HAL Id: inria-00077110
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00077110
Submitted on 29 May 2006
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Integrating Natural Semantics and Attribute Grammars : the Minotaur System
Isabelle Attali, Didier Parigot
To cite this version:
Isabelle Attali, Didier Parigot. Integrating Natural Semantics and Attribute Grammars : the Minotaur
System. [Research Report] RR-2339, INRIA. 1994. �inria-00077110�
ISSN 0249-6399
a p p o r t
d e r e c h e r c h e
1994
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Integrating Natural Semantics and Attribute Grammars: the Minotaur System
Isabelle Attali , Didier Parigot
N˚ 2339
Septembre 1994
PROGRAMME 2
Calcul symbolique,
programmation
et ge´nie logiciel
/ 012 354 6
798;:=<?>A@B@C>DFE(EG:H@BIJLKNM5ICO6IP>RQ5S:TQUIPVXW=EJUJ
Y?Z\[A]^Z`_^aab!cedgf_;hji(klhnmpolaqr[;htsjuRkvbGwlxvZ`[^]AZ\_Aaa_Gy`sj[^zbUy!]n{b(zlsjb|hj[^];sjiUsjbUh
Y?Z\[G}pbUy~mfYbUyfv 6[^
!_^xHxr[AZyvbZ\b(ivb(Z\ivbzLcGA^dglb(xlyb(aqvZ\be9A^ed9Fxv_A]^b(m
U(Gv;^lsjmNxv_^xXb(Zvb(m`i(ZsjqXb(my~vbxvZpsjzviUsjxlhjb(mN_^zvyvbBkHzviUy\sj[Azv_;htsty\sjb(m6[;=y~Hbsjzv[;y~_AkvZ6molmyb(a2 ¡sjzv[;y~_AkvZ
sjm6_!]Ab(zvb(Zsjinsjz^yb(Z\_AiUy\st¢Abb(zA¢LsjZ`[^zHab(zAynqH_^m`b(e[AzyvbsjzAyb(]^Z`_Gy`sj[^z£[GRy~Hb¤fb(zAy~_AkvZXmolmyb(a¥_Azv£y~vbN¦§ef?¨©cmolmyb(a2w
y©ª[empoHmpy~b(amªsjvbUhtokvm\b(y[m\xXb(iUst«omolzAy~_0¬_^zvm`b(a_AzAy\sji(m6[;rxvZ`[^]AZ\_Aaasjzv]?hj_^zv]Akv_A]^b(m6_Azv]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y~bNbU®iUsjb(zAy
m\b(a_^zAy`sjiy~[l[;hjm¯Z\[Aa°yvb(m\b|m\xXb(iUst±=i(_Gy`sj[^zHm9 ²³bem`v[(ª´v[(ªµy\y~Zpsjqvklyb!¶Z`_^aa_AZ\myb(i~HzlsjuRkvb(m¤i(_Az5qrb£_^vb(uRkv_;y~b
B[AZbU¢G_;hjkv_Gy`sj[^z[G_uRklstyb!hj_AZ\]Abm`kvqriUhj_Am\m?[;§_;y~kvZ`_Gh=lb(a_^zAy`sji(m¤m`xrb(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[AzvmUw;sjzviUhjkvlsjzv]m`xrb(iUst±Ti(_Gy`sj[^zvmN[G6_Az
_AZsty~HabUy\sji|i(_Ghji(klhj_;y~[AZ9w^_Fy~Z`b(by~Z`_^zHmB[AZ\a_Gy`sj[^zXwA_y©olxrbU¨Ci~Hb(i~·;b(ZB[AZ_Az!hj]A[Ght¨¯htsj·Gbhj_Azv]Akv_A]^bGwT t t
¦v[AZy~lsjmm\kvqXiUhj_Am\m[;§_;y~kvZ`_GhLb(a_Az^y`sji(mm`xrb(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[AzvmUwTy~vbF2sjzv[Gy_^kHZmolmpy~b(a¸_Akly[^a_Gy`sji(_Ghthto]^b(zHb(Z\_;y~b(m!_Az
sjzvi(Z`b(ab(zAy~_;hl_^zvbU®iUsjb(zAy¹«sjzFy`sjab!_Azvab(a[AZovº6bU¢G_;hjkv_;y~[AZ6ª!lsji»];st¢^b(m?y[§£_GykvZ\_;h=lb(a_^zAy\sji(m¡_^zsjzvvkvmpy~Zpsj_Gh
myZ\b(zv];y~sjaxlhjb(ab(zAy~_;y\sj[Azr
¼½A¾¿ÀÁvGÂ6GÃlxXb(iUst±=i(_Gy`sj[^zHm9wR§£_GykvZ\_;hrlb(a_^zAy\sji(mUwly`y~ZsjqHkly~b¶£Z\_Aaa_^Z`m9wRY?Z\[A]AZ\_AaaFsjzH]?z^¢RsjZ`[^zvab(zAy~m
ÄtÅÆ
Ç©ÈCÉ0Ê
Æ
ÇËÌjÈCÍ©Î~Ï
Ð`ÑBÒCÓUÔ0ÕpÖ×ÖÕ9ØÙrÚ¯ÚCÓ~ÖÛtÜÒ¯Ý(Þ0ß(ÛàÓ;ØÛàá0â«ÛàÓ0Øãäâ
ÐÐ(å Ûàæ(ÛÕ\âpØçlÓUâèÛ×éUÝUÚpÜnÛêáâ«ÛàÓ0Øãäâ
Unite´ de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis
2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex (France)
Te´le´phone : (33) 93 65 77 77 – Te´le´copie : (33) 93 65 77 65
0 64 6 £, / 01
½R½ fbZ`_^xHxr[AZy¤{b(i(Zstyhjb(mxvZsjzHiUsjxrb(mbUyehjb(m¯[^zHiUy\sj[Azvzv_;htstyl{b(mHk mpoHmpyb(abFsjzv[;y~_AkvZ9 rsjzv[;y~_AkvZeb(mpy
kvz´b(zA¢LsjZ`[^zHzvb(ab(zAy»]n{b(z?{b(ZpsjuLkHbsjzAy~b(Z\_AiUy\stB[Azv?{b m\kvZ5hsjzAyl{b(]AZ\_;y\sj[Az¥Hb(m2mpolmyb(ab(m»fb(zAy~_AkvZ5bUy¦§ef?¨©cLwvb(kL¬
molmpyb(ab(mnhj_^Z`]^b(ab(z^yNkly\sthtsjmR{b(mxX[AkvZhj_m`x¤{b(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[Azvb(mhj_Azv]A_^]Ab(mHb!xvZ\[A]AZ\_Aaa_;ysj[Az¹CmolzAy~_0¬HbbUymR{b(a_AzAy\sjuRkvb0º
bUy!hj_5]6{b(z?{b(Z\_;y\sj[Azrw_5xv_AZy`sjZ!vbi(b(mm`x¤{b(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[Azvm9wL[^kLy\sthjmmR{b(a_AzAy\sjuRkvb(mxvklsjm`m\_AzAy~m9 T§£[^kvm|a[Az^yZ\[Azvmi([Aaab(zAy
hjb(mFyb(i~HzlsjuRkvb(msjm\m`kvb(mHb(m»¶£Z\_Aaa_;sjZ\b(my`y~ZsjqHk¤{b(b(mFm\[AzAy_Axvxlhtsji(_Aqlhjb(m_ h©{bU¢G_;hjkv_Gy`sj[^zkvzvbiUhj_Am\m\bhj_AZ\]Abvb
m\x?{b(iUst±=i(_Gy`sj[^zHmrb(zN{b(a_^zAy\sjuRkvb¡§_;y~kvZ`bUhthjbGw(sjzviUhjkH_^zAy6xv_AZ6b~¬vb(axlhjbkHzvb¤i(_;hji(klhj_;y~Zpsji(bGw(kvzvb¡y~Z`_^zvmpB[AZ\a_Gy`sj[^z!_^Z`qvZ\bGw
kvz5¢{b(Zst±=i(_;y~b(kHZ¤vb£y©olxv_A]^b£xr[AkvZkvz5hj_^zH]^_A]^b£vb!y©olxXbe|hj]^[;hBwX t t
Y[AkvZ6i(bUy\ybiUhj_Am\m`bHb¤m`x¤{b(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[Azvmb(zN{b(a_Az^y`sjuRkvb§£_GykvZ\bUhthjbGw9hjbmolmyb(ab2sjzv[Gy_^kHZn]n{b(zb(Z`b_Akly~[Aa_;y\sjuRkvb(ab(z^y
kvz bU¢G_GhjkH_Gyb(kvZsjzvi(ZR{{ b(ab(zAy~_;hbUy2xXb(Z¯[^Z`a_Az^y2¹Bb(z y~b(axvmbUyb(za b(a[;sjZ\b0º~wNi(buRklsi([^zLb(Z\b_³hj_N{{ b(a_^zAy\sjuRkvb
§_;y~kHZ\bUhthjbkHz»m`i~?{b(a_b~¬?{b(i(kly\sj[Az5_^v_Axlyl{b!_^kR¬_Axvxlhtsji(_;y\sj[Azvmvby_GsththjbZR{b(bUhthjbG
Áv0U¿`½2 lx?{b(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[AzvmUw^N{b(a_Az^y`sjuRkvb§_;y~kvZ`bUhthjbGw^¶£Z\_Aaa_GsjZ`b(m6y\yZsjqvk?{b(b(mUw;¤zA¢RsjZ\[Azvzvb(ab(z^ymvbY?Z\[A]^Z`_^a¨
a_;y\sj[Az
5
1#1F
lsjmxv_Axrb(ZNvb(m\i(Zpsjqrb(mny~vb!xHZsjzviUsjxlhjb(m?_AzvFyvbBkHzviUy\sj[Azv_;htsty\sjb(m[;y~vb|sjzv[;y~_AkvZmpoHmpy~b(a Asjzv[;y~_AkvZsjm_]Ab(zvb(Zsji
