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HAL Id: jpa-00225501

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00225501

Submitted on 1 Jan 1986

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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WHISKER-REINFORCED OXIDE CERAMICS

N. Claussen, G. Petzow

To cite this version:

N. Claussen, G. Petzow. WHISKER-REINFORCED OXIDE CERAMICS. Journal de Physique Col-

loques, 1986, 47 (C1), pp.C1-693-C1-702. �10.1051/jphyscol:19861106�. �jpa-00225501�

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

C o l l o q u e Cl, s u p p l b m e n t a u n 0 2 , Tome 47, f 6 v r i e r 1986 p a g e cl-693

WHISKER-REINFORCED OXIDE CERAMICS

N. CLAUSSEN and G. PETZOW*

Technische Universitdt Hamburg-Harburg, P.O.B. 901403.

0-2100 Hamburg 90, F.R.G.

' ~ a x - ~ l a n c k - ~ n s t i t u t fiir Metallforschung. Heisenbergstrasse 5 , 0-7000 Stuttgart 80. F.R.G.

Resume

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Le r e n f o r c e m e n t p a r w i s k e r s e s t u n e t e c h n i q u e p r o m e t - t e u s e p o u r 1 1 a m 6 1 i o r a t i o n s i g n i f i c a t i v e d e s p r o p r i S t 6 s m6cani- q u e s d e s c e r a m i q u e s a u s s i b i e n p o u r l e s a p p l i c a t i o n s 5 h a u t e t e m p e r a t u r e q u t 2 b a s s e t e m p e r a t u r e . L e s e x e m p l e s d i s c u t e s d a n s c e t a r t i c l e c o n c e r n e n t d e s m a t r i c e s d 1 a 1 2 0 3 , c o r d i 6 r i t e , , m u l - l i t e e t z i r c o n e ; t o u t e s s o n t r e n f o r c e e s d e w i s k e r s d e S i c . A b s t r a c t

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W h i s k e r r e i n f o r c e m e n t r e p r e s e n t s ' a p r o m i s i n g t e c h n i q u e t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y i m p r o v e t h e m e c h a n i c a l b e h a v i o r o f o x i d e c e r a m i c s b o t h f o r low and h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e a p p l i - c a t i o n s . Examples d i s c u s s e d i n t h e p a p e r i n c l u d e t h e m a t r i x m a t e r i a l s Al2O3, c o r d i e r i t e , m u l l i t e a n d Z r 0 2 ; a l l r e i n f o r c e d w i t h S i c w h i s k e r s .

I

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INTRODUCTION

S t r u c t u r a l o x i d e . c e r a m i c s a r e l i m i t e d i n t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n n o t o n l y b e c a u s e o f t h e i r b r i t t l e n a t u r e , b u t a l s o b e c a u s e o f t h e h i g h - t e m p e r a t u r e c r e e p p e r f o r m a n c e which i s i n f e r i o r t o t h e c o v a l e n t l y bonded c e r a m i c s . T r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o u g h e n i n g h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l i e d t o a number o f o x i d e s / l / . However, t h e e f f e c t i v i t y o f t h i s t o u g h e n i n g mechanism d e c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g t e m p e r a t u r e , becoming i n e f f e c t i v e a t T

> -

700°C. F i b e r r e i n f o r c e m e n t o f f e r s t h e o p p o r - t u n i t y t o a c h i e v e v a l u a b l e s t r e n g t h and t o u g h n e s s i m p r o v e m e n t s b o t h a t low a n d h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s . T h i s h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d m a i n l y w i t h g l a s s a n d g l a s s c e r a m i c m a t r i c e s / 2 / . F o r h i g h - s t r e n g t h c r y s t a l l i n e o x i d e s , w h i s k e r s a r e a b e t t e r c h o i c e t h a n f i b e r s b e c a u s e o f t h e i r a b i l i t y t o s u r v i v e t h e s e v e r e h o t - p r e s s i n g c o n d i t i o n s n e c e s s a r y f o r i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o c e r a m i c m a t r i c e s / 3 - 5 / . The w h i s k e r s p r e s e n t l y a v a i l a b l e h a v e d i a m e t e r s of t h e same o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e a s t h e g r a i n s i z e of most of t h e s t r o n g o x i d e s , t h e i r s t r e n g t h s and Young's m o d u l i a r e much h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e o f t h e f i b e r s , t h e r e a r e no o u t - g a s s i n g n o r g r a i n - g r o w t h p r o b l e m s a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f i b e r s /6/ a n d n o r m a l c e r a m i c powder p r o c e s s i n g c a n b e a p p l i e d w i t h o u t t h e r m a l l y and m e c h a n i c a l l y d e g r a d i n g t h e w h i s k e r p r o p e r t i e s / 7 / .

