ai., f-ge?f I

WORLD ^HEALTH

ORGANIZATION

ONCEOCf,RCI iSTS

n\] TEE VOIT,\

CON.IIIOL PROGP.'; iI.E Rr\IER B]',SI}T J.?.f,i

ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE

LA

SANTE

O;lIGINirL c Ei{GLISH

&P/E\C4,4

(ocp/at.+)

EXPERT I.DVIS O,],Y C OI,O/TITIM

For:rth session

E-egtu-a+r.!.F-es.@ql-lesr.

COIfMMU'IIO],T TO

TIfi

Mj,}ISI{TSSIOI{ OF 01.[C}iOCEF.C,\ VOLVULUS

BY DIITEiIEi{T SPECIES 0I'

Tm

SIIVIULIU}.{ D\ICI'I0SUIvl COIIPL}X

IN TFIE PROGR{}O{E ANEJ.

fn

ord.er

to

understand.

the

epid.emiological

implications of

the

seasona1aovenentsofthef1ypopuIationsofthe!-l+4ug-@

cornplex,

it

^was necessaxy

to

d.eterrtine

the vectorial role of

^each

vector

species and

its contribution to the

transnrission

of

_0ncboge..rca

volvulus in various bio-clinatic

^zones

in

the Prograrute

a,rea. In this respect the

tvro savaJlna species

f "*-lrysuq s.s.

^artiL

^{S. :i=!a4lro}

^{as rrrell}

as

S.

squanosuiii were

stud,ied..

^The stud.ies on

the vectorial role

of

s.

@icTIiIIlTlF...S_oulrense ^were

of particular interest as this

^species

pair

d.eveloped.

resistance to

tenephos and. chlorphoxin

in fvory

Coast and Gharra

(cuittet

_S-t*a1., 1980,

Kurtak.e!*;1L.,

L9B2) and

therefore

might represent an

inportant operational

^question.

Special stud.ies were undertaken

to obtain

d.ata on tLre transrnission

of .0-yglyullp- ^by ti:e different vector species.

^{Such data could.}

not

be

obtained frorn

results of routine

d.issections

by

@P

sta"ff

because

of

the

d.ifficulties in identifying the

ad.ult

fenales of the d.ifferent

species.

Id.entif

ications

Iclentification of ^thc flies

r+as nad.e accord.ing

to

norphologic'aI characters such as

tlie

wing

tuft colour (cclour of the

setae

of

the stern

vein)

(ilurtat<

et a1.,

19BO),

the

colou.r

of the posteranial

hairs and

the arculus (lur:g

^and Peterson, 1980) and

the

conpaction

of

the antenna

(Qrirt6r6r6

_-qJ--4.

, ^1977).

Furthernore

tne fenales

were

categorized. norphor:retrically accord.ing

to their thorax length to

antenna 1erlgth

ratio

r,'hich are

highest in _I

=--{gryre.9qp/!r-

i-tI!3IIrf

,

lor.rest

in

S.-.sanct!pau1_ir{$-.-.s,or.rlc.rense and. inderned.iate

in

flr--g-qqasfm

(carns et ai., f-ge?f

Species comp*osltion

of biting fly

populations

The speci-es conposition

of biting fly

populations caught

at

_vaxious

seasons

of tire year at various sites in the

Progranne area

in lvory

Coast, Togo and. Benin

(figr:re 1) are

surnna::ized

in

^Ta.bles

1

arrd 2.

2

Seasonal changes

of

species corupositions were

particularly

^obvious

in the

Uestern

pari of the

P::ograome aJtea,

.in Ivory Coast. At

^the begin::ing

of the rainy

season,

s.

damnosum/s' SiTb.aSuIr nere the^predo- roinant

species,

Ie.tokaha,

Site ffi

l'tarcfr-and-ad t'Iaseadougpu,

Site

I{t

in May,td. J,:ne.

