Alternative sources in Slovakia, problems and resorts

Alternative sources –

problems and (solutions)

Andrej Hanzel

Executive Director for Technical Support, Slovenské elektrárne, a.s.

Bratislava - October 2005

Prologue

• Alternative sources of energy has had and will have important role for mankind.

• It is fascinating idea to convert huge amount

of energy comming from the sun to the earth -

approx 100 000 TWh/yearly. This idea still

exist.

Achilles tendon of AS

• very low density of power.

– density of energy in AS is 1000-times lower comparing superheated steam in power plants.

• occurence of AS is just stochastic and result of this is:

– reserve capacity in other type of fuel is necessity

• present still low prices of crude oil makes costs per kWh from AS unsaleable

Area obstacles for AS:

• Necessary soil area for 1 MW

:

– big power plant 1 000 m²/MW_e – wind farm 5 000 m²/MW_e – fotovoltaic 50 000 m²/MW_e – biomassa more then100 000 m²/MW_e

Development of alternative sources

• start of development after cruid oil shock in 70’s

• mainly in Denmark, Netherland, Japan, USA, Germany

• huge state incentives programmes are necessary

• in spite of these programmes share of AS is still very low and goal of EU for 2010 to achieve 22%

is considered as not feasible

Construction of AS without state aid is not viable

• big investment incentives are necessary

– progressive depreciation policy – direct subsidies

– tax releif

– distribution companies are forced to purchase AS generation

– new tariff policy for improvment construction of AS

• in presence, wind farms are constructed just with help of huge and long term institucional support of governments, international institutions, “green”

volunteers etc.

PTC pre každú technológiu zvlášť: vietor 1,9 c/kWh, biomasa 0,9 c/kWh Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy – www.DSIREusa.org

Utilities were required to buy renewable power at 90 percent of the retail rate for electricity.

Wind capacity installed in UCTE in years 2003 – 2010 will increase 3x

31.3.2003 2010 31.3.2003 2010

Austria 415 MW 1000 MW Luxemburg 22 MW 51 MW Belgium 68 MW 300 MW Netherlands 695 MW 1500 MW Czech Rep 11 MW 600 MW Poland 65 MW 2027 MW Denmark 3115 MW 4000 MW Portugal 299 MW 3000 MW France 215 MW 12000 MW Romania 1 MW 120 MW Germany 14325 MW 29000 MW Slovakia 3 MW 20 MW Greece 375 MW 800 MW Spain 5086 MW 13000 MW Hungary 3 MW 170 MW Switzerland 5 MW 15 MW Italy 800 MW 2500-3000 Spolu 25503MW 70-70603MW

Source: www.ucte.org

UCTE:

22 coutries

450 mil people 2300 TWh/yearly

www.ucte.org

UCTE UCTE

Zdroj: www.ucte.org

Obstacles for AS comming from interconnected electrical grid

• Main goal of UCTE is to maintain safety of delivery of electricity and to retain proper quality (mainly voltage and frequency|)

– Number of AS inside of control area is restricted

• system and local restriction:

– flicker effect, harmonic distorsion – dynamic and static stability of grid,

– reactive power – regulation od voltage level

• hardly ever contribution to primary or secondary regulation of frequency and capacity

Annual share of daily wind

power in respective daily peak demand in E.ON-grid

- Yearly wind power plant availability 20%

- 1/3 of year - less then 10%

The Participation of

The Participation of Renewables Renewables to Match the to Match the Useful Capacity Increase in SR

Useful Capacity Increase in SR

The renewables are not able to replace the shortage in total capacity and generation in Slovakia - just about 6%

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 MW

Demand for new capacity

Renewables and cogeneration can actually contribute to demanded need for new capacity

by about 6 percent

Approx costs for construction

8,00 5,00-12,00

160-320 Fotovoltaika

3,50 2,80-4,80

80-200 Biomasa

3,00 2,40-3,20

40-60 Geoterm

2,80 1,60-4,00

40-50 Vietor

2,30 2,00-4,00

80-120 Malá voda

výkupné ceny URSO Sk/kWh Sk/kWh

tisíc Sk/kW Typ zdroja

Sources: SE, a.s.

Thank you for your kind attention.

Thank you for your kind attention.

Aurel Stodola (1859-1942)

• He is considered to be the leading head in the development of the early steam and gas

turbine.

• the first successful industrial gas turbine set in the world (1939 Neuchatel) – 4 MW

Brown-Boveri

– The acceptance tests were supervised by the

“Grand Old Man” in the field of thermal machines, Prof. Aurel Stodola.

Náhodné browsovanie po Internete

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