷■✲✷❆❋❈ ❛❞❛♣0✐✈❡ ♠❡0❤♦❞✳ ❍♦✇✲

❡✈❡'✱ ✇❤❡♥ ,❡00✐♥❣✲✉♣ 0❤❡ ❡①♣❡'✐♠❡♥0✱ ✐0 ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ♥❡❝❡,✲

,❛'② 0♦ ❦♥♦✇ 0❤❡ ❞✐,❝'✐♠✐♥❛0✐♦♥ 0❤'❡,❤♦❧❞ ✐♥ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥

❢♦' 0❤❡ ,0✐♠✉❧✐ ✉,❡❞✱ ✐♥ ♦'❞❡' 0♦ ❛❞❥✉,0 0❤❡ ,0❡♣ ,✐③❡ ♦❢

0❤❡ ❛❞❛♣0✐✈❡ ♣'♦❝❡❞✉'❡✳ ❚♦ ♦✉' ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ 0❤❡'❡ ✐, ♥♦

❧✐0❡'❛0✉'❡ ❛❜♦✉0 0❤❡ ♠❡❛,✉'❡♠❡♥0 ♦❢ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ❞✐,❝'✐♠✐✲

♥❛0✐♦♥ ❢♦' '❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ,♦✉♥❞,✱ ✇✐0❤ ❡①❝❡♣0✐♦♥

♦❢ ♦♥❡ ,0✉❞② ❢♦' ,❤♦'0 ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ,0✐♠✉❧✐ ✭✶✵ 0♦ ✷✵✵ ♠,✮

❬✼❪✳ ❆, ❛ ❝♦♥,❡;✉❡♥❝❡✱ ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥ ❞✐,❝'✐♠✐♥❛0✐♦♥ 0❤'❡,❤✲

♦❧❞, ✇❡'❡ ♠❡❛,✉'❡❞ ✜',0 ✐♥ ❊①♣❡'✐♠❡♥0 ■✳

✷ ❊①♣❡$✐♠❡♥# ■ ✿ ❉✉$❛#✐♦♥ ❞✐3✲

❝$✐♠✐♥❛#✐♦♥

❚❤✐, ✜',0 ❡①♣❡'✐♠❡♥0 ✐♥0❡♥❞, 0♦ ♠❡❛,✉'❡ 0❤❡ ❞✉'❛✲

0✐♦♥ ❞✐,❝'✐♠✐♥❛0✐♦♥ 0❤'❡,❤♦❧❞, ❢♦' '❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞

,0✐♠✉❧✐✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❡'❡ ♠❡❛,✉'❡❞ ❢♦' ,✐① ❞✐✛❡'❡♥0 ❞✉'❛0✐♦♥,

❢'♦♠ ✺✵ ♠, 0♦ ✷✵✵✵ ♠,✳

✷✳✶ ▲✐%&❡♥❡)%

❚❡♥ ✈♦❧✉♥0❡❡'❡❞ ❧✐,0❡♥❡', ✭✷ ❢❡♠❛❧❡, ❛♥❞ ✽ ♠❛❧❡,✮

❛❣❡❞ ❢'♦♠ ✷✸ 0♦ ✺✹ ②❡❛',✱ ♣❛'0✐❝✐♣❛0❡❞ ✐♥ 0❤❡ ❡①♣❡'✐♠❡♥0✳

❚❤❡ ❧✐,0❡♥❡', ✇❡'❡ ,❡❧❡❝0❡❞ ❢'♦♠ ,0❛✛ ❛♥❞ ,0✉❞❡♥0, ♦❢

0❤❡ ❧❛❜♦'❛0♦'②✳ ❆❧❧ ♦❢ 0❤❡♠ '❡♣♦'0❡❞ ♥♦'♠❛❧ ❤❡❛'✐♥❣

✭0❤'❡,❤♦❧❞, ≤ ✷✺ ❞❇ ❍▲✮ ❛0 ♦❝0❛✈❡ ❢'❡;✉❡♥❝✐❡, ❢'♦♠ ✵✳✷✺

(4)

♦ ✽✳✵ ❦❍③✱ ❡①❝❡♣ ♦♥❡ ♣❡./♦♥ ❤❛ .❡♣♦. ❡❞ ❤❡❛.✐♥❣ ❧♦//

❜❡ ✇❡❡♥ ✸✵ ❛♥❞ ✻✵ ❞❇ ❍▲ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❢.❡=✉❡♥❝✐❡/ ✭ ≥ ✻✳✵

❦❍③✮✳ ▲✐/ ❡♥❡./ ✇❡.❡ ♣❛✐❞ ❢♦. ❤❡✐. ♣❛. ✐❝✐♣❛ ✐♦♥✳

✷✳✷ ❙#✐♠✉❧✐

❆❧❧ ❤❡ / ✐♠✉❧✐ ✇❡.❡ ✶ ❦❍③ ♣✉.❡ ♦♥❡/✳ ❚❤❡ /✐① / ❛♥✲

❞❛.❞ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥/ ✇❡.❡ ✺✵✱ ✶✵✵✱ ✷✵✵✱ ✺✵✵✱ ✶✵✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✵ ♠/✳

❚❤❡ /♦✉♥❞/ ❤❛❞ ❛ .❛♠♣❡❞ ♦. ❛ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ❤❛ ✐♥✲

❝.❡❛/❡ ✭✻✺ ♦ ✽✵ ❞❇ ❙J▲✮ ♦. ❞❡❝.❡❛/❡ ✭✽✵ ♦ ✻✺ ❞❇ ❙J▲✮

❧✐♥❡❛.❧② ✐♥ ❧❡✈❡❧✱ ❝♦..❡/♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ♦ ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ .❛♥❣❡ ♦❢

✶✺ ❞❇✳ ❚❤❡ /♦✉♥❞/ ♦❢ ✺✵✱ ✶✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵ ♠/ ❤❛❞ .✐/❡ ❛♥❞

❢❛❧❧ ✐♠❡/ ♦❢ ✶✵ ♠/ ✭❧✐♥❡❛. .❛♠♣/✮✱ ❢♦. ❤❡ ❧♦♥❣❡. /♦✉♥❞/

✭✺✵✵✱ ✶✵✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✵ ♠/✮ ❤❡ .✐/❡ ❛♥❞ ❢❛❧❧ ✐♠❡/ ✇❡.❡ ♦❢

✷✵ ♠/ ✭❧✐♥❡❛. .❛♠♣/✮✳

✷✳✸ ❆♣♣❛,❛#✉-

❙♦✉♥❞/ ✇❡.❡ ❣❡♥❡.❛ ❡❞ ✐♥ .❡❛❧ ✐♠❡ ❜② ❛ ♣.♦❝❡//♦.

❉❙J ❘J✷ ❢.♦♠ ❤❡ ❚✉❝❦❡.✲❉❛✈✐/ /②/ ❡♠ ■■■✱ ✉/✐♥❣ ❤❡

❣.❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ✉/❡. ✐♥ ❡.❢❛❝❡ ❘J❱❉✳ ❆ ❝✉/ ♦♠✲❞❡/✐❣♥❡❞ /♦❢ ✲

✇❛.❡ ❛❧/♦ ❝♦♥ .♦❧❧❡❞ ❤❡ ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥ ✳ ❚♦♥❡/ ✇❡.❡ /②♥✲

❤❡/✐③❡❞ ❛ ❛ /❛♠♣❧❡ .❛ ❡ ♦❢ ✹✽✽✷✽✳✶✷✺ ❦❍③ ✇✐ ❤ ✷✹ ❜✐ / .❡/♦❧✉ ✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♦✉ ♣✉ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❉❆❈ ❝♦♥✈❡. ❡./ ♦❢ /②/✲

❡♠ ■■■ ✇❛/ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ❤.♦✉❣❤ ❤❡ ❊❞✐.♦❧ /♦✉♥❞ ❝❛.❞

✭❆✉❞✐♦ ❈❛♣ ✉.❡ ❯❆✲✺✮✱ ❛♥❞ ♣.❡/❡♥ ❡❞ ❞✐♦ ✐❝❛❧❧② ❤.♦✉❣❤

❤❡ ❙❡♥♥❤❡✐/❡. ❍❉✷✽✵ ❍❡❛❞♣❤♦♥❡/✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❛❧✐❜.❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢

/♦✉♥❞ ❧❡✈❡❧/ ❢.♦♠ /②♥ ❤❡/✐/ ♦ .❡♣.♦❞✉❝ ✐♦♥ ✇❛/ ❜❛/❡❞ ♦♥

❤❡ ❤❡❛❞♣❤♦♥❡ ❝❤❛.❛❝ ❡.✐/ ✐❝ ❝✉.✈❡/ ✧❛ ❤❡ ❡❛.❞.✉♠✧✳

❆❧❧ ❤❡ ♠❡❛/✉.❡♠❡♥ / ✇❡.❡ ♣❡.❢♦.♠❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ /♦✉♥❞♣.♦♦❢

.♦♦♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✐/ ❡♥❡./ ❣❛✈❡ ❤❡✐. ❛♥/✇❡./ ❜② ♣✉/❤✐♥❣ ❛ ❜✉ ✲ ♦♥ ♦♥ ❛ .❡/♣♦♥/❡ ❜♦①✳ ❆ /❝.❡❡♥ ♦♥ ❤❡ ❜♦① ✇❛/ ✉/❡❞