^trbon

^{July to}

^Noverober

^the

population

of ^S.

aam:osuno'/

s.

sirbanr:m

fenales

^decreased

t"'Tn @"";;""g;;)

""rd f% (fri6-ro-aoueou'

;i;;":' lilr"" ^rtion,of s'

i'a'mrosr:rP'/s, Pirbarrr:ro wag gomernrhat higher-than

that of S.jranctipauli/S.

^soubrensg

in

^0ctober'

dffit; s.-;*r"iir"ti " ;

^becane

^the pretlorirr*)I p?*]i:

SeaSonal chapges

of

species composition were

also

obserned

at

T6t6tou

(Site J)

^on

^the

^{River Mono,} Togo, whele

the proportion.of^

Natural infections

1rhe stuclies

cagied out

^by Traor6

et a1.r(f9gZ) U ^tvory

^Coast

1rhe stuclies

cagied out

^by Traor6

et al.r(f9gZ)

^1,1

^tvory

^Coast

at the three sites jn

Guinea-savanna (fig,1ae

1)

^shoved

higher infection rates of

^S.

^S-

^{sirbarn:m than}

of S. sanctilaUfileoubrmse,' In

S-""*r"tio.Ji76.-to"Ut"".":.t"r.uiea ^iron

^2ol/o

ⁱⁿ

^t'tay

^to

^{aLoost 100%}

^ln

S.

aawrosum/S. sirbaaun

vere

^founcl'

in

^the

Norttr

of

^Benin

ai

^CUasqq

(Sit@

_.A ^few-

S, eanqtiBuli

;:^;;;";""J2-.r-re-gl.,'24/a/st,

^Ga.ms

S! 4.,

^{19BI) reachetl as}

^far

^North

a:;#"*ffii; ;) "" it! "rr" ^,i'rer svst6.-verr-r?w

^s',

=san9*+Iggly

^,

S.

soubrense fenaies were found" on

the

^M6

River at

^{Md Briclge}

^{(Site D)}

^and'

;ffic) i" toso. ^S.

^{sqBamosup was}

^ttle

p_rcdornincnt speoies on

the

^M6

at the

two

sites. Sl a"#i-u.,-E ri"U*,r- polulations

d.ecreased

fron nearly

45%

to alnos@

_Qean

during the ralny

^season.

At

Tizao-,

further

south almost

all biting flies

caught belonged

to S-

souanosu.m. fboro

the

^'vJest

to the Eastl at

^{Landa Fozancla}

^(Site f),

-

fAa;Ano-('site

^{G) and B6t6rou}

^{(site II) a}

progressive iacrease

in

the

proportion of ^S.

d.amnosr:ro/S. sirbanum could be obserred.

S.

d.a,mrosum,/S. s

2.7/o out carried.

In

both sPeoles the than

in the dry

season.

ected and 1.

of ²

O15 pa,rous

flies Qo.ilr)

d.j.ssected ^were

infective

^{larva1 sta^ses}

of

O. vohmlus.

infection rate

^was

^higher in the rairry

^season

fbaor6 ot

^aI_.

^(f9ge)

^obserued.

^a

pronounced. zooph-ilic tt3slrPrefereace

of S- sanctiilauE/S.

.orrt=".r"" wlr-ile

only verl'

few

S'

damos,lpn'/sir- Pinun

i"rEie i-t".

^They

^also

^forrnd

^S'

sanctiPag+i/

S.

^{soubrense females}

to

concentrate

near therivers

^showlng

a limited

mae"-cy tmisperse ^{fron the}

^water

courses. At

NtGolodougou

in

^a

clistance

of

100 metres

fron the river ^only

^5. flo

of the fenale

for:nd close

to the

water cou3,se were

caught. !\:rthe:more, they

^obSerned'

a

reduced

longevity of S. sancjipauli/S. soublelse^females.

^Theee observations ^may

erplain tr,e rim s,

s?Pcti8*u11(s.=p?rtrinse

in

thl

^area

investigated.

^For

this

^species

^pair

^{tfre MIP} calculated' ^bry _.

