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Testing communicating systems : a model, a methodology and a tool

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HAL Id: hal-00408493

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00408493

Preprint submitted on 30 Jul 2009

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Testing communicating systems : a model, a methodology and a tool

Ismail Berrada, Richard Castanet, Patrick Felix

To cite this version:

Ismail Berrada, Richard Castanet, Patrick Felix. Testing communicating systems : a model, a method-

ology and a tool. 2005. �hal-00408493�

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5

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S = (SP, SV, SV0,(Mi)1≤i≤n, T op)ƒ o QSNp Mi= (Si, Li, Ci, Pi, Vi, V0i, P redi, Assi, s0i,

i) [lH.P T op = (G, I,(Str, Ltr, s0tr,→tr))ƒwQfe PjJx„H.JUP € Np J _A`.abG ζ(S) = (S, L, C, P, V, V0, P red, Ass, s0,→) e|Wz‚p Np [N†t

v S={s= (str, s1, ..., sn)|str∈Str,∀i∈[1, n], si∈Si}

v s0= (sotr, s01, ..., s0n)}

v L=Gƒ C=C1∪...∪Cn

ƒ

P =SP∪P1∪...∪Pn

}

v V =V P∪V1∪...∪Vn

ƒ V0=V P0∪V01∪...∪V0n

}

v P red=P red1∪...∪P redn

ƒ

Ass=Ass1∪...∪Assn

}

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Š

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Œ

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Œ

Z=m

rGmPw2nxw9¤P

(7)

v →= {(str, s1, ..., sn) a,pred,ass−−−−−−−→(s0tr, s01, ..., s0n)| ∃−→v =<a, a1, ..., an>∈Ltr, str

v

−→trs0tr,∀i∈[1, n],(((ai=idle)∧(si=s0i))k((ai6=idle)∧(si

ai,predi,assi

−−−−−−−−→i

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T opÚ7ðÖ1LK>57K4;Ò7Ü

ζ(S)DÒ@Mô

1LCE12KG1Ò7ܝ51LK>5PK>;OÒ7Ü

T op57MH?1LK>57K4;k1 Ò7Ü

(Mi)i∈[1,n]

Ú]ðóK4<G57MH14CXK>CÅÒ@M

(str, s1, ..., sn)−−−−−−−→a,pred,ass (s0tr, s01, ..., s0n) Ò7Ü ζ(S)CE1D=Ò+MH?ACXK>CÅÒ@MA;k?€åoáºK>FA;«;WCV1LK4;kMHD;«Ò7ÜU5-K><>5+MH1LCÅK4CVÒ+MÒ7Ü

T opܰ<4Ò@3 str

K>Ò

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aÚ

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e ‰e|N\JrR

S= (SP, SV, SV0,(Mi)1≤i≤n, T op)ƒ"e|Wz‚

p Np [N‡N

p

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5

768 -/0&. (-Zqh[

S ∈ CSUTƒ?[ e|NO[lNOJ s = (str, s1, ..., sn) Z={ ζ(S) [H2P ρ = t0...tn

[ue1JUŒrWzJ1H.‚UJZ={NŠqs[Hze|QSNQZlHe~QSH

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ζ(S) Q{?Np JrqMJwJMLjQfe|Ne

i∈[1, n] eUWz‚p Np [lN si

QfeA[e|NO[lNOJ

mn[j€UJ1mnJUPh€

ACCEP T}

v ρ Qfew[lH [j‚U‚UJ\V.NŠQSH#~V[lN

p

Z={ ζ(S)ƒ‡Q{

g3} ρ QfeA[lH JMLJM‚1W#N\[j€1mnJdVz[N p }

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p

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ζ(S)}

ð 12KG5PK4;

sÒ7ÜUK4FA;.í`Û¥04ï¢ð

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SߝCE1!5+M5@D=D;kӝK4CVMAà1LK>5PK>;.Ò7Ü

ζ(S)ß

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ζ(S) CÅÜ sÞ¢K4FA;

12KG5PK4;

sn

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tn = (sn−1, a, pred, ass, sn) CE157Mã5@D=D=;=ӝK>CÅMAà12KG5PK>;

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5

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p R ]Gdc-{rZlq

CSUT Qfed[H [lm3Zlq|QSNp R

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p

eDZ={

ζ(S)}

ð!Mù578Và+Ò+<>CÅK4FA3

gga CE15 ð-ßOCÅÜ

gga 57ÓHÓA8ÅCV;k?ÇK4Ò

ζ(S) <4;=K4ÕA<>MH1º51L;=K

P AT H(S)