♦ ♣.♦✈✐❞❡ ❡♠♣♦.❛❧ .❡❢❡.❡♥❝❡/ ❛/ ❤❡ ✐♥ ❡.✈❛❧ ❝✉..❡♥ ❧②

♣❧❛②❡❞ ♦. ❤❡ ✐♠❡ ♦ ❛♥/✇❡.✳

✷✳✹ /,♦❝❡❞✉,❡

❉✉.❛ ✐♦♥ ❞✐/❝.✐♠✐♥❛ ✐♦♥ ❤.❡/❤♦❧❞/ ✇❡.❡ ♠❡❛/✉.❡❞

✇✐ ❤ ❛ ✸■✲✸❆❋❈ ♣.♦❝❡❞✉.❡✳

❚❤❡ ❡/ ✇❛/ ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ ♦ ✇♦ ♣❛. /✿ ❤.❡/❤♦❧❞/ ✇❡.❡

✜./ ♠❡❛/✉.❡❞ ❢♦. ❧♦♥❣ /♦✉♥❞/ ✭✺✵✵✱ ✶✵✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✵ ♠/✮✱

❤❡♥✱ ✐♥ ❛ /❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛. ✱ ❢♦. /❤♦. /♦✉♥❞/ ✭✷✵✱ ✶✵✵ ❛♥❞

✷✵✵ ♠/✮✳ ■♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♣❛. ✱ ✻ ❝♦♥❞✐ ✐♦♥/ ✇❡.❡ ❡/ ❡❞✿ ✸ ❞✉.❛✲

✐♦♥/ ❛♥❞ ✷ .❛♠♣ ❞✐.❡❝ ✐♦♥/ ✭✉♣.❛♠♣ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥.❛♠♣✮✳

❖♥❡ ❤.❡/❤♦❧❞ ✭❢♦. ♦♥❡ ❝♦♥❞✐ ✐♦♥✮ ✇❛/ ♦❜ ❛✐♥❡❞ ❛❢ ❡.

❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ ✇♦ .✉♥/✳ ❚❤✉/✱ ✶✷ .✉♥/ ♣❡. ❧✐/ ❡♥❡./

✇❡.❡ ❛ ❧❡❛/ ♣❡.❢♦.♠❡❞ ✐♥ ♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♣❛. ♦❢ ❤❡ ❡①♣❡.✐✲

♠❡♥ ✳ ❚❤❡ ♦.❞❡. ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ✶✷ .✉♥/ ✇❡.❡ ♣.❡/❡♥ ❡❞

✇❛/ .❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❢♦. ❡❛❝❤ ❧✐/ ❡♥❡.✳ ❆ .✉♥ ✇❛/ / ♦♣♣❡❞

❛❢ ❡. ✶✷ .❡✈❡./❛❧/✳

❋♦. ❡❛❝❤ .✐❛❧✱ ✇♦ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❤.❡❡ ✐♥ ❡.✈❛❧/ ❝♦♥ ❛✐♥❡❞

❤❡ ❡/ .❛♠♣/ ✇✐ ❤ ✜①❡❞ / ❛♥❞❛.❞ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥/ ✭❛❝❝♦.❞✲

✐♥❣ ♦ ❤❡ ❞.❛✇♥ ❝♦♥❞✐ ✐♦♥✮ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ .❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❡.✈❛❧

❝♦♥ ❛✐♥❡❞ ❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛.✐/♦♥ .❛♠♣ ✇✐ ❤ ✈❛.✐❛❜❧❡ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ✐♥ ❡.✈❛❧ ❝♦♥ ❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛.✐/♦♥ .❛♠♣ ✭✶✱ ✷ ♦.

✸✮ ✇❛/ .❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❢.♦♠ ♦♥❡ .✐❛❧ ♦ ❛♥♦ ❤❡.✳ ❚❤❡ ❤.❡❡

.❛♠♣/ ✇❡.❡ ♣.❡/❡♥ ❡❞ ❛❧ ❡.♥❛ ❡❧② ✇✐ ❤ ❛ ✺✵✵ ♠/ ✐♥ ❡.✈❛❧

❜❡ ✇❡❡♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡✳ ▲✐/ ❡♥❡./ ✇❡.❡ ❛/❦❡❞ ♦ /❡❧❡❝ ❤❡

✐♥ ❡.✈❛❧ ❝♦♥ ❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❤❡ ❧♦♥❣❡/ /♦✉♥❞✳

❆ ✷✲❞♦✇♥✴✶✲✉♣ .✉❧❡ ✇❛/ ✉/❡❞ ❢.♦♠ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦ ❤❡

✹ ❤ .❡✈❡./❛❧ ✐♥ ♦.❞❡. ♦ ❧✐♠✐ ❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡. ♦❢ .✐❛❧/ ❛ ❤❡

❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ❤❡ .✉❧❡ ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ✸✲❞♦✇♥✴✶✲✉♣ ✉♥ ✐❧

❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❤❡ .✉♥✱ ✐ ❛.❣❡ ❡❞ ✼✾✳✹✪ ❝♦..❡❝ .❡/♣♦♥/❡/

♦♥ ❤❡ ♣/②❝❤♦♠❡ .✐❝ ❢✉♥❝ ✐♦♥ ❬✶✶❪✳ ❋♦. ♦♥❡ .✉♥✱ ❤❡

❤.❡/❤♦❧❞ ✇❛/ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❡❞ ❛/ ❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡ .✐❝ ♠❡❛♥ ♦❢ ❤❡

❝♦♠♣❛.✐/♦♥ .❛♠♣ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥ ❛❝.♦// ❤❡ ❡✐❣❤ ❧❛/ .❡✈❡.✲

/❛❧/✳

❚❤❡ / ❛. ✐♥❣ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛.✐/♦♥ .❛♠♣ ✇❛/

✇✐❝❡ ❤❡ / ❛♥❞❛.❞ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ / ❡♣ /✐③❡ ✈❛.✐❡❞ ✇✐ ❤✐♥

❡❛❝❤ .✉♥✳ ■ ✇❛/ ✶✴✺ ❤ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥ ❛ ❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣✱

✶✴✶✵ ❤ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥ ❛❢ ❡. ❤❡ /❡❝♦♥❞ .❡✈❡./❛❧✱ ❤❡♥

✶✴✺✵ ❤ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥ ❢.♦♠ ❤❡ ❢♦✉. ❤ .❡✈❡./❛❧ ♦ ❤❡

❡♥❞✳ ❆❢ ❡. ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥❝♦..❡❝ .❡/♣♦♥/❡✱ ❤❡ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡

✐♥❝.❡♠❡♥ ✇❛/ ✐♥❝.❡❛/❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❢❛❝ ♦. ♦❢ ✶✳✷✱ ✶✳✶ ✭❛❢ ❡. ❤❡

/❡❝♦♥❞ .❡✈❡./❛❧✮ ❛♥❞ ✶✳✵✷ ✭❢.♦♠ ❤❡ ❢♦✉. ❤ .❡✈❡./❛❧ ♦ ❤❡

❡♥❞✮ ❛♥❞ ❤.❡❡ ❝♦♥/❡❝✉ ✐✈❡ ❝♦..❡❝ .❡/♣♦♥/❡/ .❡/✉❧ ❡❞ ✐♥

❛ ❞❡❝.❡❛/❡ ❜② ❛ ❢❛❝ ♦. ♦❢ ✵✳✽✱ ✵✳✾ ❛♥❞ ✵✳✾✽ .❡/♣❡❝ ✐✈❡❧②✳

❆ ♠❡❛/✉.❡♠❡♥ ✇❛/ ❛❝❝❡♣ ❡❞ ♣.♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❤❛ ❤❡ ❣❡♦✲

♠❡ .✐❝❛❧ / ❛♥❞❛.❞ ❞❡✈✐❛ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡/ ❛❝.♦//

❤❡ ❡✐❣❤ ❧❛/ .❡✈❡./❛❧/ ✇❛/ ❧♦✇❡. ❤❛♥ ❤❡ ♠✉❧ ✐♣❧✐❝❛✲

✐♦♥ ❢❛❝ ♦. ♦ ❤❡ ♣♦✇❡. ♦❢ ❤.❡❡ ✭1.02

3

✮✳ ❆ ♥❡✇ .✉♥

✇❛/ ♣❡.❢♦.♠❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❦❡♥ ✐♥ ♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ ✱ ✉♥ ✐❧ ❤❡ ❝♦♥/✐/✲

❡♥❝② ❝♦♥❞✐ ✐♦♥ ✇❛/ /❛ ✐/✜❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ /❛♠❡ ❝.✐ ❡.✐♦♥ ✇❛/

✉/❡❞ ❜❡ ✇❡❡♥ ✇♦ ♠❡❛/✉.❡♠❡♥ /✱ ❝♦♥/✐❞❡.✐♥❣ ❤❡ ❣❡♦✲

♠❡ .✐❝❛❧ / ❛♥❞❛.❞ ❞❡✈✐❛ ✐♦♥ ❜❡ ✇❡❡♥ ❤❡ ✇♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❡❞

❤.❡/❤♦❧❞/✳

❚❤❡ ❞✐/❝.✐♠✐♥❛ ✐♦♥ ❤.❡/❤♦❧❞ ✐♥ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥ ✭♦. ❥✉/ ✲

♥♦ ✐❝❡❛❜❧❡ ❞✐✛❡.❡♥❝❡ ✭❏◆❉✮✮ ✇❛/ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛/ ❤❡ ❞✐✛❡.✲

❡♥❝❡ ❜❡ ✇❡❡♥ ❤❡ ❤.❡/❤♦❧❞ ✭❛✈❡.❛❣❡❞ ❛❝.♦// ✷ .❡♣❡ ✐✲

✐♦♥/ ♦. ♠♦.❡ ✐❢ ❡① .❛ .✉♥/ ✇❡.❡ ♣❡.❢♦.♠❡❞✮ ❛♥❞ ❤❡

/ ❛♥❞❛.❞ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥✳

✷✳✺ ❘❡-✉❧#-

❘❡/✉❧ / ❢♦. /❤♦. ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥ /✐❣♥❛❧/ ✭✺✵✱ ✶✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵

♠/✮ ❛♥❞ ❧♦♥❣ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥ /✐❣♥❛❧/ ✭✺✵✵✱ ✶✵✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✵ ♠/✮

❛.❡ ♣.❡/❡♥ ❡❞ /❡♣❛.❛ ❡❧②✳

✷✳✺✳✶ ❙❤♦'( ❞✉'❛(✐♦♥.