A n o t h e r a t t r a c t i o n o f i n t r o d u c i n g w h i s k e r s i s t h e p r o s p e c t o f i n c r e a s i n g t h e room t e m p e r a t u r e s t r e n g t h o f some t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:19861106

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

t o u g h e n e d m a t e r i a l s , e s p e c i a l l y t e t r a g o n a l Zr02 p o l y c r y s t a l s (TZP) a n d PSZ, w h e r e t h e s t r e n g t h i s n o t c o n t r o l l e d by t h e l a r g e s t f l a w b u t by t h e mean c r i t i c a l s t r e s s r e q u i r e d t o i n i t i a t e t h e t r a n f o r m a t i o n / 8 , 9 / . T h i s i s s c h e m a t i c a l l y i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 1 . E . g . , Ce-TZP/10/

w i t h a t o u g h n e s s o f

-

500 MPa J m a n d a s t r e n g t h o f on.ly

-

500 MPa ( r i g h t s i d e o f s t r e n g t h / t o u g h n e s s a r e a ) c o u l d b e c o n s i d e r a b l y s t r e n g t h e n e d by t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f w h i s k e r s w h i t h o u t l o s s i n t o u g h -

F i g . l

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S c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m o f s t r e n g t h t o u g h n e s s r e l a t i o n i n TZP c e r a m i c s . The n u m b e r s r e p r e s e n t t h e a p p r o x i m a t e r a n g e o f v a l u e s a n t i c i p a t e d f o r 2-4 mole % Y203-TZP.

n e s s . On t h o t h e r h a n d , f i n e - g r a i n e d , h i g h - s t r e n g t h TZP c o u l d b e t o u g h e n e d by t h e w h i s k e r s , h o w e v e r , w i t h some l o s s i n s t r e n g t h i f t h e t h e r m a l m i s m a t c h b e t w e e n w h i s k e r s a n d t h e T Z P m a t r i x p r o d u c e s t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s i n t h e m a t r i x / 1 1 / .

The i n t e n d o f t h e p r e s e n t work was t o i n v e s t i g a t e p o s s i b l e p r e p a - r a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s t o a c h i e v e a homogeneous w h i s k e r d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d t o s t u d y t h e e f f e c t o f t h e r m a l m i s m a t c h o n t o u g h n e s s a n d s t r e n g t h , m a i n l y o f Zr02

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c o n t a i n i n g o x i d e s . S i c w h i s k e r s w e r e u s e d i n m o s t c a s e s .

I1

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

F o r most e x p e r i m e n t s i n t h e p r e s e n t work, S i c w h i s k e r s o f g r a d e SCW-1 ( " s e p a r a t e d a n d d i s p e r s i o n i m p r o v e d " ) f r o m T a t e h o Chem. I n d . , K a r i y a , J a p a n , w e r e u s e d . The p r o p e r t y d a t a g i v e n f o r t h e s e w h i s k e r s by t h e s u p p l i e r a r e a c o m p o s i t i o n o f

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9 5 % B-Sic, a n i m p u r i t y c o n t e n t ( % ) o f 0 . 1 5 Mg, 0 . 2 5 Ca, 0.31 A l , 0 . 0 4 F e , a r a n g e o f d i a m e t e r s f r o m 0 . 0 6 t o 0 . 2 pm a n d a r a n g e o f l e n g t h s f r o m 1 0 t o 40 pm. B e c a u s e t h e l o t a l s o c o n t a i n e d l a r g e r S i c p a r t i c l e s ( > 5 pm), t h e w h i s k e r s w e r e f i r s t u l t r a s o n i c a l l y d i s p e r s e d i n i s o p r o p a n o l a n d d e a g g l o m e r a t e d i n a t u m b l i n g m i x e r w i t h p l a s t i c b a l l s ( 3 mm 0) f o r 2 4 h. T h e r e a f t e r , m o s t o f t h e f r a g m e n t s

>

5 pm w e r e e l i m i n a t e d by s e d i m e n t a t i o n . I n t w o e x p l o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e A1203 w h i s k e r s ( T h e r m o k i n e t i c s , Washing- t o n , D.C.) a n d Si3N4 w h i s k e r s (SNW-1, T a t e h o ) i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o TZP and c o r d i e r i t e .

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The c e r a m i c m a t r i x p o w d e r s u s e d f o r t h e o x i d e c e r a m i c / w h i s k e r compo- s i t e s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 . The c o r d i e r i t e i s a n e x p e r i m e n t a l , f u l l y c r y s t a l l i z e d powder w h i c h i s r e a d i l y s i n t e r a b l e . The o t h e r m a t e r i a l s a r e w e l l - c h a r a c t e r i z e d s t a n d a r d g r a d e s .