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(9)

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ÚO0vM

< ga, a, idle >ßUK>FA;%í`Û¥04ï!ð

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B <4;k357CVMH1¥CÅM%K>FA;-1>573º;-12KG5PK>;

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LAB

;=Ø+;kMoK>1cçCÅK4F

LBA

;=Ø@;=MoK>1c5+<4;MAÒ+MAô9Ò@åH1L;k<4ØP5+åA8Å;ݾ5@1cCXKŸCE1UK4FH;!D=5+14;Ò7ÜHK>FA;åA8E5+DGQoô‹å[ÒsW.K>;k1LK

57<GDGFACXK>;kDK4ÕA<>;]ÞߜK>FA;=Mi3ºÒŽ?A;=8VCÅMAà

S CVMÖI¥êìCV1

CS2 = (SP, SV, SV0,(A, B), T opS0)ß

çCXK>F

T opS0 K>FA;J57՝K>Ò+35PK>Ò+MiÒ7Ü«RUCVàHÚ !iݾå[Þ|Ú`0vM

< τ, a, b > Ò7Ü < τ, LAB, LBA >ß

K4FA;€14áŽMHDGFA<>Ò+MACk57K4CVÒ+MñÒ7Ü

a çCÅK4F b à+CVØ+;]1ÓA8V5@D;ºK>Ò¼57MCÅMoK>;=<>MH578`5@D|K>CÅÒ@M

τÚ «;=MA;k<>5+8Å8Vá+ß ç$;SDk57MÄ?;k1>D<>CVå[;ºK>FA;€14áoM[DGFA<4Ò@MACk5PK>CÅÒ@MãÒ@MóCVMoK4;k<4MH5+8`5+DK4CVÒ+MH1-Ò+MA8Vá¼Ü°Ò@<-5%ÓH57<4K-Ò7Ü¥K4FH;

1LáŽMHDGFA<>Ò+MHC]5PK4CVÒ+M;=Ø@;=MoK>1¥5+1¥CÅK!CE1¥K4FA;-Dk5+14;§Ò+Üc5öK>;k1LK¢57<GDGFACXK>;kDK4ÕA<>;+Ú

Û¥FoÕ[1=߄ܰ<>Ò+3 5K>;k1LK4CVMAàJ12KG57MH?Ó¦Ò+CVMoKk߄K>FA;I¥ê¼3ºÒ?;k8ŸCV1MHÒ7K.Ò+MA8Váã5ܰÒ+<>3578O3ºÒ?;=8

578V8ÅÒPçCVMAàSK>FA;º?;k1>D<>CÅÓAK4CVÒ+MãÒ+Ü`CVM@K>;=<4ô‹D=Ò+3ºÓ¦Ò+MA;kM@KDÒ@33öÕAMACED=57K4CVÒ+MH1kß[åH՝K-578E1LÒ5€3ºÒ?;=8

K4FH57K!CV15+åA8Å;K>ÒºCÅMHD=Ò+<>Ó[Ò@<>57K4;§K4FA;K>;k1LK¢57<GDGFACÅK4;kDK4ÕA<>;k1kÚ

(S

% !$T! >‡$0/ F "7‰!/0&. ;&(,"

ۜçÒ¢35P÷2Ò@<U5+ÓAÓA<>Ò@5@DGFA;k1œç$;k<4;$ÕH1L;]?.ܰÒ@<ÓA<>Ò7K>ҝDÒ+8@K4;]12K>CÅMHà G‚1NŠQSˆ‰J`zJre|NQSH 5+MH? [‰eUe|QSˆ‰J

`zJre|NQSH Ú70vM5@D|K4CVØ+;K>;k1LK4CVMAàHßPK>FA;¢?;k<4CVØP5PK>CÅÒ@MöCE1O35+?;ܰ<>Ò+3 1LÓ¦;kD=CXÔ[Dk5PK>CÅÒ@MH1=Ú7Û¥FH;!?;=<>CÅØP57ô

K4CVÒ+MÄD=5+MD=Ò+MH14CE?;=<-Ò@MA8Váñ5%ÓH5+<LK-Ò+Ü$K>FA;€14Ó[;]DCÅÔ[D=57K4CVÒ+MçCXK>FK4FA;S5+CÅ3 Ò7Ü¥8VCÅ3ºCÅK4CVMAàJK4FH;