1y;";-S!}. (ileZl

was 10.?

for ^{ihe rainy}

^{aeason (rnean}

^of

^{{- nonths)}

and none

during the

^{drY season.}

Results

of

&issectiong

of flies

^caught

tturing the rainy

season

in

^Togo and Senin ancl analysed by Garms

9!3.,

^{(f9eO-e2) and Renz}

(ryAl)

a^re sumnarized.

in

^Table

]. ^In all

cases

the infection

^rateg

of S.

d.amrosum/S. sirbanr:m were

higher

than those

of S.

squanosua'and.

trro@er

than

Iho"" of ^S. sa$ctipaTfm-ubrense.

Theproportionofparousf1ieswithinfectivestagesof9g@was

higher in the f1y

populatj.ons

investigated

by Ga.:ms

et aI.

than

in

those stud.ied. by

Renz.

Consequently

the

estimated number

of infective

larrrae

per

1O0O females

also differed

consid.erably,

particularly in

regard.

to F.

d.amosqg/Q._rsirbarn:n md

l:--g@Etsg ^(raure 7).

Eowever, both

pu"i r

^although

showing lower

infection rates, ca;ried

marry more i-nfective than

S.

d.arulosum/S. girbarnuo and. S. _, squaaosum and

therefore plays the

^most important

role in the

transmission

of O_.lqlU$gg at least jn _the

_eouthern

part of

^{Togo and. Benin.}

Ihe

number

of F. sanctippuli/S..

soubr.ense females caught

in

the

northern parts of ^the

^two cor:ntries

are too

sua1l

to

draw any conclusions.

Eowever, as

the

numbers

are very

sma1l

their veotorial role is ^certainly

limited.

4rpgrimeatgl

ilf

^ecttons

hcperinental infections

were perfomed

in lvory

Coast and by Barbiero

(tgAZ),

Orna,

Togo

to

evaluate

the ability of vectors

species

to

transrn-it loca1 and

"importedrt ^fo:sos

of 0.

voIvulus.

In

^{Ivozy Coast} fo:mer

studies canied. out jn

zone

(Hrilippon

7977, Qui116v6rd

t979t

and. others

by hod.rhon

e.!=!. (l!8r)

(igez)

and

n6z-(rgar) i"

the forest

and

pre-forest

showed. an

inportant

experimental

vectorial

capacity

of [.

^{sanct sou supporting}

wo:m br:rdens

of

11

to

¹⁵

infective larvae per fIy. In ^the

humid-savanna Prod thon

g! gI. ^(198r)

observed

a parasitic load of L-lggglllg*i

S.

soubre+se fed. on loca1 volunteers

of 5 to

B

third.

stege larvae.

me propoiifon of

infected.

flies

ranged from 2?/o

to

806 tleBending on

the microfilarial

^Ioad.

of

the voh:nteers.

In

^Togo transmission erperiments by Barbeiro

(f9eZ),

Oroar (f9ge)

and Renz

(lggl)

have revealed

striking differences in the

varj.ous

parasite- vector

complexes

in the

northern ^gavanna and. southerrr

foregt.

^{1lhus, the}

experimental

vectorial

capacity

varied

considerably aoongst

the diJferent

specj.es

or

species

pairs of the

complex,

in

regard.

to the ability

to

ingest

ancl support developuent

of 0. volvu1us. At

land.a Pozand.a (Suaan- savanna),

similar rates of infections

ana fow

parasitic

loads were found

in

popuLation

of S.

d.amosum,/S. sirbarn:m

(infection rate

{0-60/o7

parasitic

load.

2,2-).2) and rate

411L44%t

puasitic

load

J.z)

^{tea on}

i Iocaffiffi At Djodji (forest) microlilariae

froro a

volunteer of the

savanna area (Iand.a Pozanda) d.eveloped

very poorly in the IocaI

population

of

^S.- squa&osUg

(infection rate

6/*Ldp6,

parasitic

1oad.,

L-r).

Ilowever,

n:-&ofif-ari.ie

from

a

Ioca1 r'forestrr volunteer developed.

relatively well in the

1ocaI populations

of

S

(infection rates

^2O'fi,

parasitic

loacl

{.9-5.1).