❋✐❣✉.❡ ✶✿ ❉✉.❛ ✐♦♥ ❉✐/❝.✐♠✐♥❛ ✐♦♥ ❛/ ❛ ❢✉♥❝ ✐♦♥ ♦❢

/ ❛♥❞❛.❞ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ②✲❛①✐/ .❡♣.❡/❡♥ / ❤❡ ❲❡❜❡.

❋.❛❝ ✐♦♥ ✭∆T /T✱ ✇❤❡.❡ ∆T ✐/ ❤❡ ❏◆❉✮✳

❉♦✇♥✲♣♦✐♥ ✐♥❣ .✐❛♥❣❧❡/ .❡♣.❡/❡♥ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ /♦✉♥❞/ ❛♥❞

✉♣✲♣♦✐♥ ✐♥❣ .✐❛♥❣❧❡/ .❡♣.❡/❡♥ .❛♠♣❡❞ /♦✉♥❞/✳

❋✐❣✉.❡ ✶ ✐❧❧✉/ .❛ ❡/ ❤❡ ❏◆❉ ❛✈❡.❛❣❡❞ ✭❣❡♦♠❡ .✐❝

♠❡❛♥✮ ❛❝.♦// ❛❧❧ ❤❡ ❧✐/ ❡♥❡./ ❢♦. ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥/ ♦❢ ✺✵✱ ✶✵✵

❛♥❞ ✷✵✵ ♠/✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❣✉.❡ .❡♣.❡/❡♥ / ❤❡ ❲❡❜❡. ❢.❛❝ ✐♦♥

✭∆T /T✮ ❛/ ❛ ❢✉♥❝ ✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✉.❛ ✐♦♥ ✭♠/✮✳

(5)

❚❤❡ ❛✈❡%❛❣❡❞ ❲❡❜❡% ❢%❛❝,✐♦♥ %❛♥❣❡0 ❢%♦♠ ✵✳✷✽ ❛,

✺✵ ♠0 ❛♥❞ ✵✳✷✺ ❛, ✷✵✵ ♠0 ❢♦% ✉♣%❛♠♣0 ❛♥❞ ❢%♦♠ ✵✳✸✵

❛, ✺✵ ♠0 ,♦ ✵✳✷✵ ❛, ✷✵✵ ♠0 ❢♦% ❞♦✇♥%❛♠♣0✳ ❚❤❡ %❛,✐♦

❞❡❝%❡❛0❡0 ✇✐,❤ ✐♥❝%❡❛0✐♥❣ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✉0✱ ,❤❡ ❞✐0❝%✐♠✲

✐♥❛,✐♦♥ ,❤%❡0❤♦❧❞ ✐0 ♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ❛, ✺✵ ♠0 ❛0 ✇❡❧❧ ❢♦% ✉♣✲

❛0 ❢♦% ❞♦✇♥%❛♠♣0✱ ❝♦%%❡0♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ,♦ ❛❜♦✉, ✸✵✪ ♦❢ ,❤❡

0,❛♥❞❛%❞ %❛♠♣ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ❲❡❜❡% ❢%❛❝,✐♦♥0 ❛❝%♦00 ❧✐0,❡♥❡%0 ✇❡%❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞

✉0✐♥❣ ❛ %❡♣❡❛,❡❞✲♠❡❛0✉%❡ ❛♥❛❧②0✐0 ♦❢ ✈❛%✐❛♥❝❡ ✭❆◆❖❱❆✮

✇✐,❤ 0,❛♥❞❛%❞ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ %❛♠♣ ❞✐%❡❝,✐♦♥ ❛0 ❢❛❝,♦%0✳

❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②0✐0 ✇❡%❡ ❞♦♥❡ ♦♥ ,❤❡ ❧♦❣❛%✐,❤♠ ✭❜❛0❡ ✶✵✮ ♦❢

,❤❡ ❞❛,❛✳ ❚❤❡%❡ ✇❛0 ❛ 0✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥, ❡✛❡❝, ♦❢ 0,❛♥❞❛%❞ ❞✉✲

%❛,✐♦♥ ❬❋✭✷✱✶✽✮❂✺✳✵✽✱ ♣❁✵✳✵✶✼✽❪✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡%✱ ,❤❡%❡ ✇❡%❡

♥♦ 0✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥, ❞✐✛❡%❡♥❝❡0 ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡% ❢%❛❝,✐♦♥ ❜❡,✇❡❡♥

%❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ 0♦✉♥❞0 ❬❋✭✶✱✾✮❂✷✳✼✸✱ ◆❙❪✳

▼♦%❡♦✈❡%✱ 0✉❜0,❛♥,✐❛❧ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥❝❡0 ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦❜0❡%✈❡❞

❛♠♦♥❣ ,❤❡ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥, ❧✐0,❡♥❡%0✳ ❆❝❝♦%❞✐♥❣ ,♦ ,❤❡ ❞❛,❛✱

,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡% ❢%❛❝,✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❧❛%❣❡% ❜② ❛❜♦✉, ❛ ❢❛❝,♦% ✻

❢%♦♠ ♦♥❡ ❧✐0,❡♥❡% ,♦ ❛♥♦,❤❡% ✉♥❞❡% ,❤❡ 0❛♠❡ ❝♦♥❞✐,✐♦♥✳

❆ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥, ❛♥❛❧②0✐0 ✭V❈❆✮ ✇❛0 ❝♦♠✲

♣❧❡,❡❞ ♦♥ ❧✐0,❡♥❡%0✱ 0✉❣❣❡0,✐♥❣ ❛ %❡❞✉❝,✐♦♥ ✐♥,♦ ✸ ❝♦♠✲

♣♦♥❡♥,0✱ ❛❝❝♦✉♥,✐♥❣ ❢♦% ✹✷✳✻✪✱ ✸✷✳✵✪ ❛♥❞ ✶✸✳✼✪ ♦❢ ,♦✲

,❛❧ ✈❛%✐❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤✐0 ❛♥❛❧②0✐0 ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤,0 0♦♠❡ ❧❛%❣❡ ✐♥,❡%✲

✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥❝❡0✳ ❚❤❡0❡ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥❝❡0 ❛%❡ %❡♣%❡0❡♥,❡❞

❜② ,❤❡ 0,❛♥❞❛%❞ ❞❡✈✐❛,✐♦♥0 ✭❣❡♦♠❡,%✐❝✮ ♣❧♦,,❡❞ ♦♥ ❋✐❣✲

✉%❡ ✶✳

✷✳✺✳✷ ▲♦♥❣ ❞✉)❛+✐♦♥-

❋✐❣✉%❡ ✷✿ ❉✉%❛,✐♦♥ ❉✐0❝%✐♠✐♥❛,✐♦♥ ❛0 ❛ ❢✉♥❝,✐♦♥ ♦❢

0,❛♥❞❛%❞ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ②✲❛①✐0 %❡♣%❡0❡♥,0 ,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡%

❋%❛❝,✐♦♥ ✭∆T /T✮✳ ❉♦✇♥✲♣♦✐♥,✐♥❣ ,%✐❛♥❣❧❡0 %❡♣%❡0❡♥,

❞❛♠♣❡❞ 0♦✉♥❞0 ❛♥❞ ✉♣✲♣♦✐♥,✐♥❣ ,%✐❛♥❣❧❡0 %❡♣%❡0❡♥,

%❛♠♣❡❞ 0♦✉♥❞0✳

■♥ ,❤❡ 0❛♠❡ ✇❛②✱ ,❤❡ ❋✐❣✉%❡ ✷ 0❤♦✇0 ❞✐0❝%✐♠✐♥❛,✐♦♥

,❤%❡0❤♦❧❞0 ✐♥ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥ ❛✈❡%❛❣❡❞ ❛❝%♦00 ❛❧❧ ,❤❡ ❧✐0,❡♥❡%0

❢♦% ❧♦♥❣ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥0 ✭✺✵✵✱ ✶✵✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✵ ♠0✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❣✉%❡

%❡♣%❡0❡♥,0 ,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡% ❢%❛❝,✐♦♥ ✭∆T /T ✮ ❛0 ❛ ❢✉♥❝,✐♦♥ ♦❢

❞✉%❛,✐♦♥ ✭♠0✮✳

❆❧❧ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡% ❢%❛❝,✐♦♥0 ❛%❡ 0,%✐❝,❧② %❛♥❣❡❞ ❜❡,✇❡❡♥

✵✳✶✺ ❛♥❞ ✵✳✷✵✳ ❉❛,❛ ✇❡%❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ❜② %❡♣❡❛,❡❞✲♠❡❛0✉%❡

❛♥❛❧②0✐0 ♦❢ ✈❛%✐❛♥❝❡ ✭❆◆❖❱❆✮ ✇✐,❤ 0,❛♥❞❛%❞ ❞✉%❛✲

,✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ %❛♠♣ ❞✐%❡❝,✐♦♥ ❛0 ❢❛❝,♦%0✳ ❘❡0✉❧,0 0❤♦✇❡❞