sjzAy~b(Z`_^iUy`st¢^bFb(zA¢RsjZ\[Azvab(zAyqH_^m`b()[Azy~Hbsjz^yb(]^Z`_Gy`sj[^z [G?y~vbfb(z^y_^kHZmolmpy~b(a76lw¤98_Azvy~HbF¦§ef?¨©cmolmpy~b(a
6c;Hw?c;Lw?c^c98BwNy©ª[ molmyb(am£ªsjvbUhto kvm\b(³y~[ m\xXb(iUst«o)mpoHzAy_;¬ _^zv m`b(a_Az^y`sji(m[G!xvZ`[^]AZ\_Aaasjzv]hj_^zv]Akv_A]^b(m_Azv
]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y~b!bU®iUsjb(z^ym`b(a_Az^y`sjiy~[l[;hjm?BZ`[^a y~Hb(m\bm`xrb(iUst±Ti(_Gy`sj[^zvmU Rvbfb(z^y_^kHZmpolmy~b(a sjmvb(Lsji(_Gyb(y[]^Z`_^xvLsji(_Gh
sjzAy~b(Z`_^iUy`st¢^by[l[GhjmX¯[^Z6xvZ`[^]AZ\_AasjzAyb(Z\xvZ`bUy~_;y\sj[Azkvmpsjzv]§_;y~kvZ`_GhRlb(a_AzAy\sji(m6c;:<8R_^zvyvb¦§f?¨pcmolmyb(a¥sjm6HbU¢^[;y~b(
y~[i([^axlsthj_Gy`sj[^z_^zH»yZ\_Azvm¯[^Z`a_;y\sj[Az_^xHxlhtsji(_Gy`sj[^zHm¤¢Rsj_Fy`y~Zpsjqvkly~b¶Z`_^aa_AZ\m¹C!¶£m~º#6>= 8B
§_;y~kvZ`_GhRlb(a_AzAy\sji(m_^zHy\y~Zpsjqvklyb¤¶£Z\_Aaa_AZ\mX_AZ\bNªbUhtht¨C·Rzv[(ª!zFabUy~v[lvmTB[AZ6yvb¤m`xrb(iUst±Ti(_Gy`sj[^z£[G=m`b(a_AzAy\sji(m
[Az»_Az»_Aqvmpy~Z\_AiUy¤mpolz^y_;¬X @?[;y~B[AZ\a_Ghtsjm`amN_^Z`bb~¬HxvZ\b(m`mst¢AbGwlvb(iUhj_AZ\_;y\st¢AbGwR_^zH»_AZ\b£my~Z`_Gsj]AAy\¯[^Zpª_AZ\lhtob~¬Hb(i(kly_^qlhjb
¹¯yvbFZ`b(_^vb(Z£i([^kLhj Z`bUBb(Z£y~[A6t(lw(Rw9BLwNc;:Aw>=lw6>BHw¡^<8¤¯[^Za[AZ\bvbUy~_;sthjme_AqX[^klyy~Hb(m\bFabUy~v[lvmº~ DC[9ªbU¢Ab(Z9w
y~Hb(m\bNy©ª[£BZ`_^abUª[AZ\·Rm_^Z`bkvm\b(sjzFlsFEXb(Z\b(zAyi([Az^yb~¬Ly~m9w;vb(xXb(zvlsjzH][^zyvb¤zH_GykvZ\b?[GHy~vb?_^xHxlhtsji(_Gy`sj[^zGGy`y~Zpsjqvkly~b
¶£Z\_Aaa_AZ\m¡v_(¢^b£xvZ\[9¢^b(Fy[qrb!_kvm`bUBklhHB[AZ\a_;htsjm\a B[AZ¤mpy~_;y\sji!xvZ`[^]AZ\_Aa_Azv_Ghtolmpsjm¹«y©olxrbU¨Ci~Hb(i~·Asjzv]lwAy~Z`_^zHmhj_;y\sj[Azvm~º
ª!lsthjb£§_;y~kvZ`_GhrLb(a_Az^y`sji(m9w;sjz5_^Hlsty\sj[AzrwlHb(_GhjmNªsty~5xvZ\[A]AZ\_AasjzAy~b(Z\xHZ\bUy~_;y\sj[Azr Alsjma_G}[AZlsFEXb(Z\b(zvi(be¹Bmy_Gy`sji¢lm
lolzv_AaFsji£m\b(a_AzAy\sji(mºsjmvkHby[y~vb£bU¢G_;hjkv_Gy`sj[^z5xvZ`[li(b(m\m\b(mN[^z_F];st¢^b(z_Aqvmpy~Z\_AiUy¤mpolz^y_;¬»y~Z`b(bG
Hzy\yZsjqvkLy~b!¶£Z\_Aaa_AZ\mUwy~lsjmNy~Z`b(bsjmHb(i([^Z`_Gyb(ªsty~_;y\yZsjqvkLy~b?¢G_;hjkvb(msjz5_my_Gy`sji!_^zHFvbUy~b(Z`aFsjzlsjmpy\sji?ª_(oGw
xvZ`[(¢Rsjvb(y~vb(Z`b?sjmzv[iUsjZ\i(klhj_AZsty©osjzFyvbvb(xXb(zvvb(zviUo]AZ\_AxvqXbUy©ªb(b(z_;y\yZsjqvklyb(m9wqvklyyvb?y~Z`b(b¤stym\bUhtvsjm?i([Azvmy_^zAy
vkvZpsjzv]y~vbi([AaxvkLy~_;y\sj[Azvm9 Lvb(m\bbU¢G_;hjkv_;y\sj[Az_Am\xXb(iUy~mv_(¢AbFqXb(b(zªsjvbUhtosjzA¢^b(my`sj]^_;y~b( _^zv2y~vba_GsjzZ`b(m\klhtym
i([Azvmsjmpysjz¢;_^Zpsjb()myZ\_;y~b(];sjb(m!vb(xXb(zvlsjzv][^z y~vbiUhj_Am\m[G?y~Hb!¶¸¹Cm\b(b_i([AaxlhjbUybeqLsjqlhtsj[^]AZ\_AxvAosjzI6t(<8Bw_Azv
_Fm`kvZ¢AbUo»sjzJ6t8«º~ T¦v[AZsjzvmy_^zHi(bGwvRyZ\[Azv]Ghto5§[Az2f?sjZ`i(klhj_AZe¹©l§fº¤!¶£m!_AZ\b£kvm\kv_;hthto5sjaxlhjb(ab(z^yb(Fsjz_FZ`b(i(kvZ\mpst¢^b
y~Z`b(bU¨Bª_;hj·K6tc^wc =Lw<:48_AzvZ`vb(Z\b(!¶£m!_AZ\bbU¢G_GhjkH_Gyb(»sjz_Azsty~b(Z`_Gy`st¢^b_Ghj]A[AZsty~Ha&qH_^m`b(2[Az5¢Rsjmstyem`b(uRkvb(zvi(b(m
6c B 8B T!hthyvb(m\b£my~Z`_Gyb(]Gsjb(m?v_(¢AbeqXb(b(z5vb(msj]Azvb(ªsty~5y©ª[a_;sjz»]A[A_Ghjm&Gn¹`0ºxvZ`[(¢Rsjvb_FZ\b(_Am\[Azv_Aqlhjb!ab(a[^ZpoFi([^mpy
¹Cmpsjzvi(by~HbzLkHaqrb(Z[;_Gy`y~ZsjqHkly~b(msjmkvm`kv_GhthtoyZ\b(ab(zvv[Akvm~ºX_Azv2¹©cAºxHZ\[(¢Rsjvb!_Azsjzvi(Z`b(ab(zAy~_;hlZ\bU¨CbU¢G_;hjkv_Gy`sj[^z_;«yb(Z
_yZ\b(b5y~Z`_^zHmB[AZ\a_Gy`sj[^z= rm_ i([^zHm\b(uRkvb(zvi(bGwna[AmyFa[lHb(Z\z³_Gy`y~ZsjqHkly~bmolmyb(am»¹Cm`b(b2^oHzAyvb(msML(b(ZF¶£b(zvb(Z\_;y~[AZ9w
¦§f?¨pcRwXb(Z\i(kHZoGwv}ON;hjzvb(ZPAZ`a»º¡sjzviUhjkvvbxX[(ªb(ZBkLh¡ab(a[AZoa_^zH_^]Ab(ab(z;y_Azvsjzvi(Z`b(ab(zAy~_;hrbU¢;_Ghjkv_;y\sj[AzA6t:Aw
c>Q^w6c;HwrLcAw^Rw6Q^wA8N_^zv !¶mv_(¢AbFqrb(b(zZ`b(xrb(_;y~b(Lhto»_Azvm\kvi(i(b(m`m¯klhthtokvm\b(sjz Z\b(_;h_^xvxLhtsji(_Gy`sj[^zvm|m\kvi_Am
i([AzvmyZ\kviUy`sj[^zF[;b(lsty[^Z`m9wRyZ\_Azvmhj_;y~[AZ\mUwl_Azv5i([^axlsthjb(Z\mU
z5y~Hb[;y~vb(Zv_Azvrw^y~vb|BZ\_AabUª[AZ\·F[;§_;y~kvZ`_GhXlb(a_AzAy\sji(mNhj_^i·Rm_^z5sjzvvkHmy~Zpsj_GhXmyZ\b(zv];y~sjaxlhjb(ab(z^y_Gy`sj[^z
vb(m`xlsty~b_hj_AZ\]Abyvb([^Z`bUy\sji(_;hqv_Ai~·R]AZ\[Akvzv¹C§£_GykvZ\_;h-R£b(vkviUy\sj[AzI6t4B 8_^zv RyZ\kviUykvZ\_;h¤£xrb(Z`_Gy`sj[^zH_Ghlb(a_AzAy\sji(m
6>B 8«º §£_GykvZ\_;h¤lb(a_^zAy`sji(mZ`klhjb(mvbU±=zvb_hj[A]Gsji5_Azv _^Z`bkvm`b( _Am_xvZ`[l[Gè¨Byvb([AZ\bUy\sjiy[l[Gh?y~[xHZ\[(¢Abyvb([^Z`b(am
ªsty~Lsjzy~v_;yhj[A];sjiGwXqvklsthjlsjzv]xvZ`[l[G¡y~Z\b(b(msjz)_5Z\b(i(kvZ`mst¢^by[^xl¨Cv[(ª!z my~Z`_Gyb(]Go5sjzA¢^[;ht¢Rsjzv]kvzlst±=i(_;y\sj[Azr Tlsjm·Asjzv
[;eb~¬Hb(i(kly\sj[Az a[lHbUhsjm5iUhj[Am\b5y~[ y~vbyZ\b(bU¨¯ª_;hj· myZ\_;y~b(];sjb(msjz !¶£m»b~¬Hi(b(xlyFyv_;yFy~vbxHZ\[l[;!y~Z`b(b»sjz§_;y~kvZ`_Gh
lb(a_^zAy\sji(m£sjmzv[;y_Ghtª_(olmlsjZ\b(iUy`hto)Z\bUhj_;y~b( y~[yvbFsjzvxHklyy~Z\b(bG n[AZ\b([(¢Ab(Z9w6xHZ\[l[;¤yZ\b(bFqvkLsthjlsjzv]sjmzv[;ysjaxlhjbU¨
ab(zAyb(Fsjz_Fm\_;y\sjmpB_AiUy~[AZoa_Azvzvb(Z?Z\b(]A_AZ\lsjzv]ab(a[^ZpoFmy[^Z`_^]Ab_^zH»sjzHi(Z\b(ab(zAy_Ghtsty©o¯b(_GykvZ\b(m&GAy~[ykvZ\z§_;y~kvZ`_Gh
lb(a_^zAy\sji(m|vbU±=zlsty`sj[^zvm|sjzAy~[b~¬Hb(i(kly~_Aqlhjbi([lvbGwTªbiv[Am\by[yZ\_Azvmhj_;y~bNolxr[;hZ\kLhjb(m¹B[^kvZi([Aaxvklyb(Z¢^b(Z`msj[Az)[;