^S

irom

Djodji

^and T6t6iou

(pre-forest) supportla & ^S.

^soubrense

of microfilariae of

volu:rteers

of the forest

zone and from

the

savanna zone.

fhe

was

the

4

infection rate

^and.

parasitic

load.

withtrforestrt microfilariae

6l-65910 and.

4.1-7.8 infective larvaer with

'rsavannarr

microfilariae figures

^weTe ,1-45% ^and'

4.2-9.6 infective

la.rvae.

Previous stud.ies on the histocheraical

differentiation of

^Onchocerca

laryae in ^S.

^{daronosun connplex species}

in the

^OCP area have revealed

that the proporTios,sE irfective ^larvae,

morphologlcally ind.istinguishable

but

enzymatically separable from O. volrmlus ^varied-

greatly ln

^the

&ifferent

regions

of-tfr" erog3aeff;;;A?

^Ga,rms

^flef ).

^{The propor-}

tion of non-lp@g larvae

^and

the flies ^carlTing

^them were highest

in the

^{West and} d.ecreased.

progressively to ^the

^{eastern areas}

of

the Prograrone.

fhe overall

percentage

d.istribution of infective larvae

enzlrmatica3-Iy separable

fron

S_Jg!151!gg. from

positive flies ^caught-in

Togo averaged

8.91t

they were for:nd

in

8.ry6

of ^the flies

^dissected

^(0nar

^l9B2).

However,thepercentaged.istribrrtionofnon.@1arrraevariecI'

greatly jn _the flies of the d.ifferent

catching

sites. ^At

^{Landa Pozancla}

(situ i') trr"

percentage

of larvae,/flies

concerned ^was

lQ.2/9.?

^whereas

it fdteiou (Site.t) ii

was

2,4f4.O.

^A11 species and species

pairs

investigated.,

S.

da.mrosum/S. sirbarrunr

E:.-ggll@

^and

F.

sa9ctipalJ-i

S.

soubrense

cffi-stages of non-gglg1$ filarial

^species.

C

^presence

of

non-volvu1us

filarial larvae indicates the zoophilic

tenrierrcy

of the

species

or

species pai-rs and

their

involvement

jn

_the

transmission

of

^ani-mal

filariae in ^{both the}

^{savanna and}

^forest

^areas

ln

^Togo.

Conclusion

Since progress had been mad.e

recently

toward.s

identifyrnq

fenaLes

of the S.

aamnosun complex by using morphological characters (Qui116v6rd

g!,1.,msr9}o,Dangand-Peteisonr9eo,Ga.:enss-eI:'19B2) it

^tecane

^possible to

d"ete::nine

the vectorial capacities of

^single

cytospecies

or

^species

^pairs

^{j.:: mixed.} populations.

Such

investigations

were

of particular interest in Ivory

Coast ^ancl

in

Togo and. Benj-rr because

of the d.ifferent bioclimatic

zonation and. the

variety of S.

d.a.mrosum complex

species.

^Special

attention

was paid.

to the

species

pair S. sanctipauli/S. soubrense.

With

the

appearance

of resistance to

^{temEphos and} chlorphoxim

of this

^species

pair the

^questlon arose whether

the

females

of

those

flies

no:ma11y

occ\rrl$g in the forest

and

pre-forest

zone arld being

potential _vectors there,

would

also

be

potential vectors of 9:-@ of ^the

^{sava;nna axeas}

particularly in protected

savarma areas

of the

^OCP which

they

invad.e cluring

the rainy

season.

Although

S. sanctipauli/S.

soubrense was found

to

^{have a high}

experimentat

v@ in

^{rnunia sava.nna areas}

in

Ivory Coast (Frodthon

e g.,

^LgBr)

their ^natgral vectorial capacity is

ve11r 1ow and theilplEy-hard.Iy ^any

role in ^the

transmission

of 9.

^volYlr}us,

i1 iti" r=et (tiaor6-et ^al.-, l9B2).