,❤❛, ♥❡✐,❤❡% ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥ ❬❋✭✷✱✶✽✮❂✶✳✸✾✱ ◆❙❪ ♥♦% ❞✐%❡❝,✐♦♥

❬❋✭✶✱✾✮❂✶✳✾✹✱ ◆❙❪ ❤❛❞ 0✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥, ❡✛❡❝, ♦♥ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡%

%❛,✐♦✳

❆0 ❢♦% 0❤♦%, ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥0✱ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡% ❢%❛❝,✐♦♥ 0✉❜0,❛♥✲

,✐❛❧❧② ✈❛%✐❡0 ❜❡,✇❡❡♥ ,❤❡ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥, ❧✐0,❡♥❡%0✳ ■, %❡0✉❧,0 ✐♥

❧❛%❣❡ 0,❛♥❞❛%❞ ❞❡✈✐❛,✐♦♥0 ✭❣❡♦♠❡,%✐❝✮ ♦♥ ,❤❡ ❋✐❣✉%❡ ✷✳

❘❡0✉❧,0 ❢%♦♠ ,❤❡ V%✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥, ❛♥❛❧②0✐0 ✭V❈❆✮

❝♦♠♣❧❡,❡❞ ♦♥ ❧✐0,❡♥❡%0✱ 0✉❣❣❡0,❡❞ ,♦ %❡,❛✐♥ ✸ ❝♦♠♣♦✲

♥❡♥,0 ❛❝❝♦✉♥,✐♥❣ ❢♦% ✹✸✳✷✪✱ ✷✽✳✻✪ ❛♥❞ ✶✽✳✹✪ ♦❢ ,♦,❛❧

✈❛%✐❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤✐0 ❛♥❛❧②0✐0 ❝♦♥✜%♠0 ,❤❡ ❡①✐0,❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❧❛%❣❡

✐♥,❡%✲✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞✐✛❡%❡♥❝❡0✳

✷✳✻ ❉✐%❝✉%%✐♦♥

❘❡0✉❧,0 ❞✐0❝❧♦0❡ ✐♠♣♦%,❛♥, ❞✐✛❡%❡♥❝❡0 ❜❡,✇❡❡♥ ❧✐0,❡♥✲

❡%0 ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥ ❞✐0❝%✐♠✐♥❛,✐♦♥ ,❛0❦ ♦❢ ✉♣✲ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥✲

%❛♠♣0✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡%✱ ❛❝❝♦%❞✐♥❣ ,♦ ,❤❡ ❛✈❡%❛❣❡❞ ❞❛,❛ ❛❝%♦00

❛❧❧ ,❤❡ ❧✐0,❡♥❡%0✱ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡% ❢%❛❝,✐♦♥ 0✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥,❧② ❞❡✲

❝%❡❛0❡0 ✇✐,❤ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥ ❢♦% 0❤♦%, ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥0✳ ❆ ❞❡❝%❡❛0❡ ✐♥

,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡% ❢%❛❝,✐♦♥ ✐0 ❛❧0♦ ♦❜0❡%✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉%❡ ✼ ✭♣✳ ✷✽✽✻✮

♦❢ ❙❝❤❧❛✉❝❤ ❡, ❛❧✳ ❬✼❪✱ ❜✉, ✐, ✇❛0 ♥♦, ♥♦,✐❝❡❞ ❜② ,❤❡ ❛✉✲

,❤♦%0✳ ❚❤❡ ❲❡❜❡% ❢%❛❝,✐♦♥ ✇❛0 ♥♦, ❝♦♥0,❛♥, ❢♦% 0❤♦%,

❞✉%❛,✐♦♥0✱ ❡✐,❤❡% ❢♦% %❛♠♣0 ♦% %❡❝,❛♥❣✉❧❛%✲❣❛,❡❞ 0♦✉♥❞0

❬✼❪✳ ❙♦✱ ,❤❡ 0✉❜❥❡❝,✐✈❡ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥ ❢♦% 0✉❝❤ 0,✐♠✉❧✐ ❞♦❡0 ♥♦,

✜, ✇✐,❤ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡%✬0 ❧❛✇ ✭∆T /T = k ❛, ♣♦✐♥, ♦❢ 0✉❜❥❡❝✲

,✐✈❡ ❡`✉❛❧✐,②✱ ✇❤❡%❡ ❦ ✐0 ❛ ❝♦♥0,❛♥,✮✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡%✱ ❢♦% ❧♦♥❣

❞✉%❛,✐♦♥0✱ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡% ❢%❛❝,✐♦♥ ❞♦❡0 ♥♦, ✈❛%② ✇✐,❤ ❞✉✲

%❛,✐♦♥ ❢♦% ✉♣✲ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥%❛♠♣0✱ 0♦ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡%✬0 ❧❛✇ ✐0

✈❡%✐✜❡❞✳

❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✿ ❆✈❡%❛❣❡❞ ❏◆❉ ❛0 ❛ ♣❡%❝❡♥,❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥

✭(∆T /T) × 100)✳

❏◆❉ ✭✪✮

✺✵ ♠# ✶✵✵ ♠# ✷✵✵ ♠# ✺✵✵✲✶✵✵✵✲✷✵✵✵ ♠#

❙✶ ✷✷✳✺✾ ✶✺✳✽✶ ✶✺✳✾ ✽✳✼✽

❙✷ ✷✶✳✽✶ ✷✺✳✾✽ ✷✹✳✺✷ ✶✽✳✵✼

❙✸ ✷✵✳✵✹ ✶✼✳✻✷ ✶✼✳✻✼ ✶✷✳✺✽

❙✹ ✹✺✳✼✸ ✸✶✳✶✶ ✷✸✳✾✼ ✷✹✳✺✶

❙✺ ✷✼✳✸✽ ✶✽✳✾✽ ✷✷✳✵✷ ✶✺✳✼✾

❙✻ ✷✶✳✼✽ ✷✵✳✾✾ ✶✾✳✶✶ ✶✼✳✷✻

❙✼ ✺✶✳✾✽ ✹✸✳✼ ✹✵✳✶✹ ✷✺✳✷✺

❙✽ ✷✺✳✻✶ ✶✾✳✸✶ ✷✵✳✹✾ ✷✺✳✵✻

❙✾ ✸✵✳✹✷ ✷✹✳✷✻ ✷✷✳✻✼ ✷✼✳✽✺

❙✶✵ ✹✹✳✹✻ ✸✶✳✽✽ ✷✺✳✻ ✶✹✳✸

■, ❝❛♥ ❛❧0♦ ❜❡ ♥♦,✐❝❡❞✱ ,❤❛, ✐♥ ❝♦♥,%❛0, ✇✐,❤ ❙❝❤❧❛✉❝❤

❡, ❛❧✳ ❬✼❪ ✇❤♦ ❢♦✉♥❞ 0✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥, ❞✐✛❡%❡♥❝❡0 ✐♥ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡%

❢%❛❝,✐♦♥ ❜❡,✇❡❡♥ %❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ♥♦✐0❡0✱ ♥♦ ❞✐✛❡%✲

❡♥❝❡ ❜❡,✇❡❡♥ ✉♣✲ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥%❛♠♣0 ✇❛0 %❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ ✐♥ ♦✉%

0,✉❞②✳

❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ ,❤✐0 ❡①♣❡%✐♠❡♥, ✇❛0 ,♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛♥ ❛❝❝✉%❛,❡

❛♥❞ ❡✛❡❝,✐✈❡ 0,❡♣ 0✐③❡ ❢♦% ,❤❡ ❛❞❛♣,✐✈❡ ♠❡,❤♦❞ ✉0❡❞ ✐♥

❊①♣❡%✐♠❡♥, ■■ ✐♥ ♦%❞❡% ,♦ ❡`✉❛❧✐③❡ ✉♣✲ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥%❛♠♣0

✐♥ 0✉❜❥❡❝,✐✈❡ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐,✐♦♥ ♦❢ ,❤❡ 0,❡♣ 0✐③❡

✐0 ,❤❡♥ ❞✐%❡❝,❧② %❡❧❛,❡❞ ,♦ ,❤❡ ♠❡❛0✉%❡❞ ❞✐0❝%✐♠✐♥❛,✐♦♥

,❤%❡0❤♦❧❞0✳ ❙♦✱ ❛0 ❢♦% 0❤♦%, ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥ 0♦✉♥❞0✱ ,❤❡ ❲❡❜❡%

❢%❛❝,✐♦♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞0 ♦♥ ,❤❡ ❧✐0,❡♥❡% ❛♥❞ ♦♥ ,❤❡ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥✱ ,❤❡

0,❡♣ ✇❛0 ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡❞ ♦♥ ,❤❡ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥✳

❋♦% ❧♦♥❣ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥ 0♦✉♥❞0✱ ,❤❡ 0,❡♣ ✇❛0 ♦♥❧② ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✲

✐③❡❞✱ ❛0 ♥❡✐,❤❡% ,❤❡ ❡✛❡❝, ♦❢ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥ ♥♦% ,❤❡ ❡✛❡❝, ♦❢

❞✐%❡❝,✐♦♥ ✇❡%❡ 0✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥,✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❡%❛❣❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡0 ♦❢ ❏◆❉✱

0❡❧❡❝,❡❞ ❢♦% ❡❛❝❤ ❧✐0,❡♥❡% ❛♥❞ ❡❛❝❤ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥✱ ❛%❡ ✐♥,%♦✲

❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✶ ❛0 ❛ ♣❡%❝❡♥,❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❞✉%❛,✐♦♥✳

(6)

