Theoretical and experimental investigations of electron emission during water ionization by light ion impact

HAL Id: hal-00252094

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00252094

Submitted on 19 Jul 2008

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Theoretical and experimental investigations of electron emission during water ionization by light ion impact

C. Champion, C. Dal Cappello

To cite this version:

C. Champion, C. Dal Cappello. Theoretical and experimental investigations of electron emission during water ionization by light ion impact. The Seventh International Symposium on Swift Heavy Ions in Matter, Jun 2008, Lyon, France. �hal-00252094�

'

()* +$-, $#./0$1$#$"#)

243257698;:<>=?;6?@;2439AB6C2D6::1EC>C>=

FHGIJKLGM-JN>KPO+QORSPT1UVNWXOYZJ[$\]X[-GN>KPO4O MQOU_^J[[$N-UNJ`ULabc^dRYfehgjik+lmnoqpa

b%`UcM-NrM>XMsQORSPT1UVNWXOaHtu`N$vOKLUPNrM>\RGX[xwOKV[-GN-`Ozy{YZO Mj|ca~}e+JX[$OvGKLQ4+K%G €Ja

~‚„ƒ‚

mYZO9M…|4^OQOP†;o„a‡iK%G`]zO

ˆ .‰

Š‹?ŒGIN>`NrM>NJŽ„6?„‘r8 8’Ez“9576?<“z69Cx‘&”E6c‘&8;E? ‘•<–—6::C><$E@™˜&=s”4‘r”E6c‘&<>?š›‘&5E#<>=?<>œ‡6c‘&<>=?:”=“E –%–—=˜DB6c‘žE”

Ÿ

6:=”¡ ¢£C$<>š5 ‘’<¤=s?–P3¥q?‘&5<r–’‘&5E=”E%‘&<$“6C‹8;=@EC>¦+‘&5E™<>?<…‘ž<6C§–&‘ž6c‘žE™=˜‹‘&5E–q¢1–&‘žE98¨<r–!“z=8§:=1–E@Z=˜06

:”=c©E“c‘ž<-C$E§6?7@ª6«;6P‘žE”H‘ž6”qšEV‘H@E„–“”‰<{ sE@¬ ¢­6‹:C>6?E«;6

Ÿ

E§6?@ª6?¬6“ “c”6c‘žE•=s?7E “E?„‘&”E§8;=C¤E“cC6”®;6

Ÿ E

˜¯?“c‘ž<>=?¦”E„–ž:E“c‘&<

Ÿ

EC-¢s¦7—5E”Ez6„–°‘&5E4˜&<-?6C–±‘ž6c‘žE+<$–x“=?–±‘ž<…‘r‘žE@‹ ¢B6‹–C>=²Eq©LE“c‘žE@;EC>E“c‘&”=s?;6?@;6‹–“6P‘‘žE”Ez@

:”=c©E“c‘ž<-C$E§”E:”E„–E?„‘žEz@¬ ¢³6;2D=C>=8§ ª;6

Ÿ

E;6?@!6¡:C>6?E‹06

Ÿ

Ez¦´”E„–ž:E“c‘ž<

Ÿ

EC-¢3µ5E;=7 ‡‘ž6<-?Ez@­”E –±C…‘–46”E

“=s8—:6”E@¶‘ž=£6

Ÿ

6<>C$6 CEE·7:1E”<>80E?„‘ž6C•@6c‘ž6<-?¸‘žE”±8ª–!=˜’@= C{¢¹@<-˜ž˜qE”E9? ‘q<¤69C—“”=1–%–º–E“c‘&<¤=s?1–!»>¼‹¼¬^®½1¾¦

–<-?‡šC>¢¿@s<>˜q˜žE”E? ‘q<>6C0“”=1–%––E“c‘ž<>=?–›»r½ ¼!^®½¾›6?@À‘ž=„‘ž6C;“”=Á–L––E“P‘q<>=?–f»LÂ^®½¾P34ŠÃš==@Ä6š”EzE8;E?„‘º<r–

šE?E”69C$C-¢;˜&=?@;E„–q:E “<$6C-C>¢0˜&=s”°‘&57ED½ ¼ª^®½¬6?@‹‘&57E§Â^®½~3

Å Š•24Æ0“=@E„–ÇÈÉ3{ʇË13jÌ+ ¦ÈÉ13 Ë13ÎÍÁ·Á3

Ï

Ez¢‡;=”@–cÇ9;6P‘žE”°<>=?<>œ‡6c‘&<>=?¦<>=?;<>8¡:6“c‘ž¦„‘&57E=”Ec‘&<¤“6C1“”=Á–L––E“P‘&<>=s?1–¦EP·:E”<>80E9? ‘ž6C“=8§:6”<r–=?1–

2D=”q”E –q:=?@<>?š06c‘&57=s”Ç

A§”P3_25”<r–±‘¯=s:57E2uÐBŠ«Ñ

Å

¥ÒDÓ0¦ÕÔu6P =”6c‘&=<{”E@E

Å

5¢1–<$Ž„ÁEÑ¸=C>Öz“c1C$6<>”EEc‘¬@E„–!2=C>C$<¯–<¤=?–¦Õ×;?<

Ÿ

E”L–<…‘žÖ

Å 6P1C

&Ø

E”C$6<>?EDѸEc‘&œ ¦  s=7C>E

Ÿ

6”@BŠ4”6š=¦1ʇÙËËË«ÑÚEc‘&œ ¦„Û”6?“E4»q“5698—:<>=?܍1?<

Ÿ

80Ec‘&œ3Θr” ¾

:5=?E;Ç»qË˾Í~ÈÈ È

‰Ý

Ù Ê É ÙÞ Ê‡È߇˜&6z·#Ç»qË˾Í~ÈÈ È

qÝ

Ù Ê É ÙÞ Ê‡Ù3

¥=s?<œ 6c‘ž<>=s?!=˜6c‘ž=8’–Õ6?@#8;=CEz“c1C$E„–_ ¢Œ˜ž6„–±‘(“56”žšE@­:6”±‘&<>“C$E7–_56 –+ EE?!6’806c‘$‘žE”=˜6 “c‘&<

Ÿ

E§”E„–E6”“5!<-?