§_;y~kHZ\_;h¤lb(a_AzAy\sji(m£sjz³y~vb5fb(z^y_^kHZempoHmpy~b(aS6t98«ºsjzAy~[Y?Z\[;hj[A]iUhj_^kvm`b(m9wry~_A·^sjzH]_^l¢;_^zAy~_A]AbF[GyvbmpsjaFsthj_AZsty©o
[;Y¤Z`[Ghj[A]¢G_AZsj_Aqlhjb(m_^zH»¢;_^Zpsj_^qlhjb(msjz5sjzl¯b(Z\b(zvi(b£Z\klhjb(mU =f[Azvmpsjvb(Zsjzv][AkvZb~¬Hxrb(Zpsjab(zAy~mNsjzy~Hbefb(zAy~_AkvZmolmyb(a2w
y~Lsjmsjaxlhjb(ab(z^y_Gy`sj[^zsjm!zv[;y|_Avb(uRkv_;y~b¯[^Z¯[^kHZZ\b(_Am\[Azvm9G
G ¤y~vb![AxXb(Z\_;y\sj[Azv_Ghlm`b(a_Az^y`sji(m[;¡Y?Z\[;hj[A]¹Bvb(xly~L¨B±=Z`my_AzvhjbU«y\¨¯y~[;¨CZsj]A^yb~¬Hb(i(kly\sj[AzFmpy~Z\_;y~b(];ovºsjm?_i([^zvmpy~Z`_GsjzAy
[^z5y~HbeNolxr[;hr¯[^Z`a_;htsjm\aT
cL lolzv_^asji!y©olxXbivb(i~·Asjzv]¹Ckvmpsjzv]xr[Am\mpsjqlhtovbUhj_9o^b(i([AzvmyZ\_;sjz^ym~ºnsjmZ\b(uRklsjZ\b(sjzY¤Z`[Ghj[A]y~[m\_;BbUhtobU¢G_;hjkv_;y~b
olxX[Gh6m\xXb(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[Azvm9
H ¤y~vbab(a[AZo my~[AZ\_A]AbsjzÃY¤Z`[Ghj[A])sjm5zv[;y»[Axly\sja_Gh¯[^ZolxX[Gh£bU¢G_GhjkH_Gy`sj[^z¥¹Bvkvby~[ y~Hba_Azv_^]Ab(ab(zAy[;
qv_^i·Ay~Z`_^i·Asjzv]Lº_^zvªb i(_^zvzH[GyFv_AzvlhjbZ`b(_Ght¨CmsML(b_Axvxlhtsji(_;y\sj[Azvm¹C[AZFstªbª_Az^y5y~[³v[³m\[lw?ªbzvb(b( y~[
xr[;hthjkly~b|y~vbm\xXb(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[Azªsty~U'/~ºVT
H ¤y~vb5xvZ\[l[;Bm£sjz Y?Z\[;hj[^]_AZ\b5zv[;yqHklsthtysjz _^z³sjzvi(Z`b(ab(zAy~_;ha_^zvzHb(Ze_Azv³stysjmFzv[;ybU®iUsjb(zAyy~[Z`bU¨PqvkLsthj _
i([^axlhjbUy~b!xHZ\[l[;nyZ\b(b|B[AZ_m\b(a_AzAy\sji|y~Z\b(_;y~ab(zAy¤vkvZpsjzv]y~Hbb(lsty`sjzv]FxvZ`[li(b(m\m9
¦vZ`[^a ylsjmFmpy~_;y~b(ab(zAy(w6[AkvZF]A[^_;hsjmFy~[ i~H_^Z`_^iUyb(ZsML(b_ m\kvqXiUhj_Am\m[;e§_;y~kHZ\_;h|lb(a_^zAy`sji(mxX[(ªb(Z¯klhb(zv[^kH]^³y~[
vb(m`i(ZsjqXb_Az2b~¬Lyb(zvmst¢Abei([;hthjb(iUy\sj[Az[Gm`b(a_Az^y`sji(m¹CqX[Gysjzmpy~_;y\sji_Azvlolzv_AaFsjiv[Aa_;sjzvm~ºN_^zHbU®iUsjb(zAy|b(zH[^kv]A
y~[5]A[2_mpy~b(x¯kvZyvb(Zy~H_^zy[(ob~¬H_^axlhjb(m_Azva_^zH_^]AbZ\b(_;ht¨PmpsML(bF_^xHxlhtsji(_Gy`sj[^zHm9 DH©yeH_^mqrb(b(zxHZ\[(¢Ab(zy~H_Gy(wTB[AZ
_Az^o5m\xXb(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[AzFsjz5y~vb_AvvZ\b(m`m\b(Fm`kvqXiUhj_^m`m9wRyvb(Z\b£b~¬Lsjmy~m_Azy\yZsjqvklyb¶£Z\_Aaa_AZª!Lsji~bU¢G_;hjkv_;y~b(mNstyW6Qlw=c<8B
² bxvZ\[AxX[^m`bHb(Z\bF_xvZ`_^iUy`sji(_Gh_Axvxlhtsji(_;y\sj[Az[;y~vb(m`by~vb([AZ\bUy`sji(_Gh6Z\b(m`klhty~m£sjz³[^Z`vb(Z!y[2xHZ\[(¢Rsjvb_^z sjzvi(Z\b(ab(z^y_Gh
_Azv)[Axly\sjasML(b(sjaxlhjb(ab(zAy~_;y\sj[Az2[;§_;y~kvZ`_Ghlb(a_^zAy`sji(mvbU±=zLsty\sj[Azvm¹«sjzy~Lsjmem`kvqriUhj_Am\mº¢Rsj__^z _^kLy~[Aa_;y\sji(_;hthto
]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y~b(£_Gy`y~ZsjqHkly~bbU¢;_Ghjkv_;y~[AZ9 9msjasthj_^Z6_AxvxvZ`[^_Aiev_Am6qXb(b(zelsjm`i(kvm\m`b(sjz)6T8BwAqvkly6ªsty~_£m\bU¢^b(Z`bUhtoZ`b(myZsjiUy~b(
m\kHqriUhj_Am\m[;olxX[GhxvZ\[A]AZ\_Aam9wLi(_Ghthjb(YXZH©¨C*[eY£ wlª!vb(Z`bkvzLst±=i(_Gy`sj[^zsjm!zv[;y_Ghthj[9ªb(r XY?Z\[;hj[A]sjaxlhjb(ab(z^y_Gy`sj[^z
[;r§_;y~kHZ\_;h=lb(a_AzAy\sji(mª_^m?_Ghjm`[eLsjm\i(kvm`m\b(F_AzvFi(Zpsty\sjiUsML(b(sjz 6:<8Bwl_AzvF_zvbUª hj_^zH]^kv_A]Ab¹B! º6_Azvsjaxlhjb(ab(zl¨
y~_;y\sj[Az5my~Z`_Gyb(]Go¯[^Z§£_GykvZ\_;hrlb(a_^zAy\sji(m¡ªb(Z`bem`kv]A]^b(mpy~b(¢Rsj_F_f[AzAy\sjzRkv_;y\sj[Az»Y¡_^m`msjzv]FRy©oRhjbZ\b(xvZ`b(m\b(zAy~_;y\sj[Azy~[
fÃi([lvbG
6[FZ`b(_^i[^kvZ]A[^_;hBwLªbv_A5y~[vb(mpsj]^z)¹C[AZkvm\b0ºNy[l[Ghjmm\kHi~_Am9G
_Fab(aqXb(Z\m`lsjxFyb(my?y~[FvbUyb(Z\asjzvbª!vbUyvb(Z¤_]Gst¢Ab(zolxX[Ghm\xXb(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[AzFi(_^zqXbbU¢G_;hjkv_;y~b(5qAo2_Az!¶WT
_y~Z`_^zvmphj_Gy[^ZNBZ`[^a §£_GykvZ\_;hnlb(a_^zAy`sji(my[Fy\yZsjqvklyb¶£Z\_Aaa_AZ\m&T
_^zbU®iUsjb(zAy!_;y\y~Zpsjqvklyb!bU¢G_;hjkv_Gy[^Z?]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y~[AZ9T
_^z5sjzAy~b(Z`_^iUy`st¢^bm\bUy\y`sjzv]B[AZy~vb£]^b(zHb(Z\_;y~b(bU¢;_Ghjkv_;y~[AZ\mU
£kvZm\[;hjkly\sj[AzFZ\b(m`klhty~mNsjzy~vb!2sjzv[Gy_^kHZmolmpy~b(a G^_i([^aqlsjzH_Gy`sj[^z[;fb(z^y_^kHZ_Azv»¦¡§ef?¨©cª!Lsji~5_^HvZ\b(m`m\b(mZ`b(_Ght¨
msML(bm`b(a_Az^y`sji_Axvxlhtsji(_;y\sj[Azvm9 ¡sjzv[;y~_AkvZkvm`b(my~vb¦§f?¨pc xvZ\[li(b(m`m\[AZ\m_GyF]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y\sj[Azl¨¯y\sjaby~[qHklsthj _Gy`y~Zpsjqvkly~b
bU¢G_;hjkv_;y~[AZ\mBZ`[^a m\b(a_AzAy\sjim\xXb(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[Azvm_^zH y~vbfb(zAy_^kvZi([^axr[Azvb(zAy~m£B[AZmpoHzAy_^iUy`sji»¯b(_GykvZ\b(m_^zv kHm\b(Z¨
sjzAy~b(ZpB_Ai(bF_GyZ`kvzl¨¯y\sjabG rlsjmi([^aqlsjzH_Gy`sj[^z v_^mqXb(b(zxX[^m`msjqlhjbqrb(i(_Akvm\bqX[;y~ fb(zAy_^kvZ_Azv)¦§f?¨pc2_^Z`bF[^xXb(z
molmpy~b(am&G[Az [AzvbH_^zvXwfb(zAy~_AkvZxvZ\[(¢Rsjvb(m_i([;hthjb(iUy\sj[Az)[;_^i(i(b(m`msjqlhjby[l[Ghjmm`kvi~³_Am_·;b(Z\zvbUhNB[AZy~vbZ\b(xvZ`bU¨
m\b(zAy_Gy`sj[^z _^zv³a_AzlsjxvkLhj_Gy`sj[^z[;_^qHmy~Z`_^iUymolzAy~_0¬ y~Z`b(b(m9wnxvZsjasty\st¢^b(m¯[^Z£y~vba_Azl¨Ca_Ai~lsjzHbsjz^yb(Z¯_^i(bF_Azv B[AZ
i([Aaakvzlsji(_;y\sj[Az TH[^z y~vb[;y~Hb(Zv_Azvrw¦¡§ef?¨©csjm=b~¬LsjqlhjbFb(zH[^kv]Ay[2]Ab(zvb(Z`_Gybe_Az)_;y\yZsjqvklybbU¢G_GhjkH_Gy[^Z!_AiUy\sjzH]
[Az_^qHmy~Z`_^iUy£molzAy~_0¬yZ\b(b(m£i([^asjzv]F¯Z\[Aa¸fb(zAy~_AkvZ9 Xlsjm·Asjzv)[;i([^zvzHb(iUy\sj[Az»sjm¢Ab(Zolst®i(kLhtysjz³iUhj[^m`b(_Gy`y~Zst¨