^{The 1ow}

vectorial capacity,

^although

highly receptive to

saGnna

0. volvulus microfilariae, is

^due

to

^a

pdrol*""d. zoophilic

behaviou-rr

a

reduced

longevity

and

a

reduced'

potential to

disperse from

rivers.

Lxperir:nental

infections

have ^shown a

high

receptiveneql

of

^{0.. volvulus}

of

both

the forest

^{and. savanna area by}

S.

sanct

In

^{Togo and Benin}

^the results.by

Gar"ms

S! gl.

(f9gO-eZ), Barbiero

Oqaz). omir

Ogez) ^{and nenz} (198J) suggest

that ^the

^species

^pair

il-"*"t+ru.rfi/,1S.

"orrU=u"."

(partlcularly ^the Beffa fo:m,

^Mered'ith

g!9l', ctor of ^{0. volvulus} in the

south

of

^{Togo and}

Benin.

^The

vectorial capacities

^seem

to te slmilar to

those found

jn the pre-forest

zone

in Ivory

Coast

(qrifferrgr6 g at., L9-77).

The

results also

ind.icate

that sinilar high capacities

^are naintained. ^when

the

^species

pair

invades

northeln

areas Curing

the rainy season.

^Results

of

the

However,

the

^numbers

of fl-ies

caught

in the llorth

^{wexe always}

therefore the

species

pair

may

not ^play

^an

inportant role in

and"

trans-

same areas as Populations of

in the

16wer Mono and 0u6n6 1ow

the

is,

mission

of 0. volvulus in

northern ^{Togrr arld}

Benin.

More d.ata

is

^needed

to

^draw

further

conclusions.

In

Togo populations

of ^S.

damrosl:m/S. sirbarrum

are

found

further

south than

in Ivory

Coast occr:rrlag

jn

_tbe

S.

sanctip-au1i/S. soubrense,

particularly rivers.

Although

jnfection rates

have always ^been found

higher in S.

d'annosun/

sanctipauli/S.

soubrerlqe,

the parasitic

load ^was

S.

sirbanum than

in

^S.

The

vectorial

capacity

of S,

squa,rnosu.rn

is sti1I ^{not very}

^c1ear.

Garrns Sarrns

et et aI. aI.

^{(f9gO-gZ) (1980-82) found. found.}

^infection infection rates ^{ia{es to} to

^{be lower be lower}

in in S. S.

pgr}a.nosumpgtlaposun

tiran

in

Slaar,rrosun/S! slqbg4um

but higher

^than

in S. sanctipauli/

up

to six

tjmes

higher in the latter

^species

^pair.

The find.ings

j:r

_southern Togo

are of particular interest

^{si-nce both}

types

of

transmission, transmission by savanna species artd

forest

^species

are

founa

together.

^The

^findings

^{might suggest}

that the

d.ifferences

in

transmission

are

duo

to the physiolory of ^the flies rather

than ^clue to

d.ifferent strains of 9.g}41}gg.

It is

1m1ikely

that in the

case

of

^two

^existing

^fo:ms

of

the .parasite

jn _the

_hi::aan

poprlation in

^these

aleasr the microfilariae of the forest

form ^should be ingested and developed

only

by

{orest flies

and

the

savanna

fo:m

only by

^savaina

flies

^(Ca:ms

g[

"1.

,

^l9e2).

tir* j, ^S. 4**o""r/S. "f=U*rl* but higher

^than

in

_Q. F?nctip?ul-i/

S. soubrense. Re ltSrfirrnd nearly the

^sa,me

infection rates in

Elffifr7S.

^sirUarur,

^*rd ll ^$.

sgua,nosum. Th".

parasi.tic load 3f S.

squanosum and

S.

^da.mto

but

lower than

in S.

sancti

was

of

^about

the

^{sa.me value}

6

ALI

species ox species

pairs

showed.

a zoophilic

tend.ency as tJrey

all

were fourd.

to

ear:ry. oncbgggrgg Ia:rrae

en4matically

sepa.rable from

0.

volrn:-lus (Omar,

1982).