‘&5E4C6 –±‘‘r—=’@E“z6@E„– 6?@;<¯–u?=;6z@6z¢–x6+;ECC @=“c8;E?„‘žE@’–& ©LE “c‘<>?;806?¢ª6”E6„–uC<E‹6P‘&8;=Á–ž:57E”<$“„¦

:C>6–806!69?7@™”6@<$6c‘&<>=?™:5¢1–<$“–P3´ÐB=7BE

Ÿ

E”¦<…‘•56„–§ EE?¶–5=—?‘&56P‘•E·:E”<>80E?„‘ž6C6?@Œ‘&5E=s”EV‘&<>“ 6C@6c‘ž6

6c =‘ <>=?<>œ 6c‘ž<>=s? =˜  <¤=C>=š<>“ 6C –q¢1–&‘žE8’– 6”E 6 1–=C…‘žEC{¢ ?EzE@Ez@ <>? ˜?@680E9? ‘ž6C –±‘r@<$E„– C<E

”6@<>=7 <¤=C>=šs¢ 6–‹BECC_6„–;80E@<“z69C:5¢1–<$“–;<>?“C{@s<>?š¶8;Ez@s<$“6C+<>806š<>?š¸6?7@™”6@<>=‘&5E”6:s¢Þ 3¥q?7@EE@¦

;<…‘&5‘&5E™8;=”E™6?@Z8;=”E”Eš1C>6”¡–Ef=s˜;<>=?<>œ <-?š£”6z@<6P‘&<>=s?1–¬<-? 8’Ez@s<$“<>?E¦«<j‘’<$–¡‘ž=@6c¢¸?E“E –P–6”q¢‘ž=

6::”6<–LE#‘&5EŒ <>=C>=š<$“6CՓ=s?1–EŽ„E?“E–0=˜•”6@<>=C¤=sš<$“6C4E·68;<>?6c‘q<¤=s?1–;:6”&‘q<>“P1C$6”C{¢‘ž=?=B¦(—<…‘&5™‘&5E

5<-š5E–&‘;@Eš”EE›=s˜—6““c”6“¢¦‘&5E›E?E”qš¢¸@E:=1–<…‘–0<>?@„“E@Ú ¢ 6CC‘&5EŒ”6@<$6c‘ž<>=s?–0“=8;8;=?C>¢°–E@¶<$?

”6@<>=7‘&57E”6:¢7¦E –q:E“<$6C-C>¢0C<>š5 ‘d6?@§5Ez6

Ÿ

¢0<>=?–P3

2D=8§:6”E@ ‘ž= :5=„‘¯=s?–¦™<>=?  E 68ª–Ä56

Ÿ E 8B“5 8;=”E ˜&6

Ÿ

=7”6P CE @E:‘&5 @=Á–E @<¯–&‘&”q<{ ‘ž<>=?–¦‘&57E

“=s?7“E?„‘&”6%‘&<>=?Z=˜‹‘&57E™E?E”žšs¢ @E:=1–<…‘–ª6P‘‹‘&57E™E?7@À=˜‹‘&57E9<”’”6?šE›š<

Ÿ

<>?š£6“ “E –P–¡‘¯=À6Œ Ec‘$‘žE”¡ s6C-C><r–±‘ž<$“

:”E“<–<>=?39ÐB=;E

Ÿ

E”¦„‘&57E4@s<>˜&˜qE”E9? ‘‘r”E6P‘&8;E?„‘–8‹~–±‘ E46Cr–=’“z=s8§:6”E@¡<>?‹‘žE”q8ª–x=s˜ Ec‘r‘žEP”:”E„–E”

Ÿ

6c‘&<>=?;=s˜

‘&5EŒ5E6C…‘ž5¢™‘ž<r–%–&E7–06?@¸=s”qš6?¸6c‘§”ž<–Z<>?™‘&57Eº‘r80=7”

Ÿ

<>“<-?<…‘&¢3®¥?@EEz@¦(‘&=¸<-8—:”=

Ÿ

E#‘&5E›@=Á–E ‘r8;=”

“=s? ‘&”q=C>¦›<…‘Z<$–£E–%–E9? ‘q<¤69CŒ‘ž= “=?˜&=”q8 ‘&5E¿@E9C$<

Ÿ

E”LE@ @=Á–E ‘&= ‘&5E ‘r8B=7”Ç#<>? ‘&5<¯–¸;6¢ <>=?  E68

”6@<>=7‘&57E”6:¢7¦d—5<$“5#°–E„–+‘&57EªE9C$E“P‘&”=s8B6š?7Ec‘ž<>“­<>? ‘žE9”6“c‘&<>=?›˜&=s”+‘&57E”6:¢7¦dB6„–§–&ššE7–&‘žE@#‘&=#‘r”E6V‘_”6z@<>=

”E„–<r–±‘ž6? ‘‘r8;=”%–rÈ 3µ5„–¦:”=„‘&=?–_6?@!“6”q =?#<¤=?–_56

Ÿ

EB sEE?#<>?@E:E?7@E9? ‘qC{¢º<>?

Ÿ

E„–±‘ž<{š6c‘žE@!˜&=s”®‘&57E<{”

@E:‘&5 @=1–E•@<r–±‘&”q<{ ‡‘q<>=?;:6”±‘ž<>“cC$6”<…‘±¢7¦1?680EC-¢;‘&5E;–<-š?<$˜±<$“ 6?„‘x<>?“”E6„–E‹=˜‘&5E•@=Á–E«:”=s˜&<C$E•6c‘°‘&57E‹E?@0=˜

‘&5E¶:6”&‘&<>“CE¸”6?šEÇ+‘&5EÀ–= “z69C>C$E@_”6ššÄ:Ez634¥q?h‘&5E„–EZ“=?@<…‘ž<>=s?1–¦¡<…‘º6::E6”%–³“”±“<>6C§‘ž= :7=Á–L–E„–L–

6““c”6P‘žE(‘&=„‘ž6C69?7@;@s<>˜&˜qE”E9? ‘q<¤69C“”=1–%–u–E“c‘ž<>=?–x˜&=”x@E„–“”<{ <>?š¦6P‘´ sE„–±‘ž¦‘&5E4<>?EC$67–&‘&<$“+:”=“zE„–%–E„–x<-?7@„“E@§ ¢

5E6

Ÿ ¢ “56”žšE@™:16”±‘&<>“C$E7–;<>?™‘ž5E# <>=C¤=sš<$“6C+806c‘r‘žE”;»q8;=@EC>CEz@  ¢B6c‘žE”q¾¦(<>?:6”&‘&<>“cC6”B‘&57EŒ<>=?<>œ 6c‘ž<>=?

:”=“zE„–%–°—5=1–E4“z=s? ‘r”q<{ ‘ž<>=?;<¯–H@=s8;<>?6?„‘<>?‹‘&57E‹–C>=;<>?š @=§?B=s˜1‘&5E4“56”qšEz@B:6”±‘&<>“C$E7–V3

¥q?‘&57E#:”E„–E9? ‘•:6:E”¦®‘&57E–E“P‘q<>=?§Þ¸@E6Cr–‹B<…‘q5›‘&5E­‘&5Ez=s”E%‘&<>“6C_8;=@EC_@E

Ÿ

EC>=s:Ez@ژ&=”;“6C$“cC6P‘q<>?š™‘&57E

@s<>˜&˜qE”E9? ‘q<¤69C6?@‹‘ž=„‘ž6C“”=Á–L––E“P‘q<>=?1–x=˜1;6c‘žE”®8;=C>E“1C¤E«<>=?<-œ96c‘q<¤=s?§ ¢ª–&‘&”‰<::E@¡<>=?–°;57E”E6–°‘&57E‹–E “c‘&<>=?