12KG5PK4;14ÓH5+D=;¢;WÓA8VÒ@14CVÒ+MSçFACEDGFҎDkDÕA<G1?ÕA<>CÅMAàK4FA;.14á12K>;=3 DÒ@3ºÓ[Òo1LCÅK4CVÒ+M€5+MH?€5+MH578Vá1LCE1kÚ

Û¥FACV15+ÓAÓA<>Ò@5+DGFJCE1«QŽMAÒPçMñ5@1!K>FA;K4;k1LKÓAÕA<>Ó[Òo1L;öK4;]DGFAMACEæ@ÕH;+ÚðD|K>CÅØ@;K>;k1LK4CVMAàDk57Mã?A;k578

çCXK>FóÒ@MA;ºÒ+<.14;=Ø+;k<>5+8ODÒ+3º3öÕAMACED=5PK>CÅMHà;kM@K>CXK>CÅ;]1 ‹Úï§MóK>FA;ºÒ7K4FH;=<.FH5+MH?ßÓH5@1414CÅØ@;

K4;k1LK4CVMAàSD=Ò+MH14CV?A;=<G1$;=W;kDÕAK4CVÒ+MK4<G5+D=;k1Ò7ÜO57M%CV3ÓH8Å;k3;kMoK>5PK>CÅÒ@M ߝçFACEDGFJD=57M%DÒ@MoK>57CVM%ØP578Åô

ÕA;k1¢Ò7ÜOØP57<>CV5+åA8Å;]1!57M[?JD8VҎDGQ1kßH57M[?JDGFA;kDGQ1¥K>FA;ØP578VCE?CXK2áÒ7ÜcK>FA;k14;.K4<G5+D=;k1¢çCXK>FJ<4;]1LÓ¦;kDK

K4ÒñK4FA;J14Ó[;]DCÅÔ[D=57K4CVÒ+M ÚU0vMÇK>FA;ç$Ò@<4Q1-<>;=8E5PK>CÅMHàãK>ÒñÓH5@1414CVØ+;K>;k1LK4CVMAà 9ßUK>FA;5+՝K4FHÒ+<G1

DÒ+M[1LCE?;=<Ò@MA8VáSÒ+MA;ÕAMoK>CÅ3º;k?%14Ó[;]DCÅÔ[D=57K4CVÒ+M Ú

ۜÒó1LCV3ºÓA8ÅCÅܰá+ßO8V;KÕH1ºDk578V8

ZlH.J1k‚MZlRyVzZH2JrHNAN\J|e|NŠQSH#

K4FA;K4;]12KÒ+Ü¢Ò+MA;1LÓ¦;kD=CXÔ¦D=5PK>CÅÒ@M

ݾDÒ@MÜ°Ò+<>357MHD=;K4;k1LK4CVMAàŽÞ57MH?

e1J1ˆ‰J1qs[mYk‚MZlRyVzZH2JrHNDN\JreUNŠQSH#

K4FA;%K>;k1LK€Ò7Ü.1L;kØ+;k<>5+8¥14Ó¦;kD|ô

CXÔ[Dk5PK>CÅÒ@MH1JݰCVMoK4;=<>Ò+Ó¦;=<G57åHCÅ8VCXK2á@ßO;=3öå[;]?A?;k? ß`DÒ@3Ó¦Ò+MH;=MoKK4;]12K>CÅMAàŽÞ|ڟ0vMiK>FA;J<4;]12KÒ+ܧK>FACV1

1L;]D|K4CVÒ+Mœßoç;DÒ+M[1LCE?;=<K>FH5PK

ggaCV15ð-ÚAÛ¥FHCV114;kDK4CVÒ+M14FAÒPç!1`K4FH57K¥K4FA;«K4;]12K!5@D|K4CV؎CXô K4CV;k1573ºÒ+ÕAMoK$K4Òö5I¥êº3ºÒŽ?A;=8VCÅMAà[ß@åŽá?;=ܰ;=<><4CVMAà.K>FA;§?CÅé„;=<>;=MoKDGFH5+<>5@D|K>;=<>CV1LK4CED=1OÒ+ܜ5.K>;k1LK

K4ÒK>FA;-K>Ò+Ó¦Ò+8VÒ+à+áÒ7ܟDÒ@3º3ÕAMACED=57K4CVÒ+M ß[57MH?%K>FA;5+ÓAÓA8VCVDk5PK4CVÒ+MJÒ+ÜcK4FA;578Và+Ò+<>CÅK4FA3

gga K4Ò

Øs5+8ÅCE?A57K4;.5öK4<G5+D;ݾÓH5+1>1LCVØ+;«K>;k1LK4CVMAàoÞ$Ò+<¥K>Òà+;kMA;=<G5PK>;¢K><>5@D;k1Ý 5+D|K>CÅØ@;«K4;k1LK4CVMAàŽÞ|Ú