✸ ❊①♣❡%✐♠❡♥) ■■ ✿ ❙✉❜❥❡❝)✐✈❡ ❞✉✲

%❛)✐♦♥

❚❤✐# ❡①♣❡'✐♠❡♥* ❛✐♠# *♦ ♠❡❛#✉'❡ *❤❡ ♣❤②#✐❝❛❧ ❞✉'❛✲

*✐♦♥ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥❝❡# ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ '❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ #♦✉♥❞# ❛*

♣♦✐♥* ♦❢ #✉❜❥❡❝*✐✈❡ ❡9✉❛❧✐*② ✭;❙❊✮✳

✸✳✶ ▲✐%&❡♥❡)%✱ ❆♣♣❛)❛&✉% ❛♥❞ ❙&✐♠✉❧✐

❚❤❡ *❡♥ ❧✐#*❡♥❡'# ✇❤♦ ♣❛'*✐❝✐♣❛*❡❞ ✐♥ ❊①♣❡'✐♠❡♥* ■✱

❛❧#♦ ♣❛'*✐❝✐♣❛*❡❞ ✐♥ ❊①♣❡'✐♠❡♥* ■■✳ ❚❤❡ #*✐♠✉❧✐ ❛♥❞ *❤❡

❛♣♣❛'❛*✉# ✉#❡❞ ❛'❡ *✐❣❤*❧② *❤❡ #❛♠❡ ❛# ✐♥ ❊①♣❡'✐♠❡♥* ■✳

✸✳✷ 4)♦❝❡❞✉)❡

❆ ✷■✲✷❆❋❈ ♣'♦❝❡❞✉'❡✱ ✉#✐♥❣ ❛ ✷✲❞♦✇♥✴✷✲✉♣ '✉❧❡ ✇❛#

✉#❡❞ *♦ ♠❛*❝❤ ✉♣✲ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥'❛♠♣# *♦ ❡9✉❛❧ #✉❜❥❡❝*✐✈❡

❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐# ♠❡*❤♦❞ *❛'❣❡*❡❞ ✼✵✳✼✪ ❝♦''❡❝* '❡#♣♦♥#❡#

♦♥ *❤❡ ♣#②❝❤♦♠❡*'✐❝ ❢✉♥❝*✐♦♥ ❬✶✶❪✳

❊❛❝❤ *'✐❛❧ ❝♦♥#✐#*❡❞ ✐♥ *❤❡ ♣'❡#❡♥*❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ '❛♠♣❡❞

#♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ #♦✉♥❞✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ *❤❡ ✉♣'❛♠♣ ❛❧✇❛②#

✇❛# *❤❡ *❡#* #♦✉♥❞ ✇✐*❤ ✜①❡❞ #*❛♥❞❛'❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✱ *❤❡

❞♦✇♥'❛♠♣ ❛❧✇❛②# ✇❛# *❤❡ #♦✉♥❞ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❛'✐#♦♥ ✇✐*❤ ❛♥

✐♥❝'❡♠❡♥*❡❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥*❡'✈❛❧ ❝♦♥*❛✐♥✐♥❣ *❤❡ ❝♦♠✲

♣❛'✐#♦♥ '❛♠♣ ✭✶ ♦' ✷✮ ✇❛# '❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞ ❢'♦♠ ♦♥❡ *'✐❛❧ *♦

❛♥♦*❤❡'✳ ✺✵✵ ♠# #✐❧❡♥* ♣❡'✐♦❞# #❡♣❛'❛*❡❞ *❤❡ *✇♦ ✐♥*❡'✲

✈❛❧#✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✐#*❡♥❡'# ❤❛❞ *♦ #❡❧❡❝* *❤❡ ✐♥*❡'✈❛❧ ❝♦♥*❛✐♥✐♥❣

*❤❡ ❧♦♥❣❡#* #♦✉♥❞✱ ♣❛②✐♥❣ ♣❛'*✐❝✉❧❛' ❛**❡♥*✐♦♥ *♦ ❝♦♥✲

#✐❞❡' ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ♦♥❧②✳

❚❤❡ #*❡♣ #✐③❡# ✐♥ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❢♦' *❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛'✐#♦♥ '❛♠♣

✇❡'❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛❝❝♦'❞✐♥❣ *♦ *❤❡ ❞✐#❝'✐♠✐♥❛*✐♦♥ *❤'❡#❤✲

♦❧❞# ♦❜*❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❊①♣❡'✐♠❡♥* ■ ✭❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✮✳ ▼♦'❡♦✈❡'✱

*❤❡ #*❡♣ #✐③❡ ✈❛'✐❡❞ ✇✐*❤✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ '✉♥✳ ■* ✇❛# round(2 × (JN D × T )) ❛* *❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣✱ round(JN D × T ) ❛❢*❡'

*❤❡ #❡❝♦♥❞ '❡✈❡'#❛❧✱ *❤❡♥ round((JN D × T )/1.2) ❢'♦♠

*❤❡ ❢♦✉'*❤ '❡✈❡'#❛❧ *♦ *❤❡ ❡♥❞ ✭T ✐# *❤❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ *❤❡

❝♦♠♣❛'✐#♦♥ '❛♠♣✱ JN D ✐# ❡①♣'❡##❡❞ ❛# ❛ ♣'♦♣♦'*✐♦♥ ♦❢

❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ✭❜❡*✇❡❡♥ ✵ ❛♥❞ ✶✮ ❛♥❞ round '❡♣'❡#❡♥*# *❤❡

❛♣♣'♦①✐♠❛*✐♦♥ *♦ *❤❡ ❝❧♦#❡#* ✐♥*❡❣❡'✮✳ ❚❤❡#❡ '✉❧❡# ✇❡'❡

❡♠♣✐'✐❝❛❧❧② ❞❡*❡'♠✐♥❡❞ ♦♥ *❤❡ ♦❝❝❛#✐♦♥ ♦❢ *❤✐# ❡①♣❡'✐✲

♠❡♥*✳ ❆ '✉♥ ✇❛# #*♦♣♣❡❞ ❛❢*❡' ✶✷ '❡✈❡'#❛❧#✳ ❋♦' ❡❛❝❤

'✉♥✱ ❛ ;❙❊ ✇❛# ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛*❡❞ ❛# *❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡*'✐❝ ♠❡❛♥ ♦❢ *❤❡

❞❛♠♣❡❞ '❛♠♣ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ❛❝'♦## *❤❡ ❡✐❣❤* ❧❛#* '❡✈❡'#❛❧#✳

❆* *❤❡ #*❛'* ♦❢ ❛ '✉♥✱ *✇♦ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥* ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ✇❡'❡ ✐♥✲

✈❡#*✐❣❛*❡❞ ❢♦' *❤❡ '❛♠♣ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❛'✐#♦♥✿ ❛ ✧❧♦♥❣✧ #*❛'*✐♥❣

❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ #❡* *♦ ❛ ❢❛❝*♦' ♦❢ ✷ ❛❜♦✈❡ *❤❡ #*❛♥❞❛'❞ ❞✉'❛✲

*✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ✧#❤♦'*✧ #*❛'*✐♥❣ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ #❡* *♦ ❛ ❢❛❝*♦' ♦❢ ✷

❜❡❧♦✇ *❤❡ #*❛♥❞❛'❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✳

❚❤✉#✱ *❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ *❡#* ❝♦♥#✐#*❡❞ ♦❢ ✷✹ '✉♥# ❝♦''❡#♣♦♥❞✲

✐♥❣ *♦ ✶✷ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥* ❝♦♥❞✐*✐♦♥# ✭*✇♦ '✉♥# ♣❡'❢♦'♠❡❞ ❢♦'

❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♥❞✐*✐♦♥✮✳ ❊❛❝❤ ❝♦♥❞✐*✐♦♥ ✇❛# ❝❤❛'❛❝*❡'✐③❡❞ ❜②

*✇♦ ♣❛'❛♠❡*❡'#✿ ♦♥❡ #*❛♥❞❛'❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ✭ ×6✮ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡

#*❛'*✐♥❣ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ✭ ×2✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♦'❞❡' ♦❢ ♣'❡#❡♥*❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢

*❤❡ ✷✹ '✉♥# ✇❛# '❛♥❞♦♠✐③❡❞✳

❆ ♠❡❛#✉'❡♠❡♥* ✇❛# ❛❝❝❡♣*❡❞ ♣'♦✈✐❞❡❞ *❤❛* *❤❡ ❣❡♦✲

♠❡*'✐❝❛❧ #*❛♥❞❛'❞ ❞❡✈✐❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡# ❛❝'♦##

*❤❡ ❡✐❣❤* ❧❛#* '❡✈❡'#❛❧# ✇❛# ❧♦✇❡' *❤❛♥ *❤❡ #9✉❛'❡ ♦❢

*❤❡ ♠✉❧*✐♣❧✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ❢❛❝*♦' ✭(round(1+JN D/1, 2))

2

✮✳ ❘❡✲

❣❛'❞✐♥❣ *❤❡ ❝♦♥#✐#*❡♥❝② ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ *✇♦ '✉♥#✱ *❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡*✲

'✐❝❛❧ #*❛♥❞❛'❞ ❞❡✈✐❛*✐♦♥ ❛❝'♦## *❤❡ *✇♦ *❤'❡#❤♦❧❞# ❤❛❞

*♦ ❜❡ ❧♦✇❡' *❤❛♥ *❤❡ ♠✉❧*✐♣❧✐❝❛*✐♦♥ ❢❛❝*♦' ✭round(1 + JN D/1, 2)✮✳ ❆ ♥❡✇ '✉♥ ✇❛# ❛❞❞❡❞ ✉♥*✐❧ *❤❡ ❝♦♥#✐#*❡♥❝②