Ÿ

6?@ªÂ^®½¦s”E –q:E“c‘&<

Ÿ

E9C>¢¾° Ec‘rBEE?•‘&5E+:”E„–E?„‘1‘&57E=s”EV‘<“z69C:”E@<$“c‘&<>=?1–x6?7@¡E·7:E”<80E?„‘ž6C8BE„6 –±”E80E?„‘–P3

¥q?‹‘&5E+˜&=C-C¤=7;<>?šª–Ez“c‘q<¤=s?1–¦6c‘¯=s8;<$“D?<…‘–x6”ED–E@‹‘&5‡”=7š57=7‡‘1?C>E–%–H=7‘&57E”±;<–E«<>?@<$“6c‘žE@13

%/

µH57E‹6  <>?<…‘q<¤=ª@s<>˜q˜žE”E?„‘ž<>6C“”=Á–L–+–Ez“c‘q<¤=s?–®:”E7–E?„‘žE@;<-?;‘&5<r–®B=s”056

Ÿ

E4 EE?’“z69C$“C6P‘žE@’<>?B‘&57E§˜±<>”%–&‘ Õ=s”ž?

6::”=·<-806c‘ž<>=?13µ5E§‘&5E=”±¢ª;<$CC° E’=?C{¢Œ ”<$E˜±C>¢Œ”E9:=”r‘žE@#<{?ª‘&5E;:”E„–LE?„‘4–E“c‘&<>=?º69?7@Œ˜&=s”48;=”E0@EV‘ž6<>Cr–

;E+”E˜&E”°‘&5E+”Ez6@E”´‘¯=;=7”~:”E

Ÿ

<>=–°B=”1– É

3

l¯}ÂSO•M{GKq€O MsQOUP]KVN_M-N$J`0N-`¬M¤SOUPO[yq]J`UVN-UcM-O`MN$O[>Q K%G—ODJK;gY4yFu^4y±½^°ip

¥q?ڑ&57E:”E –E?„‘§—=”£6 –¡BEC>C•6–ª<>?Z=”’:”E

Ÿ

<>=7–!–±‘r@<¤E7–¬@E

Ÿ

=‘žE@™‘&=ڝB6V‘žE”’8;=C¤E“cCE™<¤=?<>œ 6c‘ž<>=s?¸ ¢

E9C¤E“c‘&”=?–¦´:”=„‘¯=s?–_6?@

α :6”&‘&<>“CE–¦Á‘&5E‹B6c‘žE”_8;=sC$E “cC>E¡<r–Õ@E„–L“”<{ E@!<-?º<…‘%–

Ÿ

6:=7”:56 –EB ¢º80E 69?–_=˜

‘&5E§8;=C>Ez“c1C$6”x;6

Ÿ

E§˜r1?7“c‘ž<>=s?–:”=:=1–E@¡ ¢;Ѹ=““<r6 rÙ —5=1–E§6?‡š1C$6”u:6”±‘x<–(Ez·7:”E–%–E@¬ ¢¬”E6C–=C><$@

56”8;=?<$“„– Ý

;57E”E6 –‹‘&5E#”6z@s<>6C:6”±‘•<r–;@E

Ÿ

EC>=:E@Ú<>?›‘žE”8’–;=˜;ÆC$6c‘žE” ‘r¢‡:E³˜r?“c‘ž<>=?–0“E?„‘&”E@6c‘—6

“=s8;8;=?!=s”q<š<>?¦´?680EC-¢0‘&5E¡=·¢‡šE?!6c‘ž=s8¬3s×;?7@E”‘&5E„–E¡“z=s?7@s<…‘ž<>=?1–¦1‘&5E‹‘žE?’ =?@!EC$E“c‘&”=?–_=˜HB6c‘žE”

8;=C$E“cC$E¡6”E;@s<r–±‘&”ž<¤ ‡‘žE@!698B=s?‡šŒ˜±<

Ÿ

E;=?E;“E?„‘&”E;80=sC>Ez“c1C$6”B6

Ÿ

E¡˜?“c‘&<>=?1–_“=”q”E„–ž:=s?7@<>?šª‘ž=¬‘&57EB˜&<

Ÿ E

8;=C$E“cC$6”!=s”& <…‘ž6C¯–º@E?=‘žE@   ¦•È6 ¦  Þ¦4Þ6 ¦§6?7@ 6 ¦4”E„–ž:E“c‘ž<

Ÿ

EC-¢Á3+µ®57E™”E–q:E“P‘q<

Ÿ

E<>=?<>œ‡6c‘&<>=?

:=„‘žE?„‘&<>6Cr–x6”E4Ë13ÉÊ É¦Ë3{ÊÊ

¦Ë13

Ý

ɦ

3jÈÞ

6?7@‹ÞË13{Ê ÞÉ13

¥q?‹‘&5E4<>=?<>œ 6c‘ž<>=s?—:”=“zE„–%–x=˜~6‹–±‘ž6%‘&<>=?6”q¢•;6c‘žE”8;=C$E“cC>E+ ¢06«˜&6 –±‘<¤=s?;=˜~“56”qšEx6?@;=˜°8;6 –P–

Μ ^¦

‘&5E¡<>?<…‘ž<$6C®–±‘ž6P‘žE§=s˜‘&5E’–q¢–±‘žE8 <r–Õ“9576”6“P‘žE”<{œ E@­ ¢³6§:”=P©E“c‘ž<>CE;=˜<>?<j‘q<$6C8;=80E?„‘r8

¦1§57E”E6„–‘&57E

˜q<>?69C–&‘ž6c‘žE <r– “56”6“P‘žE”q<{œ‡E@  ¢ 6 –“6P‘r‘žE”E@ <>=? =˜¸8;=8;E?„‘r8 6?@ 6? E©LE“P‘žE@ EC>E“c‘&”=? =˜

8;=80E?„‘r8

Ez6“5;=˜1‘&5E8²@E:E9?7@s<>?š0=?‹‘&5E4“=s”ž”E„–q:7=s?7@s<>?‡š <>?Ec‘ž<>“4E?E”qšs¢•‘&5”=7š5‹‘&57E+”EC>6c‘ž<>=?–

lY ¦

lY Õ6?@

l3

» ¾

µH5 –¦s‘&57E‹?=? ”E9C$6c‘&<

Ÿ

<r–±‘ž<$“Õ‘&”ž<{:C>¢¬@s<$˜q˜qE”E?„‘&<$6C“”=1–%––LE“c‘&<¤=s?0»%¼¬^u½¾ @s<$˜±˜žE”E?„‘ž<>6C<>?¡‘&5E—@s<{”E„“P‘&<>=s?¬=s˜‘&5E

E©E“c‘žE@¸ECEz“c‘&”=?™Q

Ω¦_@<>˜q˜qE”E?„‘ž<>6C4<-?‘&5E›@<>”E“c‘ž<>=?Z=˜«‘&57Eږ“6c‘r‘žE”Ez@Ú<>=?™Q

Ω 6?@¸@s<>˜q˜žE”E?„‘ž<>6C4<>?ڑ&57E

E?E”žšs¢0=˜~Eq©%Ez“c‘žE@;EC>E“c‘&”=?‹Q <$–š<

Ÿ

E?§ ¢

!

!

!

" #

$ $

$

%

&

')(

'

' ' * +,

*-/.