T a b l e 1 : C e r a m i c p o w d e r s u s e d f o r t h e w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e s

C e r a m i c Powder S i c W h i s k e r s

A t t r i t i o n M i l l i n g

m

S u p p l i e r A l c o a , USA

D y n a m i t - N o b e l , FRG S c h o t t G l a s w e r k e , FRG MEL, U . K .

Toyo S o d a , J a p a n C e r a m i c

A1203 M u l l i t e C o r d i e r i t e m-Zr02 t - Z r 0 2

Tumble M i x i n g w i t h P l a s t i c B a l l s

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R o t o v a p D r y i n g

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H o t - P r e s s i n g Type

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TSK 3 ( 3 mole $ Y2O3)

E x t r u s i o n

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F i g . 2

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P r o c e s s i n g o f t h e w h i s k e r C o m p o s i t e s

.

The p r o c e s s i n g o f t h e c o m p o s i t e s i s s u m m a r i z e d i n F i g . 2 . A l l m a t r i x c o m p o s i t i o n s w i t h a n d w i t h o u t Z r 0 2 a d d i t i o n s w e r e a t t r i t i o n m i l l e d f o r 2 h i n i s o p r o p a n o l u s i n g TZP b a l l s f o r t h e A1203 a n d c o r d i e r i t e c o m p o s i t e s a n d A1203-Si02 b a l l s f o r t h e TZP and m u l l i t e c o m p o s i t e s . The w h i s k e r powder s l u r r i e s w e r e t h e n t u m b l e mixed w i t h 3 mm p l a s t i c b a l l s . I n m o s t c a s e s , t h e m i x t u r e s w e r e d r i e d i n a r o t o v a p d r y e r f o l l o w e d by u n i a x i a l h o t - p r e s s i n g i n BN-washed g r a p h i t e d i e s . . The h o t - p r e s s i n g c o n d i t i o n s w e r e 30 min. a t 1 5 5 0 ° C f o r Al2O3, 30 min. a t 1600°C f o r m u l l i t e , 10 min. a t 1300°C f o r c o r d i e r i t e a n d 10 min. a t 1450°C f o r TZP c o m p o s i t e s . I n a f e w e x p e r i m e n t s , e x t r u s i o n t h r o u g h a h y p o d e r m i c s y r i n g e w i t h a 1 mm o r i f i c e was t e s t e d w i t h a p l a s t i c i z e d m u l l i t e / w h i s k e r m i x t u r e a s a mean o f a c h i e v i n g u n i a x i a l a l i g n m e n t o f t h e w h i s k e r s . I n t h i s c a s e , p a c k a g e s o f a l i g n e d e x t r u d e d r o d s were h o t - p r e s s e d ( F i g . 3 ) .

The h o t - p r e s s e d d i s c s ( 3 5 mm i n d i a . , 1 0 mm t h i c k ) w e r e c u t i n t o r e c t a n g u l a r b e n d b a r s ( 3 0 X 30 X 2.5 mm). The f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s was m e a s u r e d by t h e ISB t e c h n i q u e i n & p o i n t b e n d i n g . C o n t r o l l e d f l a w s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d b y V i c k e r s i n d e n t a t i o n w i t h l o a d s o f b e t w e e n 10 a n d 1 2 5 0 N . The f r a c t u r e s t r e n g t h was m e a s u r e d i n 4 - p o i n t b e n d i n g ( 2 0 1 7 m m ) , t h e o r i e n t a t i o n b e i n g s u c h t h a t t h e t e n s i l e s u r f a c e was p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e HP d i r e c t i o n . S i x s p e c i m e n s were t e s t e d f o r e a c h S e t o f c o n d i t i o n s .

The f r a c t u r e s u r f a c e s w e r e a n a l y z e d by SEM, a n d t h e m i c r o s t r u c t u r e was e x a m i n e d by TEM and STEM.

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Hot - p r e s s e d

F i g . 3

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S c h e m a t i c o f u n i a x i a l a l i g n m e n t o f w h i s k e r s by h o t - p r e s s i n g p a c k a g e s o f e x t r u d e d c e r a m i c w h i s k e r r o d s .