❝♦♥❞✐*✐♦♥# ✇❡'❡ #❛*✐#✜❡❞✳

❚❤❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❡'❝❡♣*✉❛❧ ❡9✉❛❧✐*② ✇❛# ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛#

*❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡*'✐❝ ♠❡❛♥ ❛❝'♦## *❤❡ ❢♦✉' *❤'❡#❤♦❧❞# ✭✷ '❡♣✲

❡*✐*✐♦♥# × ✷ #*❛'*✐♥❣ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥#✮ ♦' ♠♦'❡ ✭✐❢ ❡①*'❛ '✉♥#

✇❡'❡ ♣❡'❢♦'♠❡❞✮✳

✸✳✸ ❘❡%✉❧&%

❋✐❣✉'❡ ✸ ✐❧❧✉#*'❛*❡# *❤❡ '❡#✉❧*# ❡①♣'❡##❡❞ ❛# *❤❡ '❛*✐♦

♦❢ *❤❡ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ *♦ *❤❛* ♦❢ *❤❡ '❛♠♣❡❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✱

❛* ;❙❊✳

❋✐❣✉'❡ ✸✿ ❉❛♠♣❡❞✴❘❛♠♣❡❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ '❛*✐♦# ❛* ;❙❊ ❛#

❛ ❢✉♥❝*✐♦♥ ♦❢ #*❛♥❞❛'❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❧❛❝❦ ❞✐❛♠♦♥❞#

'❡♣'❡#❡♥* *❤❡ ❛✈❡'❛❣❡❞ '❛*✐♦# ❛❝'♦## ❛❧❧ *❤❡ ❧✐#*❡♥❡'#

✇✐*❤ #*❛♥❞❛'❞ ❞❡✈✐❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ *❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✐♥❡

'❡♣'❡#❡♥* ❛ ❧♦❣❛'✐*❤♠✐❝ ✜* *♦ *❤❡ ❞❛*❛ ❛❝'♦## ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥#

❢'♦♠ ✶✵✵ *♦ ✶✵✵✵ ♠#✳

❆ '❡♣❡❛*❡❞✲♠❡❛#✉'❡ ❛♥❛❧②#✐# ♦❢ ✈❛'✐❛♥❝❡ ✭❆◆❖❱❆✮

❝♦♠♣❧❡*❡❞ ✇✐*❤ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❛# ❢❛❝*♦' '❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ ❛ #✐❣♥✐✜✲

❝❛♥* ❞❡❝'❡❛#✐♥❣ ♦❢ *❤❡ '❛*✐♦ ✇✐*❤ ✐♥❝'❡❛#✐♥❣ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥

❬❋✭✺✱✹✺✮❂✸✸✳✶✹✱ ♣❁✵✳✵✶❪✳ ❚❤❡ '❛*✐♦ '❛♥❣❡# ❢'♦♠ ✶✳✻✼

❛* ✺✵ ♠# *♦ ✵✳✾✾ ❛♥❞ ✶✳✵✷ ❛* ✶✵✵✵ ♠# ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✵ ♠# '❡✲

#♣❡❝*✐✈❡❧②✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡❝'❡❛#✐♥❣ ✐# ♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ ✶✵✵ ♠#

❛♥❞ ✶✵✵✵ ♠#✳ ❋♦' '❛♠♣# ❧♦♥❣❡' *❤❛♥ ✶✵✵✵ ♠#✱ *❤❡ '❛✲

*✐♦ #*❛❜✐❧✐③❡# ❛'♦✉♥❞ *❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✶✳ ❚❤✉#✱ ❢♦' #❤♦'*

❞✉'❛*✐♦♥#✱ ❛* ;❙❊ *❤❡ ❞♦✇♥'❛♠♣# ❛'❡ ❧♦♥❣❡' *❤❛♥ *❤❡

✉♣'❛♠♣#✱ #❤♦✇✐♥❣ *❤❛* ❞♦✇♥'❛♠♣ ❛'❡ ♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ #❤♦'*❡'

*❤❛♥ ✉♣'❛♠♣#✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥❝❡ ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ *❤❡ #✉❜❥❡❝*✐✈❡

❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ♦❢ ❞♦✇♥✲ ❛♥❞ ✉♣'❛♠♣# ❞❡❝'❡❛#❡# ❞♦✇♥ *♦ ③❡'♦

❢♦' ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ♦❢ ✶ # ❛♥❞ ❧♦♥❣❡'✳

❆ ❧♦❣❛'✐*❤♠✐❝ ✜* *♦ *❤❡ ❞❛*❛ ✭❛❝'♦## ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ❢'♦♠

✶✵✵ *♦ ✶✵✵✵ ♠# ♦♥❧②✮ ✇❛# ♣❧♦**❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✉'❡ ✸✳ ❚❤❡

'❡❧❛*❡❞ ❝♦''❡❧❛*✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥* ✐# R = 0.99✱ ✐♥ '❡❧❛*✐♦♥

*♦ *❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ❞❛*❛✳ ❚❤✉#✱ *❤❡ ❛#②♠♠❡*'② ✐# ❧♦❣❛'✐*❤♠✐✲

❝❛❧❧② '❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ ✇✐*❤ ✐♥❝'❡❛#✐♥❣ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❢'♦♠ ✶✵✵ ♠# *♦

✶✵✵✵ ♠#✳

❋✉'*❤❡'♠♦'❡✱ *❤❡ #*❛♥❞❛'❞ ❞❡✈✐❛*✐♦♥ ✭❣❡♦♠❡*'✐❝✮ ❞❡✲

❝'❡❛#❡# ✇✐*❤ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐# ♠❛② ❜❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② *❤❡

❢❛❝* *❤❛* ❞✐#❝'✐♠✐♥❛*✐♦♥ *❤'❡#❤♦❧❞# ❛'❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧❧② ❤✐❣❤❡'

❢♦' #❤♦'* ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥#✳ ❚❤✉#✱ *❤❡ ❛❞❛♣*✐✈❡ ♠❡*❤♦❞ ♠❛② ❜❡

❧❡## ❛❝❝✉'❛*❡ ❢♦' #✉❝❤ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ❛♥❞ '❡#✉❧* ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥❝'❡❛#✲

✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✐♥*❡'✲✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥❝❡# ✐♥ *❤❡ '❡#✉❧*#✳ ●❡♥✲

❡'❛❧❧②✱ *❤❡ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣# '❡♣♦'*❡❞ ❜② ❧✐#*❡♥❡'# ❤❛✈❡ '❡✈❡❛❧❡❞

✐♥❝'❡❛#✐♥❣ ❞✐✣❝✉❧*✐❡# *♦ ❥✉❞❣❡ *❤❡ ♦✈❡'❛❧❧ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢

#♦✉♥❞# ✇✐*❤ ❞❡❝'❡❛#✐♥❣ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✳

(7)

✸✳✹ ❉✐%❝✉%%✐♦♥

❚❤✐# ❡①♣❡'✐♠❡♥* ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ *♦ ♦❜#❡'✈❡ *❤❡ ♣'♦❣'❡##✐♦♥

♦❢ ❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ✐♥ ♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❛# ❛ ❢✉♥❝*✐♦♥ ♦❢

❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❢'♦♠ ✺✵ *♦ ✷✵✵✵ ♠#✳

❈♦♥❝❡'♥✐♥❣ #❤♦'* ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ✭✉♥*✐❧ ✺✵✵ ♠#✮✱ *❤❡ '❡✲

#✉❧*# ❛'❡ ❝♦♥#✐#*❡♥* ✇✐*❤ *❤❡ ❢♦✉' ♠❛✐♥ #*✉❞✐❡# ❬✶✵✱ ✾✱ ✽✱

✼❪ ❣✐✈❡♥ *❤❛* '❛♠♣❡❞ #♦✉♥❞# ❛'❡ ♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❧♦♥❣❡' *❤❛♥

❞❛♠♣❡❞ #♦✉♥❞#✳ ❋♦' ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ #♦♠❡ '❡#✉❧*# ♦❜*❛✐♥❡❞ ❢♦'

❜'♦❛❞❜❛♥❞ ♥♦✐#❡# ✈✐❛ ❛ ♠❛*❝❤✐♥❣ ♣'♦❝❡❞✉'❡ ❬✶✵❪ ✭❋✐❣✳ ✷✱

♣✳ ✸✼✼✹✮✱ #❤♦✇ *❤❛* *❤❡ ♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❛♠♣❡❞

#♦✉♥❞# ✐# ✉♥❞❡'❡#*✐♠❛*❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❢❛❝*♦' ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ ✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✳✺

❢'♦♠ ✺✵ *♦ ✷✵✵ ♠# ❝♦♠♣❛'❡❞ *♦ '❛♠♣❡❞ #♦✉♥❞#✳ ❆ #✐♠✐✲

❧❛' ✉♥❞❡'❡#*✐♠❛*✐♦♥ ❜② ❛ ❢❛❝*♦' ♦❢ ❛❜♦✉* ✶✳✸✺ ❛* ✷✺✵ ♠#

✇❛# ♥♦*✐❝❡❞ ❜② ●'❛##✐ ❛♥❞ ❉❛'✇✐♥ ❬✽❪✳ ■♥ ❉✐●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐

❡* ❛❧✳ ❬✾❪✱ *❤❡ '❛*✐♦ ✭❞❛♠♣❡❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ✴ '❛♠♣❡❞ ❞✉'❛✲

*✐♦♥✮ ❛* ❡N✉❛❧ #✉❜❥❡❝*✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ✇❛# ✶✳✹✻ ❛* ✺✵ ♠# ❛♥❞