*-/.

,

+

,

Ω = Ω

σ ^{¦ »±Þ¾}

§57E”E«‘&57EB806c‘&”ž<¤·­ECE80E?„‘_Â!@E„–“”q<{ E–®‘&57E«‘&”6?–<…‘ž<>=s?¬=s˜°‘&57E¡–q¢1–&‘žE810c:”=©E“c‘ž<>CE+ͪÐ32Ë54«˜r”=8 ‘&5E§<>?<…‘ž<6C

–±‘ž6%‘žED‘&=B‘&57E«˜&<>?6C°–±‘ž6c‘žE‡3µ5E?7¦1<-?§‘&57EB–= “z6C>CEz@’˜r”=sœ9E9? “=”E•6::”q=·<>806c‘q<¤=s?06?@§ ¢ª“z=s?–<@E”‰<>?š¬=s?C{¢¬=s?7E

6“c‘&<

Ÿ

E4EC$E“c‘&”=?;»±?768;EC-¢§‘&576c‘§5<>“5‹B<CC E4Eq©LE“c‘žEz@¾¦„‘&5E+806c‘&”q<{·0EC$E80E9? ‘dµº sE“=8BE„–

6

7

7

8

9

9

6

7

7

7

8

: 9 ;

<

<

;

<

;

< ==

>

=

=

=

=

>

=

>

? @@

A

B

C DD

D

D

D

D

D

D

D ψ

π ψ − ⁻

−

= ^{¦ »qȾ}

§57E”E­‘&57EºB6

Ÿ

EŒ˜r1?7“c‘q<¤=s? E

F

F

F

G H

I J

K

J

K L

M

N O

O

O

Oψ ”E:”E„–E? ‘–‹‘&57E–q¢1–&‘žE98 “ =?–±‘&<j‘r‘žE@ ¢›‘&5E™–“6P‘r‘žE”E@

<>=?06?@¡‘&5E•Eq©LE“c‘žE@0E9C$E“P‘&”=s?;”E –q:E“c‘&<

Ÿ

E9C>¢ªC>=“6C<>œ E@¡ ¢;‘&5E•:=Á–<…‘ž<>=?

Ÿ

E“c‘ž=”%– P

QR

6?@ S

TU

;<…‘&5;”E„–ž:1Ez“c‘°‘¯=

‘&5Eª=·¢šE?›?„“C$Ec–P3~µ®5Eª<>?<j‘q<$6CHB6

Ÿ

E­˜?“c‘&<>=? V

W

W

X Y

Z\[

[

]_^

^ ``

`ψ <–;–EE?f6„–+‘&57E­:”=@„“%‘4=˜_6’:C$6?E’B6

Ÿ E

˜¯?“c‘ž<>=? a

b

c d

e

fhg i

iφ –E@§‘&=ª@E„–“”q<{ EՑ&57E‹<>?“<@E? ‘:6”r‘&<>“C$E‹=˜:=1–q<j‘q<>=? j kl

;<…‘&5§‘&5E•=?E “zE9? ‘&”E‹8;=C>E“cC$6”

;6

Ÿ

E#˜r1?7“c‘q<¤=s? m npo

q

rts u

»¯—<…‘&5wv”69?‡š<>?š˜r”=8

‘&=¶Ê ¾4–E@#‘&=@E –“”q<{ sE¬‘&57E¬‘ž6”žšEc‘•6“%‘&<

Ÿ

E!ECEz“c‘&”=?™=˜

:=Á–ž<…‘q<¤=s? x

yz

Ec·:”E –%–Ez@¡6 –x6«C><>?E 6”x“=8§ <-?6P‘q<>=?;=˜xÆC>6c‘žE” ‘r¢‡:E«˜?“P‘q<>=?–V3

–“6c‘r‘žEP”E@ª:6”±‘&<¤“9C$E;<¯–Õ@E–“”<{ Ez@º ¢º6;:C$6?E‹B6

Ÿ

E¡˜r1?7“c‘q<¤=s?’;5E”E6„–‘&57E’Eq©LE“c‘žE@!ECEz“c‘&”=?#<–_”E:”E„–E?„‘žEz@

 ¢0642=7C>=8B —;6

Ÿ

E4˜?“c‘&<>=?‹;5=1–E4EP·:”E–%–<¤=?;<¯–dš<

Ÿ

E?§ ¢

+ Γ

∗

+

−

−

∗

=

π

ϕ π

»±É¾

¥q?§‘&5<¯–u8;=@E9C¤¦1@E?=‘žE@¡<>?§‘&5E‹˜&=C-C¤=7;<>?š "!$#&% 8B=@EC>¦('*)d“=s”ž”E„–q:=?@–‘¯=B‘&5E•E˜±˜žE“c‘ž<

Ÿ

E‹<¤=s?<$“§“56”qšE

=s˜1‘&5E+”E98B69<>?<>?šB‘ž6”qšEV‘x–EE?‹ ¢§‘&57E4E–“6:<>?š0E9C$E“P‘&”q=?;6?7@¡<r–¦<>?‹‘&57E+:”E„–E9? ‘;=”¦‘ž6E?;EzŽ„69C‘ž= 3

Û°<>?6CC>¢7¦D?=‘žE’‘&56c‘‘&5EŒ8;=C>E“cC$6”‹B6

Ÿ

EŒ˜1?“c‘&<¤=s?1– + ,.-

/

021 3

:”=

Ÿ

<>@Ez@ ¢Ñ¸=““<>6 rÙ “z=s”&”E„–ž:=s?7@³‘&=¸6

:6”±‘&<>“cC$6”=”q<>E?„‘ž6P‘&<>=s?¬=˜°‘&5E4;6c‘žE”H‘ž6”žšEV‘ EP·:”E„–L–LE@¡ ¢!80E6?1–=˜°‘&5E"4xCE”6?šCE – 5

6

6

7 γβα ^»‰–EE

Ë ˜&=”ª8;=”E@Ec‘ž6<>Cr–q¾ —56P‘’<>8;:C<$E„–’‘&576c‘§‘&5E98;:<#>=h”E:=”¯‘žEz@À6P =

Ÿ

E™<>??4(Ž13…»&Þ¾!6”E›=7 

Ÿ

<>=°–C{¢

@E@„“E@˜r”=8 6?69C{¢ ‘ž<“ 6C<>?„‘žEš”6P‘q<>=?=

Ÿ

E”‹‘&5E@4xC$E”’–=sC><$@6?šCEº=s˜•8;=”EŒ@<-˜&˜žE”E?„‘ž<>6C_“”=1–%–’–E“c‘ž<>=?1–

»q“6C>CEz@­˜q<

Ÿ E ˜&=C¤@#@<>˜q˜qE”E?„‘ž<>6C°“”=Á–L–4–E“P‘q<>=?–ž¾;5<$“95!“z=s”q”E„–q:=?@¡‘¯=¡‘&5E§@E„–L“”‰<:‘q<>=?ª=˜°‘&5EB<¤=?<>œ 6c‘ž<>=s?¬=˜