!$*$0, /0$1/*

êŽÕAÓHÓ[Òo1L;K>FH5PK

I CE1!5+MCV3ºÓA8V;=3º;=MoK>57K4CVÒ+M%Ò7ÜUK4FH;-1LÓ¦;kD=CXÔ[Dk5PK>CÅÒ@M

SA

ß

57MH?óK>FA;SK><>5@D;S3ºÒ?;=8V;k?ìåoáñK4FH;€í`Û¥04ï¢ð Ò+ÜRUCVàHÚ#Çݾ5oÞ.CE15%K><>5@D;SÒ+Ü

IÚUÛ¥FACV1K4<G5+D=;

<4;kÓ[Ò@<LKG1K>FH5PK

I F[5+1º;W;]D՝K>;k?

a ∈ LA

ݰç;J<4;]D=5+8Å8K4F[5PK

A CV1K>FA;Jí`Û¥04ï¢ð Ò7Ü

SA

Þ

5PK3ºÒ+3º;kM@K !Aß Ü°Ò@8Å8VÒPç;k?óåŽá

b ∈ LA

5PKö3Ò@3º;=MoK $J14ÕHDGFK4F[5PK-K>FA;14FH57<>;k?óØP57<>CE57åA8V;

v ∈SV CV1¢;kæoÕH578œK4Ò #[Ú¦I$FA;]DGQoCVMAàºK>FA;ØP578VCE?CXK2áÒ7ÜcK>FACV1!K4<G5+D=;-DÒ+M[1LCE12KG1CVM¼3ºÒŽ?A;=8VCÅMAàS5 I¥ê

CS3= (SP, SV, SV0,(A, P T race), P T op)ßPçCÅK4F P T raceK>FA;!í`Û¥04ï¢ðÖÒ+ÜRUCVàHÚ # ݾ5@Þ¥5+MH?

P T op K>FA;-57ÕAK4Ò+357K4Ò+MÒ7ÜORUCÅà[Ú#Jݰå[ÞÚ Û¥FA;K4Ò@Ó[Ò@8ÅÒ@à+á

P topCE1OÓH5+<LK>CV5+8 ß7C9Ú;+ß7CÅK$?;=ÔHMA;k1`Ò+MA8Vá-K>FA;¢14áŽMHDGFA<>Ò+MACk57K4CVÒ+MH1UÒ+M

P T race

(10)

h=3/a/− h=5,v=4/b/−

ACCEPT

"

<a,a,a> <b,b,b>

™¦™

Zkuvuvnqpsr¥w2r>u‹w2nXm@»@

;=Ø+;kMoK>1kÚ

< a, a, a > ݾ<4;]1LÓ Ú

< b, b, b >Þ!D=Ò+MH14CE?;=<G1¥K4F[5PK

A 57MH? P T race 1LáŽMHDGFA<>Ò+MHCk;

Ò+M

aݰ<>;k14Ó Ú

bÞ|ß75+MH?K4FA;؎CE1LCVåA8V;5@D|K4CVÒ+MçCV8Å8å¦;

a ݰ<>;k14Ó Ú

bÞÚ ñ;FH5sØ@;$8E57å¦;=8V;k?K4FH;¥1LK>57K4;

<4;]5+DGFA;]?ºåoáK>FA;§5@D|K4CVÒ+M

bCÅM P T raceåŽá ACCEP T CVMSÒ+<G?;=<`K4Òö3º5+Q+;