I11

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The p r o c e s s i n g c o n d i t i o n s u s e d r e s u l t e d i n a l m o s t t h e o r e t i c a l l y d e n s e c o m p o s i t e s w i t h v e r y homogeneous d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e w h i s k e r s . The p r e f e r r e d l o n g - a x i s o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e w h i s k e r s was on p l a n e s p e r p e n - d i c u l a r t o t h e h o t - p r e s s i n g d i r e c t i o n ( w h i s k e r - p l a n e ) . The o v e r v i e w o p t i c a l m i c r o g r a p h i n F i g . 4 a shows a w h i s k e r p l a n e i n a 1 0 v o l . $ Z r 0 2 m u l l i t e c o m p o s i t e w i t h 20 v o l . % S i c w h i s k e r s . The TEM o v e r v i e w of a 30 v o l . % S i c w h i s k e r / T Z P m a t e r i a l ( F i g . 4 b ) a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e h o m o g e n e i t y o f t h e w h i s k e r d i s t r i b u t i o n I l l / . F r a c t u r e of w h i s k e r s was r a r e l y o b s e r v e d . R e a c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e S i c w h i s k e r s and t h e c e r a m i c m a t r i c e s s t u d i e d c o u l d n o t b e d e t e c t e d , a s was a l s o t h e c a s e f o r A1203 w h i s k e r s i n T Z P . Si3N4 w h i s k e r s , however, r e a c t e d s e v e r e l y w i t h Z r 0 2 - c o n t a i n i n g m a t e r l a l s .

R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e v a r i o u s o x i d e m a t r i x / S i C w h i s k e r s y s t e m s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s .

F i g . 4

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M i c r o s e c t i o n s o f " w h i s k e r p l a n e s m i n

a ) 1 0 v o l . % 21-02 m u l l i t e c o m p o s i t e w i t h 30 v o l . % S i c w h i s k e r s (LM) and b ) TZP/3O v o l . % S i c w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e (TEM).

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a ) A1203/SiC w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e s - - -

T a b l e 2 l i s t s s t r e n g t h a n d t o u g h n e s s d a t a o b t a i n e d a t room t e m p e r a - t u r e . F o r c o m p a r i s o n , d a t a f r o m R e f . 12 a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d . The l a t t e r v a l u e s , h o w e v e r , w e r e o b t a i n e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s u n d e r d i f f e - r e n t h o t - p r e s s i n g c o n d i t i o n s .

T a b l e 2: S t r e n g t h a n d t o u g h n e s s o f A1203/SiC w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e s . No.

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+ a n n e a l e d a t 1 5 0 0 ° C i n A r f o r 2 4 h ,

+ + d e t e r m i n e d f r o m i n d e n t a t i o n c r a c k l e n g t h s .

~ a t i i x A1203 A1203

A1203+15 t - Z r 0 2 (A1203+15 t - Z r 0 2 ) A120 +40 m-Zr02

( A I 2

3

3 + 4 0 m-ZrO2) m-Zr02 m-Zr02

The a d d i t i o n o f t - Z r 0 2 t o A1203 is more e f f e c t i v e i n i n c r e a s i n g t h e s t r e n g t h t h a n t h e t o u g h n e s s , a f e a t u r e w h i c h i s d u e t o t h e r e f i n e d m i c r o s t r u c t u r e / 1 3 / . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , w h i s k e r r e i n f o r c e m e n t r e s u l t s i n r e m a r k a b l e t o u g h n e s s e n h a n c e m e n t , a l t h o u g h t h e s t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e i s l e s s p r o n o u n c e d . T h i s f a c t c a n b e e x p l a i n e d by t h e h i g h t e n s i l e m a t r i x s t r e s s e s d u e t o t h e t h e r m a l m i s m a t c h b e t w e e n A1203 ( a m = 8 . 5 MK-l ) a n d S i c (ccw = 4.7 MK-I ) . An a v e r a g e v a l u e o f 485 MPa f o r t h e s e s s t r e s s e s may b e e s t i m a t e d / Q / . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e e f f e c t o f a l a r g e r c r i t i c a l f l a w s i z e d u e t o some w h i s k e r c l u s t e r i n g h a s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d .

W h i s k e r + 20 S i c + 20 S i c + 20 S i c

+ 20 S i c

The c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e two t o u g h e n i n g m e t h o d s (No 4 i n T a b l e 2 ) y i e l d s a t o u g h n e s s i n c r e a s e ( - 9.0 MPa fi) w h i c h i s much more t h a n t h e sum o f t h e two s i n g l e t o u g h n e s s i n c r e m e n t s ( s e e T a b l e 2 , No 2 : 3.8 ~ ~ a J i i i a n d No 3: 1 . 5 ~ P a f i ) . H e n c e , t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a p o s i t i v e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o u g h e n i n g a n d w h i s k e r r e i n f o r c e - m e n t a p p e a r s t o b e e v i d e n c e d by t h e r e s u l t s .