qvklybmpoHmpy~b(amqXb(i(_Akvm\b|y~vbUoH_(¢^by~HbUsjZ[(ª!zsjzAy~b(Z\zH_GhZ\b(xvZ`b(m\b(zAy~_;y\sj[Az¯[^ZyZ\b(b(m_Azv5y~vb(z5vkvxlhtsji(_;y\sj[Az[GH_Gy_
myZ\kviUykvZ\b(mN_^zH2H_Gy_b~¬viv_Azv]Ab(m_AZ\b£a_Azvv_;y~[AZoB[AZsjzAy~b(Z`_^iUy`sj[^zr
² bH_(¢^bFkHm\b(yvbsjzv[;y~_AkvZ!molmpy~b(a ¯[^Z£m\bU¢^b(Z`_Gh_Axvxlhtsji(_;y\sj[Azvm!zH[(ª _^zHxr[Amsty`st¢^bb~¬HxXb(Zsjab(zAy_GhZ\b(m`klhty~myb(zv
y~[xvZ\[9¢^by~v_;yªbH_(¢^bZ\b(_Aivb([^kvZ]A[A_Ghy~[]^bUy!_AzbU®iUsjb(zAy!bU¢G_;hjkv_Gy`sj[^z[;xX[(ªb(ZpBklh6m`b(a_Az^y`sjim`xrb(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[Azvm
sjzy~b(Z`a [;6y\sjabGwlab(a[AZoFmy[^Z`_^]Ab!_Azv5sjzvi(Z\b(ab(zAy~_;htsty©oFBb(_;y~kvZ`b(m9
vbFzHb~¬lym\b(iUy`sj[^zxHZ\b(m\b(zAym§_;y~kHZ\_;hlb(a_AzAy\sji(m!_Azvstymsjaxlhjb(ab(zAy_Gy`sj[^z5sjz y~vbFfb(zAy~_AkvZ£molmyb(a2 lb(iUy`sj[^z
sjmvb(lsji(_;y~b(y~[y`y~ZsjqHkly~b¶£Z\_Aaa_^Z`m_Azvy~vb£¦§ef?¨©cmolmpy~b(a2 Hz Lb(iUy\sj[Azlwlªbei([AaxH_^Z`bqr[;y~BZ\_AabUª[AZ\·Rm9w
lsjm`i(kvm\mXy~Hbb~¬HxvZ\b(m`mst¢AbxX[(ªb(Z[;ly~vbNi([^zHmsjvb(Z`b(!m\kvqXiUhj_Am\mTB[AZ6_Gy`y~ZsjqHkly~b6bU¢G_;hjkv_;y\sj[Azrw(_Azv[^kLy\htsjzvb¡y~vb¡y~Z\_Azvmphj_Gy`sj[^z
m\ivb(abe¯Z\[Aa¸§£_GykvZ\_;hlb(a_AzAy\sji(my[»y`y~Zpsjqvkly~b¶£Z\_Aaa_^Z`m9 Xlb(iUy\sj[AzAQ5qvZpsjbvovb(m\i(Zpsjqrb(my~vb_AZ\ilsty~b(iUykvZ\b[;
y~Hbsjzv[;y~_AkvZ!molmpy~b(a2 Hz³lb(iUy\sj[AzHw=ªbFb(mpy~_Aqlhtsjm\yvb¢G_;htsjlsty©o)[;¤[AkvZ_AxvxvZ`[^_Ai[^z_b~¬H_Aaxlhjb[;¤xvZ`_^iUy`sji(_Gh
sjzAy~b(Z`b(my_^zHªbebU¢;_Ghjkv_;y~b|y~vb£xrb(ZpB[AZ\a_^zvi(b?[;[^kvZmpoHmpy~b(a¸¹¯sjzy~b(Z`am?[Gab(a[AZoF_Azvy\sjab0º l¦6sjzH_GhthtoGwXlb(iUy\sj[Az
:i([AzviUhjkvvb(mNy~Hbexv_AxXb(Z9wl_Azv5m\kv]A]Ab(my~m?zvbUªµlsjZ\b(iUy`sj[^zHm¤¯[^Zyvb!¯kly~kHZ\bG
! 0 . £2 54 6£
lb(a_^zAy\sji?_Am\xXb(iUy~msjzFyvbfb(zAy~_AkvZmolmpy~b(a _AZ\bv_Azvlhjb(ªsty #6c>:<8=_^zHsty~mNsjaxlhjb(ab(z^y_Gy`sj[^zXw
y~HbolxX[GhNB[AZ\a_;htsjm\a 6t( 8B 6vb]^b(zvb(Z`_Gh6sjHb(_2[;_2m`b(a_AzAy\sjivbU±=zlsty`sj[^z2sjz §£_GykvZ\_;hlb(a_AzAy\sji(msjm£y~[xvZ`[(¢Rsjvb
_0¬lsj[Aam_Azv)sjzLBb(Z\b(zHi(bFZ\klhjb(myv_Gyiv_^Z`_^iUyb(ZsML(bm\b(a_^zAy`sjiFqrb(H_(¢Rsj[^Z`my[2qXbHbU±=zvb()[Az hj_^zv]Akv_A]^bi([^zvmpy~Z`kviUy~mU
² stylsjz§_;y~kHZ\_;hHlb(a_^zAy`sji(m9w_m\b(a_^zAy`sji¤vbU±Tzlsty\sj[Azsjmsjvb(zAy\st±Tb(eªstyF_!hj[A];sji_AzvZ`b(_^m`[^zlsjzH]ªsty~yvb?hj_^zv]Akv_A]^b
sjmxHZ\[(¢Rsjzv]£y~vb([AZ\b(amXªsty~lsjzyv_;yhj[^];sjiG A|¬Lsj[Aam_AzvZ`klhjb(m_AZ\bkvm`b(_^mN_exvZ`[l[Gè¨Byvb([AZ\bUy\sjiny~[l[;hLy[]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y~bNzvbUª
B_AiUy~m¹CxvZ`[l[GTy~Z`b(b(m~º6¯Z\[Aa°b~¬Lsjmy`sjzv]B_AiUy~mNsjz»_zv[Azl¨CvbUy~b(Z`aFsjzlsjmpy\sjia_Azvzvb(Z¡vkvb!y[y~vbZ`bUhj_Gy`sj[^zv_;h=xvZ`b(m\b(zAy~_;y\sj[Az[;
y~Hb!B[AZ\a_Ghtsjm`a2 LLkHmy~vb(Z`bi(_Az»qXbem`bU¢^b(Z`_GhXxvZ\[l[;y~Z\b(b(m?¯[^Z?y~Hbem`_^abB_AiUy
Hzyvb!NoHxX[;hr¯[^Z`a_;htsjm\a2w;sjzLBb(Z\b(zHi(b!Z\klhjb(mNsjzvlsji(_;y~b|v[(ª¥_D¹¯yvb+2 &25[Gyvb!Z\kLhjb0ºb~¬HxvZ`b(m\msjzH]
m\[Aab|Z\bUhj_;y\sj[Az»qXbUy©ªb(b(zm\[Aab£^olxX[Gyvb(msjm?_Azv»m`[^ab!xvZ`[^xXb(Zy©oF[Az_^z5_^qHmy~Z`_^iUymolzAy~_0¬yb(Z\a2w^y~vb 9'%99èwTa_(o
qXbvb(vkHi(b(¯Z\[Aa [;y~vb(Zm`b(uLkHb(z^ym[^ZxvZ`b(lsji(_;y~b(m!¹Ci(_;hthjb(D+M<~º
NoHxX[;hnZ`klhjb(m_^Z`be[;6y~Hb!B[AZ\aG
G
G
G
¹Rº
vbzRkvab(Z`_Gy[^ZNi(_^z_;hjm\[Fi([AzAy~_;sjzD!>F¹¯B[AZ_AkL¬Lsthtsj_^Zpo»i([Aaxvkly_Gy`sj[^zTº[;6y~vb|B[AZ\a G
! #"X¹%$
'& &
$)(+*-,
.& ' &
,0/º
1¤_AZsj_Aqlhjb(ma_9o[li(i(kvZ?_^zAoRª!vb(Z\b|sjz_FZ\klhjb£_^zH2_;hthj[(ª´y~lsjmZ`klhjb!y[qrb|sjzvmy_^zAy`sj_Gyb(vkvZpsjzv]_FxvZ`[l[G© lvb|y~b(Z`am
& 2
_^Z`bi(_Ghthjb( @.'V!³xr[Amsty`sj[^zvmUw_Azvyvby~b(Z`am3
& 2
&3 /.'&54<! xr[Amsty`sj[^zvmU §[;y\sji(byv_;y»xX[^mpsty\sj[Azvm
&
6& & & &
7& ' &
a_(oqXby~kvxLhjb(m¹C_Am!sjz³¦6sj]AkvZ\b0º vbm\b(uRkvb(zAym
8 G9
& 2 8 2 G:
2
_AZ\b
myZ\[Azv];htoFy©olxrb(_Azv»akHmy!qXbvb(iUhj_AZ\b(ªsty~;D!&/9wTª!Lsji~a_^·;b!styxX[^m`msjqlhjb|y~[FxXb(Z¯[^Z`a y©olxXbsjzl¯b(Z\b(zvi(b
[Az¢G_^Zpsj_^qLhjb(m9 1¤_;htsj_^qHmy~Z`_^iUymolzAy~_0¬2xv_Gy`y~b(Z`zvm¹¯y~Hbm\kHqH}pb(iUy~mº¤qXbUhj[Azv]y~[m\[Aab92 V/9 ¹Czv_AabUhto_Az[AZ\vb(Zp¨
m\[AZyb(_;hj]^b(qvZ`_i([^axr[Am\b(ªsty 2 >2_^zHJ<2 &Mº~ N|y~vb(Z£¢G_AZsj_Aqlhjb(mei(_Az)_;hjm\[qXby©olxXb()ªsty)xvZ`b(vbU±=zvb(
y©olxrb(mm`kvi~_AmmyZsjzv][AZsjzAy~b(]Ab(Z9
¦vZ\[Aa _³olxX[Gh!Z`klhjbGwNªbHbU±=zvb5y~vbm`bUyFsjzvxvkly0¹CZº[G+7D' 2<&25i([^axr[Am\b( BZ`[^a+yvbxr[Amsty`sj[^zHm w
&
'
&
w,
&
'
&, / _^zv£y~Hbm\bUy[^kLy~xvkly0¹CZºl[G 2'D' 2<&26i([AaxX[^m`b(BZ`[^aÃy~vb¡xr[Amsty`sj[^zvm+¤w &
'
& w
$ & ' & $ ( RHb(m\b?y©ª[m\bUym_AZ\bzvb(b(vb(y[eHbU±=zvb?y~vb =[9ª[GTsjzlB[AZ\a_Gy`sj[^zvmsjz_exHZ\[l[;vy~Z`b(bG G|[^kv]Alhtom\xXb(_A·^sjzH]Hw
sjzvxvkLyexX[^mpsty\sj[Azvm!_AZ\bi([Aaxvklyb(q^oyvb[^kLy~b(Zi([AzAy~b~¬Ly_Azvkvm`b(sjz)Z`klhjb y[»i([AaxHkly~b£y~vb[Aklyxvkly!xX[^mpsty\sj[Azvm
ª!lsji_^Z`byvb(z5y~Z`_^zvm`aFsty`y~b(Fy[y~Hbe[Akly~b(Zi([AzAy~b~¬Ly Hlsjm!·Asjzv[;)=[9ª b(zHm\kvZ`b(m¤yv_;y|_;hth[Akly~xvkLy|xX[Amsty\sj[Azvm_AZ\b
i([Aaxvkly_^qLhjbG
y©olxlsji(_;hvNoHxX[;h=Z\klhjbi([AaFsjzv]|BZ`[^ayvbm\xXb(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[AzevbU¢AbUhj[^xXb(sjzm`b(iUy\sj[AzH j¹Cm`b(b¦nsj]^kvZ`bZQ^ºnsjmm`v[(ª!zFqXbUhj[(ª G