✶✳✽✺ ❛* ✺✵✵ ♠#✳ ❊✈❡♥ *❤♦✉❣❤ *❤❡'❡ ❛'❡ #♦♠❡ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥❝❡#

❜❡*✇❡❡♥ *❤❡ '❡#✉❧*# ❢'♦♠ *❤❡ ♣'❡#❡♥* ❡①♣❡'✐♠❡♥* ✭'❛*✐♦

❢'♦♠ ✶✳✻✼ ❛* ✺✵ ♠# *♦ ✶✳✶✸ ❛* ✺✵✵ ♠#✮ ❛♥❞ *❤❡ '❡#✉❧*#

❢'♦♠ ♦*❤❡' #*✉❞✐❡#✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ *'❡♥❞ #*❛♥❞# ♦✉* ❛♥❞ ✐#

❝♦♥#✐#*❡♥* ✇✐*❤ ❛♥ ✉♥❞❡'❡#*✐♠❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢

❞❛♠♣❡❞ #♦✉♥❞#✳ ❉✐✛❡'❡♥❝❡# ✐♥ '❡#✉❧*# ♠❛② ❜❡ ❞✉❡ *♦

♠❡*❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥❝❡# ❛♥❞ *♦ *❤❡ ♥❛*✉'❡ ♦❢ #*✐♠✉❧✐

✉#❡❞ ❬✼❪✳ ❆ #✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥* ❡✛❡❝* ♦❢ ✐♥#*'✉❝*✐♦♥# ♦♥ #✉❜❥❡❝*✐✈❡

❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❤❛# ❛❧#♦ ❜❡❡♥ #❤♦✇♥ ❬✾❪✳

❇❡#✐❞❡#✱ ❛❝❝♦'❞✐♥❣ *♦ *❤❡ ♣'❡#❡♥* '❡#✉❧*#✱ *❤❡ ♣❡'❝❡♣✲

*✉❛❧ ❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# *❡♥❞ *♦ '❡❞✉❝❡ ✇✐*❤ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✱ #*❛'*✐♥❣

❛* ✶✵✵ ♠#✳ ❚✇♦ #*✉❞✐❡# ❛❧#♦ '❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ ❛ '❡❞✉❝*✐♦♥ ♦❢ *❤❡

❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ✇✐*❤ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❬✽✱ ✶✵❪ #*❛'*✐♥❣ ❛* ✷✺✵ ❛♥❞

✷✵✵ ♠#✱ '❡#♣❡❝*✐✈❡❧②✳ ❚❤❡ ♣'❡#❡♥* #*✉❞②✱ ❛♥❞ *❤♦#❡ ♦❢

●'❛##✐ ❛♥❞ ❉❛'✇✐♥ ❬✽❪ ❛♥❞ ❘✐❡# ❡* ❛❧✳ ❬✶✵❪✱ #❤♦✇ *❤❛*

❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ❛'❡ '❡❞✉❝❡❞ ✇✐*❤ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✱ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ❛*

✶✵✵ ♠#✳ ▼♦'❡♦✈❡'✱ ❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ #❤♦✇♥ *♦

❞✐#❛♣♣❡❛' ❢♦' ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ❛❜♦✈❡ ✶✵✵✵ ♠#✳ ❚❤❡ ♣'❡✈✐♦✉#

❛✉*❤♦'# ✇❡'❡ ✉♥❛❜❧❡ *♦ ♦❜#❡'✈❡ *❤✐# ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥ ❜❡✲

❝❛✉#❡ ♦❢ ✉#✐♥❣ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# #❤♦'*❡' *❤❛♥ ✺✵✵ ♠#✱ ❡①❝❡♣*

●'❛##✐ ❛♥❞ ❉❛'✇✐♥ ❬✽❪ ✇❤♦ ✐♥✈❡#*✐❣❛*❡❞ ❛ ❧♦♥❣❡' ❞✉'❛✲

*✐♦♥✳ ❆#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ❛'♦✉♥❞ ✷✵✪ ♦❢ *❤❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ✇❡'❡ ♦❜✲

#❡'✈❡❞ ❜② *❤❡ ❛✉*❤♦'# ❬✽❪ ❛* ✶✵✵✵ ♠# ❢♦' ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① *♦♥❡✱

✇❤❡'❡❛# ♥♦ ❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ✇❡'❡ ♦❜*❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ *❤❡ ♣'❡#❡♥*

#*✉❞② ❢♦' *❤❡ #❛♠❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✳ ❆ #*❛*✐♦♥❛'② #♦✉♥❞ ✇❛#

✉#❡❞ ❛# ❛ '❡❢❡'❡♥❝❡ *♦ ♠❛*❝❤ *❤❡ '❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞

#*✐♠✉❧✐ ✐♥ ●'❛##✐ ❛♥❞ ❉❛'✇✐♥ ❬✽❪✳ ❙♦✱ ♠❡*❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧

❞✐✛❡'❡♥❝❡# ♠❛② ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ *❤❡ ❞✐✛❡'❡♥❝❡# ✇✐*❤ *❤❡ ♣'❡#❡♥*

'❡#✉❧*#✳

❆#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ✇❡'❡ ♦❜#❡'✈❡❞ ❢♦' #❤♦'* ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ♦♥❧②✱

♠❛②❜❡ ❜❡❧♦✇ *❤❡ *❡♠♣♦'❛❧ ✐♥*❡❣'❛*✐♦♥ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ *❤❡

❤❡❛'✐♥❣ #②#*❡♠✱ '❛♥❣❡❞ ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ ✶✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✹✵✵ ♠# ❛❝❝♦'❞✲

✐♥❣ *♦ *❤❡ #*✉❞② ❬✶✷✱ ✶✸❪✳ ❚❤❡ N✉❡#*✐♦♥ *❤❡♥ ❛'✐#❡# *♦

❦♥♦✇ ✐❢ ❧✐#*❡♥❡'# ❡✛❡❝*✐✈❡❧② ❥✉❞❣❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ♦' ♦*❤❡' ♣❛✲

'❛♠❡*❡'# ♦❢ *❤❡ #*✐♠✉❧✉# ❛# ❧♦✉❞♥❡##✱ ♣✐*❝❤ ♦' *✐♠❜'❡✳

❇❡#✐❞❡#✱ ❛* *✐♠❡# #♦♠❡ ❧✐#*❡♥❡'# ❤❛❞ *❤❡ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ *♦ ❜❛#❡

*❤❡✐' ❥✉❞❣♠❡♥* ♦♥ ♦*❤❡' ❝'✐*❡'✐❛ *❤❛♥ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✳

✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉'✐♦♥

■* ✇❛# ❤②♣♦*❤❡#✐③❡❞ *❤❛* ♣❡'❝❡♣*✉❛❧ ❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ✐♥

❧♦✉❞♥❡## ❜❡*✇❡❡♥ '❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ #♦✉♥❞# ♠❛② ❜❡

❧✐♥❦❡❞ *♦ ❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ✐♥ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ *❤❛* *❤❡ ♣❡'✲

❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ♠❛② ❜❡ '❡#♣♦♥#✐❜❧❡ ❢♦' *❤❡

❧♦✉❞♥❡## ❛#②♠♠❡*'②✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ *❤✐# #*✉❞② ✇❛# *♦

♠❛*❝❤ *❤❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✉♣✲ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥'❛♠♣# *♦ *❤❡ ♣♦✐♥*

♦❢ #✉❜❥❡❝*✐✈❡ ❡N✉❛❧✐*②✱ ✐♥ ♦'❞❡' *♦ #❤♦✇ *❤❡ ♣'♦❣'❡##✐♦♥

♦❢ ❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ✐♥ #✉❜❥❡❝*✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❢♦' #*✐♠✉❧✐ ❧♦♥❣❡'

*❤❛♥ ✺✵✵ ♠#✱ ❛♥❞ #♦✱ *✐❡ ✐♥ ✇✐*❤ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ♦❢ ❢❡✇ #❡❝♦♥❞#

✉#✉❛❧❧② ✉#❡❞ ✐♥ ❧♦✉❞♥❡## ✐♥✈❡#*✐❣❛*✐♦♥#✳

❖♥ *❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞✱ ♦✉' '❡#✉❧*# ❝♦♥✜'♠ ❛❧'❡❛❞② ❡①✐#*✐♥❣

'❡#✉❧*# ✐♥ ❧✐*❡'❛*✉'❡✱ #❤♦✇✐♥❣ ♣❡'❝❡♣*✉❛❧ ❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ❢♦'

#❤♦'* ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ✭❁ ✺✵✵ ♠#✮ ❛♥❞ *❤❛* ❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ❛'❡ '❡✲

❞✉❝❡❞ ✇✐*❤ ✐♥❝'❡❛#✐♥❣ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✳ ❖♥ *❤❡ ♦*❤❡' ❤❛♥❞✱ *❤❡

❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ❞✐#❛♣♣❡❛' ❢♦' ❧♦♥❣❡' ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ✭❃ ✺✵✵ ♠#✮✳

❚❤✐# ❝♦♥#*✐*✉*❡ ❛ ♥♦✈❡❧ '❡#✉❧* ✐♥ ❧✐*❡'❛*✉'❡ ❛❜♦✉* *❤❡

#✉❜❥❡❝*✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲#*❛*✐♦♥❛'② #♦✉♥❞#✳ ❋♦' ❢✉✲

*✉'❡ ✇♦'❦✱ ✐* ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✐♥*❡'❡#*✐♥❣ *♦ '❡♣❡❛* *❤❡ ❡①♣❡'✲

✐♠❡♥* ❢♦' ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ❧♦♥❣❡' *❤❛♥ ✷ #✱ ✐♥ ♦'❞❡' *♦ ❝❤❡❝❦