CS3

5I¥êAò¢Û

57MH?K>ÒSå[;ö57åA8V;K4Ҁ5+ÓAÓA8Vá

ggaÚ¦I$Ò@MH14;kæoÕA;=MoK>8Åá@ß

gga 578V8VÒPç!1K4Ҁ?;]DCE?;-CÅÜ

P T raceCE1!5

Øs5+8ÅCE?JK><>5@D;öÒ7Ü

A¦CÅÜ gga <4;=K4ÕA<>MH157Mã;=3ºÓK2á¼14;KÝ

P AT H(CS3) =∅ÞK4FA;kM P T race

CV1MAÒ+K¥5öØP578VCV?€K4<G5+D=;¢Ò7Ü

A ݾç$;«<>;kD=5+8Å8[K4F[5PK

ggaCE1¥57ÓAÓH8ÅCV;k?€K4ÒöK4FA;14;=357MoK4CED=1Ò+Ü

CS3

Þ|Ú

J1Ru[lqs… } ô «;=MA;k<>5+8Å8Vá+ߦK4FH;ºD=Ò+MH1LK4<>ÕHDK4CVÒ+MãÒ+Ü

P T op ?;=Ó¦;=MH?H1.12K><4Ò@MAà+8Vá%Ò+M

P T raceÚ

0‹K¥14FAÒ+ÕH8V??;ÔHMH;§Ò@MA8Åá14áŽMHDGFA<>Ò+MACk57K4CVÒ+MH1`Ò+M

P T race;=Ø+;kMoK>157MH?€CÅM€K4FA;145+3º;¢Ò+<G?;k<kÚ ô‹Û¥FA;€K4<G5+D=;

P T race CE1DÒ+M[1LCE?;=<>;k?Ç5+157Mì;kM@K>CXK2áÒ+Ü

CS3

çCÅK4FAÒ@՝Kº5+MŽá?ACV1LK4CVMHD|K>CÅÒ@M

DÒ+3ºÓH5+<4;]?öK4ÒK4FH;!Ò7K>FA;=<$;=MoK4CÅK4CV;k1kÚ@Û¥FACE1Ÿ5+8Å8VÒPç!1cK4Ò.;kMA8E57<>à+;¥K4FH;ܰÒ+<>3Ò+ܦK>FA;¢D=Ò+MH14CV?A;=<>;k?

K4<G5+D;]1K4Ò57MŽáK><>5@D;]1$3ºÒ?;k8Å;]?åŽá€5+Mí$Û¥04ï!ð ?;=ÔHMACVMAàS14Ò+3º;.5+D=D=;=ӝK>CÅMHà1LK>57K4;k1kÚ

ô‹Û¥FA;;WA5+3ÓH8Å;Ò7Ü!K>FA;Ó[5+1>1LCVØ+;K>;k1LK4CVMAàóÒ7Ü!K>FA;14Ó¦;kDCÅÔ[Dk5PK4CVÒ+M

SA

CV1Ò@MA;ôvDÒ@3Ó¦Ò+MH;=MoK

K4;k1LK4CVMAà[ßUåH՝KºK4FA;%57ÓAÓH<4Òo5+DGFÄ<>;=357CVMH1öK4FA;%1>573º;CVMìK>FA;%D=5+14;Ò7ܧ14;=Ø@;=<G578Åô‹D=Ò+3ºÓ[Ò@MA;=MoK

K4;k1LK4CVMAà[Úk0vM.K>FACE114;K4K4CVMAàHßkK4FA;¥?CSDÕA8ÅK2áCV1œK4Ò§<4;kÒ+<G?;=< ØP5+<4CVÒ+ÕH1K4<G5+D;]1ܰ<>Ò+3 K4FH;$?CÅé¦;k<4;kMoK

DÒ+3ºÓ¦Ò+MA;kMoK>1K4ÒSD=Ò+MH1LK4<>ÕHDK!Ò+MA8VáSÒ+MH;K4<G5+D;@Ú ñ;K>FACVMAQSK>FH5PK!K>FA;-1LK>573ºÓ%3º;kDGFH5+MACE1L31kß

57MH?%;]1LÓ¦;kD=CV5+8Å8Vá€K>FA;1LK>5+3ÓJÓH<4ҝD;]141!ÓA<4;]1L;kMoK4;k?CVM # ‹ßHD=Ò+ÕA8E?%å[;öÕH14;k?Ú¦Û¥FACV1§1LÕHå÷2;kDK

à+Ҏ;k1¥å¦;=á@Ò+MH?€K4FA;ܰ<G573º;kç$Ò@<4QºÒ7ÜUK4FHCV1Ó[57Ó¦;=<!57M[?€MA;k;k?A1!3Ò@<4;«CVMoØ@;k1LK4CVà@57K4CVÒ+M Ú