6?;=”q<>E?„‘žE@‹B6c‘žE”~8;=C>E “cC$ED ¢0“56”qšEz@B:6”±‘&<>“C$E«<$8’:6“c‘´»‰–EE Ë ˜&=s”~8;=s”E4@Ec‘ž6<>Cr–q¾P3

ACB(DFE;GIHKJMLNGPORQTSUSTVWGIXYHZG[GIV]\RQ

µH57Eږ“z=s:Ef=s˜‹‘&5Ef“c”q”E?„‘§B=s”Z<–;‘ž=À“z6”q”±¢ =‘06›“=8§:6”<r–=?¶ Ec‘rBEE?‘&5E³‘&57E=”Ec‘&<>“6C4:”Ez@s<$“c‘ž<>=?1–

:”=

Ÿ

<¤@E@¡ ¢¬=7”T^!N#2% 6::”=6“506?7@#–=80E‹E·:E”<>80E9? ‘ž6C16

Ÿ

6<$C6 C$E•@6c‘ž6‹<>?§‘žE”8­–u=˜@= C-¢s¦´–<>?šC>¢

@s<>˜&˜qE”E9? ‘q<¤69C6?@§‘ž=„‘ž6C“”=1–%––E “c‘&<>=?1–®˜&=”°B6c‘žE”

Ÿ

6:=7”x<>=?<-œ96c‘q<¤=s?§ ¢§ÐF_P¦Ð;Ea`_6?@02cbd_D<¤=s?1–V3Ò4?C-¢¬64˜qEc

E?E”žšEc‘q<¤“#“=?@<…‘ž<>=?–§56

Ÿ

E­ E E?›”E:=”¯‘žE@›5E”E#6?7@;Eª”E˜žE”4‘&5Eª”E6@E”+‘&=™=”•:”E

Ÿ

<¤=7–4B=s”1–•˜&=”§6

8;=s”E4Ec·‘žE?1–<

Ÿ

E4“=8§:6”<r–=? ±Ê

3

%

E+”E:=s”±‘~<>?‹Û~<>š”E

64“=8§:6”‰<r–=s?§ EP‘r;EE?‹‘&57E4=7 ‡‘ž6<-?7E@‹‘&5E=”Ec‘&<¤“6C”E –±C…‘%–H69?7@;Ez·7:E”<>8’E? ‘ž69C:2: #>=

‘ž6E?!˜r”=8 @s<>˜q˜žE”E? ‘+–=7”“zE„–+˜&=”®‘&57E—‘&5‡”EE§:6”±‘&<¤“c1C6”:”=P©E“c‘ž<>CE;E?E”qš<$E„–cÇ´6¾D:”=„‘&=?–_=˜Ë13jȄѸE

Ø Þ ¦

 ¾ α :6”±‘&<>“C$E–0=˜•ÞÉÑ E Ø È 6?@¸“¾x26”q =?¶<¤=?1–0=s˜BÙÞѸE

Ø É 3 % EŒšE?E”6C>C-¢ = 1–E”

Ÿ

E™6Œš==@

6š”EE8;E?„‘x Ec‘rBEE?’‘&57E" "!N#2% 8;=@EC6?@’‘&5E’80E6–±”E980E?„‘–_˜&=”+6C>C´‘&57E;E©LE “c‘žE@!EC>E“c‘&”=s?!E?7E”qš<$E7–L¦

Ec·“ E:‘d6%‘®–8B69C$C1E80<¯–P–<¤=s?06?šC$E„–°;576c‘8;6¢; E•E·:C$69<>?E@§ ¢§‘&5E4˜ž6“c‘‘&56c‘‘&5E+:”ž=“E –%–x=˜~“956”qšED‘&”6?–˜&E”

‘&=­‘&57Eª“=s? ‘&<>?„8 »& # #¾ “6C>C$E@›µH57=8;6–•E˜±˜žE“c‘ Ê —5<$“95³“6c–E–•6?<>?“”E6–Eª=˜(‘&57Eª@s<>˜&˜qE”E?„‘ž<>6C

“”=1–%–!–E“c‘&<¤=s?1–¦«<r–ª?7=„‘;<>?“9Cj@E@Z<>? =7”ª˜&<{”P–±‘ Õ=”q?Z8;=@EC4»‰–EE&Ê ˜&=s”ª8;=”Ef@Ec‘ž6<>Cr–q¾P3®ÐB=7BE

Ÿ

E”¦D‘&5E

=7 –E”

Ÿ

E@’6š”EE80E9? ‘<r–”EC$6c‘ž<

Ÿ

EC-¢;š==@——<…‘&50<-?;:6”&‘&<“P1C$6”°‘&57E‹6::Ez6”6?“E•=˜´‘&5E+ <>?6”q¢0E?“=?„‘žE”:E6

§57=Á–E+:=Á–<…‘&<¤=s?;“z69?§ sE‹–<8;:C>¢;@EP‘žE”8¡<>?E@‹ ¢ <>?E8’6P‘q<>“ –x“=?1–<@E”6c‘&<>=?1–¦?680EC-¢

'

(

)+*-, . . / .

0 1/

0

/

/

1

0 22 222

2

2

2

3 −+=⇔=−= θ^{444 »‰Ê ¾}

¥q?§‘&5<¯–u“6 –LE¦s‘&5E•“=C>C<r–<>=?0<¯–_–EE?06„–u6« <>?6”q¢0:”=“E„–%–u<>?¡;5<$“5§‘&5E•E9?7E”qš¢0C>=´–±‘~ ¢§‘&5E•<-?“<$@E?„‘d:6”±‘&<>“C$E

<¯–Õ“=8§:CEP‘žE9C{¢ª‘&”6?1–˜&E”q”E@’‘ž=’‘&5E‹‘ž6”qšE%‘8B=sC$E“cC$6”_ECEz“c‘&”=?’;<…‘&5’‘&5E§”E –<@„6C<>=?!6“c‘ž<-?‡šŒ6–_6’–q:Ez“c‘ž6c‘&=”

Ù 32®”q<>=–C{¢§‘&5E+”E„–±C…‘–”E:=s”r‘žE@‹˜&=”x26”± =?§<>=?–x6”E«C>E–L–š==@¦E

Ÿ

E?;<-?•‘&5E+ <-?6”¢—”Eš<>=?3

5 =67$ 8 ! 9 8#$

+¢;<>?„‘žEš”6c‘ž<>=s?B=s˜1‘&5E>:2:<# =;;<j‘&5§”E„–ž:E“c‘‘&=«‘&57E4E8¡<r–P–<>=?’–=C><$@;6?šC$E¦;E4= ‘ž6<>?‹‘&57E‹–<>?šC>¢;@<˜q˜žE”E? ‘&<6C