The s a m e a r g u m e n t s a s f o r t h e No 2 c o m p o s i t e a p p l y t o t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e No 4 c o m p o s i t e . F u r t h e r i n c r e a s e s i n s t r e n g t h s h o u l d b e p o s s i b l e by r e d u c i n g t h e t h e r m a l m i s m a t c h s t r e s s e s , e . g . , by i n t r o d u c i n g A1203 w h i s k e r s o r by u t i l i z i n g t h e p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ( s e e c h a p t e r I V ) . SEM e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e f r a c t u r e s u r f a c e s s u g g e s t s c r a c k d e f l e c t i o n a s t h e m a i n w h i s k e r t o u g h e n i n g mechanism. P u l l - o u t was r a r e l y o b s e r v e d . b ) m u l l i t e / S i C w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e s

- -

-

- -

-

- - - - -

Room t e m p e r a t u r e s t r e n g t h a n d t o u g h n e s s d a t a a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 3 . I n m u l l i t e c o m p o s i t e s , w h i s k e r a n d Z r 0 2 t o u g h e n i n g a p p e a r t o b e a d d i - t i v e . T h e r e i s n o o b v i o u s a d d i t i o n a l i n t e r a c t i o n e f f e c t . S i n c e t h e t h e r m a l m i s m a t c h i s n e g l i g i b l e b e t w e e n m u l l i t e a n d S i c , t h e s t r e n g t h a n d KI, a r e i m p r o v e d t o t h e same d e g r e e . The r e l a t i v e l y l o w s t r e n g t h o f t h e a l i g n e d w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e s (Nos. 6 a n d 7 i n T a b l e 3 , F i g . 5 ) , may b e e x p l a i n e d by t h e f a c t t h a t s t r e s s s i n g u l a r i t i e s a t s t r o n g l y b o n d e d w h i s k e r s c a n l e a d t o p r e m a t u r e f a i l u r e a n d t h a t c r a c k d e f l e c - t i o n i s l e s s e f f e c t i v e a s a mechanism i f t h e c r a c k p l a n e i s p e r p e n d i -

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Cl-698 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

c u l a r t o t h e w h i s k e r s . A t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e , when w h i s k e r p u l l - o u t may become e f f e c t i v e d u e t o i n t e r f a c e s o f t e n i n g , t h e a l i g n e d c o m p o s i t e s may e x h i b i t s u p e r i o r s t r e n g t h s .

T a b l e 3: S t r e n g t h and t o u g h n e s s o f m u l l i t e / S i C w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e s . No

I

C o m p o s i t i o n , v o l . %

I

M a t r i x 1 ( M u l l i t e

2

I

M u l l i t e + 10Zr07 L

3 Mull i t e

4 ( M u l l i t e + 1 0 Z r 0 2 ) 5 ( M u l l i t e + 1 0 Z r 0 2 )

6 Mull i t e

7 M u l l i t e

W h i s k e r

S t r e n g t h , MPa

-4

F i g . 5

-

M u l l i t e / l O v o l . % S i c w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e e x t r u d e d t h r o u g h a 1 mm o r i f i c e o f a h y p o d e r m i c s y r i n g e .

a) SEM f r a c t o g r a p h o f t h e g r e e n e x t r u d e d r o d a n d b ) m i c r o s e c t i o n o f t h e " w h i s k e r p l a n e " .

c ) C o r d i e r i t e / S i C w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e s

- -

T a b l e 4 g i v e s some p r e l i m i n a r y K I ~ a n d s t r e n g t h r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d a t room t e m p e r a t u r e a n d a t 1000°C.

T a b l e 4: S t r e n ~ t h a n d t o u g h n e s s o f c o r d i e & t e / S i C w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e s .

*

Hot p r e s s e d a t 1250°C f o r 3 0 min.

- -

The f a v o r a b l e t h e r m a l mismatch becomes o b v i o u s from t h e g r e a t l y improved s t r e n g t h o f t h e w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e s . The h i g h e r s t r e n g t h o f c o m p o s i t e No 4 when compared t o t h a t o f No 3 i s p a r t l y d u e t o t h e e n h a n c e d d e n s i f i c a t i o n b e h a v i o u r a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Zr02 d i s p e r s i o n s i n c o r d i e r i t e .

S t r e n g t h , MPa R T 1 0 0 0 ° C ~ 1 8 0 1 7 0

190 160

260 245

380 300

No 1

*

2 3

*

4

W h i s k e r

+ 20 S i c 20 S i c C o m p o s i t i o n , v o l . $

M a t r i x C o r d i e r i t e

C o r d i e r i t e + 20 Zr02 Cord i e r i t e

( C o r d i e r i t e + 20 Z r 0 2 ) +

K l c , ~ P a f i R T

2.2 n. d.

3.7 n. d.