Y
G $
7&+.&
eY#G$
&
&
_^xvxXb(zv _AZ\i(m9¹%$
#&
$ * $Gº _AxvxXb(zv my~_;y~b(m~¹
&
*
(º [AZ¹
&
*
Gº
xlhjkvm¹BY
.&
Y0º G$
&
&
;T
¦6sj]AkvZ\bF GvNolxr[;hnZ`klhjb
Hz y~lsjmZ\kLhjbGw6yvbFm\kHqH}pb(iUyesjm_ Db~¬HxvZ\b(m`msj[Az)vbU±=zLsjzv]_hj_^zH]^kv_A]AbZ\b(i([A]^zlsML(b( q^o³m\[AabF_Akly[^a_Gy[^zy[qrb
vbU±=zHb(r Xkly[^a_Gy_F_AZ\bFiv_AZ\_AiUy~b(ZsML(b(qAo)yvZ\b(bi([AaxX[^zHb(z^ym9GT_m\bUy[G_AZ\i(mF¹ $º~wr_m\bUye[;sjzlsty\sj_;h¤mpy~_;y~b(m¹
º~w
_Azv_Fqr[l[;hjb(_Az ¹
ºb~¬HxvZ\b(m`msjzv]ª!vbUyvb(Z¤[AZzv[;yy~vb£b(axly©omy~Zpsjzv]qXbUhj[^zv]Am?y~[yvbe]Ab(zvb(Z`_Gyb(hj_^zH]^kv_A]AbG lvb
¢G_AZsj_Aqlhjbvb(zv[;y~b(myvbem`bUy[;my_Gyb(mB[;hthj[(ªsjzv]y~vbi(kvZ`Z\b(zAymy~_;y~bG TvbZ`b(m\klhty`sjzv]F_Akly~[Aa_;y~[AzF¯[^Z!_;D|[GNy©ª[
m\kHql¨Pb~¬HxvZ`b(m\mpsj[^zvmnsjmsjzvHkviUy\st¢AbUhtoFi([^axvkly~b(¯Z\[Aay~vby©ª[m\kvqL¨P_Akly~[Aa_;y~_G9y~vbZ`b(m\klhty`sjzv]em`bUy¤[;r_AZ\i(m¡sjmyvbkvzlsj[Az
[;6y~vb£y©ª[m\bUym[;_AZ\i(m9wLy~HbeZ`b(m\klhty`sjzv]m\bUy![;6sjzlsty\sj_;h6my_Gyb(m¤sjmy~vb£kvzlsj[Az2[;6y~Hby©ª[m`bUy~m[G6sjzLsty\sj_;h¡mpy~_;y~b(mUwv_Azv
y~Hbb(axLy©omyZsjzv]FqXbUhj[Azv]^mNy~[y~vb£Z\b(m\kLhty\sjzv]hj_Azv]Akv_^]Ab!st¡sty!qrbUhj[Azv]Am¤y[[^zHbe[;6y~vb|y©ª[hj_^zH]^kv_A]Ab(m9
HzF§£_GykvZ\_;hHLb(a_Az^y`sji(m9w9xvZ\[l[;Bm6_AZ\bv[AzvbkvmsjzH] 4VD9!D92 [^zm`kvql}b(iUy~m6mpsjzvi(b?y~vbNsjzlsty`sj_Gh=]A[A_GhRy~[£xvZ\[9¢^b
i([Az^y_GsjzHm_i([^axlhjbUy~b?_AqvmyZ\_AiUymolzAy~_0¬y~b(Z\a ¹¯sB bG '/#M.M 2O *3 !©º~ Llsjm?xvZ\[Axrb(Zpy©oehtsjzH·Lm?yvb]Gst¢Ab(z
_AqvmyZ\_AiUy!molzAy~_0¬ y~b(Z\a _AzvyvbZ\b(m`klhty\sjzH]xvZ`[l[GyZ\b(b¯[^Z|y~vbsjzlsty`sj_Gh?]^[A_GhB R£b(xrb(zHlsjzv][Azm`[^abxHZ\[Axrb(Zpy\sjb(m[;
y~HbNolxr[;h=Z`klhjb(m¹Cm`b(blb(iUy\sj[AzLºw;y~vbZ`b(m\klhty`sjzv]xvZ`[l[GHy~Z\b(b?i(_AzFqrbqlsj]A]Ab(Z6y~v_Azy~Hb]Gst¢Ab(zF_^qHmy~Z`_^iUympolz^y_;¬yb(Z\a
¹C_Azv5bU¢^b(z5sjzl±=zLsty~b0ºTLy~Lsjma_A·Gb(m?sty!xr[Am\mpsjqlhjb!y[Fb~¬HxvZ\b(m`m*R!olzv_AaFsjilb(a_AzAy\sji(mNsjz2§£_GykvZ\_;hnLb(a_Az^y`sji(m9
Hz5y~vb|m\bUy\y`sjzv][;nsjzAyb(Z\_AiUy\st¢^b£xvZ\[A]AZ\_AaaFsjzH]b(zA¢RsjZ\[Azvab(zAy~mUw'3sjm|i([^zvmpsjvb(Z\b(_^m_Fa_G}[AZ¤]A[A_GhTB[AZ
bU®iUsjb(zviUo³_^zH kvm\b(Zp¨B¯Zsjb(zvlhtsjzHb(m\mZ\b(_Am\[Azvm»¹Cm`b(bF¯[^ZsjzHmy~_Azvi(b 6Hw?RcLwNAHwNAHwNA 8«º Nvbfb(z^y_^kHZmolmyb(a3_;hjm\[
b(zvv_Azvi(b(m¡sjz^yb(Z\_AiUy\st¢Rsty©oFsjzmolzAy~_AiUy\sji(_;h=_Am\xXb(iUy~mU AY_^Z`msjzv]sjmsjzHi(Z\b(ab(zAy_GhGA_AzAo»m\b(zAyb(zvi(b[Gyvb[Aql}b(iUy?hj_^zv]Akv_A]^b
i([AZ\Z\b(m`xr[AzvlsjzH]y[_¢G_;htsjm\[AZy6i(_^zqXbxv_AZ\m`b(e_Azv_^z_AqvmyZ\_AiUynmpolz^y_;¬em\kvqLy~b(Z\aÃsjm6i([AzvmyZ\kviUyb(r Y¤Z`bUy\y©oR¨CxvZsjzAy\sjzH]
[;_^qHmy~Z`_^iUymolzAy~_0¬»y~Z\b(b(m?sjm£_Ghjm`[Fsjzvi(Z`b(ab(zAy~_;h=m\[y~vbkvm`b(Zsjm!zv[;y!_^zvzH[(o^b(ªstym\i(Z\b(b(z5Z\b(Lsjm\xlhj_(olm!HkvZsjzv]y~vb
b(lsty`sjzv]xvZ\[li(b(m`m9
C[9ªbU¢Ab(Z9wHm\b(a_AzAy\sji(_;hr_Am\xXb(iUy~m¡sjzy~vbfb(z^y_^kHZmpolmy~b(a i(_Az»zv[;y!qXbv_Azvlhjb(sjz_^z5sjzvi(Z`b(ab(zAy~_;h=a_Azvzvb(Z?_Azv»_
i(_;hth=y~[_y©olxXbU¨Pivb(i·Gb(Z?[^Z_yZ\_Azvmhj_;y~[AZ[Azyvbª!v[;hjbxHZ\[A]^Z`_^a v_^mNy~[qXb!v[Azvb![Az5Z\b(uRkvb(my_;«y~b(ZNy~Lsjm¤xvZ`[^]AZ\_Aa
v_Amqrb(b(zb(lsty~b(£_^zH5¹BbU¢^b(zmhtsj]AAy\htovºa[llst±Tb(r Umsjz 6lw;8Bwªb?i([Azvmsjvb(ZXyvbi(kvZ`Z\b(zAyXsjaxlhjb(ab(z^y_Gy`sj[^zsjzY?Z\[;hj[A]
¹¯ªstykvzLst±=i(_Gy`sj[^z_^zv5qv_Ai~·AyZ\_Ai~·Asjzv]Rº_Am¤_Az5[^qvmpy~_AiUhjby~[_Az^o_Gy`y~b(axLyy~[(ª_AZ\vmNsjzvi(Z\b(ab(zAy~_;htsty©oA A [^Z`b([(¢^b(ZUwl[AkvZ
_Axvxlhtsji(_;y\sj[Azvm?sjz2Nolxr[;h6_^Z`ba[^Z`b[AZhjb(m\mhtsjaFstyb(y[y~[9o»b~¬H_^axlhjb(mvkvb|y~[F[(¢Ab(Z =[9ª!msjzy~vb£Y¤Z`[Ghj[A]my_^i·v
$& (')*+ ,, "0 N.´ 542 n
Rsjzvi(bzLkLy~msjzlsty`sj_Ghxv_Axrb(Z 6>=8Bw?y`y~ZsjqHkly~b¶£Z\_Aaa_^Z`mv_9¢^bqrb(b(z ªsjvbUhto³kvm\b(³sjz³y~Z`_^zvmphj_Gy`sj[^zXw6i([Aaxlsthjb(Zp¨
i([Aaxlsthjb(Zyb(i~vzLsjuLkHb(mF_^zHvbU±=zlsty`sj[^zHmB[AZxvZ`[^]AZ\_Aaasjzv]5hj_^zv]Akv_A]^b(mU Hz y~lsjmm\b(iUy`sj[^zrw¡ªbZ\b(i(_;hth!m\[Aab5qv_Amsji
zv[;y~_;y\sj[Azvm_AqX[^kly£y\y~ZpsjqvklybF¶Z`_^aa_AZ\m!_AzvªbxHZ\b(m\b(zAy£y~vbFa_G}[AZ!¯b(_GykvZ\b(m|[G?y~vb¦§ef?¨©cmolmyb(a2wX_Az)!¶
xvZ`[li(b(m\msjzH]Fmolmyb(a THªbB[li(kvm!a[^Z`bxv_^Zpy\sji(klhj_AZhto[Azsty~m£m\xXb(iUst±=i(_Gy`sj[^z5hj_Azv]Akv_^]Ab!hj]A__^zvyvb_Al¢G_Az^y_^]Ab(m[;
y~Hb]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y~b(_Gy`y~ZsjqHkly~bbU¢G_;hjkv_;y~[AZ\mU
z"#$%&' (*+ sjm_^z5_^qHmy~Z`_^iUy?molzAy~_0¬ ¹C_e¨Cmsj]Azv_;y~kvZ`b0º_Akv]Aab(zAy~b(ªsty <+!; '2
vb(_;htsjzv]ªsty»y©ª[Flsjm¯}[;sjzAy±=zlsty~bm\bUym[GmpoHaqX[;hjm¹B_Gy`y~Zpsjqvkly~b(mºG H§ C_^zv[§
¦v[AZb(_^ixvAoRhjkva"! #w¤ªb _^m`m\[liUsj_;y~b5y©ª[ LsjmB}[;sjzAy±=zlsty~bm`bUy~m5[GmolaqX[Ghjm&GZ@.'V!³_^zv 93 /.'&54<!
$%&'¹$H§ C¹$!)º
&
[e§¹ !)º\º
¦v[AZeb(_Ai[^xXb(Z\_;y~[AZ
#%
&
G&!(';*)!
:'
!
wm\b(a_^zAy`sjivbU±=zlsty`sj[^zvm|vb(m\i(Zpsjqrb /24 !> !>qrbUy©ªb(b(z
y~Hbe¢;_Ghjkvb(m|[G?_Gy`y~ZsjqHkly~b(m_AzvvbU±=zvb[§¹$!*'º_^zv H§#C¹ !
2
º¹V2'D' >$$%&'º!sjz2y~b(Z\am[G H§#C¹ !('(º!_Azv
[§¹$!