However, nothing

is

&:rown about

the

host preference behaviour

of

these species.

Stud.ies

are

continui::g

in

^ord.er

to obtain

more d.ata and

to

^get

more info:nnation on

the vectorial role of the

varj-ous

S.

dannosuE couplex

ln Ivory

^Coast,

[ogo

and. Beni.::.

References

BARBIXRO

Y.K.

⁽

1982).

Stud.ies on

the vectorial capacity of

roembers

of the

Si-qg]-iun dagnoqrq conplex

in

^Southern

?ogg.

Report OCPACU, utito

@tober-1,{

^{necember 19s2).}

IAI'IG

P.[.

antl. ^PHIER.S0N

B.V. (fgeo). Pi.ctorial

keys

to the

rnain speoies

ancL specj.es groups

within

the

@

^{[heobaltl oonplex}

occu-:ring

in

^west

^Africa (lipt@

Troper:ned.

Parasit. , ^11,

^1U-120.

eaat{s

n. (

rgTo).

Sinu].ium

Parasit., 29,

_481-49L.

GAfiMS R?, CHE(E

R.A., IffiNm U" (f929),

A

stu y _of the reinvasion in the

Southeastern areas

of the

OCP. IJEO/OCP Working Grorp on

Reinvasion.

Ouagadougour ]-1-1, ^November 1979t 64 pp.

GARMS

R.,

^CHW(E R.A.1 IGRNffi.

U. (f9eO). Investigations in

^{1980 on the}

reinvasion

bnr Simuliy4 _4ggnosun

s.l. into the

Easteln areas

of the

0CP, includ.ing experimental

treatnent of ^potential

^sorrces.

Repor! OCe/VCu, \tHO Consultancy (B uay-9 August 1980).

GAIMS

R,,

^ICmNEn

M.,

^CHEKE

R.A. (1981)"

Sttrd.ies i.n 1981

of

^the

reirrrasion

by

Sj:ur:Lilg_@ggg s.1, into tbe

Eastern area.s

of the

^OCP and.

the resrrlts of

erqperi-mentaL treatments

of ^potential ssurces.

Report wPfVCv, MIO Consultancy (rO

ttay-fJ

Deoember 1gB1).

GARMS

R.,

CIIEKE R.Aor xERNm.

u. (f9e:-). Contribution to the

transnission

of

onchocerca vo1.r*.Lus by

different

species

of

the

-EIIE4S

tlamrosu4 complex irr. Togo and Benin.

1980, 1981.

Supplenent

to

Reports

of

L979t Use

of

norphological charaoters

damrosum

s.1.

populations

in

^West

in ^{the stu(y} of

Mrica,

Troperuned.

GAIMS

n.,

^CHHG

^R.A.,

^{YAJITIE CnG.r SOIJA}

S. (DAZ).

ILre occur":eence and movements

of different

members

of the S@

^complex

in

^{Togo arrd.}

Benin.

^{Zn Angew.}

Zool., W

GUrII;ET

P.,

^ESCAtrTRE H.e 0UEDnAOGO

M,,

qUIHjETJ:ERE

O. (r9eO). Itlse

en 6rriclence

dture

r6sistance au t6m6phos dans

Ie

complexe Si4!4iu4

dapqrosum,

(S, sanctipauli/S.

soubrlnss) en C6te

O'ivo:-re-(Effiu

ffie

^{se d.ans} 1a R6g'ion du

Bassin de

Ia Volta).

Cah, ORSTO{.,

s6r. &:.t.

m6d..

et

Pa,re,sito1.,

].,B? 29t-299,

KIIRTAK

n.,

CIIEDRAOGO Mo, OCAAI{

M,,

IEIE

3",

^Q}ILLE:'I

f. ^(f9Oe)o

PreliminaAf

note

on

the

appearance

in Ivory

Coast

of resistance to

chlorphoxin 5n Sinr:-l-ir:n soubrense/.sarlctipauli

lanrae

already

resistant to

temephos (Abate(R)) wEo/vBc / ^B2.B5o.