C'j/0,^/*$1/*

RAÒ@<!5SI¥êò¢Û

SߝK>FA;.ÓH5PK>FH1

P AT H(ζ(S))à@;=MA;k<>57K4;]?€åŽá

gga Dk57M

å[;-Õ[1L;]?K4ÒS?;k<4CVØ+;K>;k1LK§D=5@1L;]1¥K4FH57K§DÒPØ@;=<]ߎܰÒ+<!;=WA573ºÓA8V;+ßH5+8Å8

S 1LK>57K4;]1=ÚHÛ¥FHCV1§573ºÒ+ÕAMoKG1 K4Ò%?;ÔHMH;5+8Å8

S 1LK>57K4;]1«5@1¢å¦;=CVMAàJ5+DkD;kӝK4CVMAà1LK>57K4;]1Ý

gga DÒ+ÕH8V?ãå[;57Mó5+?A5+ӝK>57K4CVÒ+M¼Ò+Ü K4FA;€ÛÛ¢ä7ò!04ï.ä ñÓ3º;K>FAҝ?A1-ܰÒ@<-ÕAMoK4CV3º;k?Ä14á12K>;=31>ÞÚÛ¥FŽÕH1kߜç;SDÒ@MH1LCE?;k<-FA;=<>;Ò+MH8Åá

K4FA;K>;k1LK!ÓAÕA<>Ó[Òo1L;«K4;]DGFAMACEæoÕA;+Ú

5

768 -/0&. (AG N\JreUN3V2W#qŠVZerJ?]1`

cQfe‡[lH~_w`alb8G

(S, L, C, P, V, V0, P red, Ass, s0,

→)p [ˆ*QSH#No Ze1J1NeyZ={+e|N\[N\J|e

ACCEP T [H2P REJ ECT ‚ p [qs[3‚rN\Jrq|Q1QSHN

p

JI€UJ

p

[ˆ*k

QZqUeAN\Z €UJAN\J|e|N\JUPj}

ð Û¥N CE1.5ÓA<>Ò+Ó¦;=<4K2á%K4FH57K-Ò+MA;ºçÒ+ÕA8E?¼8VCÅQ@;K4Ò¼DGFA;]DGQJÒ+MóCÅ3ºÓA8V;=3º;=MoKG5PK4CVÒ+Móå¦;=FH5s؎CVÒ+<]Ú

T P1Ò7Ü`RUCVàHÚ $¼Ý¾5@Þ¢CV8Å8VÕH1LK4<G5PK4;]1¢5+M¼;WA573ºÓA8V;Ò+Ü`5€Û¥N ܰÒ+<§K4FA;1LÓ¦;kD=CXÔ[Dk5PK>CÅÒ@M

SA

Ú

T P1

K4;k1LK>1!K4FH57K¢57M%CV3ÓH8Å;k3;kMoK>5PK>CÅÒ@M

I Ò7Ü SA

D=5+M;=W;kDÕAK4;

aܰÒ+8V8ÅÒPç;k?åoá

b 5PK¢5+MCVMH1LK>5+M@K å[;=K2ç$;k;=M

[2, Sig]5@D=D=Ò+<G?CÅMHà¥K4Ò!K>FA;$D=8ÅҝDGQ

hÝSig∈SP CE1œ5§1LF[57<>;k?ÓH5+<>5+3;=K4;k<œÒ7Ü

SA

Þ|Ú

Û¥FA;.8V5+å[;k8H?;kMAÒ7K>;k1K4FH;-578VÓAFH57å¦;K

LA

Ò7Ü

AÚó;-5+1>14ÕA3º;«FH;=<>;§K>FH5PK

a, b, c∈LA

Ú

bdH2Jrk‚UZlRyVzZH2JrHN„NOJre|NQSH3}

êŽÕAÓAÓ¦Ò@14;!K>FH5PK

T P1CV15-Û¥NÄܰÒ@<14Ó[;]DCÅÔ[D=57K4CVÒ+M

SA

ڎðÙ3ºÒ?;k8ÅCVMAà-Ò+ÜK4FACE1ŸK>;k1LK$CVMI¥êºCE1

CS4= (SP, SV, SV0,(A, T P1), T P op1)ßoçCÅK4F T P op1K4FA;.K>Ò+Ó¦Ò+8VÒ+à@áSÒ7ܟRUCÅà[Ú $%ݾå[Þ|Ú Û¥FA;$Ø@;kDK4Ò+<G1

< LA\{a, b}, LA\{a, b}, idle >?;=MAÒ+K4;$ܰ<4;k;$;kØ+Ò@8Å՝K>CÅÒ@MH1Ò7ÜH14Ó[;]DCÅÔ[D=57K4CVÒ+M

AÒ+M;=Ø+;kMoK>1cÒ7K>FA;=<cK>FH57M

a5+MH? bÚ CS4

CE1Ÿ5-I¥êò§Û×5+MH?-K>FŽÕH1

ggaçCV8Å8Hà+;=MH;=<G5PK4;ÓH57K4FH1 DGFA;kDGQŽCVMAà

T P1Ú

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