2
º¹O7D' $%&'º~
N¢G_GhjkH_Gy`sjzv]F_Az2!¶ ªsty~Z`b(m\xXb(iUy¤y[F_^z_AqvmyZ\_AiUymolzAy~_0¬5y~Z`b(bi(_Azqrb£¢RsjbUªb(_Am!vb(i([AZ\_;y\sjzv]yvbezH[lvb(m?sjzy~vb
y~Z`b(bªstyy~Hb¢G_;hjkvb(mN[G=_;y\yZsjqvkLy~b(m9 vba_;}[AZ6_^Z`b(_![GX_^iUy`st¢^bZ\b(m`b(_^Z`i~sjzF!¶£msjm¡y~vb?vb(mpsj]^z[;r_Akly~[Aa_;y\sji(_;hthtoR¨
]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y~b(£bU®iUsjb(zAy¡_;y\yZsjqvkLy~bbU¢;_Ghjkv_;y~[AZ\m¹Cm`b(b 6t9 8L¯[^Z6_Az_^zHzv[Gy_Gyb(qlsjqLhtsj[^]AZ\_AxvAovº~ ¦v[^Zny~lsjm6xvkHZ\xX[^m`bGw(lsFEXb(Z\b(zAy
m\kHqriUhj_Am\m`b(m?¹Bqv_Am\b([^zxH_^Zpy\sj_;hH[AZ\Hb(Z\m6qXbUy©ªb(b(z_;y\y~Zpsjqvklyb(m~ºXv_(¢Abqrb(b(zsjzAy~Z`[lvkvi(b(rw9_^zv_Am\m`[liUsj_Gyb(eab(aqrb(Z`m\lsjx
y~b(mpy~mNv_(¢^b£qrb(b(zvbU¢^bUhj[Axrb(¹CbG ]l "+(I6c B 8BwD 2!>! 6B 8BwJ6tcRwvc =HwX:98«º~ R²Ãsty~y~vb(m`bm\kvqXiUhj_Am\m\b(mUwAbU®iUsjb(zAy
¹C[Axly`sjaFsML(b(rw;sjzvi(Z`b(ab(zAy~_;h«ºbU¢;_Ghjkv_;y~[AZ\m?i(_AzqXb_Akly~[Aa_;y\sji(_;hthto]^b(zvb(Z`_Gyb(FqAo»i([AaxvkLy\sjzv]_Gy]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y\sj[Azy`sjab!_Az
bU¢G_;hjkv_;y\sj[Az»[AZ\vb(Z[Az_Gy`y~ZsjqHkly~b(mU
vbm\xXb(iUst±=iUsty©o[;y~vb¦§f?¨pcmolmyb(a 6cGRwcGRwc^c986sjm!y~[i([^zvmpsjvb(Z?y~v_;y!_Azy\y~Zpsjqvklybe¶£Z\_Aaa_AZ?m\xXb(iUst±=b(m9w
_Azv _Az³_Gy`y~ZsjqHkly~bbU¢G_;hjkv_;y~[AZ!sjaxlhjb(ab(zAy~mUwX_^z³_;y\y~Zpsjqvklyb(l¨ByZ\b(by~[_;y\yZsjqvkLy~b(l¨¯y~Z`b(bea_^xvxLsjzv]H Hz)ylsjmm\ivb(abGw
y~HbsjzAy~b(Z\ab(lsj_;y~by~Z`b(b(me_AZ\bvb(m\i(Zpsjqrb(qAo³_^qvmpy~Z`_^iUymolzAy~_0¬vb(mb~¬Ly~b(zvHb(ªsty~³_Gy`y~Zpsjqvkly~bHb(iUhj_^Z`_Gy`sj[^zvmU Hz y~vb
¦§f?¨pcmpoHmpy~b(awy\yZsjqvklybF¶Z`_^aa_AZ\m£_^Z`bFª!Zsty`y~b(z sjz |hj]^_ 6cH8_Azv³m\xXb(iUst«oy~Hbi([Aaxvkly_Gy`sj[^zHmxrb(ZpB[AZ\ab(
qAo[^zHb[^Z£a[AZ\bxv_Am\m\b(mUwT_^i(i([AZ\lsjzH]Fy~[m\[AabsjzvxvkLye_Azv[Akly~xvkLyv_;y~_ ¹B_Gy`y~Zpsjqvkly~b(5_AqvmyZ\_AiUyy~Z\b(b(mº~ TvbF|hj]^_
B[AZ\a_Ghtsjm`a ª_Amvb(msj]Azvb(B[AZ!yvbvb(m\i(Zpsjxly\sj[Az[G_;hth_^m`xrb(iUym[G_^z !¶ Lsjm9w[;¤i([AkvZ\m`bGwHsjz^¢A[Ght¢Ab(mi([^zvmpy~Z`kviUy~m
y~[ vb(iUhj_^Z`b_;y\yZsjqvklyb(m9wn_^i(i(b(m`meyvb(a sjz m\b(a_^zAy\sjiZ\klhjb(mUwNqvklyF_;hjm\[i([AzvmyZ\kviUymy[vb(m`i(ZsjqXbxvkvZ`bi(_;hji(klhj_;y\sj[Azvm
ªsty~H[^klyZ`b(m\[AZy\sjzH]»y[_^z b~¬Ly~b(Z`zv_;hhj_Azv]^kH_^]AbG [AZ\b([(¢Ab(Z9wny~vb5!hj]A_¯[^Z`a_;htsjm\a v_^mqXb(b(z b~¬Lyb(zvvb(ªsty³y~vb
zv[;y\sj[Az»[; & %V4!K $V%&'2A6t<Q8GTb(_Ai~[Axrb(Z`_Gy[^Z¡sjm!b~¬HxvZ\b(m`m\b(_Am_Fxv_;y\yb(Z\zªsty~5¢G_AZsj_Aqlhjb(m9
Ãy©oHxLsji(_Gh!hj]A_Z\klhjb!i([AaFsjzH]¯Z\[Aa y~Hbm\xXb(iUst±=i(_Gy`sj[^zHbU¢^bUhj[Axrb(sjz5lb(iUy\sj[AzFl j¹Cm\b(b|¦6sj]^kHZ\bRºsjmm\H[(ª!zqXbUhj[(ª G
!"#%$'&(" *)
!"#*)'+-,
.!"/#*)'0++-1
2
/
2
$'&
2
#34
2
5-) 2
2
)' +-, 2
2
)' ++-1
!.6/7
2
$'&
2
#348:9
2
98-)
!.6/7
2
)'+-,
!67
2
)'8++1
0!;)' +<$=&
!;1
0!;)'0+<$=&
!;1
.#3>. <1
¦6sj]AkvZ\bc@GHz|hj]^_Z\klhjb
vba_G}p[^Z?_Al¢G_Az^y_^]Ab(m[G6yvb¦¡§ef?¨©cmolmyb(a _^Z`b G
sty~mb~¬HxvZ`b(m\mpst¢^bxX[(ªb(Z&G¡y~vb_Ai(i(b(xly~b( iUhj_Am\mF[;e_;y\yZsjqvklyb]AZ\_Aaa_^Z`mesjmy~vb1?µiUhj_^m`m9wNª!lsji sjmhj_^Z`]^b
b(zv[^kH]^y~[Fi([9¢^b(Zkvm`kv_Ghzvb(b(vm?¯[^Zmy_Gy`sjim`b(a_Az^y`sji(m?sjz2xHZ\[A]^Z`_^aaFsjzv]£hj_^zH]^kv_A]Ab(m9T
y~vb!bU®iUsjb(zviUo[GXy~vb]Ab(zvb(Z`_Gyb(bU¢;_Ghjkv_;y~[AZ\m&G;y~vb]Ab(zvb(Z`_Gyb(bU¢;_Ghjkv_;y~[AZ\mN_^Z`bvbUy~b(Z`aFsjzlsjmpy\sjiGw;msjzHi(by~vbUoF_AZ\b
qv_^m`b([^z _y[Gy_Gh6bU¢G_;hjkv_;y\sj[Az[^Z`vb(Z[^z b(_^im\[AZy£[Gyvb_AqvmyZ\_AiUy|mpolz^y_;¬XwTyv_^zH·Lmy~[5_yZ\_Azvm¯[^Z`a_;y\sj[Az
BZ\[Aa y~vb+ m\kHqriUhj_Am\mNy~[yvbW 2!;!F[^zHb¹Cm`b(b 6c;HwXcAc^wTQ48B[AZa[AZ\b!HbUy~_;sthjm~ºT
y~vb =b~¬Lsjqlsthtsty©oF[;Xy~vb]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y~b(bU¢G_;hjkv_Gy[^Z`m9GBZ`[^a y~vbm`_^ab¤m`xrb(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[Azrw9y~vb]Ab(zvb(Z`_Gyb(ebU¢G_;hjkv_;y~[AZ\mi(_Az
qrb?_Ghtyb(Z\zv_;y\st¢AbUhto!sjaxLhjb(ab(zAy~b(|ªsty~[^Zªstyv[Akly6ab(a[AZo![Axly`sjaFsML(_;y\sj[AzrwUsjz_Azb~¬vH_^kvmpy\st¢Ab[AZsjzvi(Z\b(ab(z^y_Gh
a_Azvzvb(Z9w^sjz_Fm\b(uRkvb(zAy\sj_;h[^Zxv_AZ\_;hthjbUha_Azvzvb(Z9w^_^zv5sjzf´[^Z sjm`xr
vb¦§f?¨pc5mpoHmpy~b(a"xHZ\[(¢Rsjvb(m_¢Ab(Zo±=zHbFmy_Gy`sji_Azv_;htolmsjm[GNy~vbhtst¯bUy\sjab[;b(_^i_;y\y~Zpsjqvklybsjzvmpy~_Azvi(bGwTª!lsji
sjz y~kvZ`z_Ghthj[9ª!my[2HbUy~b(Z\asjzvb£y~vbFa[^mpybU®iUsjb(zAyª_(o y~[5my~[AZ\bsty( 6lsjm£sjmxr[Am\mpsjqlhjbqXb(i(_^kvm`b[G?y~vbzHb(i(b(m\msty©o
y~[H_(¢^b5_my_Gy`sji(_GhthtoR¨CvbUy~b(Z`aFsjzv_Aqlhjby~[;y~_;h¤bU¢G_;hjkv_;y\sj[Az)[AZ\vb(Z£y~[xHZ\[lvkvi(b¢Rsjmpsty\¨Cm\b(uRkvb(zvi(bU¨Cqv_Am\b(bU¢G_;hjkv_;y~[AZ\mF¹C_Am
vb(m`i(ZsjqXb(esjz6cG 8«º~ >Hz6c;Q<8BwAªb]Gst¢Ab!b~¬H_^iUyi([Azvlsty`sj[^zHm6y~[vb(iUsjvb?ª!vbUyvb(Z6_yb(axX[^Z`_^Zpo_;y\y~Zpsjqvklyb¤i(_Azqrbmpy~[AZ\b(
sjz_]Ghj[Aqv_;hn¢;_^Zpsj_^qlhjbZ\_;y~Hb(Zy~v_Az5sjz_my_^i·¹C_;hthnyb(axX[^Z`_^ZpoF_Gy`y~Zpsjqvkly~b(mi(_AzqrbGwT_;y!ª[AZ\mpywTmy[^Z`b(sjz _my_^i·lº
_Azv5ª!vbUy~vb(Z?_Fzv[Azl¨¯y~b(axr[AZ\_AZo_;y\y~Zpsjqvklybi(_^zqXbmy[^Z`b(sjz_F];hj[Aqv_GhX¢G_AZsj_AqlhjbG