MEBEDITH

s.Eno,,

cEurE R.Aor caxMs

a. (f9el). Yariation

and

dlstrihrtion of foms of

Sfum4hgq_Eorr!trgnEg ancl

S. sanctipaull in

^West

^Africa.

ann. trop.Mmss)l-

CIIIAR M.S.

(fggZ).

Reporf on

studies

on

the

histochem:ical

tllfferentiation of filarial larvae in

Srur4iUs_damosun

s.].

^{and. on}

the vectorial capacity of the

main species

of the

conplex

ln

^{Togo and}

^3min.

Report ^-OCr/vCO, \llEO Conzultancy

(t5 nugust-I5

Decernber 1!82).

O,IAR

M.S.,

^GARI,IS

n. (f9ef).

Histochemical

cltfferentiatisr of filarial

larrae

for.urd

in

^Slm:lium d.a,urrosrrm

s.1.

^{jJt West}

Africa.

tropeermed..

Parasit., _12, 25 -

PHIIIPP0N

y. (t977).

Etude de

la transnission dt@

(r,e"cturi

r' l98r)

(ireroaiooa,

0nchocef.iar"@

Theobald, 1905

(Diptera, Siuuliidae)

en

Afrique tropicale.

Travan:x

et

Documents de ltORSTOvI,

63,

_lOB pp.

IA.OITHON

J.,

^HEBnAHD

G",

IRlTD'HCli

J.I{o,

COUREI

O, (].?Al).

Etud.e de ]a.

capacit6

vectrice

erperiaentale de

Siqf.lir:n

soubtq1se-Eigr1iUq

s+Ictipaqli

en zone de savane

humid;@r-Edt"- d]@L

^luo !7'rRTo/Rap

"

^83,

qIIILEVERE

D.,

^SECBAN

Y,,

PmIIIR]'EZ

B, (tglt).

Etude du comploce Sj-utrlir:n da.mro-gu* en

Afrique

de

lt0uest Y. Id.entification

rnorphologique d.e

fenelles

en C6te

dtlvoire.

^Tropenmed.

Parasit., 28,

2M-251.

B

QUIffiEVERE

l. (t97il. Contributim b

lr6tnrd.e d.es

caract6ristiques

taronoroiques, bio6colog:iques

et vectrices

des membes du oomplexe

Siurrlir:n d.a.mrgsr:ra pr6sent _{en C0te}

dtlvofue.

franarr:c

et

d.ocr.rments

de lrOBSTCIvI, 109, _1O4 ^p,

REIIZ

R. (L98il.

Stud.ies cnr

the

rej.nvasion W

@ ^s.1.

S.

^{da.mrosum cmBlex}

in

Togo and Berin'1982.

-,-

eonffict ^(zg ;uly-Jl

^october 1982).

Report ocP/VcU, tEO

tRAOnE

S.,

EffiBAB.D

G.,

ntIVAtr

J.,

^{FAYE O"}

(fgee).

Etucle d.e 1a blo6ootrogte.

et

d.es

caract6ristiques veotrices naturelles

des femel-les ^clu

ginrpe

Sirr.r1j.r:n soubrense-sanctipauli en zone d.e savane.

tlo.tZffi

i:eto tbe

eastern a.reas

of

the

and. cn

the

vectoriaS. capacity

Onchocerciasis

Cortrol

Programe

of &ifferent'species of

the

{ro BT

_la

p{

. -\_

I +t

,2*\r.

f,^:r

ffif _v7,

^.f

"l b_o

5

U,i tla

tA

B I_<a

gc:

4J

=c}

u(}

(.)x,

u(,

-

o^(J

HE k

-

oo

uF F3 J Uo

f, G(:,

oE

&

6g

=6 Eu

=

E

5o

a txe (,o

r

J (:,e t-2 6O v'tnt

= oc:

u()

6 (Jz

6

Co

#

/

EE

o JI {t +t Fa

!e

bg

,'l

$fl

Elxl ,d$l

il

tr

-i

Id

^ (e

i.

ili

TabLe 1 STECIffi COYIPOSITION CF BITll{G FtY POPUI,ATION

AT VAN.IOUS C.qTCHING SITES N'[ TOGO AND BMTnI (GAXMS

et al.