“”=1–%–™–E“c‘&<>=?1–Œ”E:=s”r‘žE@h<>?ÀÛ~<>š”E¶Þ²6?7@ē=8§:6”LE@À‘¯= 6 Ÿ

6<>C6 C$EZE·:E”‰<$80E9? ‘ž6C;@6c‘ž6Z˜&=s”ª‘&5E‘&5”EE

<-?“<$@E?„‘uE?E”qš<$E„–”E:=s”r‘žE@’57E”E¦1?680E9C>¢ª:”=‘&=?–(=s˜uË13jȄѸE

Ø ¦

α:6”&‘&<>“CE–(=˜ÞÉsÑÚE

Ø

6?@!26”± s=s?!<>=?–

=s˜—ÙÞsÑÚE

Ø 3 % Ef“9C$E6”‰C>¢ =7 –LE”

Ÿ

E³‘&56P‘‹‘&57E³:”=

Ÿ

<>@E @ =: #>= 6”E™<>?¸š==@¶6š”EE8;E?„‘•;<…‘&5™‘&57E:”E„–E?„‘

Ec·:E”<$8’E? ‘ž69C;80E6–±”E980E?„‘–›<>?£‘&5Eڝ;57=C>E£Eq©LE“c‘žE@ÄEC>E “c‘&”ž=s? E?E”qšs¢ ”6?šEZE·“E:‘!˜&=s”›C>= Eq©E “c‘žEz@

E9C¤E“c‘&”=?ªE?E”qšs¢3ÐB=7BE

Ÿ

E”¦1?7=7‘žE«‘&576c‘°‘&57E§6š”EzE980E?‘x”E:7=s”r‘žE@’˜&=”26”± s=s?!<>=?1–<¯–_6;C><…‘r‘qC¤EB <…‘uC$E„–P–š==@13

Ÿ Ÿ

?=¡Š+šE”:”=“zE„–%–V3

$ 8 9

Û°<>š”E0Ȍ@E:<$“c‘–460“=8§:6”‰<r–=s?# sEc‘rBEE?ª‘&5E¡:”E„–E?„‘‘&57E=s”EV‘&<>“z69C”E„–±C…‘–•6?@º6’C6”qšE’68;=1? ‘_=˜

Ec·:E”<$8’E? ‘ž69C80E6„–&”E8’E? ‘–®˜&=”°B6V‘žE”

Ÿ

6:=”<>=?<>œ6P‘&<>=s?• ¢§Ð_V¦7ÐBE `_(6?@;2Pb_<>=?1–P3

%

E4=7 –E”

Ÿ E

‘&56c‘º=” *^!N#2% 8B=@EC’<r–f6 C$E¶‘&=ĔE:”ž=@„“E;<…‘&5²6Z”E6„–=s?76 CE£6š”EE8’E? ‘ª‘&5E£Ec·<r–±‘ž<>?š

Ec·:E”<$8’E? ‘ž69C0@6c‘ž6£˜&=s”›:”ž=c©LE“P‘q<>C$E£E9?7E”qš<$E„–›š”E6c‘žE”³‘&576? ËË E

Ø 68§ B5E”E6„–f<…‘³=7 

Ÿ

<¤=7–C¢

 E“=8;E–‹<>?

Ÿ

6C<$@›˜&=s”•C>=;E”•E?E”qš<$E„–+;57E”Eª8;=”E#–L=s:5<$–±‘ž<>“6c‘žE@›8;=@E9Cr–•6”E­?7EE@E@131ÐB=7BE

Ÿ

E”¦

?=‘žEB‘&56P‘‘&5E¡‘¯=„‘ž6Cx“”=1–%–§–E“c‘ž<>=?˜&=”•26”± s=s?›<>=?1–¦®@Ez@„“E@˜r”=8 ? 180E”<>“ 6Cx<-? ‘žEš”6c‘ž<>=?›=˜‘&5E

=: #>=ª”E:=s”r‘žE@;<-?§Û~<>š3Þª“¾¦16::E6”%–‘&=¡ E•C>6”qšEC-¢¬Cr=;E”°‘&56?§‘&5E+‘&5Ez=s”EP‘&<>“6C“6C$“cC6P‘q<>=?–u6?@’<j‘

–EE8ª–‘ž=@6c¢¡=s˜~:”‰<>80E‹<$8¡:=”±‘ž6?7“E+‘&=¡šEP‘°?7Ec¿Ec·7:1E”ž<80E?„‘ž6C1@6P‘ž6«<>?§‘žE”8’–u=˜@<>˜±˜žE”LE?„‘&<>6C6–BE9C$C

6„–°‘&=„‘ž6C“”=1–%––E“c‘&<>=?1–x˜&=s”‘&5E 02Pb_uÍ­Ð

` Ò 4«–&¢1–±‘žE8ª3

RB2\RQTX J]HZG[VW\RQ

% E#576

Ÿ

E!@E

Ÿ

EC>=s:Ez@™6? $™8B=@EC<>?Œ‘&5E#˜&<>”P–±‘ Õ=s”q?³6::”=·<-806c‘ž<>=?Œ ¢–<>?š 69?³6“ “c”6c‘žEª=?E

“E?„‘&”ED;6

Ÿ

E4˜r1?7“c‘q<¤=s?;˜&=”°‘&5EDB6c‘žE”x8;=C>E “cC$E3µ5<r– "!$#&% 8B=@EC1<r–u6 CED‘ž=;”E:”ž=@„“zE(‘&5E4806<-?;:6”&‘

=s˜°‘&57E§6

Ÿ

6<$C6 C$E§E·:E”‰<$80E9? ‘ž6C@6c‘ž6‹˜&=”<>?“<$@E?„‘x:”ž=%©%Ez“c‘q<>C$E§E?E”qš<$E„–uš”E6c‘žE”H‘&576? ËË E

Ø

68§º6?@¡;<>CrC

 E46@6:‘žEz@B˜&=”´‘&”E6V‘&<>?‡šB‘&57E«<¤=s?<>œ 6c‘ž<>=?;=˜°C$6”qšE”x8;=C$E“P1C>E–x=˜´ <¤=C>=š<>“ 6C<-? ‘žE”E„–&‘~C-<ED‘&5E+? “9C$E=  s6„–E–P3

Ó!3+Ƅ‘¯=sCj‘žE”q˜&=5„‘ž¦—3®Aª3®A• =<–¬6?@—3®A¬34<

Ÿ

6”=C>6¦4<>?Ç>4C>E “c‘&”ž=s? 48;<r–P–<>=? <-?Ð0E6

Ÿ ¢ ¥=? Š+‘ž=8

2D=C>C<r–<>=?1–H»ÕE”C-<>?~ÇÆ:”<>?šE”ž¾¦ Ù13

Þ ×03„Š•8;6C$@s<6?@;Ì;3

Ï

”6˜‘ž¦ÕE:3

Å

”q=š13

Å

5¢1–V3 ;»±Þ7ËËÊ ¾

Ý 3

rÈ —3§3 % <-Cr–=?¦Õ6@s<¤=C>=šs¢ » É

¾É

Ý

Ù3

É 243257698—:<>=?¦

Å

5¢–P3ѸE@13 4<¤=Cr3

¡»&ÞËËȾ°Þ

ÉÙ13

±Ê Ò§3 D=7@”q<¤=76¦243 2568;:<>=?¦2«3AB6C26::ECC>=069?7@’3

Ø 3 Å

=s:7=

Ÿ ¦ Å

5¢1–V3ÕE

Ÿ

3„Š

»±ÞËËÙ¾xË

ÞÙ

Ù13

2432(568§:<>=?7¦Ò¡34=@”q<>=6¦243A;6C26::EC$C>=¦03Æ6P‘&=!6?@’Aª3ҋ5–6c¡6¦ Å 5¢–P34E