¦6sjzv_;hthtoGwlyvbbU¢G_;hjkv_Gy[^Z¡]^b(zvb(Z`_Gy[^Zsjm?_Aqlhjby~[xvZ\[lHkvi(b?sjzvi(Z\b(ab(z^y_GhR_;y\y~Zpsjqvklyb¤bU¢G_;hjkv_;y~[AZ\m¹Bm\b(b#6tAwRA8v¯[^ZNZ\bUhj_;y~b(
ª[^Z`·Hº kHZ!abUyv[lrwHxvZ\b(m`b(z^yb(sjz 6cGRw6cAc^wQ48BwXsjm£qv_Am\b([Azy~vbm\kHqriUhj_Am\m[;l§f´!¶m£i(_Ghthjb( W2 '%&32
/2¹R§fº 6t:<8B ?lsjmFiUhj_Am\msjmv[(ªbU¢^b(ZFhj_AZ\]Ab(Zy~v_Az³y~vb5ht¨C[^Z`vb(Z\b(³iUhj_Am\m9wN_Azv [AkvZFl§ef y[ht¨P[AZ\Hb(Z\b(
y~Z`_^zHmB[AZ\a_Gy`sj[^z£a_A·Gb(m¡sty¤xX[^m`msjqlhjby[e_AiUy~kv_;hthtokvm\bylsjmabUy~v[lB[AZ_AzAoFl§ef !¶£m9 LLkHm9w;ªb!i(_^z]^b(zvb(Z`_Gyb_Az
bU¢G_;hjkv_;y~[AZ¤ª!Lsji~sjm!_Aqlhjby~[my~_AZy_;y!_^zAozv[lvb|sjzy~vb|y~Z`b(bG v[AZ\b([9¢^b(Z9wH_m`bUy![GA@~m`b(a_Az^y`sji!i([Az^yZ\[;hCBBkHzviUy\sj[Azvm
_;hthj[(ªµy~[htsjastyy~vb£Z\bU¨CbU¢G_GhjkH_Gy`sj[^z5xvZ\[li(b(m`my[_ EXb(iUy~b(sjzvmy_^zHi(b(m9
1F ! 1,$& (') *+ ,,
!bUhj_;y\sj[Azvm\LsjxqrbUy©ªb(b(z§_;y~kvZ`_Ghvlb(a_^zAy`sji(m6_^zvy\y~Zpsjqvklyb¶£Z\_Aaa_^Z`m6v_^mNqrb(b(zLsjm\i(kvm`m\b(sjz 6cRwQ<8GR_m\kvqXiUhj_Am\m
[;¡Nolxr[;hrxHZ\[A]^Z`_^amv_Amqrb(b(zFHbU±=zvb(_Azv5_y~Z`_^zvmphj_Gy`sj[^zm\ivb(ab¯Z\[Aa°ylsjmm\kvqXiUhj_^m`my[y\y~Zpsjqvklyb!¶Z`_^aa_AZ\m
v_AmeqXb(b(zvbU¢AbUhj[^xXb(sjz³[^Z`vb(Z£y~[xvZ\[9¢LsjHbF_^z [^xLy\sjaFsML(b(2sjaxlhjb(ab(z^y_Gy`sj[^z[;olxX[Gh?xvZ\[A]^Z`_^am9wHªsty~H[^klykvzlst¨
±=i(_;y\sj[Azª!vb(z xr[Am\mpsjqlhjbG 6[_(¢A[Gsj³y~HbFZ\bU¨CvbU±=zlsty`sj[^z [Gy~Lsjmem`kvqriUhj_Am\mUwXªbqvZpsjbvoi([^axv_AZ\bqr[;y~ _^xvxHZ\[A_^ivb(m
sjz y~b(Z\am[;mpy©oRhjbGw6b~¬HxvZ\b(m`mst¢Ab(zvb(m\mUw_^zH)b~¬Hb(i(kly\sj[AzxvZ`[li(b(m\mU =Lsjmi([AaxH_^Zpsjm\[Azªsththzv_;y~kHZ\_;hthtoZ\_;sjm\byvbFa_;sjz
Z\b(mpy~ZpsjiUy\sj[Azvm¤Z`b(uRklsjZ\b(5[^z_FNolxr[;hxvZ\[A]^Z`_^a y~[]^bUy_Az2_;y\yZsjqvkLy~b!bU¢G_;hjkv_;y\sj[Azr
"!#$%&' ()* (
¦vZ`[^a yvbxvZ`b(m\b(zAy~_;y\sj[AzxX[;sjz^y![;6¢RsjbUªewT§_;y~kvZ`_Ghlb(a_AzAy\sji(m?m\xXb(iUst±=i(_Gy`sj[^zHm_AZ\bb~¬vxHZ\b(m\m`b(Fsjz_FZ`bUhj_Gy`sj[^zH_Ghmy©oRhjb
_Am[^xvxX[Am\b(Fy[F_¯kvzviUy\sj[Azv_;hrmpy©oLhjb£B[AZy\yZsjqvkLy~b¶£Z\_Aaa_^Z`m9
qX[^klyy~vb Z\bUhj_;y\st¢^b b~¬vxHZ\b(m\mpst¢^b xr[(ªb(Z\mUw§_;y~kHZ\_;hlb(a_AzAy\sji(mi(_Az Hb(_Gh£ªsty~ LoHzH_^asjim\b(a_^zAy\sji(mª!vb(z
y\yZsjqvkLy~b¶£Z\_Aaa_AZ\m_^Z`bhtsjaFstyb(y~[ mpy~_;y\sjim\b(a_^zAy`sji(m ¹¯y©olxXbU¨Pivb(i·Asjzv]Hwy~Z\_Azvmphj_Gy`sj[^zvmº~ ?£z¥[Azvbv_Azvrwy~vb
Z\b(m`klhty[G!_Az y\yZsjqvklyb¶£Z\_Aaa_AZ£sjmy~vbsjzvxvklyF_AqvmyZ\_AiUyempoHzAy_;¬ y~Z`b(bFvb(i([AZ\_;y~b(ªsty _;y\yZsjqvkLy~b¢G_;hjkvb(m&T[Az
y~HbF[Gyvb(ZH_^zvXwXy~vbZ\b(m\kLhty[;_xHZ\[l[;sjz³§_;y~kvZ`_Ghlb(a_^zAy`sji(m!sjm_xvZ\[l[;yZ\b(bª!lsji sjmzH[Gy¹¯sjz y~vb]Ab(zvb(Z`_Gh
i(_Am\b0º|sjm\[Aa[AZ\xvlsjiy[y~vbsjzvxvkly_^qHmy~Z`_^iUymolzAy~_0¬ y~Z`b(bGwm\kHqH}pb(iUy[;y~vb]^[A_GhNy~[xvZ`[(¢^bG ¡[AZ\b([(¢Ab(Z9wyvbhj[A]Gsji(_;h
BZ`_^abUª[AZ\·5[;¤§_;y~kHZ\_;hNLb(a_Az^y`sji(mxvZ\[9¢LsjHb(mkvzlst±Ti(_Gy`sj[^z_Azvzv[Azl¨CvbUy~b(Z`aFsjzlsjm`a ª!lsji~ _^Z`b[^klymsjvbyvbm\i([Axrb
[;y`y~ZsjqHkly~b¶Z`_^aa_AZ\m&G=a[^mpymyZ\_;y~b(];sjb(mB[AZbU¢G_;hjkv_;y\sj[Az_AZ\bqv_Am\b([Az)_5my_Gy`sji[^Z`vb(ZB[AZ!yvbi([Aaxvkly_Gy`sj[^z
[;¤_;hth¤_;y\y~Zpsjqvklyb(m_^zv _^Z`by~[;y~_;hthto HbUy~b(Z\asjzlsjmy`sjiG v§£[Gyby~v_;ykvzlst±Ti(_Gy`sj[^z W!sjmzv[;y_;htª_(olm_5xvZ\[Aqlhjb(a GTªb
m\H[(ª¥[Az[AkvZ?b~¬v_AaxLhjbsjz2lb(iUy`sj[^zH j|v[9ª¥_hjb(_Amy?±H¬L¨PxX[GsjzAy¹Cm`[Ght¢Ab(ªstykvzlst±Ti(_Gy`sj[^z=º¡b~¬HxvZ\b(m`m\b(sjz5_§_;y~kvZ`_Gh
lb(a_^zAy\sji(m?m\xXb(iUst±=i(_;y\sj[Azzv_;y~kHZ\_;hthtolsjm\_AxvxXb(_^Z`msjz_Az5y\y~Zpsjqvklybe¶£Z\_Aaa_AZ9
¦vZ\[Aa y~vb£b~¬Hb(i(kly\sj[Az»xX[;sjz^y![;6¢RsjbUªewXkvzlst±=i(_;y\sj[Az5a_A·Gb(m_qlsj]lsFErb(Z`b(zvi(bqXbUy©ªb(b(z5§_;y~kHZ\_;hnlb(a_^zAy\sji(m_Azv
y\yZsjqvkLy~b!¶£Z\_Aaa_AZ\mU AvbxHZ\[l[;ryZ\b(bsjmqvkLsthtyªstymy~Z`kviUy~kHZ\_;hlsjzvvkviUy`sj[^zsjz2_mpsjzv];hjbZ\b(i(kHZ\mst¢Ab!xv_Am\m[(¢Ab(Zy~vb
[AZsj];sjzv_GhX_^qHmy~Z`_^iUyNmolzAy~_0¬y~Z\b(b|_^zvkvzlst±=i(_;y\sj[AzFxvZ`[^xH_^]A_Gyb(m6y~Hb!Z\b(a_GsjzlsjzH]ei([AaxvkLy~_;y\sj[Azvm6[^zzv[Azl¨BsjzHmy~_AzAy\sj_;y~b(
¢G_AZsj_Aqlhjb(m9 ;²³blsjmy`sjzv]Aklsjm\y©ª[·Asjzvvm[;rkHzlst±=i(_;y\sj[AzvmvkvZpsjzv]!yvbxvZ`[l[GvxvZ`[li(b(m\m&G %2>$2 .kvzLst±=i(_Gy`sj[^zHmvkvb?y~[
y~Hb .;[Glm\bU¢Ab(Z\_;hL_;y\yZsjqvkLy~b(mTsjz_|msjzv];hjb¤m`b(uRkvb(zAy¹B_^mXsjzZ`klhjb|¹BLºX[;v¦6sj]^kHZ\b*Q^ºX_Azv M & VF.Lkvzlst±=i(_;y\sj[Azvmvkvb
y~[i([Aaa[^z¢G_^Zpsj_^qLhjb(m¤sjz5sjzvxHkly_Gy`y~ZsjqHkly~b(m¹Cm\b(b|Z\klhjb¹ QAºsjz¦6sj]AkvZ`bRº~ Hz5yvbB[AZ\ab(Z¤i(_Am\bGwL_^i(i([AZ\Lsjzv]y[m\[Aab
xvZ`[^xXb(Zy©o[Az)yvbFvb(xXb(zvvb(zviUo]AZ\_Axv)qXbUy©ªb(b(z_Gy`y~Zpsjqvkly~b(mUwxvZ`[^xv_A]A_Gy`sj[^z[;kvzlst±=i(_;y\sj[Az)i(_Az)qXbFsjaxlhjb(ab(zAy~b(
ªsty~_;y\yZsjqvkLy~bbU¢;_Ghjkv_;y\sj[Az_^zH»yvbmsjzv];hjbxv_^m`m![(¢Ab(Zy~vbyZ\b(bi(_AzqXbevb(i([AaxX[Am\b(sjzAy~[5m\b(xH_^Z`_Gyb!xv_Am\m\b(me¹Bm\b(b
6 8n¯[^Za[^Z`b!vbUy_Gsthjmº~
¦6sjzv_;hthtoAwTvkHZsjzv]y~Hb!b~¬Hb(i(kly\sj[AzxvZ`[li(b(m\m¡sjz»_;y\yZsjqvklybbU¢G_;hjkv_Gy[^Z`m9w;yvb(Z\bsjmzv[zH[Gy`sj[^z[GB_;sthjkvZ`b GRy~Hb!]^b(zHb(Z\_;¨
y\sj[Az[;¤_AzbU¢G_GhjkH_Gy[^Zb(zvm`kvZ\b(myv_;y!_^zAobU¢G_;hjkv_Gy`sj[^zªsththNqrbm\kHi(i(b(m\m¯klhthto»_AilsjbU¢^b(r XLsjm!sjmzH[Gy!yvbi(_^m`beªsty