L7BZ, RENZr

Wel)

YEAiT MOI'ImI

]r0.

0F rE4Al,ffi D(A].IT\ID

%

^{oF TorAr PozuLATroN}

D/ vrt

da/si

sq sa/so

Gbass6 Garms

(a)

et al.

Land.a Pozanda(F) Garins

et gI.

Renz

Barbiero B6t6rou (H)

Garms

et aI.

Renz

Iand.a Mono (G) Ga:ms

et al.

Kaboua Garms Renz

(r) et

aL.

Diod

ii

Rerrz

Barbiero T6t6tou

Garms (.i ₎

et al.

Renz

Barblero

1981

1980

Lge2 I982

L979 1981

1982

1980

1981 j.982 1982 t9B2 1981

L9B2 L982

i,{ay Jrrne

JuIy August Sept.

May Jr:rre

July July-Aug.

Oct.-Dec.

June

July

I'1ay

Jrrne August Sept.

July-Aug.

May June

July July Sept.

July-Aug.

JuIy-Aug.

0ct.-Dec.

I,lay Jr:ne

July

August July-Aug.

0ct. -Dec.

1o 51

t6

52 51

50

r91

].55 550 107

27

5,

12 L45

1t

11

52t

477 181 100

5t

150 502 444 421 623 lBB 1242tg

55l- ,18

too

100 100 100 100

B4 54 5o 5L

ulQ.t

51 77 100 92 97 60 44

64 4L 2B

t5

5 11 4o U

BO

41

E

)

2

0.5

U

0 0 o 0

t6

46 50 15 46

7 3 o B 0

t7

40

1'

52 65

0 0

t1

7B 72

0 0 n 0 2

t9

o 0 0

U U

o

0.5 0.5

1 o

1o 20

U

o

2'

1 15

1 I 7

e4 95 75 1B 20 20

,7

95 97 95

BO

SPECI$ C0FrrrcSfTIOli 0F BITIIIG FOPULATIONS

AT r\,,/0 cATCIiniG

srTrs

1l.I ivoRY 0OAST ([R{ORE

et al.

79e2)

SITE I'l0itj[tl

No. oF f'm,lALIS ffiA}IINAM

75 OF TOTAT POPUI,ATION

dafsi

saf so Massadcugou

Nr golodougou

Latokaha

1981

t982

1-982

tg81

l-9E2

September October

May Jrrne

Aug.-Sept.

July October November Janua:ryr

llarch I{arch

1M

664

t

⁰⁰⁰

t16

61L 684 566 74

l45

4L3 57

25 57 /b 59 7 5

t9

2

)

25 22 91

75 41 24

1t

91 95 B1 97 75 7B 7

Table ^z

niFEoTrolis

(nlr.'gcrIw

STAGES)

rouro

BY GArllS

et

^a1.

(1980-1g82) AlrD RSTZ

(t982)

_rN

S.

SANCTTPAULI/S.

SOUBRA{SE

(golsa), _S.

DA}NOSU},|S. SIP-BANUi{

(dalsi)

AidD

S.

SQUAI'IOSII{

(sq) Di

^{T0G0 AITD Bn{D{ G}fi4S}

et al.

tgBz,

RINZ 198'

No.

of

^parous

flies

d.issected.

9/o

of

^parous

flies with

^L1

],Iean No.

of L) ^per fIy

Estimated No.

of

LJ 1000 parous

flies

so/sa d.a/ s1 sq

Investigator

505 481

4.8 1.9 7.4 8.2

152

,24

274 250 17.5

5.o

t.9

1.4

519 B4

r107 291

7.7 5.l- 2.4 L.4

182 72

Ga.rms

et aI

Renz

Ga:ms

et

^a1

Renz

Garms

et

^a1

Renz

Gar"ns

et

^aI

Renz