Ÿ

3Š »±ÞËËÙ¾

ËÈÞÙÞÉ3

rÙ —3Ѹ=““<>6¦3‡25E8ª3 Å 5¢–P3 »

ɾ°Þ Ý 3

Ý

Ь3;µH”&¢š

Ÿ

Ez¦

Å

3V=s”žšE?–E9? 69?7@3;ҋCr–E?7¦­<>?~ÇBÑÚ=C>E“cC$6” 4(CEz“c‘&”q=?<$“ Ƒ&”±“%‘r”E¹µH57E=”±¢ »%

<C$E¢¦

2(5<$“5E„–&‘žE”¦

%

E„–&‘uÆ7–L–Ec·s¦ 4u?šC>6?@¾¦sÞËËË13

243 2(5768¡:<>=?¦2439AB6C2D6::E9C$C>=¦´Æ3З=768BE”x6?@§Š;39ÑÚ6?1–=”q<>¦ Å 5¢1–V3ÕE

Ÿ

3 Š A »&ÞËË

¾xË ÞÙ Ù3

Ë 243 2(5768¡:<>=?¦3Ð;6?1–%–E?;6?7@

Å 3 Š;3Ð;E”

Ÿ

<>Ec·¦

Å

5¢–P3ÕE

Ÿ

3„Š

A

»±ÞËË

¾xËÊ ÞÙÞË3

243 2(5768¡:<>=?¦3Ð;6?1–%–E?;6?7@ Å 3 Š;3Ð;E”

Ÿ

<>Ec·¦z3 2(57E8ª3 Å 5¢1–V3•»±ÞËËɾ ÉÞÈ13

Þ Ô_3Ъ3 µ= ”E?;6?7@

% 3 4Õ3

%

<-Cr–=s?7¦z325E8ª3

Å

5¢–P3 ;»

ÙÙ¾Ê ÞËÞ13

È A03Ò45–6cB6¦03Æ6%‘&=¦;3‡Ò 6@6z¦

Ø 3 Å 3Æ5E

Ÿ

EC=;6?@‹Ûx3Æ=sš6¦

Å

5¢–V3ÕE

Ÿ

3 Š

’»&ÞËËÊ ¾xË

ÞÙ

Ë3

É A03Ò45–6cB6469?7@’3Æ6V‘¯=¦:”q<

Ÿ

6c‘žE4“=8¡8•1?<$“ 6c‘&<$=s?3

Ê Ô_3Ъ3 µ5=8;6„–¦

Å

”=“3—3Æ=“3Ôu=?@=?¦

»

ÞÙ¾Ê

3

Ñ£3Š;3‡2=s:C>6?7¦z39Ь3Ѹ==”E46?@3 Å 3A—=E”ž<-?‡š¦ÕE

Ÿ

3Ѹ=@3 Å 5¢–P3 ¡» ɾ Ý

Ê3

Ù Ó#3Ûx3sÑÚ=7‘$‘6?7@¬Ð¬3°Æ3

%

3sÑÚ67–L–LE¢¦<>?ǵH5E;µ5E=”±¢!=˜uŠ+‘ž=s8;<$“’2=C>C<r–<>=?1–_»qȔ@!E@13j¦°E@<…‘žE@­ ¢

% 3

Ѹ6”%–576CC6?@‹A¬39Ь3

%

<-C<>?1–=?;Ò«·˜&=”@¦2C$6”E?7@=s?

Å

”E –%–q¾

Ù

3

Ý

Ñ£3Š;3 Õ=sC>=”q<{œ96@E5;6?@‹Ñ£3;443@@¦ Å 5¢–V3ÕE

Ÿ

3 Š ARA » Ý ¾

ÝÝÝ

3

Ñ£3 4_3@@¦µ3

Ø

3‡Ì4=s˜&˜&E¦—39A¬39A•_=<r–x6?@‹ÔÕ39Ь3 µ= ”E?7¦

Å

5¢–P34E

Ÿ

3 Š

A

•»

Ý

Ê ¾ÉÞ3

ÞË Ñ£3 4_3@@¦’3 Ï 3 Ï <>80¦Aª3Ъ3ÑÚ6@<–=?;6?@;µ3z3 ̋6¢7¦ÕE

Ÿ

39ÑÚ=@13 Å 5¢–P3 » Þ¾°ÉÉ 3

Ø Ÿ Ý Ý

ÞÞ Ô_3Ъ3 µ= ”E?¦

%

3;4Õ3

%

<>C¯–=?;6?@ —33

Å

=s:7=7•<$“5¦Õ6@<6P‘L3ÕE„–V3;»

Ý Ë„¾ÞÙ3

ÞÈ

´Å

3Æ3@=sC{:5;6?7@;2«3;4Õ39ÑÚEC…‘ž=?¦3‡2(57E8ª3

Å

5¢–V3

»

¾ÞÞÞÙ3

Û°<>š”E

DŽA;= C{¢0@<˜&˜qE”E9? ‘q<¤69CÁ“”=1–%––E“P‘q<>=?–u˜&=s”–<>?šC¤E‹<>=?<>œ 6c‘ž<>=?0=s˜;6c‘žE”

Ÿ

6:=7”x6 –64˜?“c‘ž<>=?’=˜´‘&57E

E©E“c‘žE@²ECEz“c‘&”=?²E98;<r–%–<¤=?²6?šCE‡3§µ®57E :”E„–E?„‘!‘&5Ez=s”E%‘&<>“6C0”E„–±C…‘L–f6”EZ”E:=”r‘žE@  ¢ –=C><>@ C$<-?E¹6?@

“=s8—:6”E@Œ‘ž=Ec·:E”<$8’E? ‘ž69Cu@6c‘ž6’‘ž6E?f˜±”=8 @<>˜q˜qE”%E?„‘§–=7”“E„–—»‰–=C-<$@–q¢8B s=Cr–q¾P3

Å

6?7E9C_6¾cÇd:”=„‘&=?–—=˜

Ë13…È„ÑÚE

Ø

:”=„‘&=?–Õ˜&=s”•Ê!@<>˜±˜žE”E?„‘DE©E“c‘žE@ŒEC>E “c‘&”ž=?ŒE?7E”qš<$E„–4»&ºÈ

Ý

3¤Ê‡E

Ø ¦ 3ÞE

Ø ¦ ÞE

Ø

¦È

Ý

ʇE

Ø

6?@

ÙÈE

Ø

¾V3+µ5EE·:E”‰<>80E?„‘ž6C—@6c‘ž66”E‘ž6E?À˜r”=8 Þ 3 Å 6?7EC« 7¾Ç

α :6”±‘&<>“C$E–!=˜

3j˄ѸE

Ø

68‹²˜&=”

@s<>˜&˜qE”E9? ‘ÕE©LE“P‘žE@›E9C$E“P‘&”q=?›E?E”žš<$E„–—»&

3ÞE

Ø

¦È

Ý

3{ʇE

Ø ¦

3ÎÞE

Ø ¦ ÞE

Ø

¦xÈ

Ý

ʇE

Ø

6?@

ÙÈE

Ø

¾V3°µ5E

Ec·:E”<$8’E? ‘ž69Cu@6c‘ž6#6”E¬‘ž6E?™˜&”=8 È 3 Å 6?7EC+“¾ÇÙÞѸE

Ø

2Pb_’<>=?–;˜&=”§Ùf@s<>˜q˜žE”E?„‘«Eq©%Ez“c‘žE@™EC$E“c‘&”ž=?