(8)

( d ) TZP/SiC w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e s -

-

- - - - - - - -

The TZP m a t r i x c o n s i s t e d o f t e t r a g o n a l g r a i n s , t y p i c a l l y

<

0 . 5 pm i n s i z e , t h i s m i c r o s t r u c t u r e b e i n g a r e s u l t o f t h e s h o r t t i m e a n d l o w t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e h o t - p r e s s i n g . No c r y s t a l l i n e p h a s e s w e r e d e t e c t e d o t h e r t h a n t - Z r 0 2 a n d S i c . An a m o r p h o u s p h a s e a t t h e w h i s k e r m a t r i x i n t e r f a c e , 1-5 nm t h i c k , was o b s e r v e d i n TEM / l l / . I n some c a s e s , g l a s s y p o c k e t s had f o r m e d a d j a c e n t t o t h e w h i s k e r s ( F i g . 6 ) .

F i g . 6

-

D a r k - f i e l d TEM o f S i c w h i s k e r / T Z P c o m p o s i t e s h o w i n g g l a s s p o c k e t s ( g ) n e a r r a d i a l w h i s k e r c r o s s s e c t i o n .

T a b l e 5: S t r e n g t h a n d t o u g h n e s s o f TZP/SiC w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e s .

The t o u g h n e s s v a l u e s a n d s t r e n g t h s o f 3Y-TZP w i t h 0 , 20 a n d 30 v o l . % S i c w h i s k e r s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 5 . The m a t r i x shows t h e c h a r a c t e r i s - t i c p r o p e r t i e s o f h i g h - s t r e n g t h TZP w i t h r e l a t i v e l y l o w t o u g h n e s s . The l a t t e r may b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e s m a l l s i z e o f t h e t - Z r 0 2 g r a i n s w h i c h p r e v e n t s t h e i r t r a n s f o r m i n g o n s t r e s s l o a d i n g . T h u s , t h e i n c r e a s e i n f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s of t h e w h i s k e r composite.^ i s a s s u m e d t o o r i g i n a t e from t h e w h i s k e r s w h e r e c r a c k d e f l e c t i o n a p p e a r s t o b e t h e d o m i n a n t t o u g h e n i n g mechanism.

W h i s k e r d e b o n d i n g a n d p u l l - o u t a t r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e was r a r e l y o b s e r v e d , p r o b a b l y d u e t o t h e s t r o n g i n t e r f a c i a l b o n d i n g , a n d s o d i d n o t c o n t r i b u t e much t o t h e t o u g h e n i n g . The bond s t r e n g t h may r e s u l t f r o m c h e m i c a l b o n d i n g , t h e r m a l m i s m a t c h s t r a i n s a n d i n t e r f a c i a l r o u g h n e s s . O n l y i n c a s e s w h e r e t h e w h i s k e r s w e r e n e a r l y p a r a l l e l t o t h e f r a c t u r e p l a n e d i d some d e b o n d i n g t a k e p l a c e . I n a l l c a s e s , t h e m a t r i x f r a c t u r e was p r e d o m i n a n t l y i n t e r g r a n u l a r .

No 1 2 3

C o m p o s i t i o n , v o l . $ M a t r i x

3Y-TZP 3Y-TZP 3Y-TZP

S t r e n g t h , MPa R T 1 000 O C 1 1 5 0 1 6 0

600 340

5 9 0 3 8 0 W h i s k e r

+ 20 S i c

+ 30 S i c

K I ~ , M P ~ J ~

RT 6 . 8 1 0 . 2 1 1 . 0

(9)

JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

800

I

I

\

3Y Sic-Whiskers -TZP + 30%

.

As-Recieved 9 '

0

25 1000

'Test Temperature , O C

F i g . 7

-

F l e c t u r a l s t r e n g t h o f TZP w i t h a n d w i t h o u t S i c - w h i s k e r r e i n f o r c e m e n t . T h e r m a l m i s m a t c h s t r e s s e s r e d u c e t h e s t r e n g t h a t RT, w h i l e m o d u l u s l o a d t r a n s f e r becomes e f f e c t i v e a t 1 OOO°C.

The f r a c t u r e s t r e n g t h i s r e d u c e d t o a l m o s t h a l f t h e TZP m a t r i x s t r e n g t h by t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f w h i s k e r s b e c a u s e o f t h e h i g h t e n s i l e m a t r i x s t r e s s e s d u e t o t h e t h e r m a l m i s m a t c h ( u T Z p = 11 MK-I 1.

The s i t u a t i o n i s m a r k e d l y d i f f e r e n t a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s . A t 1 0 0 0 ° C , t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e i s n e a r l y t w i c e t h a t o f t h e TZP m a t r i x ( F i g . 7 ) . The t h e r m a l m i s m a t c h s t r e s s e s a r e much l o w e r t h a n a t room t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e i n t e r f a c i a l l a y e r h a s s o f t e n e d t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t some w h i s k e r p u l l - o u t ( F i g . 8 ) c a n t a k e p l a c e .

