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Old regime and modernity in Egypt: Al-Jabarti and the ambiguous heritage of the French Revolution

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HAL Id: halshs-00337970

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00337970

Submitted on 10 Nov 2010

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Old regime and modernity in Egypt: Al-Jabarti and the ambiguous heritage of the French Revolution

Nora Lafi

To cite this version:

Nora Lafi. Old regime and modernity in Egypt: Al-Jabarti and the ambiguous heritage of the French

Revolution. Internation Conference on Global History, 2008, Dresde, Germany. �halshs-00337970�

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