E?E”žš<$E–0»& 13

E Ø ¦ 13ÎÞE

Ø

¦+È

Ý

3¤Ê‡E

Ø ¦ Ù3jÈE

Ø ¦

3ÎÞE

Ø ¦ ÞE

Ø

6?7@¶È

Ý

ÉE

Ø

¾P3xµ5E›Ec·7:E”<-80E?„‘–06”E

‘ž6E?§˜r”=8 É 3

Û°<>š”E•Þ~Ç´Æ<>?‡šC>¢ª@<˜ž˜qE”E9? ‘&<$69CÁ“”=1–%–+–E “c‘&<>=?1–˜&=s”+–<>?šC>E§<>=?<>œ 6c‘ž<>=?ª=˜°;6P‘žE”

Ÿ

6:=7”6 –6‹˜?“c‘&<>=?ª=˜°‘&57E

E©E“c‘žE@!ECEz“c‘&”q=?!E?E”žšs¢31µ5E‹‘&57E=s”Ec‘&<>“6C°”E„–±C…‘–_6”LE§”E:=”r‘žE@’ ¢›–=C><>@!»q=”+@6 –q5Ez@¾+C><>?E’6?@!“=8§:6”E@

‘&=ŒEc·7:E”<>8’E? ‘ž69Cd@6c‘ž6‹‘ž6E?!˜r”=8 @s<>˜q˜žE”E?„‘_–=”“E –_»‰–q¢8§ =C¯–ž¾P3

Å

6?ECx6¾cÇ:”=„‘&=?–_=˜u@<˜&˜qE”E9? ‘<>?“<@E? ‘

E?E”žš<$E–ÇË13{ÊѸE

Ø

»ž=s:E?;:¡‘&”q<$6?šC$E„– Þ ¾¦ 3¤ÊÑÚE

Ø

»q=:E?0“<{”L“9C$E„– Þ ¾¦ ËË E

Ø

»q=:E?!–Ž„6”E – Ý ¾

6?@ Ê‡Ë E

Ø

»q=:E?À–&‘ž6”%– Ý

¾P3µ5E =:<# =¹˜&=” & 3{ÊѸE

Ø

6?@ & Ê‡Ë E

Ø

6”E8§1Cj‘q<{:C<$E@¶ ¢ 6

˜q6“P‘ž=s”ºË13 ˜&=s”›“C>6”<…‘&¢h”E6„–=?1–P3 Å 6?7E9C; ¾Ç

α :6”±‘&<$“C>E–›=˜!@s<>˜q˜žE”E?„‘º<>?“<$@E?„‘ºE?7E”qš<E –›»& !ÞÉѸE Ø ¦

É˄ѸE

Ø

6?@

˄ѸE

Ø

¦¡–=C><@hC$<>?E

È 6?7@ & 3ÞѸE

Ø

¦‹ÞѸE

Ø

¦§@6 –5E@hC$<-?E Þ ¾V3DљC…‘ž<{:C<$“6c‘ž<

Ÿ E

˜q6“P‘ž=s”%–d56

Ÿ

ED EE?‹–E@;˜&=s”x“C>6”<…‘&¢§”Ez67–=s?–P3 Å 6?EC“¾zÇÙÞѸE

Ø

2Pb_<>=?– É 3

Û°<>š”E›Èǵx=7‘ž6C+“”=Á–L–#–E“c‘ž<>=?–¬6„–ª6™˜?“P‘q<>=? =s˜‹‘5E™<>?“<$@E9? ‘§:”=c©Ez“c‘q<>C$E›E?E”qš¢ »<>? E

Ø 68§¾P3µ5E

‘&5E=”E%‘&<>“6C1”E–±C…‘–(6”E‹”E:=s”r‘žE@B ¢!–=C><@ªC><>?E§6?@ª“ =s8—:6”E@¡‘¯=#Ec·7:E”<>8’E? ‘ž69CÁ@6c‘ž6Ցž6E?ª˜r”=8 @s<>˜q˜žE”E? ‘

–=”“E„–cÇ Ý

»&=s:E?!@<>68;=?7@–q¾¦ »±=:E?!“<{”“C$E„–ž¾46?7@ ÞË »&=s:E?’‘&”q<>6?šC$E„–q¾_˜&=s”:”ž=„‘&=?–¦ Þ »‰–=sC><$@

@=7—? ‘”q<>6?šC$E–q¾!˜&=s”±ÐBE `_V¦ ÞÞ »‰–ž=C-<$@£“<>”“CE –q¾!6?@ ÞÈ »‰–=sC><$@¶: ‘&”q<>6?‡šC$E¾!˜&=s”&Ð;E `d_P¦ É »‰–=sC><>@

“9<”“CE¾®˜&=”x2Pb_®<¤=s?1–V3

0 60 120 180 10^-23

10^-22 10^-21 10^-20 10^-19 10^-18

c) b)

Ejected electron emission angle (deg) DDCS (cm2 /eV.sr)

a)

0 60 120 180

10^-23 10^-22 10^-21 10^-20 10^-19

C⁶⁺ + H

2O (E

i = 72MeV) He²⁺ + H

2O (E

i = 24MeV) H⁺ + H

2O (E

i = 0.3MeV)

0 60 120 180 10^-22

10^-21 10^-20 10^-19 10^-18

10¹ 10² 10³ 10⁴ 10^-24

10^-23 10^-22 10^-21 10^-20 10^-19 10^-18 10^-17 10^-16

E_i= 60MeV Ei= 40MeV E_i= 24MeV

SDCS (cm2 /eV)

E_i= 2MeV (x0.1)

Ejected electron energy (eV)

E_i= 1.2MeV

10¹ 10² 10³ 10^-25

10^-24 10^-23 10^-22 10^-21 10^-20 10^-19 10^-18 10^-17

E_i = 150keV (x0.1) E_i = 100keV

E_i = 1.5MeV (x0.1) E_i = 500keV

10¹ 10² 10³ 10^-20

10^-19 10^-18 10^-17 10^-16

E_i= 72MeV c) C⁶⁺ + H₂O b) He²⁺ + H₂O

a) H⁺ + H₂O

10² 10³ 10⁴ 10⁵ 10^-2

10^-1 10⁰ 10¹ 10²

H⁺ He²⁺

C⁶⁺

TCS (10-16 cm2 )

Incident energy (keV/amu)