F i g . 8

-

S c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o g r a p h s o f TZP/30 v o l . $ w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e s f r a c t u r e d a t 1000°C. Some d e b o n d i n g a n d p u l l - o u t o c c u r r e d . I n s a m p l e s a n n e a l e d f o r 1 2 0 h a t 1 0 3 0 ° C i n a i r , t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e a m o r p h o u s l a y e r i n c r e a s e d d r a s t i c a l l y a t t h e i n t e r f a c e ( - 50 nm, F i g . 9 ) a n d b e t w e e n t h e TZP g r a i n s n e a r S i c w h i s k e r s . B e s i d e s S i a n d Z r , t h e g l a s s e s p h a s e c o n t a i n e d Y a n d some A l . The f o r m a t i o n o f ZrSiOq was n o t o b s e r v e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , m o s t o f t h e g r a i n s c l o s e t o t h e w h i s k e r s w e r e t r a n s f o r m e d t o m s y m m e t r y w i t h m i c r o c r a c k s a l o n g t h e g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s . T h i s c a n b e e x p l a i n e d by t h e o x i d a t i o n o f S i c w h i s k e r s u n d e r t h e a n n e a l i n g c o n d i t i o n s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e a m o r p h o u s s i l i c a t e p h a s e a n d by d i s s o l u t i o n o f Y2O3 i n t o t h e g l a s s y p h a s e , l e a d i n g t o Y - d e p l e t i o n o f t h e t - Z r 0 2 g r a i n s w h i c h t h e n e a s i l y t r a n . 3 - f o r m . M i c r o c r a c k i n g i s t h e n c a u s e d by t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a n d p o s s i b l y by some CO p r e s s u r e b u i l d - u p .

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F i g . 9

-

TZP-30 v o l . $ S i c - w h i s k e r c o m p o s i t e a n n e a l e d f o r 1 2 0 h a t 1030°C i n a i r . The g l a s s y i n t e r f a c e l a y e r i s

-

50 nm t h i c k ( g ) . Almost a l l g r a i n s h a v e t r a n s f o r m e d t o m o n o c l i n i c symmetry. Some m i c r o c r a c k s (mc) a r e v i s i b l e .

I V

-

CONTROL OF THERMAL MISMATCH

I n o x i d e c e r a m i c s w i t h c o e f f i c i e n t s o f e x p a n s i o n l a r g e r t h a n t h a t o f S i c , t h e r m a l m i s m a t c h s t r e s s e s a r e p r o d u c e d on c o o l i n g t h e composi t e f r o m t h e p r e p a r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e which c a n c o n s i d e r a b l y d e c r e a s e t h e s t r e n g t h . T h e s e d e t r i m e n t a l s t r e s s e s , h o w e v e r , c a n b e r e d u c e d by u t i l i z i n g a p r o p e r amount o f t h e r m a l l y t r a n s f o r m a b l e 21-02. The p r i n c i p l e o f c o n t r o l l i n g t h e t h e r m a l m i s m a t c h s t r e s s e s by t h i s method i s e x p l a i n e d i n F i g . 1 0 . T h i s s c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m shows t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e a v e r a g e r e s i d u a l m a t r i x s t r e s s e s w i t h o u t ( v o ) a n d w i t h ( v l , v 2 ) two d i f f e r e n t volume f r a c t i o n s o f t r a n s f o r m a b l e Zr02.

The m a t r i x s t r e s s e s i n t h e c o m p o s i t e w i t h o u t t r a n s f o r m a b l e Z r 0 2 , i . e . , c o n t a i n i n g o n l y r e t a i n e d t - Z r 0 2 , a r e t e n s i l e a t room t e m p e r a - t a r e f o r a m

>

a,, w h i l e t h e s t r e s s e s a t v1 a r e j u s t b a l a n c e d a n d t h o s e a t v2 a r e c o m p r e s s i v e . The a v e r a g e m a t r i x s t r e s s e s a t T

<

Mf

( m a r t e n s i t e f i n i s h t e m p e r a t u r e ,

-

700°C) c a n b e e s t i m a t e d f r o m :