§_;y~kHZ\_;hnlb(a_^zAy\sji(mU
,+ -.*/0/*&)1*
§[9ªew0ªbi(_^zb(zRkvab(Z\_;y~b6yvb¤i([Azvlsty`sj[^zHm6zvb(i(b(m\m`_^Zpo!y~[!ivb(i·ª!HbUy~vb(Z_!];st¢^b(zF§£_GykvZ\_;hLLb(a_Az^y`sji(mm\xXb(iUst±=i(_Gy`sj[^z
i(_Az»qXbebU¢;_Ghjkv_;y~b(ªsty~_;y\y~Zpsjqvklyb(m9G
G 2 +MV9Y!; 2'G_;hthn¢;_^Zpsj_^qlhjb(m[li(i(kvZ`Zsjzv]sjz[Akly~xHklyxX[Amsty\sj[Azvm_;hjm\[F[li(i(kvZNsjzsjzvxvkLy|xX[Amsty\sj[Azvm&T
cL 2 +MV9 /GTy~Hb(Z\b!akvmpy!qrb£_^z_Axvxlhtsji(_AqlhjbZ`klhjb£B[AZb(_^i»_Aqvmpy~Z\_AiUymolzAy~_0¬[Axrb(Z`_Gy[^Z&T
H !;9+'M&+G[Azlhto[^zvb£_^xHxlhtsji(_^qLhjbeZ`klhjb!¯[^Zb(_Ai~_AqvmyZ\_AiUy¤mpoHzAy_;¬2[^xXb(Z\_;y~[AZ9T
H 22<GXsjzvxvkLy|xX[Amsty\sj[Azvm_AZ\bZ\b(vkvi(b(y~[¢G_AZsj_Aqlhjb(m&T
QL 2 *2GTzv[Fi([Aaa[^z¢;_^Zpsj_^qlhjb(mqXbUy©ªb(b(zsjzvxHklyxr[Amsty`sj[^zvm&T
H 2! 3 +WVMGTm`kvql}b(iUy~m?[;xvZ\b(asjm\b(m_^Z`bmpy~ZsjiUy`hto»m`kvqly~b(Z`amN[G6yvbem`kvql}b(iUy[G6yvbZ`klhjb T
vbZ\b(_Avb(Z?i(_^z5±=zv¢Rsj[Ghj_;y\sj[Azvm[;6y~vb(m`bi([AzvmyZ\_;sjzAy~mNsththjkvmyZ\_;y~b(sjz¦6sj]^kHZ\bl
sjm`msjzv]vbU±Tzlsty\sj[Az_Azvasjm\mpsjzv]Z\klhjb¹Ci([Azvlsty\sj[Azvm6¹\º=_AzvF¹©cAº\ºTa_(ohjb(_Ay[_B_;sthjkvZ\b¡vkvZsjzH]y~vbxHZ\[l[; Tyvb(Z\bU¯[^Z`b
y~Hb(m\by©ª[Fi([^zHlsty\sj[Azvm_AZ\b|a_Azvv_;y~[AZoB[AZyvbyZ\_Azvmhj_;y\sj[Azr Rf[Azvlsty\sj[Az ¹BLº¡sjzA¢^[;ht¢^b(m!zH[^zl¨CvbUyb(Z\aFsjzLsjm\aµª!lsjisjm
zv[;y_Ai(i(b(xly~_AqlhjbNsjzy\yZsjqvkLy~b¶Z`_^aa_AZ\m9 <C[9ªbU¢Ab(Z9w;ªb!i(_^zb~¬HxvZ`b(m\m6¯_^·;b!zv[Azl¨CvbUy~b(Z`aFsjzlsjm`a2w(_mstykv_;y\sj[Azª!vb(Z\b
a[AZ\by~v_Az [AzvbZ\klhjbi(_^z³_^xHxlhtoùBxv_Gy`y~b(Z`zl¨Pa_Gy`i~lsjzH][Az)yvbi([AzviUhjkvmpsj[^z=ºwqvkly[Azlhto [Azvbªsthth|qXbm`kvi(i(b(m\mpBklhthto
xvZ`[(¢^b(¹¯¯_GsthjkvZ`b(msjz)yvbxvZ`b(aFsjm`b(m!B[AZ[Gyvb(Z\mº~ Lsjme¯_^·;b»zH[^zl¨CvbUyb(Z\aFsjzLsjm\a sjmqv_Am\b( [^z³b~¬HiUhjkvmst¢Ab»Z`klhjb(m¹C_Am
Z\kLhjb(me¹Ci([Azvnº_Azv¹Ci([Azv=cAº\º¡ªsty~_Fi([Azvlsty\sj[Azv_;hri([AzvmyZ\kviUy[^ZU
3
ÙÒ¯Û54¤ÛÖàÓ9âXÓUÞ0Þ0âèÝ(Ó76©ßãtÝ(âXÚCß(ÕÚCâBÓUá0Ò¯ÖàÓÚBÛÝ(áãäâ«Ý84/9':0Þ0ÝUÖ^Ú¯Ý;TÝ=<ÛêÒæ(ÛàÒ.6?>0ÒCÒ¯Õ\æÛàáA@B8CEDjØ
G
¹
& º-G;
¹\º
G
¹ .&
;º-G6¹lº
¹CRº
#G
¹ .&
;º-G6¹lº
¹Cjº
G^¹C=º
G
¹ .&
0º-G
¹CRº
GR
#GR
¹
& º-G6¹lº
¹QAº
GGy~Z\kHb
#G
¹
&
6º-G
¹ .&
Gº G
¹CRº
¦6sj]AkvZ\bG'C£[^xXbUhjb(m\m?olxX[Gh6Z`klhjb(m?B[AZy\y~Zpsjqvklyb!¢;_Ghjkv_;y\sj[Az
GD
G
i([Azvr¹
& .&
;º-G
¹"=º
G 4
G
i([Azvr¹
& & º-G
¹"lcAº
f[Azvlsty\sj[Azvm¹CRº!_Azv ¹ QAºsjzA¢A[Ght¢Ab / 9$VF.?kvzlst±=i(_;y\sj[Azvmª!Lsji~ a_(o_;hjm\[5hjb(_Ay~[_B_;sthjkvZ\bFHkvZsjzv]y~HbxvZ\[l[;p
C[9ªbU¢Ab(Z9wNZ\klhjb(m»¹BLº_Azv ¹ QAºi(_^z qXbZ`bUB[AZ\aklhj_;y~b( sjz¥¹C àº_^zv ¹ Q ຣsjz m\kHi~ _ª_(o y~H_Gykvzlst±Ti(_Gy`sj[^z sjmFzv[;y
b~¬HxvZ\b(m`m\b(sjzy~vb£Z\klhjbqvklysjz_Az2_AkL¬Lsthtsj_AZoxvZ\b(lsji(_;y~b 'V3G
9
G kvzlstèor¹
&
¡¹Hº`º
3 G
¹
& º-G
¹Cjº
9 G
G kvzlstèo¹
&
Ǽ
¹ .&
;º-G6¹lº
¹ Qjº
N¢^b(zy~H[^kv]A5_^zb(uRklst¢G_;hjb(zAyW'3xvZ`b(lsji(_Gybi(_AzqrbxvZ`[(¢Rsjvb(5ªsty~lsjzyvbe_;y\yZsjqvkLy~bbU¢;_Ghjkv_;y~[AZ9wLªbmpy\sththv_9¢^b
y~Hb¤xvZ`[^qLhjb(a [;v¯_GsthjkvZ`b¤a_^zH_^]Ab(ab(zAy=sjzy~vb?]^b(zHb(Z\_;y~b(bU¢;_Ghjkv_;y~[AZ9 9lsjmxvZ`[^qLhjb(aµsjmzv[;ym\[;ht¢^b(sjz_m`_Gy`sjm¯_^iUy[^Zpo
a_Azvzvb(ZNB[AZy~Hba[Aab(zAy( Rv_;ysjmª!^oi([Azvlsty\sj[Azvm¹CRº?_^zH³¹ Q^º?_AZ\b£a_Azvv_;y~[AZoG
¦6sjzv_;hthtoGwli([Azvlsty`sj[^z2¹BLºrªsththr_;hjm\[qrb_Aqvm\[;hjklybUhtozHb(i(b(m\m\_AZo_^mNhj[Azv]e_Amyvb_Am\m\[liUsj_;y~b(_;y\yZsjqvklyb¤bU¢;_Ghjkv_;y~[AZ6ª[^Z`·Rm
[Az2_i([^zvmpy~_AzAy_AqvmyZ\_AiUympolz^y_;¬y~Z`b(bG
)1* 1 (
¶|st¢^b(z_§£_GykvZ\_;hrlb(a_^zAy`sji(mm`xrb(iUst±Ti(_Gy`sj[^zsjzª!Lsji~_;hthy~vb£i([^zvLsty\sj[AzvmxvZ\b(m`b(z^yb(_Aqr[9¢^b_^Z`b¢Ab(Zst±=b(rwLªbi(_Az
_Axvxlhto[AkvZ?y~Z`_^zvmphj_Gy`sj[^zm\ivb(absjz[AZ\vb(Z¡y~[]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y~b_Az»!¶HbU±=zlsty\sj[AzrwR_Azvy~vb(z_^z5_Gy`y~Zpsjqvkly~bbU¢;_Ghjkv_;y~[AZ9 G² b
qvZpsjbvo»[Akly\htsjzHb!y~Hbea_Gsjz5xvZsjzHiUsjxlhjb(m[G6yvb!yZ\_Azvmhj_;y\sj[Azm`i~Hb(ab G
BZ\[Aa}kvH]^b(ab(z^yvb(iUhj_AZ\_;y\sj[AzvmNªb]^b(zHb(Z\_;y~b!_;y\yZsjqvklyb!vb(iUhj_AZ\_;y\sj[Azvm9G
b(_Ai~xX[^mpsty\sj[AzsjzvHkvi(b(m_F·Asjzv[G_;y\yZsjqvklyb¹¯sjzHvb(Zstyb(»[AZmolzAy~vb(mpsML(b(=ºT
b(_Ai~xX[^mpsty\sj[Az»]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y~b(mN_FzvbUªµzv_Aab¹B_^i(i([AZ\lsjzH]ey[y~HbxvZ`[G±vhjb£[G6yvb}kvv]Ab(ab(zAyUºT
b(_Ai~xX[^mpsty\sj[Az»];st¢^b(mstymy©oHxXb£y~[yvb_;y\yZsjqvklyb T
y~Hbm\[AZy![;6y~Hbm\kHqH}pb(iUyHbU±=zvb(m?y~vbm\[AZyyvb_;y\yZsjqvklybsjmvbU±=zHb(»[Azr
BZ\[Aa b(_^iZ\klhjb£ªbe]Ab(zvb(Z\_;y~b|_FxvZ\[lHkviUy\sj[AzFZ\kLhjbe_Azv5sty~mm`b(a_Az^y`sji!Z\kLhjb(m9G
y~HbxvZ`[lvkviUy\sj[AzZ`klhjb£sjmy~vbm\kvql}pb(iUy[;6y~vbZ\kLhjb T
_m\b(a_^zAy`sjiZ\klhjbsjm]^b(zvb(Z`_Gyb(BZ`[^a b(_^i)[Aklyxvklyxr[Amsty`sj[^zsjz³yvbFZ\kLhjbGw6_Ai(i([^Z`lsjzv]y~[y~HbFi([^Z`Z\b(mp¨
xX[^zvHb(zvi(beqXbUy©ªb(b(z2_;y\yZsjqvkLy~bzv_^ab(m_^zHxr[Amsty`sj[^zHmsjzy~HbZ\klhjbG X§£[Gy`sji(byv_Gy|y~vbZ`bUhj_Gy`sj[^zv_;h6my©oRhjb
[;olxX[Gh6m\b(uRkvb(zAym_Azv5xvZ\b(Lsji(_Gyb(m¤v_Amy~[qXbi([^zA¢^b(Zpy~b(sjzAy~[F_¯kvzviUy`sj[^zv_;hrmpy©oRhjbG