✐❢ *❤❡ ❛❜#❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❡'❝❡♣*✉❛❧ ❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ✐# ♠❛✐♥*❛✐♥❡❞

✇✐*❤ ✐♥❝'❡❛#✐♥❣ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥✳

❆❝❝♦'❞✐♥❣ *♦ *❤❡ ♣'❡#❡♥* #*✉❞②✱ ❛#②♠♠❡*'✐❡# ✐♥ #✉❜✲

❥❡❝*✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❞✐#❛♣♣❡❛' ❢♦' ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ❧♦♥❣❡' *❤❛♥ ✶ #

✇❤❡'❡❛# *❤❡ ❧♦✉❞♥❡## ❛#②♠♠❡*'② ✐# #*✐❧❧ ♦❜#❡'✈❡❞ ❢♦'

*❤❡#❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥# ❬✷✱ ✸❪✳ ❆# ❛ ❝♦♥#❡N✉❡♥❝❡✱ *❤❡ ♣❡'❝❡♣✲

*✉❛❧ ❛#②♠♠❡*'② ✐♥ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♣❛'*✐❛❧❧② ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ *❤❡

❧♦✉❞♥❡## ❛#②♠♠❡*'② ❢♦' #❤♦'* ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥#✱ ❜✉* ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦*

❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ✐* ❢♦' ❧♦♥❣ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥#✳ ❖♥❡ ♣❡'#♣❡❝*✐✈❡ ✐# *❤❡

♠❡❛#✉'❡♠❡♥* ♦❢ ❧♦✉❞♥❡## ❢♦' '❛♠♣# ♣'❡✈✐♦✉#❧② ❡N✉❛❧✐③❡❞

✐♥ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ✭❛* ^❙❊✮✳

❘❡❢❡,❡♥❝❡'

❬✶❪ ●✳ ❙*❡❝❦❡'✱ ❊✳ ❍❛❢*❡'✱ ✧❆♥ ❡✛❡❝* ♦❢ *❡♠♣♦'❛❧

❛#②♠❡*'② ♦♥ ❧♦✉❞♥❡##✧✱ ❏✳ ❆❝♦✉&'✳ ❙♦❝✳ ❆♠✳ ✶✵✼✱

✸✸✺✽✲✸✸✻✽ ✭✷✵✵✵✮

❬✷❪ ^✳ ❙✉#✐♥✐✱ ❙✳ ▼❝❆❞❛♠#✱ ❇✳ ❙♠✐*❤✱ ✧▲♦✉❞♥❡## ❛#②♠✲

♠❡*'✐❡# ❢♦' *♦♥❡# ✇✐*❤ ✐♥❝'❡❛#✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝'❡❛#✐♥❣

❧❡✈❡❧#✧✱ *+♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣& ♦❢ ■❈❆❉ ✵✺ ✭✷✵✵✺✮

❬✸❪ ^✳ ❙✉#✐♥✐✱ ❙✳ ▼❝❆❞❛♠#✱ ❇✳ ❙♠✐*❤✱ ✧▲♦✉❞♥❡## ❛#②♠✲

♠❡*'✐❡# ❢♦' *♦♥❡# ✇✐*❤ ✐♥❝'❡❛#✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝'❡❛#✐♥❣

❧❡✈❡❧# ✉#✐♥❣ ❝♦♥*✐♥✉♦✉# ❛♥❞ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ '❛*✐♥❣#✧✱ ❆❝'❛

❆❝✉&'✐❝❛ ✉♥✐'❡❞ ✇✐'❤❤ ❆❝✉&'✐❝❛ ✾✸✱ ✻✷✸✲✻✸✶ ✭✷✵✵✼✮

❬✹❪ ^✳ ❙✉#✐♥✐✱ ❙✳ ▼❡✉♥✐❡'✱ ❘✳ ❚'❛♣❡❛✉✱ ✧❊♥❞ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❜✐❛#

♦♥ ❞✐'❡❝* ❧♦✉❞♥❡## '❛*✐♥❣# ♦❢ ✐♥❝'❡❛#✐♥❣ #♦✉♥❞#✧✱ ❏✳

❆❝♦✉&'✳ ❙♦❝✳ ❆♠✳ ✲ ❊▲ ✶✷✽✱ ❊▲✶✻✸✲❊▲✶✻✽ ✭✷✵✶✵✮

❬✺❪ ❘✳ ❚❡❣❤*#♦♦♥✐❛♥✱ ▼✳ ❚❡❣❤*#♦♦♥✐❛♥✱ ●✳ ❈❛♥b✈❡*✱

✧❙✇❡❡♣✲✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❛❝❝❡❧❡'❛*✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❧♦✉❞♥❡## ❝❤❛♥❣❡

❛♥❞ *❤❡ ❜✐❛# ❢♦' '✐#✐♥❣ ✐♥*❡♥#✐*✐❡#✧✱ ❆''❡♥'✐♦♥✱ *❡+✲

❝❡♣'✐♦♥✱ ✫ *&②❝❤♦♣❤②&✐❝& ✻✼✭✹✮✱ ✻✾✾✲✼✶✷ ✭✷✵✵✺✮

❬✻❪ ❏✳ ◆❡✉❤♦✛✱ ✧^❡'❝❡♣*✉❛❧ ❜✐❛# ❢♦' '✐#✐♥❣ *♦♥❡#✧✱ ◆❛✲

'✉+❡ ✸✾✺✱ ✶✷✸✲✶✷✹ ✭✶✾✾✽✮

❬✼❪ ❘✳ ❙❝❤❧❛✉❝❤✱ ❉✳ ❘✐❡#✱ ❏✳ ❉✐●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐✱ ✧❉✉'❛*✐♦♥

❞✐#❝'✐♠✐♥❛*✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ #✉❜❥❡❝*✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❢♦' '❛♠♣❡❞

❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ #♦✉♥❞#✧✱ ❏✳ ❆❝♦✉&'✳ ❙♦❝✳ ❆♠✳ ✶✵✾✱

✷✽✽✵✲✷✽✽✼ ✭✷✵✵✶✮

❬✽❪ ▼✳ ●'❛##✐✱ ❈✳ ❉❛'✇✐♥✱ ✧❚❤❡ #✉❜❥❡❝*✐✈❡ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ♦❢

'❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ #♦✉♥❞#✧✱ *❡+❝❡♣'✐♦♥ ✫ ♣&②✲

❝❤♦♣❤②&✐❝&✱ *&②❝❤♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❙♦❝✐❡'② *✉❜❧✐❝❛'✐♦♥& ✻✽✱

✶✸✽✷✲✶✸✾✷ ✭✷✵✵✻✮

❬✾❪ ❏✳ ❉✐●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐✱ ❘✳ ❙❝❤❧❛✉❝❤✱ ✧▼❡❝❤❛♥✐#♠# '❡#♣♦♥#✐✲

❜❧❡ ❢♦' ❞✐✛❡'❡♥❝❡# ✐♥ ♣❡'❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❞✉'❛*✐♦♥ ❢♦' '✐#✐♥❣✲

✐♥*❡♥#✐*② ❛♥❞ ❢❛❧❧✐♥❣✲✐♥*❡♥#✐*② #♦✉♥❞#✧✱ ❊❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧

*&②❝❤♦❧♦❣② ✶✾✱ ✷✸✾✲✷✻✹ ✭✷✵✵✼✮

(8)

❬✶✵❪ ❉✳ ❘✐❡)✱ ❘✳ ❙❝❤❧❛✉❝❤✱ ❏✳ ❉✐●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐✱ ✧❚❤❡ 8♦❧❡ ♦❢

:❡♠♣♦8❛❧✲♠❛)❦✐♥❣ ♣❛::❡8♥) ✐♥ :❤❡ ❞❡:❡8♠✐♥❛:✐♦♥ ♦❢

)✉❜❥❡❝:✐✈❡ ❞✉8❛:✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✉❞♥❡)) ❢♦8 8❛♠♣❡❞ ❛♥❞

❞❛♠♣❡❞ )♦✉♥❞)✧✱ ❏✳ ❆❝♦✉&'✳ ❙♦❝✳ ❆♠✳ ✶✷✹✱ ✸✼✼✷✲

✸✼✽✸ ✭✷✵✵✽✮

❬✶✶❪ ❍✳ ▲❡✈✐::✱ ✧❚8❛♥)❢♦8♠❡❞ ✉♣✲❞♦✇♥ ♠❡:❤♦❞) ✐♥ ♣)②✲

❝❤♦❛❝♦✉):✐❝)✧✱ ❏✳ ❆❝♦✉&'✳ ❙♦❝✳ ❆♠✳ ✹✾✱ ✹✻✼✲✹✼✼

✭✶✾✼✶✮

❬✶✷❪ ■✳ ❇♦✉❧❧❡:✱ ✧▲❛ )♦♥✐❡ ❞❡) )♦♥) ✐♠♣✉❧)✐♦♥♥❡❧) ✿ S❡8✲

❝❡♣:✐♦♥ ❡: ♠❡)✉8❡✧✱ ▲❡& ❝❛❤✐❡/& ❞❡ ❧✬❛✉❞✐'✐♦♥ ✷✶✱

✭✷✵✵✼✮

❬✶✸❪ ❇✳ ❙❝❤❛8❢✱ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦ ♦❢ 8❡/❝❡♣'✐♦♥ ✭❈❤❛♣'❡/ ✧▲♦✉❞✲

♥❡&&✧✮ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ S8❡))✱ ◆❨ ✭✶✾✼✽✮

Références

Documents relatifs

To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed

Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à

Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine

En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages

Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur

A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated

The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide

Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to