w h e r e Em ( - 400 GPa) a n d E, ( - 580 G P a ) a r e t h e m a t r i x (A1203-Zr02) and w h i s k e r ( S i c ) Young's m o d u l i , W i s t h e w h i s k e r volume f r a c t i o n a n d Tg ( - 1200°C) t h e t e m p e r a t u r e below which i n t e r f a c i a l r e l a x a t i o n no l o n g e r t a k e s p l a c e . i s t h e d i l a t i o n a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s t r a i n . The method was t e s t e d w i t h c o m p o s i t e No 6 ( T a b l e 2 ) . While a w h i s k e r - f r e e A1203 w i t h 40 v o l . % m-Zr02 (No 5 ) was h e a v i l y c r a c k e d d u e t o t h e l a r g e volume c h a n g e ( - 5 $ ) a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e z i r c o n i a t r a n s - f o r m a t i o n , t h e same s y s t e m when u s e d a s m a t r i x w i t h 20 v o l . $ S i c w h i s k e r s e x h i b i t e d b o t h h i g h KI, and s t r e n g t h . S i n c e t h e two-phase m a t r i x i s n o t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o u g h e n e d , t h e e n h a n c e d p e r f o r m a n c e , e s p e c i a l l y i n s t r e n g t h , h a s t o b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e r e d u c e d t h e r m a l mismatch s t r e s s e s i n t h e m a t r i x . The r e s i d u a l s t r e s s i n t h e No 6 c o m p o s i t e i s -1 90 MPa, h e n c e c o m p r e s s i v e . Even c o m p o s i t e s c o n s i s t i n g o f m-Zr02 a s t h e o n l y m a t r i x p h a s e c o u l d , w i t h 20 v o l . $ S i c w h i s k e r s , b e f a b r i c a t e d w i t h h i g h t o u g h n e s s (No 8 ) .

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JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Temperature

F i g . 1 0

-

1 ) S c h e m a t i c d i l a t o - m e t e r c u r v e o f a w h i s k e r compo- s i t e w i t h o u t ( v o ) a n d w i t h two d i f f e r e n t volume f r a c t i o n s o f t h e r m a l l y t r a n s f o r m a b l e Zr02 ( v 1 , v 2 ) .

b ) A v e r a g e r e s i d u a l m a t r i x s t r e s s e s i n t h e w h i s k e r compo- s i t e f o r a m > a w . MS a n d Mf a r e t h e m a r t e n s i t e s t a r t a n d f i n i s h t e m p e r a t u r e , As t h e a u s t e n i t e s t a r t t e m p e r a t u r e .

V

-

CONCLUSIONS

1 . The t h e r m a l mismatch s t r e s s e s s t r o n g l y a f f e c t t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e c o m p o s i t e s , e . g . t h e r o o m - t e m p e r a t u r e s t r e n g t h of TZP i s r e d u c e d , w h i l e t h a t o f ' m u l l i t e a n d c o r d i e r i t e b a s e d c o m p o s i t e s i s i n c r e a s e d by t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n of S i c w h i s k e r s . The s t r e n g t h a t 1000°C o f TZP and c o r d i e r i t e was c o n s i d e r a b l y e n h a n c e d by t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n of S i c w h i s k e r s .

2. The f r a c t u r e t o u g h n e s s o f a l l o x i d e c e r a m i c s s t u d i e d was e n h a n c e d by t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n of S i c w h i s k e r s . The d o m i n a n t t o u g h e n i n g mechanism a p p e a r s t o b e a c r a c k d e f l e c t i o n .

3. An a d d i t i o n a l t o u g h n e s s c o n t r i b u t i o n may r e s u l t from t h e i n t e r - a c t i o n o f t h e s t r e s s - i n d u c e d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a n d t h e w h i s k e r r e i n f o r c e m e n t .

4. The t h e r m a l mismatch s t r e s s e s i n TZP- a n d A1203-based c o m p o s i t e s c a n b e r e d u c e d by a d d i n g a n a p p r o p r i a t e amount o f t h e r m a l l y t r a n s f o r m a b l e Zr02.

V 1

-

ACKNOWLEGMENT

The a u t h o r s t h a n k M. Riihle f o r t h e TEM i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a n d K.-L. Weisskopf f o r h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n s . F u r t h e r t h a n k s a r e d u e t o H ; -Y; L i u f o r t h e m u l l i t e / w h i s k e r e x p e r i m e n t s .

REFERENCES

/ l / C l a u s s e n , N . , Riihle, M. a n d H e u e r , A .H. ( e d s . )

,

Advances i n C e r a m i c s , v o l . 1 2 , The American C e r a m i c S o c i e t y , ( 1 9 8 4 ) .

/ 2 / Prewo, K.M. a n d B r e n n a n , J . J . , J . Mat. S c i . 1 5 ( 1 9 8 0 ) 463.

/ 3 / G.C. Wei a n d P.F. B e c h e r , Am-Ceram. Soc. B u l l . , 6 4 , 298 ( 1 9 8 5 ) . / 4 / P.F. B e c h e r a n d G.C. Wei, J . Am. Ceram. S o c . , 6 7 , C-267 ( 1 9 8 4 ) . / 5 / N . C l a u s s e n , Mat. S c i . Eng., 7 1 , 2 3 ( 1 9 8 5 ) .

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