HAL Id: hal-00129577
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00129577
Preprint submitted on 8 Feb 2007
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Maximal smoothings of real plane curve singular points.
Viatcheslav Kharlamov, Jean-Jacques Risler, Eugenii Shustin
To cite this version:
Viatcheslav Kharlamov, Jean-Jacques Risler, Eugenii Shustin. Maximal smoothings of real plane
curve singular points.. 1998. �hal-00129577�
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